Article(id=1320427659834806735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149359, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763395200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-18, revisedDate=1769616000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-29, acceptedDate=1775232000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-04, onlineDate=1792744086464, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744086464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744086464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744086464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320427658937225679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744086250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792747993375, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=902, endPage=907, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320427660761747920, articleId=1320427659834806735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city during the 2024–2025 influenza season: a retrospective cohort study based on surveillance data, columnId=1320427660187120197, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Evaluating the Protective Effect of Childhood Vaccination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city, Guangdong province during the 2024–2025 academic year, thus providing evidence for the cost-effectiveness evaluation of publicly funded influenza vaccine (InfV) programs.

Methods

Data on the roster of in-school primary school students in Longgang district from August 2024 to July 2025, together with their influenza incidence and InfV vaccination records, were extracted from the Longgang District Student Health Monitoring Information System, the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Shenzhen Immunization Program Information Management System. According to class-level InfV vaccination coverage, students were stratified into four groups: <50.00%, 50.00%–74.99%, 75.00%–100%, and an overall group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to balance covariates between the TIV-vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, forming a comparable real-world retrospective cohort. Multivariable Cox regression models were employed to estimate the adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) of TIV against influenza.

Results

After PSM, the overall group comprised 159 336 participants in both the TIV-vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with influenza incidence densities of 1.40 and 2.35 per 100 person-years, respectively. The aVE (95%CI) of TIV against influenza by class-level vaccination coverage was 29.83% (21.00% to 37.67%) for the < 50.00% group, 37.84% (31.39% to 43.67%) for the 50.00%–74.99% group, 41.06% (36.23% to 45.53%) for the 75.00%–100% group, and 40.31% (36.44% to 43.95%) for the overall group. By age subgroups, the aVE (95%CI) was 46.75% (42.22% to 50.93%) for students of 6 to 8 years old and 28.76% (21.34% to 35.48%) for students of 9 to 12 years old. By vaccination history, the aVE (95%CI) was 46.52% (41.15% to 51.40%) for those unvaccinated the previous year and 35.78% (30.20% to 40.92%) for those vaccinated previously. Against influenza A, B, and mixed A+B, the aVE (95%CI) was 42.33% (37.48% to 46.80%), 35.64% (23.43% to 45.90%), and 21.00% (−22.46% to 49.04%), respectively.

Conclusions

TIV vaccination conferred substantial protective effects against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district during the 2024–2025 academic year. Annual timely administration of InfV before the influenza epidemic season and maintenance of high vaccination coverage are recommended.

, authors=Wu LI1, Yu ZENG1, Chunyan ZHUANG1, Huiling TAN1, Bili YE1, Xiaoli WANG1, Xuetong ZHAO2, Xu XIE3, Feng LIU1, Houming WEI1, Gang LI1, authorsList=Wu LI, Yu ZENG, Chunyan ZHUANG, Huiling TAN, Bili YE, Xiaoli WANG, Xuetong ZHAO, Xu XIE, Feng LIU, Houming WEI, Gang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huiling TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TAN Huiling, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320427664255603167, articleId=1320427659834806735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种三价灭活流感疫苗保护效果:基于监测数据的回顾性队列评价, columnId=1320427660346503751, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——儿童疫苗接种保护效果研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评价2024—2025年广东省深圳市龙岗区小学生接种三价灭活流感疫苗(TIV)预防流行性感冒(简称“流感”)的保护效果(VE),为流感疫苗(InfV)公费项目的成本效果评价提供依据。

方法

收集深圳市龙岗区学生健康监测信息系统、中国疾病预防控制信息系统和深圳市免疫规划信息管理系统中龙岗区2024年8月—2025年7月的在校小学生名单及其流感发病信息和InfV接种信息,按班级InfV接种率将学生分为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组,采用倾向性评分匹配法均衡TIV接种组和未接种组间协变量建立可比的现实世界回顾性队列,应用多因素Cox回归模型分析TIV预防流感的调整后VE(aVE)。

