Article(id=1320427692281942693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148605, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754409600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-06, revisedDate=1759766400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-07, acceptedDate=1774627200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-28, onlineDate=1792744094199, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744094199, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744094199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744094199, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320427658937225679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744086250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792747993375, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=993, endPage=998, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320427692562961063, articleId=1320427692281942693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=A gastroenteritis outbreak primarily caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: a retrospective field epidemiological investigation, columnId=1320427692466492070, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Field Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and causative agents of a gastroenteritis outbreak at a team-building facility, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control measures.

Methods

A field epidemiological investigation was conducted regarding a gastroenteritis outbreak that occurred on April 26, 2025, at a team-building facility in Ningbo city. Medical records were reviewed, and on-site interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted to establish a case definition. According to this definition, cases were identified, and data were collected to describe the epidemiological distribution characteristics of the cases. A case-control study was performed through propensity score matching (PSM) to match 69 cases with 69 controls at a ratio of 1 : 1, and potential causative factors were analyzed. Anal swab samples from cases and restaurant staff, food samples retained for testing, and environmental samples from the kitchen were collected for fluorescence quantitative PCR and bacteria isolation. Whole genome sequencing was performed for the isolates to trace the sources.

Results

A total of 525 individuals were involved in the investigation. Seventy cases (including probable and confirmed cases) were identified, with an attack rate of 13.3%. The primary clinical symptoms were diarrhea (100.0%, 70/70) and abdominal pain (65.7%, 46/70), while vomiting was rare (4.3%, 3/70). The epidemic curve showed a point source exposure pattern, with a median incubation period of 14 h (range of 2–26 h). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that beer duck (OR = 3.028, 95%CI: 1.331–6.887), stir-fried vegetables (OR = 3.184, 95%CI: 1.461–6.936), and scrambled eggs with tomatoes (OR = 4.160, 95%CI: 1.715–10.089) increased the risk of disease. Laboratory tests found that among the 10 diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) nucleic acid-positive case samples, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) accounted for 80.0% (8/10), 10.0% (1/10), and 10.0% (1/10), respectively. EPEC nucleic acid was detected in multiple food and environmental samples such as stir-fried vegetables and stir-fried pork. The EPEC strains from the two cases were highly homologous (0 allele difference).

Conclusions

This is an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by polytype DEC (mainly EPEC) contaminating various dishes in the lunch of a team-building facility.

, authors=Zhanhao FU1, Xinyu ZHANG1, Beibei YU1, Yihong ZHU1, Yang LU1, Yujian LU2, Keqin DING3, authorsList=Zhanhao FU, Xinyu ZHANG, Beibei YU, Yihong ZHU, Yang LU, Yujian LU, Keqin DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Keqin DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
DING Keqin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320427694496535214, articleId=1320427692281942693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=一起由EPEC为主引起的胃肠炎暴发事件:基于现场流行病学回顾性调查, columnId=1320427692667818664, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=公共卫生案例, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

调查某团建基地一起胃肠炎暴发事件的流行病学特征与致病因子,为制定针对性预防控制措施提供科学依据。

方法

对2025年4月26日宁波市某团建基地发生的一起胃肠炎暴发事件进行现场流行病学调查。通过查阅病历、现场访谈及问卷调查,制定病例定义并搜索病例、收集资料,描述病例流行病学分布特征。采用倾向评分匹配法(PSM)对69例病例进行1 : 1匹配以确定69名对照,进行病例对照研究分析可疑致病因子。采集病例及餐厅员工的肛拭子样本、食品留样及厨房环境样本进行荧光定量PCR及细菌分离培养,对分离菌株进行全基因组测序(WGS)溯源分析。

结果

本次调查共涉及525人,发现可能病例和确诊病例70例,罹患率为13.3%,临床症状以腹泻(100.0%,70/70)和腹痛(65.7%,46/70)为主,呕吐少见(4.3%,3/70)。流行曲线呈点源暴露模式,潜伏期中位数为15.5 h(范围2~35 h)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,食用啤酒鸭(OR=3.028,95%CI=1.331~6.887)、清炒时蔬(OR=3.184,95%CI=1.461~6.936)和西红柿炒鸡蛋(OR=4.160,95%CI=1.715~10.089)是发病的独立危险因素。实验室检测显示,10份致泻性大肠埃希菌(DEC)核酸阳性病例样本中,肠致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)占80.0%(8/10),肠集聚性大肠埃希菌(EAEC)及肠产毒性大肠埃希菌(ETEC)各占10.0%(1/10)。清炒时蔬、小炒肉等多份食品留样及环境样本中检出EPEC核酸。2株病例来源的EPEC菌株高度同源(等位基因差异数为0)。

