Article(id=1320438358694810495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=1767628800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-06, acceptedDate=1773244800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineDate=1792746637271, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746637271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746637271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746637271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438168613138789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='513', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746591952, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748055079, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444305479684446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444305479684447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=530, endPage=538, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438359453979521, articleId=1320438358694810495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Association between smoking behavior and sleep quality among male residents aged 15 and above in China: a cross-sectional study in 2024, columnId=1320438359122629504, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Sleep Health and Wellness, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the associations between different smoking behavior characteristics and sleep quality among Chinese male residents aged 15 years and above, thus providing scientific evidence for developing relevant intervention measures.

Methods

From March to October 2024, a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select survey subjects from 70 counties/districts in 7 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities across China. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with electronic questionnaires, and 22 333 individuals were ultimately included in the analysis. The Rao-Scott χ2 test based on complex sampling design was conducted to compare demographic characteristics of male residents of different smoking status, and univariate analysis was performed to examine the associations between different smoking behavior characteristics and sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression was adopted to analyze the associations of different smoking status and smoking behavior characteristics (smoking index, daily cigarette consumption, and smoking duration) with sleep quality among males.

Results

Among the 22 333 male residents aged 15 and above in China, 44.92% (8 561), 42.84% (9 905), and 12.24% (3 867) were non-smokers, current smokers, and former smokers, respectively. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 20.42%. Univariate analysis showed that the prevalence of poor sleep quality differed among male residents of different smoking status (χ2 = 83.893, P < 0.000 1). In both current smokers and former smokers, there were statistically significant differences in the associations of daily cigarette consumption (χ2current smoker = 26.821; χ2former smoker = 10.958), smoking duration (χ2current smoker = 39.380; χ2former smoker = 9.078), and smoking index (χ2current smoker = 26.177; χ2former smoker = 9.389) with sleep quality (P < 0.05). Cochran-Armitage trend tests showed that as daily cigarette consumption (χ2current smoker = –6.741, χ2former smoker = –3.955), smoking duration (χ2current smoker = –13.775, χ2former smoker = –5.536), and smoking index (χ2current smoker = –9.294, χ2former smoker = –5.081) increased, the prevalence of poor sleep quality showed a linear increasing trend (P < 0.000 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounders including age, gender household registration, geographic region, educational background, occupation, annual household income, alcohol consumption, exercise frequency, BMI, and chronic diseases, revealed that compared to non-smoking, both current smoking (OR = 1.312, 95%CI: 1.107–1.556) and former smoking (OR = 1.475, 95%CI: 1.173–1.854) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality. Compared to non-smoking, the smoking index of <10 pack-years (OR = 1.293, 95%CI: 1.047–1.598), 10 to <20 pack-years (OR = 1.472, 95%CI: 1.177–1.841), 20 to <30 pack-years (OR = 1.470, 95%CI: 1.085–1.992), and ≥30 pack-years (OR = 1.283, 95%CI: 1.086–1.514) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality. Compared to non-smoking, daily cigarette consumption of ≤10 cigarettes (OR = 1.197, 95%CI: 1.001–1.431), 11–20 cigarettes (OR = 1.421, 95%CI: 1.169-1.727), 21–30 cigarettes (OR = 1.608, 95%CI: 1.166–2.216), and >30 cigarettes (OR = 1.681, 95%CI: 1.208-2.338) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality. Compared to non-smoking, smoking duration of 10 to <31 years (OR = 1.339, 95%CI: 1.109–1.618), 31 to <40 years (OR = 1.296, 95%CI: 1.093–1.536), and ≥40 years (OR = 1.327, 95%CI: 1.116–1.578) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality.

Conclusions

Smoking associates with high risk of poor sleep quality, and the detrimental effect of smoking on sleep quality exhibits a dose-response relationship, suggesting that the cumulative effect of long-term nicotine exposure may be a key pathway for disrupting sleep quality.

, authors=Yingchen SANG1, Xinying ZENG1, Ying LIU1, Youjiao WANG1, Xin GAO2, Chi ZHANG3, Zhiping PENG4, Shiwei LIU1, authorsList=Yingchen SANG, Xinying ZENG, Ying LIU, Youjiao WANG, Xin GAO, Chi ZHANG, Zhiping PENG, Shiwei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiwei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Shiwei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438362121556871, articleId=1320438358694810495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国≥15岁男性居民吸烟行为对睡眠质量的影响:一项2024年横断面调查, columnId=1320438359546254210, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——优质睡眠,健康生活, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解中国≥15岁男性居民不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量的关联,为制定相关干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

于2024年3—10月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法在7个省(自治区、直辖市)、70个县(区)抽取调查对象,采用电子化问卷进行面对面询问调查,最终纳入分析22 333人。采用基于复杂抽样设计的Rao-Scott χ2检验比较不同吸烟状态男性居民的人口学特征,并进行不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量之间的单因素分析;采用多因素logistic回归分别分析男性不同吸烟状态及不同吸烟行为特征(吸烟指数、每日吸烟量、吸烟年限)与睡眠质量的关联。

结果

中国22 333名≥15岁男性居民中,从不吸烟者占44.92%(8 561人)、现在吸烟者占42.84%(9 905人)、戒烟者占12.24%(3 867人)。睡眠质量差检出率为20.42%。单因素分析结果显示,不同吸烟状态的男性居民,其睡眠质量差的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=83.893,P<0.000 1);在现在吸烟者和戒烟者中,不同的每日吸烟量(χ2现在吸烟=26.821,χ2戒烟=10.958)、吸烟年限(χ2现在吸烟=39.380,χ2戒烟=9.078)以及吸烟指数(χ2现在吸烟=26.177,χ2戒烟=9.389)与睡眠质量之间的关联差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cochran-Armitage趋势检验结果显示,随着每日吸烟量(χ2现在吸烟= –6.741,χ2戒烟= –3.955)、吸烟年限(χ2现在吸烟= –13.775,χ2戒烟= –5.536)、吸烟指数(χ2现在吸烟= –9.294,χ2戒烟= –5.081)的升高,睡眠质量差检出率呈现显著的线性递增趋势(P<0.000 1)。多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,调整了年龄、性别、户籍、地理区域、教育水平、职业、年家庭收入、是否饮酒、锻炼频率、BMI分类和是否患慢性病等混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,现在吸烟(OR=1.312,95%CI=1.107~1.556)、戒烟(OR=1.475,95%CI=1.173~1.854)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。与从不吸烟相比,吸烟指数<10包年(OR=1.293,95%CI=1.047~1.598)、10~<20包年(OR=1.472,95%CI=1.177~1.841)、20~<30包年(OR=1.470,95%CI=1.085~1.992)、≥30包年(OR=1.283,95%CI=1.086~1.514)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与从不吸烟相比,每天吸烟≤10支(OR=1.197,95%CI=1.001~1.431)、11~20支(OR=1.421,95%CI=1.169~1.727)、21~30支(OR=1.608,95%CI=1.166~2.216)、>30支(OR=1.681,95%CI=1.208~2.338)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与不吸烟相比,吸烟年限为10~<31年(OR=1.339,95%CI=1.109~1.618)、31~<40年(OR=1.296,95%CI=1.093~1.536)、≥40年(OR=1.327,95%CI=1.116~1.578)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。

