Article(id=1320438327644377912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1150031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769702400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-30, revisedDate=1772467200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-03, acceptedDate=1773331200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineDate=1792746629867, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746629867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746629867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746629867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438168613138789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='513', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746591952, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748055079, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444305479684446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444305479684447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=513, endPage=519, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438330915935033, articleId=1320438327644377912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on microplastics and health core information, columnId=1320438171951804779, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Criterion, Guideline, Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microplastics refer to plastic particles with a particle size of less than 5 millimeters, which have been recognized by some institutions as a new type of environmental pollutant. Microplastics are widely present in marine, freshwater, atmospheric, and soil environments, and have also been detected in common foods and drinking water in daily life. Human is exposed to microplastics through multiple pathways, and multiple studies have detected the presence of microplastics in tissues such as feces, urine, blood, and placenta, suggesting potential health impacts. The expert consensus writing group of the Microplastics and Health Core Information of the Hydration for Health Branch of the Chinese Nutrition Society invited experts from multiple disciplines such as environment, food safety, nutrition, and journalism and communication from universities, research institutions, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention serve as consultants. Based on the latest results and evidence from studies related to microplastics and health, and combined with the Delphi expert consultation method, an expert consensus on microplastics and health core information was developed. It is aimed to improve public awareness of microplastic exposure and its relationship with health. In this way, the risk of microplastic exposure in the body and microplastic pollution in the environment can be reduced, and ultimately the goal of the ecological environment protection and human health maintenance can be achieved.

, authors=Chinese Nutrition Society Hydration for Health Branch, authorsList=Chinese Nutrition Society Hydration for Health Branch, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