结果

经倾向性评分匹配后,总体组中TIV接种组和未接种组各纳入研究对象159 336人,流感发病密度分别为1.40/100人年和2.35/100人年;班级InfV接种率为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为29.83%(21.00%~37.67%)、37.84%(31.39%~43.67%)、41.06%(36.23%~45.53%)和40.31%(36.44%~43.95%);6~8岁和9~12岁小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为46.75%(42.22%~50.93%)和28.76%(21.34%~35.48%);上年度未接种InfV和接种过InfV小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为46.52%(41.15%~51.40%)和35.78%(30.20%~40.92%),小学生接种TIV预防甲型流感、乙型流感和甲乙型混合流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为42.33%(37.48%~46.80%)、35.64%(23.43%~45.90%)和21.00%(−22.46%~49.04%)。

结论

2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种TIV预防流感具有较好的保护效果,建议每年在流感流行季节来临前尽早接种InfV并维持较高的接种率。

, authors=李武1, 曾愉1, 庄春燕1, 谭惠玲1, *, *, 叶碧莉1, 王小丽1, 赵雪彤2, 谢旭3, 刘峰1, 韦厚明1, 李刚1, authorsList=李武, 曾愉, 庄春燕, 谭惠玲, 叶碧莉, 王小丽, 赵雪彤, 谢旭, 刘峰, 韦厚明, 李刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谭惠玲, authorNote=

李武(1990—),副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:传染性疾病防治

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谭惠玲,E-mail:
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Distribution characteristics of primary school students in the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) vaccinated group versus the unvaccinated group in Longgang District, Shenzhen city before and after propensity score matching

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类匹配前匹配后
接种组(n=220 723)未接种组(n=74 851)接种组(n=159 336)未接种组(n=159 336)
例数构成比/%例数构成比/%例数构成比/%例数构成比/%
性别男性117 50553.2441 78855.8387 21354.7487 21354.74
女性103 21846.7633 06344.17 a72 12345.2672 12345.26
年龄/岁6~896 49743.7236 81849.1979 88050.1379 88050.13
9 ~12124 22656.2838 03350.81 a79 45649.8779 45649.87
民族汉族211 89896.0071 83195.97152 98896.02152 98896.02
其他民族8 8254.003 0204.036 3483.986 3483.98
上年度流感发病史无196 72589.1366 46588.80141 60688.87141 60688.87
有23 99810.878 38611.2017 73011.1317 73011.13
上年度InfV接种史无60 98627.6342 04756.1760 98638.2860 98638.28
有159 73772.3732 80443.83 a98 35061.7298 35061.72
新冠病毒疫苗接种史无25 06911.3614 14018.8922 36414.0422 36414.04
有195 65488.6460 71181.11 a136 97285.96136 97285.96
肺炎疫苗接种史无171 24077.5860 71681.12125 17178.56125 17178.56
有49 48322.4214 13518.88 a34 16521.4434 16521.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320427672371581489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427659834806735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深圳市龙岗区小学生倾向性评分匹配前后TIV接种组和未接种组分布特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类匹配前匹配后
接种组(n=220 723)未接种组(n=74 851)接种组(n=159 336)未接种组(n=159 336)
例数构成比/%例数构成比/%例数构成比/%例数构成比/%
性别男性117 50553.2441 78855.8387 21354.7487 21354.74
女性103 21846.7633 06344.17 a72 12345.2672 12345.26
年龄/岁6~896 49743.7236 81849.1979 88050.1379 88050.13
9 ~12124 22656.2838 03350.81 a79 45649.8779 45649.87
民族汉族211 89896.0071 83195.97152 98896.02152 98896.02
其他民族8 8254.003 0204.036 3483.986 3483.98
上年度流感发病史无196 72589.1366 46588.80141 60688.87141 60688.87
有23 99810.878 38611.2017 73011.1317 73011.13
上年度InfV接种史无60 98627.6342 04756.1760 98638.2860 98638.28
有159 73772.3732 80443.83 a98 35061.7298 35061.72
新冠病毒疫苗接种史无25 06911.3614 14018.8922 36414.0422 36414.04
有195 65488.6460 71181.11 a136 97285.96136 97285.96
肺炎疫苗接种史无171 24077.5860 71681.12125 17178.56125 17178.56
有49 48322.4214 13518.88 a34 16521.4434 16521.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320427672455467570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427659834806735, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city during the 2024–2025 academic year