结论

吸烟与睡眠质量差高风险相关,且吸烟量对睡眠质量的损害具有一定的剂量反应关系,提示长期尼古丁暴露产生的累积效应,可能是干扰睡眠质量的关键途径。

, authors=桑莹宸1, 曾新颖1, 刘影1, 王友娇1, 高欣2, 张驰3, 彭志平4, 刘世炜1, *, *, authorsList=桑莹宸, 曾新颖, 刘影, 王友娇, 高欣, 张驰, 彭志平, 刘世炜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘世炜, authorNote=

桑莹宸(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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刘世炜,E-mail:
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桑莹宸(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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桑莹宸(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Demographic characteristics distribution by smoking status and prevalence of poor sleep quality among males aged 15 and above in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征总人群不同吸烟状态加权构成比/%睡眠质量差
检出率/%
χ2值P值
调查人数加权构成比/%从不吸烟者
(n=8 561)
现在吸烟者
(n=9 905)
戒烟者
(n=3 867)
χ2值P值
总体22 33310044.9242.8412.2420.42
年龄组/岁317.063<0.000 177.134<0.000 1
15~<2587213.8225.295.172.0511.77
25~<351 65913.8314.8014.517.8813.90
35~<452 93423.1623.4726.3111.0015.98
45~<553 89615.0513.1117.2214.5321.04
55~<655 64218.9513.3022.4527.4426.28
≥657 33015.1910.0314.3437.1033.04
户籍7.6090.008 53.4180.064 5
城市11 64645.7651.6640.5942.1518.46
农村10 68754.2448.3459.4157.8522.06
地理区域7.8910.050 28.4670.090 0
华北地区3 41414.4612.8516.0314.8917.44
东北地区2 9479.149.519.247.4419.87
华东地区3 19817.6314.4619.5422.5426.20
华中地区3 27618.2816.9418.6421.9518.72
华南地区3 23925.8831.1422.1819.5518.99
西南地区2 9176.566.366.467.6724.76
西北地区3 3428.058.747.915.9618.61
教育水平57.660<0.000 131.544<0.000 1
小学及以下6 07215.9010.6118.4426.4329.87
初中9 13037.5833.2641.4539.8721.46
高中/中专3 81821.2723.0020.2418.5418.25
大专/本科及以上3 28025.1132.9219.8115.0014.71
不知道或拒绝回答330.140.210.060.1420.46
职业255.003<0.000 159.522<0.000 1
农林牧渔水利业生产人员8 39322.8317.2326.9628.9123.75
政府事业单位工作人员5483.513.034.242.7224.19
企业,商业,服务业工作人员4 12526.6527.7927.7718.5415.48
教师1481.051.340.800.9016.84
医务人员1721.141.480.990.4214.81
在校学生5549.0018.830.911.2310.90
未就业2 0027.587.077.4110.0426.52
离退休人员2 2986.534.406.0915.9231.24
其他3 96721.1118.1624.2221.0421.65
不知道或拒绝回答1260.600.670.610.2811.27
年家庭收入/万元22.1010.000 214.7720.003 6
<16 24416.8614.7616.9624.2426.09
1~<35 40319.0316.9120.6721.1221.99
3~<53 44715.6414.7816.5915.4319.72
5~<102 90217.3118.3916.9014.7218.92
10~<201 1059.9911.319.467.0518.64
≥203523.013.542.692.1818.24
不知道或拒绝回答2 88018.1620.3116.7315.2616.85
饮酒322.299<0.000 158.228<0.000 1
不饮酒17 14278.9790.3967.6176.7818.55
饮酒5 19121.039.6132.3923.2227.43
锻炼频率/次80.131<0.000 136.236<0.000 1
不锻炼10 48443.8038.5350.6739.2123.00
每周1~22 21615.3719.1712.919.9816.25
每周3~42 63514.5016.9912.6511.8015.50
每周≥56 99826.3325.3123.7739.0121.25
BMIa24.0350.000 10.9450.800 0
偏瘦9524.766.103.414.5521.28
正常9 96745.3645.5946.5940.1620.72
超重7 77235.5334.2235.6240.1019.88
肥胖2 63214.3514.0914.3815.1919.38
慢性病275.824<0.000 1205.371<0.000 1
无13 06671.6681.7868.5045.6214.90
有9 26728.3418.2231.5054.3834.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369050547147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国≥15岁不同特征男性的吸烟状态分布及睡眠质量差检出率情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征总人群不同吸烟状态加权构成比/%睡眠质量差
检出率/%
χ2值P值
调查人数加权构成比/%从不吸烟者
(n=8 561)
现在吸烟者
(n=9 905)
戒烟者
(n=3 867)
χ2值P值
总体22 33310044.9242.8412.2420.42
年龄组/岁317.063<0.000 177.134<0.000 1
15~<2587213.8225.295.172.0511.77
25~<351 65913.8314.8014.517.8813.90
35~<452 93423.1623.4726.3111.0015.98
45~<553 89615.0513.1117.2214.5321.04
55~<655 64218.9513.3022.4527.4426.28
≥657 33015.1910.0314.3437.1033.04
户籍7.6090.008 53.4180.064 5
城市11 64645.7651.6640.5942.1518.46
农村10 68754.2448.3459.4157.8522.06
地理区域7.8910.050 28.4670.090 0
华北地区3 41414.4612.8516.0314.8917.44
东北地区2 9479.149.519.247.4419.87
华东地区3 19817.6314.4619.5422.5426.20
华中地区3 27618.2816.9418.6421.9518.72
华南地区3 23925.8831.1422.1819.5518.99
西南地区2 9176.566.366.467.6724.76
西北地区3 3428.058.747.915.9618.61
教育水平57.660<0.000 131.544<0.000 1
小学及以下6 07215.9010.6118.4426.4329.87
初中9 13037.5833.2641.4539.8721.46
高中/中专3 81821.2723.0020.2418.5418.25
大专/本科及以上3 28025.1132.9219.8115.0014.71
不知道或拒绝回答330.140.210.060.1420.46
职业255.003<0.000 159.522<0.000 1
农林牧渔水利业生产人员8 39322.8317.2326.9628.9123.75
政府事业单位工作人员5483.513.034.242.7224.19
企业,商业,服务业工作人员4 12526.6527.7927.7718.5415.48
教师1481.051.340.800.9016.84
医务人员1721.141.480.990.4214.81
在校学生5549.0018.830.911.2310.90
未就业2 0027.587.077.4110.0426.52
离退休人员2 2986.534.406.0915.9231.24
其他3 96721.1118.1624.2221.0421.65
不知道或拒绝回答1260.600.670.610.2811.27
年家庭收入/万元22.1010.000 214.7720.003 6
<16 24416.8614.7616.9624.2426.09
1~<35 40319.0316.9120.6721.1221.99
3~<53 44715.6414.7816.5915.4319.72
5~<102 90217.3118.3916.9014.7218.92
10~<201 1059.9911.319.467.0518.64
≥203523.013.542.692.1818.24
不知道或拒绝回答2 88018.1620.3116.7315.2616.85
饮酒322.299<0.000 158.228<0.000 1
不饮酒17 14278.9790.3967.6176.7818.55
饮酒5 19121.039.6132.3923.2227.43
锻炼频率/次80.131<0.000 136.236<0.000 1
不锻炼10 48443.8038.5350.6739.2123.00
每周1~22 21615.3719.1712.919.9816.25
每周3~42 63514.5016.9912.6511.8015.50
每周≥56 99826.3325.3123.7739.0121.25
BMIa24.0350.000 10.9450.800 0
偏瘦9524.766.103.414.5521.28
正常9 96745.3645.5946.5940.1620.72
超重7 77235.5334.2235.6240.1019.88
肥胖2 63214.3514.0914.3815.1919.38
慢性病275.824<0.000 1205.371<0.000 1
无13 06671.6681.7868.5045.6214.90
有9 26728.3418.2231.5054.3834.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369147016140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate analysis of associations between smoking characteristics and sleep quality among males