MA Guansheng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438335571612476, articleId=1320438327644377912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识, columnId=1320438172773888365, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=标准·指南·共识, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微塑料是指粒径<5 mm的塑料颗粒,已被认定为一种新型环境污染物。微塑料在海洋、淡水、大气及土壤等环境中广泛存在,生活中常见的食物、饮水中也检测到了微塑料。机体通过多途径暴露于微塑料,并已有多项研究在机体粪便、尿液、血液、胎盘等组织中均检测到了微塑料的存在,提示微塑料可能对健康有潜在的影响。中国营养学会饮水与健康分会微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识编写组邀请来自高校、研究院、疾病预防控制中心等多部门的环境、食品安全、营养、新闻传播等多学科的专家作为顾问,根据微塑料与健康相关研究的最新科学研究结果及证据,并结合德尔菲专家咨询法,达成了微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识,旨在提高公众对微塑料内外暴露及与健康关系的认识,进而减少机体微塑料暴露风险,降低环境中微塑料污染,最终达到保护生态环境、维护机体健康的目的。

, authors=中国营养学会饮水与健康分会, authorsList=中国营养学会饮水与健康分会, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张娜(1986—),副研究员,博士,研究方向:饮水、营养与健康、食物与营养政策、学生营养

, correspAuthorsNote=
马冠生,E-mail:
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Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 610-611: 635-640., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438353313518443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Oliveri C G, Ferrante M, Banni M, et al. Micro- and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population[J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 187: 109677., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438353615508332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Diaz-Basantes M F, Conesa J A, Fullana A. Microplastics in honey, beer, milk and refreshments in ecuador as emerging contaminants[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(14): 5514., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438353678422893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen J H, Chen G H, Peng H Q, et al. Microplastic exposure induces muscle growth but reduces meat quality and muscle physiological function in chickens[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 882: 163305., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438353988801390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang D Q, Shi H H, Li L, et al. Microplastic pollution in table salts from China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2015, 49(22): 13622-13627., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438354072687471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cox K D, Covernton G A, Davies H L, et al. Correction to human consumption of microplastics[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2020, 54(17): 10974., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438354408231792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Santillo D, Miller K, Johnston P. Microplastics as contaminants in commercially important seafood species[J]. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2017, 13(3): 516-521., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438354479534961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dehaut A, Cassone A L, Frère L, et al. Microplastics in seafood: benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 215: 223-233., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438354542449522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Campanale C, Galafassi S, Savino I, et al. Microplastics pollution in the terrestrial environments: poorly known diffuse sources and implications for plants[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 805: 150431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438354890576755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prata J C, da Costa J P, Lopes I, et al. Environmental exposure to microplastics: an overview on possible human health effects[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 702: 134455., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438355268064116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lett Z, Hall A, Skidmore S, et al. Environmental microplastic and nanoplastic: exposure routes and effects on coagulation and the cardiovascular system[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021, 291: 118190., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438355364533109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng Y F, Zhang Y, Lemos B, et al. Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 46687., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438355708466038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monikh F A, Materić D, Valsami-Jones E, et al. Challenges in studying microplastics in human brain[J]. Nature Medicine, 2025, 31(12): 4034-4035., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438355779769207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, et al. Detection of various microplastics in human stool: a prospective case series[J]. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2019, 171(7): 453-457., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438356094342008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pironti C, Notarstefano V, Ricciardi M, et al. First evidence of microplastics in human urine, a preliminary study of intake in the human body[J]. Toxics, 2023, 11(1): 40., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438356161450873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=United Nations Environment Programme. From pollution to solution: a global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution[R]. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438356509578106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J, Wang X J, Zhang C H, et al. Microplastics induce immune suppression via S100A8 downregulation[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2022, 242: 113905., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438356580881275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 塑料制品的标志: GB/T 16288—2008[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438356912231292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李瑞, 李宁, 梁澜, 等. 水环境中微塑料去除技术的研究进展[J]. 水处理技术, 2022, 48(2): 1-5, 12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438357000311677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Microplastics in drinking-water[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438357356827518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋小龙. 城市路面灰尘及下水道沉积物微塑料与重金属复合污染特征研究[D]. 