结论

这是一起由多型别DEC(以EPEC为主)污染团建基地多种热加工午餐食品引发的胃肠炎暴发事件。

, authors=符展豪1, 张新宇1, 俞贝贝1, 祝一鸿1, 陆阳1, 陆毓剑2, 丁克琴3, *, *, authorsList=符展豪, 张新宇, 俞贝贝, 祝一鸿, 陆阳, 陆毓剑, 丁克琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁克琴, authorNote=

符展豪(1996—),主管医师,本科,研究方向:传染病、食源性疾病预防控制

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丁克琴,E-mail:
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WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne diseases burden epidemiology reference group 2007–2015[R]. Geneva: WHO, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427702138557172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang T Y, WuY B, LiW W, et al. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli outbreak reporting to foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance system—China, 2011–2022[J]. 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Genomic diversity of non-diarrheagenic fecal Escherichia coli from children in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia and their relatedness to diarrheagenic E. coli[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 1400., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320427694718833327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427694727221936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, companyId=1320427694718833327, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Health Monitoring Department of Yuyao City Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yuyao 315400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427694735610545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, companyId=1320427694718833327, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1余姚市疾病预防控制中心卫生监测科,余姚 315400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320427694832079538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427694840468147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, companyId=1320427694832079538, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Jiangbei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427694848856756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, companyId=1320427694832079538, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2宁波市江北区疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320427694995657397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427695004046006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, companyId=1320427694995657397, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427695016628919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, companyId=1320427694995657397, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3宁波市疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320427700012045031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Epidemic curve of a gastroenteritis outbreak in an electrical appliance company, figureFileSmall=ejvpjn5wNX/1bOVk28HPqg==, figureFileBig=yYIcEIcggzYJ9eDehhX+ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320427700116902632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=CN, label=图1, caption=某电器公司胃肠炎暴发事件流行曲线, figureFileSmall=ejvpjn5wNX/1bOVk28HPqg==, figureFileBig=yYIcEIcggzYJ9eDehhX+ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320427700335006441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=cgMLST analysis of isolated EPEC strains, figureFileSmall=4xSLvq2uiJAIo16cU96utA==, figureFileBig=axXDQCwDfLtYfQWyRljMTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320427700477612778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=CN, label=图2, caption=分离EPEC菌株的cgMLST聚类分析图, figureFileSmall=4xSLvq2uiJAIo16cU96utA==, figureFileBig=axXDQCwDfLtYfQWyRljMTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320427700553110251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Distribution of clinical symptoms of cases

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症状次数∕性质例数百分比/%
腹泻70100.00
腹泻次数/(次/d)3~54970.00
6~81825.71
≥934.29
粪便性状水样便6491.43
粘液便或血便68.57
腹痛4665.71
恶心1420.00
呕吐34.29
发热00.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320427700645384940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

病例临床症状分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
症状次数∕性质例数百分比/%
腹泻70100.00
腹泻次数/(次/d)3~54970.00
6~81825.71
≥934.29
粪便性状水样便6491.43
粘液便或血便68.57
腹痛4665.71
恶心1420.00
呕吐34.29
发热00.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320427700871877357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate analysis results of suspected food among 138 diners

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食品暴露非暴露χ²值P值OR值95%CI
病例非病例病例非病例
红烧鱼块281841513.260.0711.9350.941~3.979
油豆腐红烧肉574512245.410.0202.5331.143~5.613
啤酒鸭5534143513.96<0.0014.0441.905~8.587
肉末蒸水蛋595310161.710.1911.7810.744~4.263
宫保鸡丁60469237.970.0053.3331.409~7.885
豆角外婆菜564313266.040.0142.6051.200~5.656
小炒肉544512242.900.0892.4001.081~5.330
酸辣土豆丝6863162.410.1216.4760.758~55.296
葱油海带丝61588110.550.4591.4460.543~3.850
清炒时蔬4926204315.45<0.0014.0521.987~8.262
万年青虾汤14755622.750.0972.2550.849~5.991
西红柿炒鸡蛋5940102912.90<0.0014.2781.878~9.744
米饭63526176.310.0123.4331.262~9.336
), ArticleFig(id=1320427700972540654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