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为特征调查人数加权构成比/%睡眠质量差检出率/%χ2值P值
吸烟状态83.893<0.000 1
从不吸烟8 56144.9214.89
现在吸烟9 90542.8423.37
戒烟3 86712.2430.34
现在吸烟人群
每日吸烟量/支a26.821<0.000 1
≤104 04844.8418.77
11~204 35344.4025.40
21~306795.5232.38
>306075.2433.68
吸烟年限/年a39.380<0.000 1
≤1078616.5915.94
10~<313 26744.9120.69
31~<402 37519.1827.03
≥403 47119.3232.33
吸烟指数/包年a26.177<0.000 1
<102 91839.7217.51
10~<201 95322.2524.58
20~<301 51113.4927.62
≥303 52324.5429.43
戒烟人群
每日吸烟量/支a10.9580.009 3
≤101 75151.5926.52
11~201 30333.4532.03
21~302666.2536.95
>303708.7136.06
吸烟年限/年a9.0780.010 4
≤1025812.0828.71
10~<311 33541.1324.77
31~<4099923.3632.61
≥401 22923.4338.05
吸烟指数/包年a9.3890.014 7
<101 50446.9827.78
10~<2066716.4627.45
20~<3049711.5130.17
≥301 19925.0536.82
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369218319309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同吸烟行为特征男性与睡眠质量的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为特征调查人数加权构成比/%睡眠质量差检出率/%χ2值P值
吸烟状态83.893<0.000 1
从不吸烟8 56144.9214.89
现在吸烟9 90542.8423.37
戒烟3 86712.2430.34
现在吸烟人群
每日吸烟量/支a26.821<0.000 1
≤104 04844.8418.77
11~204 35344.4025.40
21~306795.5232.38
>306075.2433.68
吸烟年限/年a39.380<0.000 1
≤1078616.5915.94
10~<313 26744.9120.69
31~<402 37519.1827.03
≥403 47119.3232.33
吸烟指数/包年a26.177<0.000 1
<102 91839.7217.51
10~<201 95322.2524.58
20~<301 51113.4927.62
≥303 52324.5429.43
戒烟人群
每日吸烟量/支a10.9580.009 3
≤101 75151.5926.52
11~201 30333.4532.03
21~302666.2536.95
>303708.7136.06
吸烟年限/年a9.0780.010 4
≤1025812.0828.71
10~<311 33541.1324.77
31~<4099923.3632.61
≥401 22923.4338.05
吸烟指数/包年a9.3890.014 7
<101 50446.9827.78
10~<2066716.4627.45
20~<3049711.5130.17
≥301 19925.0536.82
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369298011086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of associations between smoking characteristics and sleep quality among males