马鞍山: 安徽工业大学, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=null, figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320438343939248967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of literature search and screening, figureFileSmall=PAOvJeY9C24FIJQpBX+o5g==, figureFileBig=lvMjtJrH3bybmjxFKoOJmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438344333513544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献检索与筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=PAOvJeY9C24FIJQpBX+o5g==, figureFileBig=lvMjtJrH3bybmjxFKoOJmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438346531328841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Delphi expert consensus on core information regarding microplastics and health

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度得分均值标准差满分比/%CV
微塑料基础知识及理念
   1.微塑料是指粒径<5 mm的塑料颗粒。4.800.63290.000.13
   2.微塑料成分多样,主要有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯乙烯以及聚酰胺等,形态
   有颗粒状、碎片状、纤维状、球状、细丝状和薄膜状等。
4.700.48370.000.10
   3.根据成因,微塑料分为原生微塑料与次生微塑料。4.001.63360.000.41
   4.微塑料自身既是污染物,也可以吸附化学污染物,成为污染物输送到生物体内的重要载体。4.900.31690.000.06
微塑料与环境基础知识及理念
   5.微塑料在海洋、江河、湖泊、大气及土壤等环境中普遍存在。4.700.67560.000.41
   6.微塑料在生活饮用水和包装饮用水中也广泛存在。4.800.63290.000.13
   7.食物中的微塑料会通过食物链不断传递,并出现生物富集作用。4.500.70760.000.16
   8.目前已在多种海产品、肉类、蔬菜、水果、食盐、糖、奶及奶制品、饮用水及啤酒等食物中检测到微塑料。4.401.07570.000.24
   9.部分化妆品和个人护理用品中也含有微塑料,并成为了环境中微塑料的来源之一。4.900.31690.000.06
  10.塑料有3种降解方式:物理降解、化学降解和生物降解。物理降解后仍污染环境,化学降解可能带来环境
   安全问题,生物降解过程复杂且难度大。
5.000.000100.000.00
  11.微塑料理化性质比较稳定,可在环境中持久存在。4.800.63290.000.13
微塑料与健康相关知识与理念
  12.人体微塑料暴露途径主要包括:通过食物和水经过消化道摄入、通过空气经呼吸道吸入,皮肤接触也可能
   是微塑料暴露途径之一。
5.000.000100.000.00
  13.微塑料进入人体后,可能在消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统及循环系统等部位蓄积。4.800.42280.000.09
  14.人体微塑料的排出途径主要包括:随粪便排出与随尿液排出。4.600.69970.000.15
  15.动物实验与细胞实验显示微塑料存在健康危害,但对人体的健康危害尚需进一步研究。4.900.31690.000.06
降低人体微塑料暴露风险
  16.选择无塑料或低塑料产品是减少微塑料暴露的有效途径。4.700.67580.000.14
  17.学会识别塑料容器的材质,并正确使用。4.700.67580.000.14
  18.在外用餐时,少用一次性塑料餐盒和餐具等;在家准备食物、烹饪食物和用餐时,减少使用塑料厨具与
   餐具,并避免加热塑料餐具。
4.800.42280.000.09
  19.饮水前将水煮沸有助于减少微塑料含量,水的净化处理也有助于降低微塑料含量。4.400.07580.000.24
  20.注意包装饮用水及包装饮料的存放温度和时间,避免反复使用包装饮用水和包装饮料瓶,并减少使用
   高温浸泡的塑料茶包,建议自备非塑料材质的水杯和水瓶。
4.800.42280.000.09
减少环境中微塑料污染
  21.正确分类与回收塑料垃圾,避免随意丢弃塑料垃圾。4.400.69950.000.16
  22.定期清洁居住环境,减少室内灰尘沉积。4.600.69970.000.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320438346954953546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438327644377912, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微塑料与健康核心信息专家德尔菲法评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度得分均值标准差满分比/%CV
微塑料基础知识及理念
   1.微塑料是指粒径<5 mm的塑料颗粒。4.800.63290.000.13
   2.微塑料成分多样,主要有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯乙烯以及聚酰胺等,形态
   有颗粒状、碎片状、纤维状、球状、细丝状和薄膜状等。
4.700.48370.000.10
   3.根据成因,微塑料分为原生微塑料与次生微塑料。4.001.63360.000.41
   4.微塑料自身既是污染物,也可以吸附化学污染物,成为污染物输送到生物体内的重要载体。4.900.31690.000.06
微塑料与环境基础知识及理念
   5.微塑料在海洋、江河、湖泊、大气及土壤等环境中普遍存在。4.700.67560.000.41
   6.微塑料在生活饮用水和包装饮用水中也广泛存在。4.800.63290.000.13
   7.食物中的微塑料会通过食物链不断传递,并出现生物富集作用。4.500.70760.000.16
   8.目前已在多种海产品、肉类、蔬菜、水果、食盐、糖、奶及奶制品、饮用水及啤酒等食物中检测到微塑料。4.401.07570.000.24
   9.部分化妆品和个人护理用品中也含有微塑料,并成为了环境中微塑料的来源之一。4.900.31690.000.06
  10.塑料有3种降解方式:物理降解、化学降解和生物降解。物理降解后仍污染环境,化学降解可能带来环境