暴露与非暴露就餐者可疑食品单因素分析结果

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食品暴露非暴露χ²值P值OR值95%CI
病例非病例病例非病例
红烧鱼块281841513.260.0711.9350.941~3.979
油豆腐红烧肉574512245.410.0202.5331.143~5.613
啤酒鸭5534143513.96<0.0014.0441.905~8.587
肉末蒸水蛋595310161.710.1911.7810.744~4.263
宫保鸡丁60469237.970.0053.3331.409~7.885
豆角外婆菜564313266.040.0142.6051.200~5.656
小炒肉544512242.900.0892.4001.081~5.330
酸辣土豆丝6863162.410.1216.4760.758~55.296
葱油海带丝61588110.550.4591.4460.543~3.850
清炒时蔬4926204315.45<0.0014.0521.987~8.262
万年青虾汤14755622.750.0972.2550.849~5.991
西红柿炒鸡蛋5940102912.90<0.0014.2781.878~9.744
米饭63526176.310.0123.4331.262~9.336
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Multivariate logistic regression analysis results of suspected food

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食品βOR值95%CI
啤酒鸭1.1083.0281.331~6.887
清炒时蔬1.1583.1841.461~6.936
西红柿炒鸡蛋1.4264.1601.715~10.089
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可疑食品多因素logistic回归分析结果

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食品βOR值95%CI
啤酒鸭1.1083.0281.331~6.887
清炒时蔬1.1583.1841.461~6.936
西红柿炒鸡蛋1.4264.1601.715~10.089
), ArticleFig(id=1320427701471662833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Laboratory test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本来源样本类型样本数DEC
阳性
EPEC
阳性
EAEC
阳性
ETEC
阳性
诺如
阳性
备注
病例粪便125521 例为 EPEC 与诺如病毒混合感染
肛拭子215311
食品食品留样1333份EPEC阳性:清炒时蔬、小炒肉、豆角外婆菜
环境拭子3344份EPEC阳性:砧板、盛菜盆、2楼原料堆放区、3楼原料堆放区
餐厅员工肛拭子12
), ArticleFig(id=1320427701714932466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427692281942693, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实验室检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本来源样本类型样本数DEC
阳性
EPEC
阳性
EAEC
阳性
ETEC
阳性
诺如
阳性
备注
病例粪便125521 例为 EPEC 与诺如病毒混合感染
肛拭子215311
食品食品留样1333份EPEC阳性:清炒时蔬、小炒肉、豆角外婆菜
环境拭子3344份EPEC阳性:砧板、盛菜盆、2楼原料堆放区、3楼原料堆放区
餐厅员工肛拭子12
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一起由EPEC为主引起的胃肠炎暴发事件:基于现场流行病学回顾性调查
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符展豪 1 , 张新宇 1 , 俞贝贝 1 , 祝一鸿 1 , 陆阳 1 , 陆毓剑 2 , 丁克琴 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生案例 2026,42(8): 993-998
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生案例 2026 , 42 (8) : 993 -998
一起由EPEC为主引起的胃肠炎暴发事件:基于现场流行病学回顾性调查
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315000)])])]
符展豪1, 张新宇1, 俞贝贝1, 祝一鸿1, 陆阳1, 陆毓剑2, 丁克琴3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1余姚市疾病预防控制中心卫生监测科,余姚 315400
  • 2宁波市江北区疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315000
  • 3宁波市疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315000
通讯作者:
丁克琴,E-mail:
作者简介:

符展豪(1996—),主管医师,本科,研究方向:传染病、食源性疾病预防控制

A gastroenteritis outbreak primarily caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: a retrospective field epidemiological investigation
Zhanhao FU1, Xinyu ZHANG1, Beibei YU1, Yihong ZHU1, Yang LU1, Yujian LU2, Keqin DING3
Affiliations
  • 1Health Monitoring Department of Yuyao City Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yuyao 315400, China
  • 2Jiangbei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315000, China
  • 3Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    DING Keqin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148605
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目的