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
模型一
吸烟状态现在吸烟从不吸烟0.2720.08510.2340.001 41.3121.107~1.556
戒烟0.3890.11411.5460.000 71.4751.173~1.854
模型二
每日吸烟量/支≤10从不吸烟0.1800.0894.0660.043 81.1971.001~1.431
11~200.3520.09713.0400.000 31.4211.169~1.727
21~300.4750.1608.7880.003 01.6081.166~2.216
>300.5190.1659.9230.001 61.6811.208~2.338
模型三
吸烟年限/年≤10从不吸烟0.3610.1883.6970.055 01.4350.985~2.090
10~<310.2920.0949.6240.002 01.3391.109~1.618
31~<400.2590.0859.3330.002 01.2961.093~1.536
≥400.2830.08610.7290.001 01.3271.116~1.578
模型四
吸烟指数/包年<10从不吸烟0.2570.1065.9260.014 91.2931.047~1.598
10~<200.3860.11211.9710.000 51.4721.177~1.841
20~<300.3850.1526.4450.011 11.4701.085~1.992
≥300.2490.0839.0240.002 71.2831.086~1.514
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369381897167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同吸烟特征男性与睡眠质量的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
模型一
吸烟状态现在吸烟从不吸烟0.2720.08510.2340.001 41.3121.107~1.556
戒烟0.3890.11411.5460.000 71.4751.173~1.854
模型二
每日吸烟量/支≤10从不吸烟0.1800.0894.0660.043 81.1971.001~1.431
11~200.3520.09713.0400.000 31.4211.169~1.727
21~300.4750.1608.7880.003 01.6081.166~2.216
>300.5190.1659.9230.001 61.6811.208~2.338
模型三
吸烟年限/年≤10从不吸烟0.3610.1883.6970.055 01.4350.985~2.090
10~<310.2920.0949.6240.002 01.3391.109~1.618
31~<400.2590.0859.3330.002 01.2961.093~1.536
≥400.2830.08610.7290.001 01.3271.116~1.578
模型四
吸烟指数/包年<10从不吸烟0.2570.1065.9260.014 91.2931.047~1.598
10~<200.3860.11211.9710.000 51.4721.177~1.841
20~<300.3850.1526.4450.011 11.4701.085~1.992
≥300.2490.0839.0240.002 71.2831.086~1.514
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369465783248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of associations between smoking characteristics and sleep quality among male current smokers and former smokers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
现在吸烟者
模型一
每日吸烟量/支≤10从不吸烟0.1140.1011.2730.259 01.1210.915~1.372
11~200.3300.10110.5730.001 01.3901.135~1.703
21~300.4460.1905.5220.019 01.5621.068~2.286
>300.5270.1877.9330.005 01.6931.164~2.462
模型二
吸烟年限/年≤10从不吸烟0.2590.1921.8240.176 81.2950.882~1.902
10~<310.2980.1117.2650.007 01.3471.079~1.681
31~<400.1950.0884.9360.026 31.2151.019~1.448
≥400.2040.0905.1890.022 71.2261.025~1.467
模型三
吸烟指数/包年<10从不吸烟0.1570.1082.1050.146 91.1690.942~1.452
10~<200.4020.1319.3500.002 21.4941.149~1.944
20~<300.4120.1735.6530.017 41.5101.067~2.136
≥300.1760.0854.3230.037 61.1931.006~1.414
戒烟者
模型一
每日吸烟量/支≤10从不吸烟0.2860.1424.0440.044 31.3321.001~1.771
11~200.2560.1095.5120.018 91.2911.038~1.606
21~300.4120.2044.0950.043 01.5091.004~2.269
>300.3600.2182.7280.098 61.4330.926~2.216
模型二
吸烟年限/年≤10从不吸烟0.6700.3523.6180.057 21.9540.965~3.955
10~<310.1950.1312.2110.137 11.2150.935~1.579
31~<400.3240.1217.2060.007 31.3831.086~1.762
≥400.3540.1277.8050.005 21.4241.105~1.835
模型三
吸烟指数/包年<10从不吸烟0.4350.1577.6480.005 71.5441.127~2.115
10~<200.1980.1761.2610.261 41.2190.856~1.734
20~<300.1470.1441.0330.309 41.1580.867~1.545
≥300.3060.1246.0940.013 61.3571.059~1.739
), ArticleFig(id=1320438369641944017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438358694810495, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

现在吸烟者和戒烟者不同吸烟特征男性与睡眠质量的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
现在吸烟者
模型一
每日吸烟量/支≤10从不吸烟0.1140.1011.2730.259 01.1210.915~1.372
11~200.3300.10110.5730.001 01.3901.135~1.703
21~300.4460.1905.5220.019 01.5621.068~2.286
>300.5270.1877.9330.005 01.6931.164~2.462
模型二
吸烟年限/年≤10从不吸烟0.2590.1921.8240.176 81.2950.882~1.902
10~<310.2980.1117.2650.007 01.3471.079~1.681
31~<400.1950.0884.9360.026 31.2151.019~1.448
≥400.2040.0905.1890.022 71.2261.025~1.467
模型三
吸烟指数/包年<10从不吸烟0.1570.1082.1050.146 91.1690.942~1.452
10~<200.4020.1319.3500.002 21.4941.149~1.944
20~<300.4120.1735.6530.017 41.5101.067~2.136
≥300.1760.0854.3230.037 61.1931.006~1.414
戒烟者
模型一
每日吸烟量/支≤10从不吸烟0.2860.1424.0440.044 31.3321.001~1.771
11~200.2560.1095.5120.018 91.2911.038~1.606
21~300.4120.2044.0950.043 01.5091.004~2.269
>300.3600.2182.7280.098 61.4330.926~2.216
模型二
吸烟年限/年≤10从不吸烟0.6700.3523.6180.057 21.9540.965~3.955
10~<310.1950.1312.2110.137 11.2150.935~1.579
31~<400.3240.1217.2060.007 31.3831.086~1.762
≥400.3540.1277.8050.005 21.4241.105~1.835
模型三
吸烟指数/包年<10从不吸烟0.4350.1577.6480.005 71.5441.127~2.115
10~<200.1980.1761.2610.261 41.2190.856~1.734
20~<300.1470.1441.0330.309 41.1580.867~1.545
≥300.3060.1246.0940.013 61.3571.059~1.739
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中国≥15岁男性居民吸烟行为对睡眠质量的影响:一项2024年横断面调查
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桑莹宸 1 , 曾新颖 1 , 刘影 1 , 王友娇 1 , 高欣 2 , 张驰 3 , 彭志平 4 , 刘世炜 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——优质睡眠,健康生活 2026,42(5): 530-538
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——优质睡眠,健康生活 2026 , 42 (5) : 530 -538
中国≥15岁男性居民吸烟行为对睡眠质量的影响:一项2024年横断面调查
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桑莹宸1, 曾新颖1, 刘影1, 王友娇1, 高欣2, 张驰3, 彭志平4, 刘世炜1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)控烟办公室,北京 100050
  • 2中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)慢病和老龄健康管理处,北京 102206
  • 3北京医院国家老年医学中心,北京 100730
  • 4联勤保障部队第九八四医院智能睡眠中心,北京 100094
通讯作者:
刘世炜,E-mail:
作者简介:

桑莹宸(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

Association between smoking behavior and sleep quality among male residents aged 15 and above in China: a cross-sectional study in 2024
Yingchen SANG1, Xinying ZENG1, Ying LIU1, Youjiao WANG1, Xin GAO2, Chi ZHANG3, Zhiping PENG4, Shiwei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Office of Chronic Disease and Ageing Health Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), Beijing 102206, China
  • 3Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
  • 4Smart Sleep Center, NO 984 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing 100094, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Shiwei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149306
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目的

了解中国≥15岁男性居民不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量的关联,为制定相关干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

于2024年3—10月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法在7个省(自治区、直辖市)、70个县(区)抽取调查对象,采用电子化问卷进行面对面询问调查,最终纳入分析22 333人。采用基于复杂抽样设计的Rao-Scott χ2检验比较不同吸烟状态男性居民的人口学特征,并进行不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量之间的单因素分析;采用多因素logistic回归分别分析男性不同吸烟状态及不同吸烟行为特征(吸烟指数、每日吸烟量、吸烟年限)与睡眠质量的关联。

结果

中国22 333名≥15岁男性居民中,从不吸烟者占44.92%(8 561人)、现在吸烟者占42.84%(9 905人)、戒烟者占12.24%(3 867人)。睡眠质量差检出率为20.42%。单因素分析结果显示,不同吸烟状态的男性居民,其睡眠质量差的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=83.893,P<0.000 1);在现在吸烟者和戒烟者中,不同的每日吸烟量(χ2现在吸烟=26.821,χ2戒烟=10.958)、吸烟年限(χ2现在吸烟=39.380,χ2戒烟=9.078)以及吸烟指数(χ2现在吸烟=26.177,χ2戒烟=9.389)与睡眠质量之间的关联差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cochran-Armitage趋势检验结果显示,随着每日吸烟量(χ2现在吸烟= –6.741,χ2戒烟= –3.955)、吸烟年限(χ2现在吸烟= –13.775,χ2戒烟= –5.536)、吸烟指数(χ2现在吸烟= –9.294,χ2戒烟= –5.081)的升高,睡眠质量差检出率呈现显著的线性递增趋势(P<0.000 1)。多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,调整了年龄、性别、户籍、地理区域、教育水平、职业、年家庭收入、是否饮酒、锻炼频率、BMI分类和是否患慢性病等混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,现在吸烟(OR=1.312,95%CI=1.107~1.556)、戒烟(OR=1.475,95%CI=1.173~1.854)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。与从不吸烟相比,吸烟指数<10包年(OR=1.293,95%CI=1.047~1.598)、10~<20包年(OR=1.472,95%CI=1.177~1.841)、20~<30包年(OR=1.470,95%CI=1.085~1.992)、≥30包年(OR=1.283,95%CI=1.086~1.514)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与从不吸烟相比,每天吸烟≤10支(OR=1.197,95%CI=1.001~1.431)、11~20支(OR=1.421,95%CI=1.169~1.727)、21~30支(OR=1.608,95%CI=1.166~2.216)、>30支(OR=1.681,95%CI=1.208~2.338)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与不吸烟相比,吸烟年限为10~<31年(OR=1.339,95%CI=1.109~1.618)、31~<40年(OR=1.296,95%CI=1.093~1.536)、≥40年(OR=1.327,95%CI=1.116~1.578)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。

结论

吸烟与睡眠质量差高风险相关,且吸烟量对睡眠质量的损害具有一定的剂量反应关系,提示长期尼古丁暴露产生的累积效应,可能是干扰睡眠质量的关键途径。

吸烟  /  睡眠质量  /  横断面研究  /  男性居民  /  关系  /  中国
Objective

To understand the associations between different smoking behavior characteristics and sleep quality among Chinese male residents aged 15 years and above, thus providing scientific evidence for developing relevant intervention measures.

Methods

From March to October 2024, a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select survey subjects from 70 counties/districts in 7 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities across China. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with electronic questionnaires, and 22 333 individuals were ultimately included in the analysis. The Rao-Scott χ2 test based on complex sampling design was conducted to compare demographic characteristics of male residents of different smoking status, and univariate analysis was performed to examine the associations between different smoking behavior characteristics and sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression was adopted to analyze the associations of different smoking status and smoking behavior characteristics (smoking index, daily cigarette consumption, and smoking duration) with sleep quality among males.

Results

Among the 22 333 male residents aged 15 and above in China, 44.92% (8 561), 42.84% (9 905), and 12.24% (3 867) were non-smokers, current smokers, and former smokers, respectively. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 20.42%. Univariate analysis showed that the prevalence of poor sleep quality differed among male residents of different smoking status (χ2 = 83.893, P < 0.000 1). In both current smokers and former smokers, there were statistically significant differences in the associations of daily cigarette consumption (χ2current smoker = 26.821; χ2former smoker = 10.958), smoking duration (χ2current smoker = 39.380; χ2former smoker = 9.078), and smoking index (χ2current smoker = 26.177; χ2former smoker = 9.389) with sleep quality (P < 0.05). Cochran-Armitage trend tests showed that as daily cigarette consumption (χ2current smoker = –6.741, χ2former smoker = –3.955), smoking duration (χ2current smoker = –13.775, χ2former smoker = –5.536), and smoking index (χ2current smoker = –9.294, χ2former smoker = –5.081) increased, the prevalence of poor sleep quality showed a linear increasing trend (P < 0.000 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounders including age, gender household registration, geographic region, educational background, occupation, annual household income, alcohol consumption, exercise frequency, BMI, and chronic diseases, revealed that compared to non-smoking, both current smoking (OR = 1.312, 95%CI: 1.107–1.556) and former smoking (OR = 1.475, 95%CI: 1.173–1.854) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality. Compared to non-smoking, the smoking index of <10 pack-years (OR = 1.293, 95%CI: 1.047–1.598), 10 to <20 pack-years (OR = 1.472, 95%CI: 1.177–1.841), 20 to <30 pack-years (OR = 1.470, 95%CI: 1.085–1.992), and ≥30 pack-years (OR = 1.283, 95%CI: 1.086–1.514) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality. Compared to non-smoking, daily cigarette consumption of ≤10 cigarettes (OR = 1.197, 95%CI: 1.001–1.431), 11–20 cigarettes (OR = 1.421, 95%CI: 1.169-1.727), 21–30 cigarettes (OR = 1.608, 95%CI: 1.166–2.216), and >30 cigarettes (OR = 1.681, 95%CI: 1.208-2.338) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality. Compared to non-smoking, smoking duration of 10 to <31 years (OR = 1.339, 95%CI: 1.109–1.618), 31 to <40 years (OR = 1.296, 95%CI: 1.093–1.536), and ≥40 years (OR = 1.327, 95%CI: 1.116–1.578) were associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality.