   安全问题,生物降解过程复杂且难度大。
5.000.000100.000.00
  11.微塑料理化性质比较稳定,可在环境中持久存在。4.800.63290.000.13
微塑料与健康相关知识与理念
  12.人体微塑料暴露途径主要包括:通过食物和水经过消化道摄入、通过空气经呼吸道吸入,皮肤接触也可能
   是微塑料暴露途径之一。
5.000.000100.000.00
  13.微塑料进入人体后,可能在消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统及循环系统等部位蓄积。4.800.42280.000.09
  14.人体微塑料的排出途径主要包括:随粪便排出与随尿液排出。4.600.69970.000.15
  15.动物实验与细胞实验显示微塑料存在健康危害,但对人体的健康危害尚需进一步研究。4.900.31690.000.06
降低人体微塑料暴露风险
  16.选择无塑料或低塑料产品是减少微塑料暴露的有效途径。4.700.67580.000.14
  17.学会识别塑料容器的材质,并正确使用。4.700.67580.000.14
  18.在外用餐时,少用一次性塑料餐盒和餐具等;在家准备食物、烹饪食物和用餐时,减少使用塑料厨具与
   餐具,并避免加热塑料餐具。
4.800.42280.000.09
  19.饮水前将水煮沸有助于减少微塑料含量,水的净化处理也有助于降低微塑料含量。4.400.07580.000.24
  20.注意包装饮用水及包装饮料的存放温度和时间,避免反复使用包装饮用水和包装饮料瓶,并减少使用
   高温浸泡的塑料茶包,建议自备非塑料材质的水杯和水瓶。
4.800.42280.000.09
减少环境中微塑料污染
  21.正确分类与回收塑料垃圾,避免随意丢弃塑料垃圾。4.400.69950.000.16
  22.定期清洁居住环境,减少室内灰尘沉积。4.600.69970.000.15
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中国营养学会饮水与健康分会
中国公共卫生 | 标准·指南·共识 2026,42(5): 513-519
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中国公共卫生 |标准·指南·共识 2026 , 42 (5) : 513 -519
微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识
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中国营养学会饮水与健康分会
作者信息
通讯作者:
马冠生,E-mail:
作者简介:

张娜(1986—),副研究员,博士,研究方向:饮水、营养与健康、食物与营养政策、学生营养

Expert consensus on microplastics and health core information
Chinese Nutrition Society Hydration for Health Branch
Affiliations
    Corresponding Author:
    MA Guansheng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1150031
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微塑料是指粒径<5 mm的塑料颗粒,已被认定为一种新型环境污染物。微塑料在海洋、淡水、大气及土壤等环境中广泛存在,生活中常见的食物、饮水中也检测到了微塑料。机体通过多途径暴露于微塑料,并已有多项研究在机体粪便、尿液、血液、胎盘等组织中均检测到了微塑料的存在,提示微塑料可能对健康有潜在的影响。中国营养学会饮水与健康分会微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识编写组邀请来自高校、研究院、疾病预防控制中心等多部门的环境、食品安全、营养、新闻传播等多学科的专家作为顾问,根据微塑料与健康相关研究的最新科学研究结果及证据,并结合德尔菲专家咨询法,达成了微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识,旨在提高公众对微塑料内外暴露及与健康关系的认识,进而减少机体微塑料暴露风险,降低环境中微塑料污染,最终达到保护生态环境、维护机体健康的目的。

微塑料  /  核心信息  /  专家共识

Microplastics refer to plastic particles with a particle size of less than 5 millimeters, which have been recognized by some institutions as a new type of environmental pollutant. Microplastics are widely present in marine, freshwater, atmospheric, and soil environments, and have also been detected in common foods and drinking water in daily life. Human is exposed to microplastics through multiple pathways, and multiple studies have detected the presence of microplastics in tissues such as feces, urine, blood, and placenta, suggesting potential health impacts. The expert consensus writing group of the Microplastics and Health Core Information of the Hydration for Health Branch of the Chinese Nutrition Society invited experts from multiple disciplines such as environment, food safety, nutrition, and journalism and communication from universities, research institutions, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention serve as consultants. Based on the latest results and evidence from studies related to microplastics and health, and combined with the Delphi expert consultation method, an expert consensus on microplastics and health core information was developed. It is aimed to improve public awareness of microplastic exposure and its relationship with health. In this way, the risk of microplastic exposure in the body and microplastic pollution in the environment can be reduced, and ultimately the goal of the ecological environment protection and human health maintenance can be achieved.