调查某团建基地一起胃肠炎暴发事件的流行病学特征与致病因子,为制定针对性预防控制措施提供科学依据。

方法

对2025年4月26日宁波市某团建基地发生的一起胃肠炎暴发事件进行现场流行病学调查。通过查阅病历、现场访谈及问卷调查,制定病例定义并搜索病例、收集资料,描述病例流行病学分布特征。采用倾向评分匹配法(PSM)对69例病例进行1 : 1匹配以确定69名对照,进行病例对照研究分析可疑致病因子。采集病例及餐厅员工的肛拭子样本、食品留样及厨房环境样本进行荧光定量PCR及细菌分离培养,对分离菌株进行全基因组测序(WGS)溯源分析。

结果

本次调查共涉及525人,发现可能病例和确诊病例70例,罹患率为13.3%,临床症状以腹泻(100.0%,70/70)和腹痛(65.7%,46/70)为主,呕吐少见(4.3%,3/70)。流行曲线呈点源暴露模式,潜伏期中位数为15.5 h(范围2~35 h)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,食用啤酒鸭(OR=3.028,95%CI=1.331~6.887)、清炒时蔬(OR=3.184,95%CI=1.461~6.936)和西红柿炒鸡蛋(OR=4.160,95%CI=1.715~10.089)是发病的独立危险因素。实验室检测显示,10份致泻性大肠埃希菌(DEC)核酸阳性病例样本中,肠致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)占80.0%(8/10),肠集聚性大肠埃希菌(EAEC)及肠产毒性大肠埃希菌(ETEC)各占10.0%(1/10)。清炒时蔬、小炒肉等多份食品留样及环境样本中检出EPEC核酸。2株病例来源的EPEC菌株高度同源(等位基因差异数为0)。

结论

这是一起由多型别DEC(以EPEC为主)污染团建基地多种热加工午餐食品引发的胃肠炎暴发事件。

食源性疾病  /  肠胃炎暴发  /  肠致病大肠埃希菌(EPEC)  /  病例对照研究  /  致病因子  /  余姚市
Objective

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and causative agents of a gastroenteritis outbreak at a team-building facility, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control measures.

Methods

A field epidemiological investigation was conducted regarding a gastroenteritis outbreak that occurred on April 26, 2025, at a team-building facility in Ningbo city. Medical records were reviewed, and on-site interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted to establish a case definition. According to this definition, cases were identified, and data were collected to describe the epidemiological distribution characteristics of the cases. A case-control study was performed through propensity score matching (PSM) to match 69 cases with 69 controls at a ratio of 1 : 1, and potential causative factors were analyzed. Anal swab samples from cases and restaurant staff, food samples retained for testing, and environmental samples from the kitchen were collected for fluorescence quantitative PCR and bacteria isolation. Whole genome sequencing was performed for the isolates to trace the sources.

Results

A total of 525 individuals were involved in the investigation. Seventy cases (including probable and confirmed cases) were identified, with an attack rate of 13.3%. The primary clinical symptoms were diarrhea (100.0%, 70/70) and abdominal pain (65.7%, 46/70), while vomiting was rare (4.3%, 3/70). The epidemic curve showed a point source exposure pattern, with a median incubation period of 14 h (range of 2–26 h). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that beer duck (OR = 3.028, 95%CI: 1.331–6.887), stir-fried vegetables (OR = 3.184, 95%CI: 1.461–6.936), and scrambled eggs with tomatoes (OR = 4.160, 95%CI: 1.715–10.089) increased the risk of disease. Laboratory tests found that among the 10 diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) nucleic acid-positive case samples, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) accounted for 80.0% (8/10), 10.0% (1/10), and 10.0% (1/10), respectively. EPEC nucleic acid was detected in multiple food and environmental samples such as stir-fried vegetables and stir-fried pork. The EPEC strains from the two cases were highly homologous (0 allele difference).