Conclusions

Smoking associates with high risk of poor sleep quality, and the detrimental effect of smoking on sleep quality exhibits a dose-response relationship, suggesting that the cumulative effect of long-term nicotine exposure may be a key pathway for disrupting sleep quality.

smoking  /  sleep quality  /  cross-sectional study  /  male residents  /  association  /  China
桑莹宸, 曾新颖, 刘影, 王友娇, 高欣, 张驰, 彭志平, 刘世炜. 中国≥15岁男性居民吸烟行为对睡眠质量的影响:一项2024年横断面调查. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (5) : 530 -538 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149306
Yingchen SANG, Xinying ZENG, Ying LIU, Youjiao WANG, Xin GAO, Chi ZHANG, Zhiping PENG, Shiwei LIU. Association between smoking behavior and sleep quality among male residents aged 15 and above in China: a cross-sectional study in 2024[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (5) : 530 -538 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149306
作为占据人类生命三分之一的基本生理活动,睡眠对维持人体正常生理功能、促进身心健康具有至关重要的作用[1]。优质的睡眠有助于改善人体心血管健康、心理健康以及认知功能[2],提升个体幸福感[3]。2024年一项全国调查显示,我国约有48.5%的成年人存在入睡困难、夜间易醒或早醒等睡眠困扰问题[4]。烟草流行是世界迄今面临的最大公共卫生威胁之一[5]。2024年中国成人烟草调查结果显示,我国≥15岁人群的现在吸烟率为23.2%,其中男性的现在吸烟率为43.9%,显著高于女性[6],我国男性的吸烟问题尤为突出。现有研究已经证实吸烟能够对睡眠产生多方面的影响,包括主观睡眠质量的下降、睡眠结构的改变、失眠和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等睡眠障碍的增加[7–10]。然而大部分相关研究都基于国外人群,睡眠状况的种族差异性阻碍了相关结果的外推[11]。同时,中国国内相关研究也存在研究人群局限、吸烟行为与睡眠质量关系评价不全面的问题。因此,本研究于2024年3—10月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在全国70个县(区)开展调查,共收集22 333名≥15岁、吸烟及睡眠数据完整的男性居民资料并进行分析,探讨中国≥15岁男性居民不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量的关联。
采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,首先在中国七大地理区域(华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南、西北)各抽取一个省(自治区、直辖市);其次在每个省(自治区、直辖市),按照城乡分层,采用容量比例概率抽样法(PPS)抽取10个县(区),共计70个县(区);再用PPS抽样法在每个区县内抽取2个居委会(行政村);最后在每个居委会(行政村)抽取120个住户,每个住户内抽取1名符合入选条件的调查对象。采用电子化问卷对调查对象进行面对面询问。根据分层设计(七大地理区域及城乡分层),设定置信区间为95%(双侧),u=1.96;依据2023年《中国睡眠大数据报告》中的数据,中国成年人失眠率为32%,当相对误差r=10%时,设定d=3.2%。在此基础上,考虑到设计效应deff=3.5,层数为14层,采用N=deff[u2p(1–p)/d2]最终计算得到样本量47 060人。现场调查时间为2024年3—10月,计划调查≥15岁50 400人,最终实际完成调查46 452人,其中男性22 333人。本研究调查对象均为调查前1个月将其住宅视为主要居住地,且年龄≥15岁的中国男性居民。本调查通过了中国疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会伦理审查(批号:202410),调查对象均知情同意。
(1)吸烟相关行为测量:吸烟相关指标包括目前吸烟状态以及吸烟量相关指标(吸烟指数、每日吸烟量、吸烟年限)。①吸烟状态的测量:根据问卷中“您现在吸烟吗?每天吸、不是每天吸、还是不吸?”及“您以前吸烟吗?每天吸、不是每天吸、还是从不吸烟?”予以界定。若研究对象回答“现在每天吸/现在不是每天吸”则定义为现在吸烟;若研究对象回答“现在不吸烟”且“以前每天吸/不是每天吸”则定义为戒烟(既往吸烟);若研究对象回答“现在不吸烟”且“以前不吸烟”则定义为从不吸烟。②每日吸烟量的测量:在现在吸烟者和戒烟者中,根据“您现在(以前)平均每天/每周吸多少支烟”,换算每日吸烟量。③吸烟年限的测量:在现在吸烟者中,根据“您开始吸烟的年龄”及“您现在的年龄”,计算吸烟年数;在戒烟者中,根据“您开始吸烟的年龄”“您现在的年龄”及“您戒烟多久”,计算吸烟年数。④吸烟指数的换算:吸烟指数(包年)=每日吸烟量(支数)÷20×吸烟年数。(2)睡眠质量测量:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI)量表测定睡眠质量,PSQI总分≤5定义为睡眠质量良好,PSQI总分>5定义为睡眠质量差[12–13]。(3)其他协变量测量:包括人口学特征以及其他健康危险因素协变量。①人口学特征,包括年龄、户籍(城市、农村)、地理区域(华北区域、东北区域、华东区域、华中区域、华南区域、西南区域、西北区域)、教育水平(小学及以下、初中、高中/中专、大专/本科及以上、不知道或拒绝回答)、职业(农林牧渔水利业生产人员、政府事业单位工作人员、企业/商业/服务业工作人员、教师、医务人员、在校学生、未就业、离退休人员、其他、不知道或拒绝回答)以及年家庭收入(<1万、1万~<3万、3万~<5万、5万~<10万、10万~<20万、≥20万元、不知道或拒绝回答)。②其他健康危险因素协变量包括锻炼频率(不锻炼、每周1~2次、每周3~4次、每周≥5次)、是否饮酒、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)以及是否患有慢性病。根据“过去12个月里,您饮酒的频率如何”,将过去一年内每周饮酒≥1次定义为饮酒[14],反之则定义为不饮酒。根据身高和体质量计算BMI,计算公式为BMI=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2,将BMI分为偏瘦(<18.5 kg/m2)、正常(18.5~23.9 kg/m2)、超重(24.0~27.9 kg/m2)、肥胖(≥28.0 kg/m2)4类。根据“您是否患有经医生诊断的慢性疾病”来定义调查对象是否患慢性病。
