Article(id=1320428911041826899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=1771862400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-24, acceptedDate=1775232000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-04, onlineDate=1792744384775, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744384775, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744384775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744384775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320428830876086873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744365662, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792746244140, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320436709859381360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320436709859381361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1140, endPage=1147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320428912224620628, articleId=1320428911041826899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Research progress in animal models of enterovirus-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus infections in children, and it is one of the major public health issues in China. Globally, only China has introduced monovalent inactivated vaccines against HFMD, and ideal animal models can accelerate the vaccine research and development. This article reviews recent research progress in animal models of enterovirus-associated HFMD after 2000. It discusses the advantages and limitations of each animal model and provides suggestions for the construction of animal models of enterovirus-associated HFMD, as well as the development of HFMD vaccines in China.

, authors=Junjie MA1, 2, Yisheng SUN2, authorsList=Junjie MA, Yisheng SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yisheng SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SUN Yisheng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320428912769880149, articleId=1320428911041826899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

手足口病(HFMD)是由肠道病毒感染引起的小儿常见传染病,是我国主要的公共卫生问题之一。全球仅我国有单价灭活疫苗上市,理想的动物模型可加快疫苗的研发进程。本文对自2000年以来手足口病相关肠道病毒动物模型的研究进展作一综述,并探讨各动物模型的优势与不足,为我国手足口病相关肠道病毒动物模型的构建及手足口病疫苗的研制提供参考依据。

, authors=马俊杰1, 2, 孙一晟2, *, *, authorsList=马俊杰, 孙一晟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙一晟, authorNote=

马俊杰(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:病毒感染动物模型

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙一晟,E-mail:
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马俊杰(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:病毒感染动物模型