Conclusions

This is an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by polytype DEC (mainly EPEC) contaminating various dishes in the lunch of a team-building facility.

foodborne disease  /  outbreak  /  diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC)  /  case-control study  /  pathogenic factor  /  Yuyao city
符展豪, 张新宇, 俞贝贝, 祝一鸿, 陆阳, 陆毓剑, 丁克琴. 一起由EPEC为主引起的胃肠炎暴发事件:基于现场流行病学回顾性调查. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (8) : 993 -998 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148605
Zhanhao FU, Xinyu ZHANG, Beibei YU, Yihong ZHU, Yang LU, Yujian LU, Keqin DING. A gastroenteritis outbreak primarily caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: a retrospective field epidemiological investigation[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (8) : 993 -998 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148605
致泻性大肠埃希菌(Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, DEC)因致病机制多样、宿主范围广泛,已成为全球细菌性腹泻及食源性疾病暴发的主要病原体之一[1–3]。DEC主要包括肠致病性大肠埃希菌(Enteropathogenic Escherichiacoli, EPEC)、肠集聚性大肠埃希菌(Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, EAEC)、产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌(Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, STEC)、肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌(Enteroinvasive Escherichiacoli, EIEC)和肠产毒性大肠埃希菌(Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC)等亚型。其中,EPEC通过“附着—消除”(A/E)效应破坏肠道微绒毛结构,其在工业化国家食源性暴发事件中的检出率持续攀升,已成为不容忽视的公共卫生问题[4–5]。2025年4月27日,浙江省宁波市余姚市疾病预防控制中心接到辖区某医院报告,该院集中收治了10余名余姚市某电器公司员工且均在宁波市江北区某团建基地用餐后出现急性胃肠炎症状的病例。经宁波市和余姚市及江北区两级疾病预防控制中心联合调查,通过现场流行病学调查和实验室检测及溯源分析,判定本次事件为一起由食品污染引发的胃肠炎暴发事件。
某电器公司委托某策划公司于2025年4月26日在宁波市江北区某团建基地组织集体活动,上午8:00一行500余人从余姚市出发,9:40抵达团建基地后分组开展活动,12:00—14:00参与活动的525人均在团建基地餐厅就餐,电器公司相关人员食用桌餐,策划公司员工食用单独套餐盒饭,午餐后在基地自由活动,16:30返程。在此期间团建基地无早餐、晚餐或加餐零食统一供应情况,参加团建人员均饮用瓶装矿泉水。4月27日15:00开始, 余姚市某医院陆续接诊10余名因腹泻、呕吐症状就诊的电器公司员工。
2025年4月26日参加团建且午餐在团建基地餐厅就餐的525人,包括电器公司员工及家属493人,策划公司员工及司机32人。
疑似病例:4月26—28日参加团建且在餐厅食用午餐人员中,出现发热、腹痛、腹泻、呕吐等任一症状者。可能病例:疑似病例中,出现腹泻(≥3次/24 h,且伴大便性状改变),并伴有呕吐、发热、腹痛等任一症状者。确诊病例:疑似病例或可能病例中,其粪便或肛拭子样本经实验室检测,分离出DEC或其特异性核酸检测呈阳性者。通过查阅余姚市某医院及周边医疗机构就诊记录,结合电器公司提供的人员名单,采用“问卷星”平台进行线上问卷调查,进行主动、系统性病例搜索。