microplastics  /  core information  /  expert consensus
中国营养学会饮水与健康分会. 微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (5) : 513 -519 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1150031
Chinese Nutrition Society Hydration for Health Branch. Expert consensus on microplastics and health core information[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (5) : 513 -519 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1150031
微塑料是指粒径<5 mm的塑料颗粒[1]。微塑料在海洋、淡水、大气及土壤等环境中广泛存在[2]。生活中常见的食物中也检测到了微塑料,如海产品、蔬菜、水果、奶制品、食盐等[3]。微塑料可能通过肠道、呼吸系统等进入机体,且多项研究显示人群粪便、尿液、血液、胎盘等均检测到了微塑料[3]。随着关于微塑料与健康科学研究的进展,越来越多的动物研究和体外实验及少部分人群研究发现微塑料可能对心血管系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统、免疫系统等有潜在危害[4],近年来迅速成为研究者和公众关注的一个研究热点,有必要采用科学程序并基于研究证据编写微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识。
采用文献综述的方法,分析并总结人群微塑料暴露途径、暴露量,以及微塑料对健康的影响。文献检索范围包括中文数据库(中国期刊网全文专题数据库、万方数据库)、英文数据库(PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library)和英文网站(World Health Organization, Institute of Medicine, European Food Safety Authority);重要会议(微塑料相关会议);已发表指南、系统评价文献的引文。所有电子数据库和网站资源的检索均限定在2000年1月1日—2024年6月1日。中文检索词为“微塑料”“微型塑料”“塑料微粒”“纤维”“纳米塑料”“暴露”“摄入”“吸入”“健康”“影响”“危害”“效应”等;英文检索词为“microplastic”“micro plastic”“plasticdebris”“humanexposure”“consumption”“ingestion”“inhalation”“health”“impact”“influence”“harm”“effect”等。
检索方式:中文数据库通过关键词搜索,英文网站精确限定检索词。参照Cochrane系统评价文献筛选方法,由2名调查员独立完成文献检索、提取并核对,通过阅读文题和摘要对检出的文献进行初步筛选,进一步阅读全文对研究质量进行评估,同时根据研究类型及研究结果进行分类,对最终纳入文献进行总结和分析。纳入标准:符合研究主题的文献,即调查人群微塑料暴露,包括一手研究数据、综述、系统综述等非一手研究数据。排除标准:不符合研究主题的文献,摘要及标题中不含有关键词的文献;重复发表的文献,取资料最完整的;无法获得全文的文献。共筛选出相关文献2 037篇,剔重后剩余185篇,根据纳入排除标准最终纳入文献132篇作为制定微塑料与健康核心信息的主要参考证据,文献检索及筛选流程见图1。
通过文献检索与分析,经中国营养学会饮水与健康分会微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识编写组充分讨论,初步构建了微塑料与健康核心信息框架,涉及的维度包括微塑料基础知识与理念、微塑料与环境基础知识与理念、微塑料与健康相关知识与理念、降低人体微塑料暴露风险、减少环境中微塑料污染的技能等,拟定了22个核心信息条目。
采用焦点小组讨论和德尔菲法的专家一致性评价2种方法对微塑料与健康核心信息维度及初拟的22个条目进行讨论和评价,并依据反馈结果进行调整。焦点小组讨论主要包括7名专家,涵盖医学背景下的营养学、健康教育学、新闻传播学、环境卫生学等领域,采用面对面会议的形式进行咨询和讨论,对核心信息包含的维度、文献证据质量、条目中专业术语及内容进行了详细讨论及逐字修订。对经焦点小组讨论修订后的核心信息条目,采用德尔菲法进行专家一致性评价,共进行了2轮专家函询,专家纳入标准:(1)副高级及以上职称者;(2)硕士或以上学历;(3)在环境与卫生或相关领域具有丰富经验;(4)专家自愿参加。排除标准:(1)规定时间内未回复;(2)返回的问卷填写不完整或不符合要求。根据上述纳入和排除标准,结合代表性和权威性,共向环境、食品安全、营养、新闻传播等多学科的10名专家发放函询问卷。其中男性6人,女性4人;年龄分布以41~50岁居多,占50.00%;专业和研究领域以环境学科居多,占40.00%;受教育程度以博士居多,占80.00%;职称以正高级居多,占70.00%。专家函询问卷分为以下3个部分:(1)研究介绍及填写说明;(2)专家资料收集:性别、年龄、工作年限、工作单位、职称、学历等;(3)评估条目评价及建议:请专家对每个条目进行评价和推荐程度评分。推荐程度评分根据李克特5分度量法(Likert5-scale)分为5个等级,1分为“很不推荐”,2分为“不推荐”,3分为“一般”,4分为“推荐”,5分为“非常推荐”。