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量接种组未接种组β $ {S}_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值aVE/%95%CI/%
发病
例数
观察人
年数/人年
发病密度/
(1/100人年)
发病
例数
观察人
年数/人年
发病密度/
(1/100人年)
性别
 男性88160 902.271.451 43460 626.622.37−0.4860.043128.980<0.00138.5233.14~43.47
 女性67350 379.041.341 17450 138.472.34−0.5530.048130.776<0.00142.5036.78~47.70
年龄/岁
 6~888455 601.721.591 66355 219.803.01−0.6300.042228.785<0.00146.7542.22~50.93
 9~1267055 679.601.2094555 545.301.70−0.3390.05145.023<0.00128.7621.34~35.48
民族
 汉族1 482106 857.361.392 482106 368.442.33−0.5140.033244.549<0.00140.1836.20~43.91
 其他民族724 423.961.631264 396.652.87−0.5630.14814.528<0.00143.0823.95~57.40
上年度流感发病史
 无1 31098 956.941.322 20098 520.332.23−0.5160.035218.230<0.00140.3036.07~44.25
 有24412 324.371.9840812 244.773.33−0.5190.08141.078<0.00140.5030.26~49.24
上年度InfV接种史
 无64542 447.441.521 19842 171.262.84−0.6260.049164.223<0.00146.5241.15~51.40
 有90968 833.881.321 41068 593.842.06−0.4430.043108.404<0.00135.7830.20~40.92
新冠病毒疫苗接种史
 无19715 611.731.2635115 523.012.26−0.5850.09366.837<0.00144.2934.90~52.04
 有1 35795 669.591.422 25795 242.092.37−0.5120.034197.939<0.00140.0835.91~44.15
肺炎疫苗接种史
 无1 17387 468.921.341 89787 105.062.18−0.4770.037164.735<0.00137.9433.25~42.30
 有38123 812.391.6071123 660.043.01−0.6280.06497.697<0.00146.6439.57~52.89
流感病例分类
 临床诊断病例364110 902.420.33548110 189.770.50−0.4110.06836.925<0.00133.7124.31~41.95
 实验室确诊病例1 190111 147.061.072 060110 606.051.86−0.5470.036225.228<0.00142.1237.84~46.11
流感病例分型
 甲型流感930111 049.190.841 618110 467.961.46−0.5500.041178.751<0.00142.3337.48~46.80
 乙型流感209110 851.720.19325110 138.510.30−0.4410.08924.738<0.00135.6423.43~45.90
 甲乙型混合流感35110 780.240.0345110 045.410.04−0.2360.2241.0620.30321.00−22.46~49.04
班级InfV接种率/%
 <50.00382 363.371.611004 384.302.28−0.3540.06034.034<0.00129.8321.00~37.67
 50.00~74.9964239 170.481.641 02738 975.822.63−0.4750.05089.298<0.00137.8431.39~43.67
 75.00~10098378 398.451.251 66078 077.152.13−0.5290.040172.585<0.00141.0636.23~45.53
), ArticleFig(id=1320427672568713779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427659834806735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生TIV接种预防流感的aVE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量接种组未接种组β $ {S}_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值aVE/%95%CI/%
发病
例数
观察人
年数/人年
发病密度/
(1/100人年)
发病
例数
观察人
年数/人年
发病密度/
(1/100人年)
性别
 男性88160 902.271.451 43460 626.622.37−0.4860.043128.980<0.00138.5233.14~43.47
 女性67350 379.041.341 17450 138.472.34−0.5530.048130.776<0.00142.5036.78~47.70