通过自制统一的电子个案调查表进行回顾性调查,收集所有可能病例的人口学信息(姓名、年龄、性别、部门)、临床表现(症状、体征、发生时间、严重程度)、就诊情况及发病前72 h内的详细饮食暴露史(包括4月26日午餐供应的全部食品)。分析病例的三间分布(时间、空间、人群)特征。以本次调查的可能病例和确诊病例作为病例组,选取电器公司参加团建活动而未发病的人员作为对照组,进行病例对照研究。本研究得到余姚市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会的批准(批准号:20250428-1)。所有被调查对象均知情同意。
访谈相关人员,查阅相关记录,对团建基地餐厅进行全面检查与评估,包括整体布局与功能分区、设施设备运行状况、食品原料采购与索证索票记录、食品加工流程规范性(重点关注烧熟后食品的存放与分装环节)、餐饮具清洗消毒效果、从业人员健康状况与操作规范执行情况、病媒生物防制措施落实情况。
采集33例病例和12名餐厅员工的粪便或肛拭子样本;采集4月26日午餐提供的全部13份食品留样;采集后厨砧板、刀具、分餐台、盛菜盆等33份环境涂抹样本。所有样本均于4 ℃条件下冷藏保存,并在采样后4 h内冷链转运至宁波市疾病预防控制中心实验室检测。检测项目及方法如下:(1)病毒筛查:采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测诺如病毒GI/GII型、轮状病毒A/B/C型、肠道腺病毒、人星状病毒及札如病毒等5种常见肠道病毒核酸。(2)细菌分离鉴定:采用多重PCR技术筛查DEC(含EPEC、EAEC、ETEC、EIEC、STEC)、沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、李斯特菌、空肠弯曲菌、霍乱弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌、耶尔森菌、志贺菌、艰难梭菌等多种细菌性病原体。DEC核酸阳性样本接种于麦康凯琼脂(MAC)等选择性培养基,37 ℃培养18~24 h后挑取可疑菌落进行生化鉴定。对鉴定为EPEC的菌株,进一步通过多重PCR检测EPEC (eae), EAEC (aggR), ETEC (lt, st)等关键毒力基因,确定其致病型别。(3)分子分型:对病例和食品来源的EPEC菌株进行全基因组测序(WGS),基于核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)分析菌株同源性,以判定传播链。
采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,使用R 4.4.0软件进行统计分析。采用率、构成比、中位数等指标进行描述性分析。使用倾向评分匹配法(propensity score matching, PSM)进行病例对照研究,以年龄、性别为协变量计算个体倾向性评分,进行1:1最近邻匹配(卡钳值=0.1)。单因素分析采用χ2检验,计算比值比(odds ratio, OR)及其95%置信区间(CI);对单因素分析差异有统计学的变量,纳入多因素logistic回归模型筛选独立危险因素。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
本次共调查525人,发现可能病例60例,确诊病例10例,罹患率为13.3%(70/525),另发现疑似病例239例。所有病例均为参加团建的电器公司员工及家属;仅18例病例前往医疗机构就诊,均为轻症,无重症或死亡病例。
首例病例于4月26日13:50发病,主诉腹痛、腹泻,24h内水样便4次,自行服用抗炎药物未就诊。发病高峰集中在4月26日18:00—27日8:00,末例病例发病时间为4月27日22:20。流行曲线呈典型的点源暴露、短潜伏期流行模式。病例潜伏期为2~34 h,中位数为15.5 h。
70例病例中,男性31例,女性39例,年龄范围18~58岁。病例分布于该电器公司多个部门,各部门罹患率差异无统计学意义。未参与团建的注塑部门员工无人发病。所有病例均食用了4月26日在团建基地餐厅提供的午餐。当日乘坐的9辆大巴车中均有病例分布,无明显空间聚集性。
病例主要临床症状为腹泻和腹痛。70例病例均出现腹泻(100.0%),粪便性状以水样便为主(91.4%);46例出现腹痛(65.7%);恶心(20.0%)与呕吐(4.3%)症状较少见,无发热病例报告。就诊病例多数白细胞计数(15/18)正常,少数病例白细胞(3/18)和中性粒细胞(4/18)总数升高。所有病例均被诊断为急性胃肠炎,经抗炎、补液等对症治疗后,1~3 d后好转。