第1轮共发出咨询问卷10份,回收有效问卷10份,专家积极系数为83.33%;第2轮共发出咨询问卷10份,回收有效问卷10份,专家积极系数为100.00%。专家积极系数>70%,专家积极系数较高。专家判断依据从理论分析、经验判断、同行了解、直接感觉 4 个方面,对大、中、小3个等级影响程度进行赋值。第1轮德尔菲回收数据进行统计其结果显示专家的判断系数(coefficient of authority, Ca)为0.88;第2轮德尔菲回收数据进行统计其结果显示Ca为0.94。熟悉程度按照非常熟悉(0.9)、比较熟悉(0.7)、一般(0.5)、较不熟悉(0.3)、不熟悉(0.1)的方式进行赋值。结果显示,熟悉程度系数(coefficient of familiarity, Cs)为0.56。专家权威程度系数(coefficient of reliability, Cr)为Ca和Cs的算术平均值。因此计算得到,第1轮专家权威系数为0.72,第2轮专家权威系数为0.76。一般认为,权威系数>0.7即为可以接受,由此可见2轮专家咨询的权威程度满足要求。经第1轮咨询后,所有指标均满足入选标准:重要性评分>4.0分,变异系数(coefficient of variation, CV)<0.25。因此保留所有条目,并根据专家意见进行相应修改与完善。经第2轮咨询后,参考入选标准“重要性评分>4.0分,CV<0.25”,仅1条因CV=0.41不符合入选标准,根据专家意见,将原条目3“根据成因,微塑料分为原生微塑料与次生微塑料。”与条目1“微塑料是指粒径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒。”合并为一条,最终共形成21个条目(详见第3部分),专家德尔菲评价法结果见表1。
(1)微塑料是指粒径<5 mm的塑料颗粒。根据来源,微塑料分为原生微塑料与次生微塑料。证据说明:美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)将沿其长径测量出尺寸<5 mm的塑料颗粒定义为微塑料[5]。NOAA的报告“Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris”[6]中指出,选择最大尺寸是为了聚焦于微塑料可能的生态影响,而非胃肠道的物理阻塞。虽然“微”意味着需要显微镜来观察这些塑料碎片,但在最初探究微塑料时,并不排除小塑料光谱的可见成分,因此将上限设置为5 mm。2022年世界卫生组织发布的一份关于微塑料暴露的报告“Dietary and inhalation exposure to nano- and microplastic particles and potential implications for human health”中指出,微塑料分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料。原生微塑料的粒径<5 mm,来源包括化妆品和清洁剂的微珠,以及合成纺织品的微纤维。次生微塑料是由较大的塑料颗粒分解形成的,其尺寸和组成更具异质性[7]。
(2)微塑料成分多样,主要有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯乙烯以及聚酰胺等,形态有颗粒状、碎片状、纤维状和球状等。证据说明:环境中的微塑料形态和成分多样。目前研究中已检测到的微塑料按化学成分,可分为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯乙烯以及聚酰胺等。微塑料主要的形状包括颗粒状、碎片状、纤维状、球状、细丝状和薄膜状等[8]。
(3)微塑料自身既是污染物,也可以吸附其他污染物,成为污染物输送到生物体内的重要载体。证据说明:微塑料具有粒径小和疏水性强等特点,增强了微塑料吸附化学污染物的能力,尤其是具有持久性和生物累积性的有毒物质,包括重金属和有机污染物[9]。微塑料能够携带化学污染物进行迁移,并通过动物摄食进入食物链。微塑料和重金属在生物体内具有协同或相加作用,微塑料与重金属的相互作用会提高重金属的生物积累和增强重金属对生物体的毒性[10]。
(1)微塑料理化性质比较稳定,可在环境中持久存在。证据说明:微塑料理化性质比较稳定,在环境中的存在具有持久性,可能达百年以上。微塑料的持久性,以及潜在的环境与生物健康危害,已成为日趋严重的环境问题[11]。
(2)塑料有物理降解、化学降解和生物降解3种降解方式,物理降解不能完全降解,化学降解可能带来环境安全问题,生物降解过程复杂且难度大。证据说明:物理降解、化学降解和生物降解是塑料的常见降解方式[12–14]。《可降解塑料制品使用标识规范:T/BAEE 011—2022》[15]提及塑料的降解方式如物理降解、化学降解和生物降解等,物理降解后仍污染环境,化学降解可能带来环境安全问题,生物降解过程复杂且难度大。
(3)微塑料在环境中普遍存在,包括海洋、江河、湖泊、大气及土壤等。证据说明:目前多项研究发现,微塑料在海洋、江河、湖泊、大气及土壤中均有存在[11]。全球几乎所有海洋环境中均存在微塑料,目前发现意大利、加拿大、巴西、中国等国家附近海域中均存在微塑料。在北美五大湖、意大利加尔达湖等世界各大湖均检测出微塑料[16]。在我国洞庭湖、太湖、洪湖、鄱阳湖等湖泊中也发现了微塑料[17]。目前在法国巴黎、伊朗德黑兰、土耳其萨卡里亚、英国伦敦、日本草津和美国加利福尼亚等多个城市的大气中检测到了微塑料。我国也相继在东莞、烟台、上海、北京、大连、哈尔滨和宜昌等城市的大气中检测出微塑料[18]。有研究在我国上海、武汉、杭州等城市土壤中均检测到微塑料,国外的农田及工业区土壤也检测到多种微塑料。不同区域的土壤微塑料的丰度、粒径及其来源存在一定的差异[19]。
(4)部分化妆品和个人护理用品中含有微塑料,增加人体暴露风险,并成为环境中微塑料的来源之一。证据说明:欧盟化妆品调查和欧盟国际数据表明,欧盟成员国、挪威和瑞士居民使用的化妆品中含有塑料微珠[20],部分个人护理用品中也含有微塑料,如洗面奶、磨砂膏、去角质霜、牙膏等。有研究在中国市售洗面奶中也检测到微塑料[21]。这些个人护理用品的微塑料会随着洗浴废水进入城市污水处理系统。由于这些颗粒不溶于水,不易分解,且粒径非常小,污水处理厂很难对其过滤,最终只能排入江河湖海,从而成为陆地水环境中微塑料的来源之一。我国国家发展和改革委员会编制的《产业结构调整指导目录(2019年本)》要求,含塑料微珠的日化产品,从2020年12月31日起禁止生产,从2022年12月31日起禁止销售。
(5)微塑料在生活饮用水和包装饮用水中广泛存在。证据说明:一项国外研究对259个包装饮用水进行采样,结果在93%的样本中检测到了微塑料[22]。一项研究在我国不同城市采集了38个生活饮用水样本,微塑料检出率为95%[23]。有研究发现,与包装饮用水相比,生活饮用水中的微塑料丰度较低,尺寸较大,但这也可能受到不同检测方法的影响[24]。
(6)目前已在多种海产品、肉类、蔬菜、水果、食盐、糖、蜂蜜、奶及奶制品与啤酒等食物中检测到微塑料。证据说明:有研究在鱼类的肠道和鳃中检出微塑料[25]。除了食物摄入外,动物还可能通过黏附吸收微塑料,有研究在贻贝的足、性腺和内脏组织等器官检测到了微塑料[26]。此外,在苹果、梨、莴苣、胡萝卜、生菜、土豆等常见的蔬菜和水果中也检测到了微塑料[27],奶及奶制品中也有检出[28],鸡肉中也发现微塑料的存在[29]。一项研究检测了我国15个品牌的商用盐中的微塑料,结果显示,所有样品中都存在微塑料,海盐中微塑料含量最高,而湖盐、岩盐及井盐中微塑料含量则相对较低[30]。一项研究对12种啤酒以及12种食用盐进行检测,结果也发现在所有的啤酒和食盐中均含有微塑料[31]。
(7)食物中的微塑料可能会沿着食物链不断传递,并出现生物富集作用,增加人类经食物暴露于微塑料的风险。证据说明:海洋、大气与土壤等环境介质中的微塑料可以进入食物链。目前,已在全球多种鱼类及贝类的体内发现微塑料,人类由于食用鱼类、贝类等海产品受到影响[32–33]。同时,土壤中的微塑料随着根系吸收水分和养分进入植物体内,从而进入食物链[34]。大气中的微塑料也可能沉降在土壤中。微塑料可通过食物链逐级传递,并在营养级较高的生物体内不断富集。