年龄/岁
 6~888455 601.721.591 66355 219.803.01−0.6300.042228.785<0.00146.7542.22~50.93
 9~1267055 679.601.2094555 545.301.70−0.3390.05145.023<0.00128.7621.34~35.48
民族
 汉族1 482106 857.361.392 482106 368.442.33−0.5140.033244.549<0.00140.1836.20~43.91
 其他民族724 423.961.631264 396.652.87−0.5630.14814.528<0.00143.0823.95~57.40
上年度流感发病史
 无1 31098 956.941.322 20098 520.332.23−0.5160.035218.230<0.00140.3036.07~44.25
 有24412 324.371.9840812 244.773.33−0.5190.08141.078<0.00140.5030.26~49.24
上年度InfV接种史
 无64542 447.441.521 19842 171.262.84−0.6260.049164.223<0.00146.5241.15~51.40
 有90968 833.881.321 41068 593.842.06−0.4430.043108.404<0.00135.7830.20~40.92
新冠病毒疫苗接种史
 无19715 611.731.2635115 523.012.26−0.5850.09366.837<0.00144.2934.90~52.04
 有1 35795 669.591.422 25795 242.092.37−0.5120.034197.939<0.00140.0835.91~44.15
肺炎疫苗接种史
 无1 17387 468.921.341 89787 105.062.18−0.4770.037164.735<0.00137.9433.25~42.30
 有38123 812.391.6071123 660.043.01−0.6280.06497.697<0.00146.6439.57~52.89
流感病例分类
 临床诊断病例364110 902.420.33548110 189.770.50−0.4110.06836.925<0.00133.7124.31~41.95
 实验室确诊病例1 190111 147.061.072 060110 606.051.86−0.5470.036225.228<0.00142.1237.84~46.11
流感病例分型
 甲型流感930111 049.190.841 618110 467.961.46−0.5500.041178.751<0.00142.3337.48~46.80
 乙型流感209110 851.720.19325110 138.510.30−0.4410.08924.738<0.00135.6423.43~45.90
 甲乙型混合流感35110 780.240.0345110 045.410.04−0.2360.2241.0620.30321.00−22.46~49.04
班级InfV接种率/%
 <50.00382 363.371.611004 384.302.28−0.3540.06034.034<0.00129.8321.00~37.67
 50.00~74.9964239 170.481.641 02738 975.822.63−0.4750.05089.298<0.00137.8431.39~43.67
 75.00~10098378 398.451.251 66078 077.152.13−0.5290.040172.585<0.00141.0636.23~45.53
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2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种三价灭活流感疫苗保护效果:基于监测数据的回顾性队列评价
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李武 1 , 曾愉 1 , 庄春燕 1 , 谭惠玲 1, *, * , 叶碧莉 1 , 王小丽 1 , 赵雪彤 2 , 谢旭 3 , 刘峰 1 , 韦厚明 1 , 李刚 1
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——儿童疫苗接种保护效果研究 2026,42(8): 902-907
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——儿童疫苗接种保护效果研究 2026 , 42 (8) : 902 -907
2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种三价灭活流感疫苗保护效果:基于监测数据的回顾性队列评价
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李武1, 曾愉1, 庄春燕1, 谭惠玲1, *, * , 叶碧莉1, 王小丽1, 赵雪彤2, 谢旭3, 刘峰1, 韦厚明1, 李刚1
作者信息
  • 1深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518172
  • 2北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
  • 3深圳市疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518073
通讯作者:
谭惠玲,E-mail:
作者简介:

李武(1990—),副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:传染性疾病防治

Effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city during the 2024–2025 influenza season: a retrospective cohort study based on surveillance data
Wu LI1, Yu ZENG1, Chunyan ZHUANG1, Huiling TAN1 , Bili YE1, Xiaoli WANG1, Xuetong ZHAO2, Xu XIE3, Feng LIU1, Houming WEI1, Gang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Longgang, Shenzhen 518172, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518073, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    TAN Huiling, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149359
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目的

评价2024—2025年广东省深圳市龙岗区小学生接种三价灭活流感疫苗(TIV)预防流行性感冒(简称“流感”)的保护效果(VE),为流感疫苗(InfV)公费项目的成本效果评价提供依据。

方法

收集深圳市龙岗区学生健康监测信息系统、中国疾病预防控制信息系统和深圳市免疫规划信息管理系统中龙岗区2024年8月—2025年7月的在校小学生名单及其流感发病信息和InfV接种信息,按班级InfV接种率将学生分为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组,采用倾向性评分匹配法均衡TIV接种组和未接种组间协变量建立可比的现实世界回顾性队列,应用多因素Cox回归模型分析TIV预防流感的调整后VE(aVE)。

结果

经倾向性评分匹配后,总体组中TIV接种组和未接种组各纳入研究对象159 336人,流感发病密度分别为1.40/100人年和2.35/100人年;班级InfV接种率为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为29.83%(21.00%~37.67%)、37.84%(31.39%~43.67%)、41.06%(36.23%~45.53%)和40.31%(36.44%~43.95%);6~8岁和9~12岁小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为46.75%(42.22%~50.93%)和28.76%(21.34%~35.48%);上年度未接种InfV和接种过InfV小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为46.52%(41.15%~51.40%)和35.78%(30.20%~40.92%),小学生接种TIV预防甲型流感、乙型流感和甲乙型混合流感的aVE(95%CI)分别为42.33%(37.48%~46.80%)、35.64%(23.43%~45.90%)和21.00%(−22.46%~49.04%)。

结论

2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种TIV预防流感具有较好的保护效果,建议每年在流感流行季节来临前尽早接种InfV并维持较高的接种率。

三价灭活流感疫苗(TIV)  /  接种  /  流行性感冒  /  预防  /  保护效果  /  评价  /  小学生  /  深圳市龙岗区
Objective

To evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city, Guangdong province during the 2024–2025 academic year, thus providing evidence for the cost-effectiveness evaluation of publicly funded influenza vaccine (InfV) programs.

Methods

Data on the roster of in-school primary school students in Longgang district from August 2024 to July 2025, together with their influenza incidence and InfV vaccination records, were extracted from the Longgang District Student Health Monitoring Information System, the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Shenzhen Immunization Program Information Management System. According to class-level InfV vaccination coverage, students were stratified into four groups: <50.00%, 50.00%–74.99%, 75.00%–100%, and an overall group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to balance covariates between the TIV-vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, forming a comparable real-world retrospective cohort. Multivariable Cox regression models were employed to estimate the adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) of TIV against influenza.

Results

After PSM, the overall group comprised 159 336 participants in both the TIV-vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with influenza incidence densities of 1.40 and 2.35 per 100 person-years, respectively. The aVE (95%CI) of TIV against influenza by class-level vaccination coverage was 29.83% (21.00% to 37.67%) for the < 50.00% group, 37.84% (31.39% to 43.67%) for the 50.00%–74.99% group, 41.06% (36.23% to 45.53%) for the 75.00%–100% group, and 40.31% (36.44% to 43.95%) for the overall group. By age subgroups, the aVE (95%CI) was 46.75% (42.22% to 50.93%) for students of 6 to 8 years old and 28.76% (21.34% to 35.48%) for students of 9 to 12 years old. By vaccination history, the aVE (95%CI) was 46.52% (41.15% to 51.40%) for those unvaccinated the previous year and 35.78% (30.20% to 40.92%) for those vaccinated previously. Against influenza A, B, and mixed A+B, the aVE (95%CI) was 42.33% (37.48% to 46.80%), 35.64% (23.43% to 45.90%), and 21.00% (−22.46% to 49.04%), respectively.

Conclusions

TIV vaccination conferred substantial protective effects against influenza among primary school students in Longgang district during the 2024–2025 academic year. Annual timely administration of InfV before the influenza epidemic season and maintenance of high vaccination coverage are recommended.

trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine  /  vaccination  /  influenza  /  prevention  /  vaccine effectiveness  /  evaluation  /  primary school students  /  Longgang district, Shenzhen city
李武, 曾愉, 庄春燕, 谭惠玲, 叶碧莉, 王小丽, 赵雪彤, 谢旭, 刘峰, 韦厚明, 李刚. 2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种三价灭活流感疫苗保护效果:基于监测数据的回顾性队列评价. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (8) : 902 -907 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149359
Wu LI, Yu ZENG, Chunyan ZHUANG, Huiling TAN, Bili YE, Xiaoli WANG, Xuetong ZHAO, Xu XIE, Feng LIU, Houming WEI, Gang LI. Effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among primary school students in Longgang district, Shenzhen city during the 2024–2025 influenza season: a retrospective cohort study based on surveillance data[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (8) : 902 -907 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149359
流行性感冒(简称“流感”)是流感病毒引起的对人群健康危害严重的急性呼吸道传染病。据报道,中国每年季节性流感流行可造成6%~11%人口感染[1],导致近300万例的超额门急诊就诊、234万例的严重急性呼吸道感染住院和9万例的呼吸系统疾病超额死亡[2],其中造成的疾病负担以0~14岁人群最为严重[3]。流感疫苗(influenza vaccine, InfV)接种作为预防流感危害最经济有效的措施之一,世界卫生组织[4]和《中国流感疫苗预防接种技术指南(2025—2026)》[5]均建议将学龄儿童作为优先人群在每年流感季来临前进行接种。既往研究表明,学龄儿童接种三价灭活流感疫苗(trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, TIV)在4个月内预防流感的保护效果(vaccine effectiveness, VE)高达62.68%[6],且VE持续1年后差异仍有统计学意义[7]。此外,学龄儿童接种TIV还可使学生因病缺课的相对风险减少26.39%,具有良好的卫生经济效益[8]。目前,我国批准上市使用的InfV生产均采用成熟的鸡胚培养生产工艺,但疫苗株在鸡胚培养过程中的适应性突变[9–10]造成疫苗株与病毒株匹配度降低[11],进而影响了InfV接种的VE。此外,每年InfV接种的VE还与流感病毒的抗原易变和免疫逃逸等特性[12]以及人群免疫背景和易感性[13–15]等因素有关,故每年仍需对VE进行现实世界评价。为评价2024—2025年广东省深圳市龙岗区小学生接种TIV预防流感的VE,为InfV公费项目的成本效果评价提供依据,本研究收集深圳市龙岗区学生健康监测信息系统、中国疾病预防控制信息系统和深圳市免疫规划信息管理系统中龙岗区2024年8月—2025年7月在校小学生名单及其流感发病信息和InfV接种信息,按班级InfV接种率将学生分为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组,采用倾向性评分匹配法均衡TIV接种组和未接种组间协变量,建立可比的现实世界回顾性队列,应用多因素Cox回归模型分析TIV预防流感的调整后VE(adjusted VE, aVE)。
依据2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生名单(性别、年龄、民族、学校和班级等)、流感监测病例信息(发病日期、病例分类、感染型别等)和疫苗接种信息(InfV、肺炎疫苗、新型冠状病毒疫苗的接种日期、疫苗种类等),分别从深圳市龙岗区学生健康监测信息系统、中国疾病预防控制信息系统和深圳市免疫规划信息管理系统获取。流感监测病例根据《流行性感冒诊疗方案(2025年版)》[16]的诊断标准分为实验室确诊病例和临床诊断病例,每日由工作人员对流感监测病例分类进行审核和订正,包括现住址统计和报告单位统计流感报告病例;根据流感确诊病例备注信息中的流感病毒实验室检测结果(抗原或核酸),将部分确诊病例分为甲型流感、乙型流感和甲乙型混合流感。研究对象接种的InfV包括TIV和四价灭活流感疫苗(quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, QIV),新冠病毒疫苗均为新冠灭活疫苗(Vero细胞),肺炎疫苗包括13价肺炎球菌多糖结合疫苗和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗。龙岗区2024—2025年在校小学生共301 606人,排除疫苗接种和流感发病记录无法匹配1 756人;2024年8月—2025年7月接种QIV者3 862人和流感发病日期距InfV接种日期<14 d者414例后共纳入295 574人作为研究对象。对上述获取的数据进行脱敏、剔重、匹配,构建2024—2025年龙岗区小学生接种InfV和流感发病的时序数据。