病例发病高峰集中于4月26日18:00—27日8:00,潜伏期中位数14 h,活动期间仅4月26日12:00—14:00集中提供午餐,所有病例均在该餐次在餐厅就餐,其余时间未统一供餐,仅饮用策划公司提供的瓶装矿泉水,故排除水源传播和其他餐次暴露可能,判定4月26日午餐为唯一可疑暴露餐次。
经核实,当日午餐共供应13种食品(涵盖所有热菜及主食)。通过PSM法匹配69例病例和69名对照后,对13种食品逐一进行单因素分析。结果显示,食用油豆腐红烧肉、啤酒鸭、宫保鸡丁、豆角外婆菜、小炒肉、清炒时蔬、西红柿炒鸡蛋、米饭等8种食品与发病存在统计学关联,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示为本次暴发的可疑暴露因素;其余5种食品(红烧鱼块、肉末蒸水蛋、酸辣土豆丝、葱油海带丝、万年青虾汤)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。将上述单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的8种食品暴露变量纳入多因素logistic回归模型。结果显示,啤酒鸭(OR=3.028, 95%CI=1.331~6.887)、清炒时蔬(OR=3.184, 95%CI=1.461~6.936)和西红柿炒鸡蛋(OR=4.160, 95%CI=1.715~10.089)是本次暴发的独立危险因素。这也提示上述3种食品在储存、加工或分装环节受DEC污染的可能性最大。
经现场卫生学调查,团建基地餐厅共有员工17人,前厅员工12人,后厨员工5人。日常接待能力30~50人,餐厅所用原材料为当日采购,按类别由多家第三方公司清晨配送至粗加工间分区存放,后续依次进行清洁、切配操作。餐厅使用市自来水公司生产管网水,本次供餐只提供热加工食品,无冷菜和生食供应。调查发现,该餐厅存在多项卫生隐患,后厨环境卫生状况不佳,调查期间可见苍蝇在活动;生熟食品加工区域未明确划分,存在交叉污染风险;烧熟后的食品置于敞口大盆内待分装,未采取保温或防污染遮盖措施,存在二次污染风险;从业人员操作规范执行不到位,环境卫生管理存在明显漏洞。餐厅负责人自述近期未出现冰箱断电情况,未发现食品过期存放问题,经询问餐厅员工均未出现发热、腹泻、呕吐等症状。
33份病例样本中,共检出11份病原体阳性。10份检出DEC核酸为阳性(8份EPEC、1份EAEC、1份ETEC);2份诺如病毒GII型核酸阳性(其中1例为EPEC与诺如病毒混合感染)。13份食品留样中,3份检出EPEC核酸阳性,分别为清炒时蔬、小炒肉和豆角外婆菜。33份环境样本中,4份检出EPEC核酸阳性,分别来自砧板、盛菜盆、2楼原料堆放区、3楼原料堆放区。12名餐厅员工肛拭子样本均未检出DEC或诺如病毒;所有食品及环境样本诺如病毒检测均为阴性。
从样本中成功分离3株EPEC菌株:2株来自病例(编号EPEC039、EPEC069),1株来自清炒时蔬食品样本(编号EPEC067)。经WGS及核心基因组多位点序列分型(cgMLST)分析,源自2名不同病例的EPEC039和EPEC069菌株的等位基因差异位点数为0,提示二者高度同源,为同一克隆株,是本次暴发中在人群中传播的主要菌株;而食品样本来源的EPEC067菌株与上述2株病例菌株的基因位点差异数均≥10,表明其来源不具有一致性。
本次调查结果表明,此次事件为一起由多型别DEC(以EPEC为主)污染多种热加工食品而引起的胃肠炎暴发事件。可疑暴露餐次为4月26日午餐,可疑食品包括啤酒鸭、清炒时蔬、小炒肉等多种食品,推测污染途径为DEC污染部分食品原材料、加工用具及容器等,进而导致多种食品交叉污染。结合流行病学病因推断原则,具体依据如下:(1)实验室检测证据支持:病例粪便及肛拭子样本中DEC检出率为30.3%(10/33),其中EPEC占比最高(80.0%),EAEC/ETEC检出率低,且未在食品样本中检出,推测后两者为人群基础感染状态。病例样本中检出诺如病毒GII型2份,其中1份为EPEC与诺如病毒混合感染;餐厅员工肛拭子及食品、环境样本均未检出诺如病毒,且诺如病毒感染通常具有更高阳性检出率、人传人特征及12~48 h的潜伏期[6],与本次事件点源暴露的流行曲线不符,故推断诺如病毒、EAEC及ETEC仅反映散发性或季节性基线感染,EPEC为本次事件的主要致病因子。(2)流行病学证据支持:一是关联的一致性。本次事件病例发病集中,流行曲线呈典型的点源暴露特征;病例发病时间集中在午餐后2~26 h(中位数14 h),与DEC(尤其是EPEC)感染的一般潜伏期(3~26 h)相符[2,7],且通过潜伏期推算的可疑暴露时段(4月26日11:00—20:00)完整覆盖了实际午餐时间(12:00—14:00),提示暴露与发病在时间逻辑上的一致性。