利用SAS 9.4整理并分析数据。为使调查结果能够对全国≥15岁男性居民实现更优估计,所有调查结果均采用复杂抽样加权的方法进行了调整。采用基于复杂抽样设计的Rao-Scott χ2检验比较不同吸烟状态人群的人口学特征,并对不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量之间的关联进行单因素分析。运用Cochran-Armitage趋势检验方法,对不同吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量差检出率之间的关系进行趋势检验分析。同时,采用基于复杂抽样设计的logistic回归模型分别分析男性居民不同吸烟状态及不同吸烟行为特征对睡眠质量的影响。双侧检验,检验水准为α=0.05。
本研究共纳入调查对象22 333人,平均年龄(46.76±1.96)岁,城市地区人口占比为45.76%(11 646人),农村地区为54.24%(10 687人);从不吸烟者占比44.92%(8 561人),现在吸烟者占比42.84%(9 905人),戒烟者占比12.24%(3 867人);睡眠质量差检出率为20.42%。单因素分析结果显示,在男性中,不同吸烟状态在年龄(χ2=317.063)、户籍(χ2=7.609)、教育水平(χ2=57.660)、职业(χ2=255.003)、年家庭收入(χ2=22.101)、是否饮酒(χ2=322.299)、锻炼频率(χ2=80.131)、BMI(χ2=24.035)、是否患慢性病(χ2=275.824)之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。除户籍、地理区域、BMI特征外,其他特征人群睡眠质量差检出率差异均存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。
中国22 333名≥15岁男性居民中,现在吸烟者9 905人,加权构成比为42.84%;戒烟者3 867人,加权构成比12.24%。现在吸烟群体平均每日吸烟量(14.93±0.69)支,平均吸烟年限为(25.60±1.48)年,平均吸烟指数为(20.60±1.91)包年;戒烟群体从前平均每日吸烟量(14.49±0.84)支,平均吸烟年限为(28.43±1.34)年,平均吸烟指数为(21.37±1.87)包年。单因素分析结果显示,不同吸烟状态男性居民睡眠质量差的检出率存在统计学差异(χ2=83.893,P<0.000 1)。同时,在男性现在吸烟者中,不同每日吸烟量(χ2=26.821)、吸烟年限(χ2=39.380)、吸烟指数(χ2=26.177)与睡眠质量之间的关联差异均有统计学意义(P<0.000 1)。在男性戒烟者中,不同每日吸烟量(χ2=10.958)、吸烟年限(χ2=9.078)、吸烟指数(χ2=9.389)与睡眠质量之间的关联差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cochran-Armitage趋势检验结果显示,在男性现在吸烟者和戒烟者中,随着每日吸烟量(χ2现在吸烟= –6.741,χ2戒烟= –3.955)、吸烟年限(χ2现在吸烟= –13.775,χ2戒烟= –5.536)、吸烟指数(χ2现在吸烟= –9.294,χ2戒烟= –5.081)的升高,睡眠质量差检出率呈现显著的线性递增趋势(P<0.000 1)。
多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,调整了年龄、性别、户籍、地理区域、教育水平、职业、年家庭收入、是否饮酒、锻炼频率、BMI分类和是否患慢性病等混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,现在吸烟(OR=1.312,95%CI=1.107~1.556)、戒烟(OR=1.475,95%CI=1.173~1.854)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。同时,调整了混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,吸烟指数<10包年(OR=1.293,95%CI=1.047~1.598)、10~<20包年(OR=1.472,95%CI=1.177~1.841)、20~<30包年(OR=1.470,95%CI=1.085~1.992)、≥30包年(OR=1.283,95%CI=1.086~1.514)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与从不吸烟相比,每天吸烟≤10支(OR=1.197,95%CI=1.001~1.431)、11~20支(OR=1.421,95%CI=1.169~1.727)、21~30支(OR=1.608,95%CI=1.166~2.216)、>30支(OR=1.681,95%CI=1.208~2.338)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与不吸烟相比,吸烟年限为10~<31年(OR=1.339,95%CI=1.109~1.618)、31~<40年(OR=1.296,95%CI=1.093~1.536)、≥40年(OR=1.327,95%CI=1.116~1.578)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。