基于深圳市的气候特点和流感流行规律[17],同时为便于与既往研究结果对比[6–7],将2024—2025年定义为2024年8月—2025年7月。根据研究对象在2024—2025年接种InfV的情况统计各班级InfV接种率,按班级InfV接种率将各班级以整体为单位分为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组和75.00%~100%组,各班级学生分别纳入相应班级InfV接种率组,将不按班级InfV接种率分组的全部研究对象作为总体组。在总体组和3个班级InfV接种率组中,根据研究对象在2024—2025年是否接种TIV分为接种组和未接种组。在回顾性队列中,接种组和未接种组个案的研究起始时间分别为TIV接种日期和基于倾向性评分匹配为同一亚组(subclass)的接种组个案的TIV接种日期;研究截止时间均为2025年7月31日,研究终点定义为个案在研究截止时间前报告流感发病,个案在研究截止时间未报告流感发病定义为右删失类型。研究对象的上年度流感发病和InfV接种分别指在2023—2024年度(2023年8月—2024年7月)个案是否流感发病和InfV接种情况。研究对象的肺炎疫苗和新冠疫苗接种史分别指个案在2024年8月前接种≥1剂肺炎疫苗和新冠疫苗。本研究通过深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查批准(批号:LGCDCE#20230928)。在数据收集和处理等环节对敏感信息脱敏与匿名化处理,并严格保密。
应用R 4.5.2软件进行数据清洗、整合和分析。分别采用MatchIt和Survival功能包进行倾向性评分匹配和多因素Cox回归分析。对班级InfV接种率为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组接种TIV的VE进行评价。在既往研究的协变量(性别、年龄、民族、上年度流感发病史、上年度InfV接种史和新冠疫苗接种史)基础上[7],新增研究对象的肺炎疫苗接种史作为匹配变量,对协变量在TIV接种组与未接种组间进行倾向性评分匹配,以均衡2组的可比性。在倾向性评分匹配过程中,设置参数随机数种子(seed)为1、卡钳值(caliper)为0.02,应用逻辑回归模型计算个案的倾向性得分,根据最邻近匹配(nearest)方法进行匹配。当班级InfV接种率为<50.00%组时,由于接种组样本量小于未接种组,为避免损失未接种组个案样本,设置匹配比例为1:2,并计算各匹配样本的权重;当班级InfV接种率为50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组和总体组中,由于未接种组样本量小于接种组,为避免损失接种组个案样本,故设置每例未接种组个案最多可匹配分别不超过2例、3例和3例接种组个案,设置匹配比例为1:1。采用χ2检验比较总体组和各班级InfV接种率组中TIV接种组与未接种组间协变量分布构成差异。研究对象的观察人年数=(流感发病日期或研究截止时间$ - $研究起始时间)$ \div $365 d,流感发病密度=(流感发病例数$ \div $累计观察人年数)$ \times $100。通过视图法判定各组协变量的Kaplan-Meier曲线无交叉,认为随访数据满足风险比例假定(采用Schoenfeld残差检验对全局和每个协变量进行检验,发现χ2<1.15,P>0.28)。对个案按匹配后的权重系数加权,以是否流感发病和观察人年数为因变量,将匹配的协变量纳入多因素Cox回归模型,分析总体组、不同班级InfV接种率组及各变量亚组的校正风险比(adjusted hazard ratio, aHR)及其95%CI,aVE=(1−aHR)$ \times $100%[18]。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
深圳市龙岗区小学生的TIV平均接种率为74.68%(220 723/295 574),其中班级InfV接种率<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组和75.00%~100%组小学生的TIV平均接种率分别为27.72%(3 483/12 565)、65.41%(72 553/110 913)和84.07%(144 687/172 096)。倾向性评分匹配后,总体组中TIV接种组和未接种组小学生均为159 336人;班级InfV接种率<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组、75.00%~100%组中TIV接种组和未接种组小学生分别为3 483人和6 480人、56 538人和56 538人、111 847人和111 847人,总体组和3个班级InfV接种率组中TIV接种组与未接种组小学生在性别、年龄、民族、上年度流感发病史、上年度InfV接种史、新冠病毒疫苗接种史和肺炎疫苗接种史中分布差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生总体组中TIV接种组和未接种组的流感发病密度分别为1.40/100人年和2.35/100人年。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,小学生接种TIV预防流感的总体aVE=40.31%,95%CI=36.44%~43.95%。深圳市龙岗区不同特征小学生比较,不同年龄和上年度InfV接种史小学生aVE差异均有统计学意义(χ2=109.12、31.16,均P<0.001);不同性别、民族、上年度流感发病史、新冠病毒疫苗接种史、肺炎疫苗接种史、流感病例分类、流感病例分型和班级InfV接种率aVE差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