病例临床表现具有高度一致性,EPEC感染通常以水样腹泻、腹痛为主要症状,发热症状少见,与本次事件临床症状一致[8]。现场调查与实验室检测提示,清炒时蔬、小炒肉、豆角外婆菜等食品可能在储存、加工或分装环节受到污染,这与DEC易在肉类等动物性食品及蔬菜、水果等植物性食品中污染繁殖的生物学特征相符[9]。二是关联的特异性。未参与团建的注塑部门员工无一人发病;所有病例均为参加了4月26日午餐的电器公司员工及家属,策划公司员工因未食用餐厅桌餐而无发病报告,暴露与发病的关联具有特异性。三是关联的终止效应。电器公司员工于4月26日午餐后,经EPEC感染最长潜伏期(3 d)的观察期内未出现新发病例,符合关联终止效应的推断原则。(3)卫生学调查证据支持:餐厅后厨环境存在苍蝇孳生及活动迹象,整体卫生状况不佳,且生熟食品加工未实现分区操作;尽管餐厅员工健康状况无异常,但食品加工过程中若存在加热不彻底,或原材料清洗等关键环节操作疏漏,易引发DEC通过手部、用具或环境交叉污染至熟食,与实验室检测结果及流行病学特征相互印证。
多因素分析表明,小炒肉和豆角外婆菜并非本次事件的致病食品,但二者病原学检测均呈EPEC阳性。可能由以下几个原因造成:(1)统计学层面:食品暴露因同桌共餐、同环节分装等因素存在共线性,经多因素回归模型控制潜在混杂因素后,部分食品的独立致病效应不再具有统计学差异。(2)微生物学层面:食品的二次污染常发生于热加工处理后的分装、存放环节,且污染多呈现非均匀性与斑块化分布特征;受限于食品留样量,检测过程中可能出现“真实高风险食品未检出而低风险食品偶然检出”的抽样偏差。(3)实验室层面:DEC检测缺乏特异性选择培养基,采用通用培养基培养时,目标菌易被环境背景菌群掩盖;同时,菌落挑取阶段存在选择偏倚,故统计分析提示的差异显著性,与病原学检测中检出目标致病菌并非完全等同。
本次调查证据链完整,结论具有可靠性。WGS结果显示,病例来源的EPEC菌株(EPEC039, EPEC069)具有高度同源性,构成强有力的分子流行病学证据链;然而食品样本来源的EPEC067菌株与上述两株病例菌株的基因位点差异数均≥10,提示其来源不具有一致性。除DEC检测缺乏特异性培养基的影响外,不排除后厨环境中并存有多个EPEC菌株共存的情况,食品样本分离到的菌株未必是主要致病菌株;此外,送检时间与污染发生时间间隔较长、食品中目标菌株丰度较低,或主要致病菌株已处于亚致死损伤状态,均可能影响菌株的分离纯化效果。
多种食品同时受污染的现象,提示污染发生于后厨加工环节而非单一原材料,初始污染可能来自受污染的原材料(蔬菜、肉类),在清洗或初加工时污染用具、容器或操作人员手部;后续交叉污染通过受污染的器具、手部传递至已烹饪的熟食;苍蝇等病媒生物的活动可能加剧污染扩散[10]。鉴于所有高风险食品均经热加工,污染极可能发生于烹饪后至分餐前的存放环节[11]。事件再次警示,即使经过充分加热的食品,若后续处理不当(尤其是暴露于污染环境),仍存在极高的食源性疾病暴发风险[12]。然而,本次调查研究同时存在以下局限性:回忆偏倚,病例对照研究依赖于对既往暴露因素的回忆,可能会影响OR值的真实性;剂量反应关系缺失,未深入调查各种食品的摄入量,无法通过剂量反应关系进一步锁定可疑餐品;分离培养瓶颈,DEC缺乏商业化特异性选择培养基,从富含背景菌群中分离目标致病株效率极低,易导致假阴性或分离非优势菌株,干扰溯源结论[13];初始污染来源未明确,虽确定交叉污染环节,但未追踪到EPEC的初始来源(特定原材料、环境定植或人员携带),难以从源头上加以防控。
综上所述,本次调查整合了流行病学、实验室及卫生学证据,形成了完整的证据链,明确了事件性质、规模及主因。调查结果提示,必须加强对集体供餐单位后厨关键环节的差异化监管,加速推广先进检测技术,以构建更严密的食源性疾病风险防控网络。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148605
  • 接收时间:2025-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06
  • 修回日期:2025-10-07
  • 录用日期:2026-03-28
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    1余姚市疾病预防控制中心卫生监测科,余姚 315400
    2宁波市江北区疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315000
    3宁波市疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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