多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,在现在吸烟者中,调整了年龄、性别、户籍、地理区域、教育水平、职业、年家庭收入、是否饮酒、锻炼频率、BMI分类和是否患慢性病等混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,吸烟指数为10~<20包年(OR=1.494,95%CI=1.149~1.944)、20~<30包年(OR=1.510,95%CI=1.067~2.136)、≥30包年(OR=1.193,95%CI=1.006~1.414)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与从不吸烟相比,每天吸烟11~20支(OR=1.390,95%CI=1.135~1.703)、21~30支(OR=1.562,95%CI=1.068~2.286)、>30支(OR=1.693,95%CI=1.164~2.462)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与不吸烟相比,吸烟年限为10~<31年(OR=1.347,95%CI=1.079~1.681)、31~<40年(OR=1.215,95%CI=1.019~1.448)、≥40年(OR=1.226,95%CI=1.025~1.467)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。在戒烟者中,调整了混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,吸烟指数为<10包年(OR=1.544,95%CI=1.127~2.115)、≥30包年(OR=1.357,95%CI=1.059~1.739)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与从不吸烟相比,每天吸烟≤10支(OR=1.332,95%CI=1.001~1.771)、11~20支(OR=1.291,95%CI=1.038~1.606)、21~30支(OR=1.509,95%CI=1.004~2.269)与睡眠质量差高风险相关;与从不吸烟相比,吸烟年限为31~<40年(OR=1.383,95%CI=1.086~1.762)、≥40年(OR=1.424,95%CI=1.105 ~1.835)与睡眠质量差高风险相关。
本研究发现,在男性中,调整了混杂因素后,与从不吸烟相比,现在吸烟、戒烟与睡眠质量差高风险相关。这一发现与先前的研究结果基本一致[15–18]。现有的研究显示,慢性吸烟者与健康不吸烟者的睡眠结构存在显著差异,具体表现为慢波睡眠的减少、浅睡眠(N1/N2期)的增加以及觉醒时间的延长,这些变化使慢性吸烟者的睡眠连续性降低、睡眠碎片化、深度睡眠不足,从而导致睡眠质量的下降[9–10]。同时,有研究显示,相较于健康不吸烟者,吸烟者的睡眠效率降低,更易出现前半夜觉醒等昼夜节律紊乱的问题[10]。烟草中的尼古丁在干扰睡眠的过程中发挥着重要的作用。尼古丁能够通过激活胆碱能受体,扰乱睡眠—觉醒调节网络,影响下丘脑的睡眠调节中枢[19];同时尼古丁还能通过影响褪黑素信号通路,扰乱褪黑素分泌,破坏昼夜节律[20];尼古丁亦可通过对代谢、激素分泌(例如皮质醇)以及肠道菌群等方面产生作用,进而间接影响睡眠[21]。戒烟期间,由于尼古丁戒断,交感神经活动增强导致的睡眠维持困难,也能够进一步降低睡眠质量[22]。
吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量关联的logistic分析结果显示,在现在吸烟者中,与从不吸烟者相比,每日吸烟量大于10支与睡眠质量差高风险相关,且OR值随着每日吸烟量的增大而增大。这一现象在现在吸烟者和戒烟者中均存在,表明吸烟对睡眠质量的损害具有累积效应,且具有一定的剂量反应关系,这与先前的研究基本一致[15,23]。烟草中的尼古丁能通过拮抗腺苷受体破坏睡眠启动,而其兴奋作用与剂量相关,这有可能是吸烟量与睡眠质量之间存在剂量反应关系的原因[24]。而本研究分析结果显示,在现在吸烟者中,与不吸烟相比,吸烟年限10年以上、吸烟指数≥10包年的人群更易出现睡眠质量差的状况,但不同于每日吸烟量与睡眠质量的剂量反应关系,吸烟年限在>10年时各年限组的OR值相对稳定,且当吸烟指数≥30包年时,OR值出现了下降的趋势。这一结果表明吸烟对睡眠的损害作用一旦建立,可能是一种长期持续的状态,而非随时间无限加剧。一方面,能够长时间吸烟、高吸烟指数的个体,本身可能属于对烟草相关危害具有更强生理耐受性的亚群体,而对烟草危害敏感的个体可能因为早期健康问题已经死亡[25–26],这种选择偏倚导致了横断面研究中长期重度吸烟群体的健康状况被高估,OR值下降[27–28]。另一方面,长期尼古丁暴露可能导致神经系统对兴奋作用的适应性增强,从而减弱了其对睡眠—觉醒周期的干扰。研究发现,虽然吸烟者的慢波睡眠显著减少,但长期吸烟者可能通过药理学耐受缓解部分影响[10,29]。再者,长期吸烟者或许会将与吸烟相关的轻微睡眠问题视为常态,乐观估计其睡眠质量[30]。同时,部分研究指出,健康警示可能促使长期吸烟者主动减少吸烟量,从而间接改善睡眠[24]。戒烟者的吸烟行为特征与现在吸烟者不同,这可能是由于戒烟者对既往吸烟行为特征的回忆存在较为显著的回忆偏倚。此外,戒烟年限可能在戒烟者的睡眠质量中起到重要的调节作用。研究表明,戒烟后的健康效应,尤其是睡眠质量,通常随戒烟年限的增长而发生变化[9,31]。这使得戒烟群体的吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量的关系更为复杂。
综上所述,吸烟能够导致睡眠质量的下降,且每日吸烟量对睡眠质量的损害具有一定的剂量反应关系。因此,减少每日吸烟量可能是改善睡眠质量的有效手段,早期干预与彻底戒烟是避免长期不可逆健康损害的关键。虽然本研究结果显示,吸烟指数≥30包年,睡眠质量差的OR值出现了小幅度下降,但是等待“生理耐受”的形成是一种高风险且不可靠的策略。同时,本研究也存在一定的局限性:首先,本研究为横断面研究,无法推断吸烟和睡眠质量之间的因果关系,后续还需大样本前瞻性队列研究以明确因果关系;其次,研究中有关睡眠和吸烟的数据均为调查对象自我报告,存在主观偏倚,未来研究可结合客观指标(如多导睡眠监测)进一步明确吸烟和睡眠的关联机制;同时,本研究中的戒烟群体包含了不同戒烟年限的个体,未对戒烟年限进行分层分析,可能掩盖了吸烟行为特征与睡眠质量以及戒烟年限与睡眠质量改善之间的潜在关联,未来研究可进一步细化戒烟群体的分层以深入探讨。再者,其他影响睡眠的重要因素,如轮班工作、咖啡因摄入等未被调整,可能会影响吸烟与睡眠质量关联性的测量。因此,未来还应考虑调整其他可能影响睡眠的重要因素,以更准确地评估吸烟对睡眠质量的独立影响。

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2026年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149306
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
  • 修回日期:2026-01-06
  • 录用日期:2026-03-12
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)控烟办公室,北京 100050
    2中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)慢病和老龄健康管理处,北京 102206
    3北京医院国家老年医学中心,北京 100730
    4联勤保障部队第九八四医院智能睡眠中心,北京 100094

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