本研究结果显示,2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种TIV预防流感的aVE为40.31%,高于龙岗区2022—2023年和2023—2024年中小学生接种TIV预防流感aVE的10.47%和24.05%[6–7]以及四川省2022—2023年中小学生接种InfV预防流感aVE的26.0%[19],但低于深圳市南山区2021—2022年中小学生接种预防流感TIV的VE(61.14%)[20],与2024—2025年流感季美国和德国具有急性呼吸道感染症状<18岁人群接种InfV预防流感aVE的27%~60%和58%[21–23]亦有差异,这可能与不同疫苗技术路线、人群特征、病毒株流行和研究设计等有关。因此,未来应基于不同研究设计和流感病毒基因组检测开展InfV的VE评价[19–20]。
本研究按班级InfV接种率将小学生分为<50.00%组、50.00%~74.99%组和75.00%~100%组,发现3组小学生预防流感的aVE分别为29.83%、37.84%和41.06%,随着班级InfV接种率的提高,aVE有所上升,但差异无统计学意义,表明龙岗区2022—2023年[6]和2023—2024年[7]不按接种率分组评估aVE的可靠性。一般而言,人群InfV接种率越高,易感人群比例越低,则阻断流感疫情传播效果越好。Plans-Rubió P[24]认为建立流感群体免疫所维持InfV覆盖率需考虑流感在易感者中的基本再生数($ {R}_{0} $)、InfV的VE和流感流行情况3个因素。由于InfV的VE每年不同且免疫不牢固,而学龄儿童具有流感易感性和发病率高等特点,故每年建立流感群体免疫所需维持的接种率阈值不同,应尽量保持较高的InfV覆盖率。
本研究发现,2024—2025年龙岗区小学生TIV接种预防流感的aVE在不同年龄和上年度InfV接种史中差异均有统计学意义(χ2=109.12和31.16,均P<0.001),但在不同性别、民族、上年度流感发病史、新冠病毒疫苗接种史、肺炎疫苗接种史、流感病例分类、流感病例分型和班级InfV接种率中差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)与既往研究[6–7]结果一致。其中,6~8岁小学生TIV接种预防流感的aVE为46.75%,明显高于9~12岁小学生TIV接种预防流感aVE的28.76%,与低龄儿童接种TIV的VE高于大龄儿童的结论一致[6–7,25]。上年度InfV接种小学生TIV接种预防流感的aVE明显低于上年度未接种InfV的小学生,这可能和世界卫生组织推荐北半球2023—2024年[26]与2024—2025年[27]流感季基于鸡胚生产TIV的疫苗株仅A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)株和A/Thailand/8/2022 (H3N2)株的区别有关,因重复接种基于鸡胚培养的TIV可能导致机体增强适应鸡胚的抗原表位免疫应答[14]和降低HA1域抗体亲和力成熟[28],或通过免疫调节机制抑制后续疫苗的应答强度[29]。本研究还发现,2024—2025年小学生接种TIV对不同病例分型的aVE无显著区别,区别于2023—2024年TIV接种对乙型流感的aVE高于甲型流感[7],可能与流感病毒流行株/疫苗株匹配度不同和既往免疫效应[13–14, 28–29]等因素有关;而不同流感病例分类的aVE差异无统计学意义则说明2024—2025年流感监测病例分类未影响疫苗效果评价。
综上所述,2024—2025年深圳市龙岗区小学生接种TIV对预防流感具有显著保护效果。建议开展家长对学生接种InfV的意愿调查并采取措施以提高疫苗接种率[30]。未来应持续开展InfV接种VE监测以评估接种项目的实施效果。本研究通过倾向性评分匹配建立均衡可比的回顾性队列,发现接种TIV预防流感的aVE在既往有无新冠病毒疫苗和肺炎疫苗接种史小学生中的差异均无统计学意义,可侧面反映监测病例作为结局指标的准确性和可靠性。通过按班级InfV接种率分组aVE差异均无统计学意义的结果则证实龙岗区2022—2023年[6]和2023—2024年[7]aVE评价的准确性。但本研究仍具有一定的局限性:一是使用流感监测报告病例作为结局,存在未就诊未报告等情形引起的漏诊漏报,从而低估aVE;二是本研究未考虑小学生患其他可能影响免疫效果的疾病情况,可能造成aVE的有偏估计;三是本研究未对TIV接种后不同时间窗口(如3个月后和6个月后)进行aVE估计,不能评估aVE随时间的衰减趋势;四是病例未全部经实验室确诊和部分病例感染毒株分型不明确,无法完整进行病毒株与疫苗株的匹配度分析。因此,在今后的研究中应基于多种方法学设计,如检测阴性设计或前瞻性队列设计和病毒基因组检测进行InfV的效果评价,以降低各类偏倚对评价结果的干扰。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149359
  • 接收时间:2025-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-18
  • 修回日期:2026-01-29
  • 录用日期:2026-04-04
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    1深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518172
    2北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
    3深圳市疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518073

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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