(1)人体微塑料暴露途径主要包括通过食物和水经消化道摄入、通过空气经呼吸道吸入。皮肤接触也可能是微塑料暴露途径之一。证据说明:微塑料不断地从环境中迁移并在人体内积累,人体暴露途径主要为消化道暴露与呼吸道暴露,主要暴露介质为食物、饮用水、空气灰尘和个人护理用品[35]。皮肤接触也可能是人体微塑料暴露途径之一,目前研究已经发现,微塑料可以在毛囊中积累,但是否可以穿过皮下屏障尚未清楚,因此皮肤暴露尚需进一步研究[36]。
(2)微塑料进入人体后,可能在消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统及循环系统等部位蓄积。证据说明:环境中的微塑料主要通过食物和水经消化道进入人体,以及通过呼吸经呼吸道进入人体,并在消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统及循环系统等部位中蓄积,小粒径微塑料可通过循环系统分布于各组织器官[35,37]。但目前关于穿越生物屏障进入机体内部的微塑料的粒径大小以及吸收机制尚不明确,且微塑料检测方法的标准化有待于进一步加强[38]。
(3)人体微塑料的排出途径主要包括随粪便代谢排出与随尿液代谢排出。证据说明:目前多项研究在人粪便中发现了微塑料,这表明微塑料可能广泛存在于人类食物链中并被人体摄入,部分可以随粪便排出体外[39]。也有研究在人群的尿液中检测到了微塑料,证实了微塑料可以进入泌尿系统并随尿液排出体外[40]。
(4)动物实验与细胞实验显示微塑料存在健康危害,但对人体的健康危害尚需进一步研究。证据说明:基于动物实验与细胞实验的毒理学研究结果,微塑料可能影响细胞膜完整性、免疫应激、肠道菌群和能量代谢等。微塑料可能对心血管系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、循环系统、生殖系统、免疫系统等存在潜在危害[28]。但目前研究结果多局限于动物实验与细胞实验,缺乏可以提供高质量证据的人群流行病学研究,关于微塑料对人体的健康危害尚需进一步研究。
(1)选择非塑制品是减少微塑料暴露的有效途径。证据说明:2022年联合国计划署发布的一份报告“From Pollution to Solution: A global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution”中指出,通过消除不必要的塑料制品、扩大消费者再利用,并同时采取替代、增加回收等其他措施,从源头上减少塑料的生产并最大限度地减少塑料污染[41–42]。婴幼儿和孕妇对环境污染物更为敏感,更应注意减少微塑料的暴露。
(2)使用塑料制品时,建议选择正规的塑料制品,并按规定使用。证据说明:美国工业协会制定了塑料制品使用的塑料种类的标志代码,我国也颁发了《塑料制品的标志:GB/T 16288—2008》[43]。塑料制品上都会印有一个由箭头组成的三角形,中间写有1~7的数字,代表7种不同的材质。这些数字的含义中,包含了是否耐热、是否可循环使用及是否有毒等使用建议。另外,随着环保意识的提高,越来越多的塑料制品开始使用可回收材料,标有可回收标识,提醒消费者在使用后进行回收处理。
(3)在外用餐时,少用一次性塑料餐盒和餐具等;在家准备食物、烹饪食物和用餐时,减少使用塑料厨具与餐具,并避免加热塑料餐具。证据说明:塑料餐盒中的微塑料可能会渗入食物中,加热会增加微塑料浸出的风险。研究发现,塑料容器在盛放热食或加热后可能会增加微塑料的释放[44]。
(4)饮水前将水煮沸有助于减少微塑料含量,水质净化也有助于降低微塑料含量。证据说明:煮沸使硬水中的矿物质自然形成水垢,这些水垢能吸附微塑料颗粒,水垢经过滤后能降低水中微塑料含量。硬水煮沸后可去除约90%的微塑料,软水煮沸后可去除约25% 的微塑料。过滤等净化处理也有助于降低水中微塑料含量[44]。
(5)注意包装饮用水及包装饮料的存放温度和时间,避免反复使用塑料包装瓶,并减少使用高温浸泡的塑料茶包,建议自备非塑料材质的水杯和水瓶。证据说明:包装饮用水的瓶盖是由塑料制成的,这可能成为水中微塑料的来源,且检测发现包装饮用水中微塑料含量可能高于自来水。研究表明,瓶装水中微塑料污染大部分来源于瓶口摩擦(打开次数过多),而非日常使用过程中瓶子承受的机械压力。在生产与使用过程中,瓶身的挤压、清洁、贴标、运输、储存及紫外线照射等因素,都可能影响包装饮用水中的微塑料污染[45]。通过自备非塑料材质的水杯和水瓶,有助于减少包装饮用水与包装饮料瓶导致的微塑料摄入。
(1)定期清洁居住环境,减少室内灰尘沉积。证据说明:空气中小粒径的微塑料质量低,容易停留在空气中,大粒径微塑料更易自然沉降至地面灰尘中。研究发现,清扫频率越高的区域,微塑料含量越低[46]。
(2)正确分类与回收塑料垃圾,避免随意丢弃塑料垃圾。证据说明:2019年世界卫生组织发布的报告“Microplastics in drinking-water”中指出,减少塑料进入环境的方式有:提高塑料回收的经济性和质量;控制塑料垃圾的产生并防止随意丢弃;推动创新和投资,以实现废塑料循环利用和塑料可持续生产,以减少塑料垃圾对环境的影响;参与国际倡议,以减少和消除塑料垃圾[45]。
《微塑料与健康核心信息专家共识》可为卫生部门及相关单位工作人员及居民提供微塑料与健康相关的科学知识、理念及技能信息,并为制定人群微塑料与健康素养的评价提供参考依据,有助于提高其对微塑料与健康的正确认识,有助于进一步推动微塑料与健康相关研究的开展。另外,微塑料治理防控需从政策层面加强顶层设计,应完善相关政策及法规,构建多区域、全方位、长时间序列的立体化环境监管体系。通过该共识的编写和发布,期望能够为公众提供减少微塑料暴露的措施建议,进而减少机体微塑料暴露风险,降低环境中微塑料污染,最终达到保护生态环境、维护机体健康的目的。
本专家共识编写委员会成员(按姓氏拼音顺序):
马冠生 北京大学公共卫生学院
宋咏烨 北京大学公共卫生学院
张 娜 北京大学公共卫生学院
制定本专家共识的顾问组成员(按姓氏拼音顺序):
董瑞华 复旦大学公共卫生学院
贾 光 北京大学公共卫生学院
柳长顺 中国水利水电科学研究院
李洪兴 中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术      指导中心
陶 勇 中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术      指导中心
王 君 国家食品安全风险评估中心
许 静 北京大学新闻传播学院
于建伟 中国科学院生态环境研究中心
张 岚 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康      相关产品安全所
张建芬 中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所

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  • 接收时间:2026-01-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-30
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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