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Vaccines, 2023, 11(5): 944., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320428931317092529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu F F, Yi Y, Song Y, et al. Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks before and during availability of EV-A71 vaccine in China's mainland: analysis of outbreak surveillance data from 2011 to 2023[J]. The Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific, 2025, 59: 101603., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320428931380007090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X L, Chen S H, Chen Y, et al. Epidemiological and genetic characterizations of hand, foot, and mouth disease and acute respiratory infections due to CV-A6 infection in Henan Province, China between 2021 and 2022[J]. BMC Pediatrics, 2025, 25(1): 264., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320428931434533043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lian H M, Yi L N, Qiu M, et al. Genomic epidemiology of CVA10 in Guangdong, China, 2013–2021[J]. Virology Journal, 2024, 21(1): 122., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320428931501641908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王若琳, 李亚飞, 王文华, 等. 2014—2020年河南省EV71疫苗上市前后对重症手足口病流行特征及病原谱影响[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2024, 40(3): 342-346., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320428914313384022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320428914325966935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, companyId=1320428914313384022, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320428914346938456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, companyId=1320428914313384022, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1杭州医学院公共卫生学院,杭州 310053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320428914757980249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320428914774757466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, companyId=1320428914757980249, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Zhejiang Key Lab of Vaccine, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320428914787340379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, companyId=1320428914757980249, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江全省传染病疫苗与预防控制研究重点实验室 浙江省疾病预防控制中心,杭州 310015)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320428922009931887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Animal models of enterovirus-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动物模型种类动物品系日龄/周
龄/月龄
感染途径病毒类型感染特征参考
文献
小鼠模型ICR1 日OLEV-A71临床株4643(1×107 PFU)2天后出现皮肤性损伤,所有小鼠未死亡[10]
OLEV-A71鼠适应株4643(1×106 PFU)感染后4~7 d内小鼠出现肢体瘫痪等症状,7~9 d内小鼠死亡,神经组织检测到病毒抗原
ICR7 日OLEV-A71鼠适应株MP4 (5×106 PFU)与病人相似的神经系统症状,如脑炎、急性弛缓性
麻痹、肺水肿等
[11]
ICR1 日ICCVA16临床株BJCA08 (1.9×104 PFU)4 d后出现临床症状,6 d后全部死亡,CVA16病毒分布偏向于肌肉组织[12]
ICR5 日IMCVA6临床株WF057R (105.5 TCID50)5 d后出现行动迟缓等临床症状,6~11 d内死亡,当接种病毒量为107 TCID50时,小鼠存活的时间更短[15]
ICR5 日IMCVA6临床株F219 (105 TCID50)5日龄ICR小鼠不仅出现嗜睡等症状,同时也出现脑水肿和神经细胞肿胀等神经系统损伤[16]
ICR10 日IP, IM, ICCVA6鼠适应株(104 TCID50)3种感染途径均可使感染小鼠产生神经系统病变等临床症状[17–18]
BALB/c, C57BL/6, KM, ICR1 日IP, ICCVA10临床株FJ-01 (105 TCID50)小鼠均出现行动迟缓、肢体瘫痪等临床症状,并最终死亡;其中ICR小鼠对CVA10病毒的敏感性比其他三个品系小鼠略差[19]
ICR5 日IMCVA10细胞适应株TA151R (1.5×103 TCID50)100%敏感[20]
ICR3 日IM, IP, ICCVA4临床株YT226R (104 TCID50)经肌内注射比腹腔注射和颅内注射更容易使小鼠
发病
[21]
ICR13 日IMCVA4鼠适应株YZ08 (102TCID50)感染9 d后所有小鼠死亡[22]
BALB/C5 日IMCVA2/HN202009(104 TCID50)出现体重减轻、肢体瘫痪等症状,同时发现急性肺部损伤和心脏损伤[23–24]
BALB/c, C57BL/6, KM, ICR2日IM, IP, ICEcho 30临床株E30/A538 (102.2 TCID50)ICR、BALB/c和KM小鼠均敏感; C57BL/6不敏感[25]
BALB/c, C57BL/6, KM, ICR, NIH1日IPCVB5临床株JS417 (3.16 × 107 CCID50/mouse)BALB/c小鼠对CVB5病毒最敏感,3日龄BALB/c小鼠感染CVB5病毒3 d后出现行动迟缓及肢体瘫痪等临床症状,感染7 d后所有小鼠死亡[26]
长爪沙鼠模型21 日IPEVA71临床株58301 (105 TCID50)出现运动迟缓,嗜睡和肢体瘫痪等症状,中枢神经组织出现严重病变,对病毒敏感性优于小鼠模型[27–28]
21 日IPCVA16临床株194 (105.5 TCID50)3~4 d后出现体重减轻、后肢瘫痪等典型临床症状,感染5 d后全部死亡,病毒在肌肉组织、脑干和脊髓组织分布最多,且均在这些组织检测到严重病理变化[29]
60 日IPCVA16临床株194 (108 .0 TCID50)出现后肢无力、震颤、瘫痪等明显的临床症状,大部分长爪沙鼠在感染后5~6 d后死亡,并发现病毒在脑干和脊髓中的分布最多[30]
14 日IPCVA10临床株CVA10-4 (108.5 TCID50)100%敏感[31]
非人灵长类动物模型恒河猴1~1.5月RTEV-A71临床株FY-23 (104.5 CCID50)出现口腔及四肢疱疹、发热等与人类相似的症状,并在呼吸道、肌肉和中枢神经系统中检测到病毒[32–33]
6~8 月RTCVA16临床株G20 (104.5 CCID50)出现口腔、四肢疱疹和病毒血症等典型症状,并发现6~8月龄恒河猴在多次感染CVA16后仍会出现典型症状[34]
3~4 月RT, DTCVA6临床株RYN-A1205(105 CCID50)感染2~5 d后出现口唇、牙龈疱疹等临床症状,随后症状逐渐减轻,但仍能检测到病毒复制[25]
3~4 月IP, NGCVB1(105 CCID50)CVB3 (2×106.75 CCID50 )出现口腔及四肢皮疹等症状,并在鼻、咽、粪便和血液中检出病毒,30 d后仍可在心脏、脾脏、胰腺和脊髓等多组织中检出较高病毒载量,部分脑组织甚至出现病毒性脑膜炎样改变[35–36]
基因修饰动物模型hSCARB2-TgICR小鼠3 周ICEV-A71临床株Isehara (106 TCID50)3周龄小鼠仍然对EV-A71病毒完全敏感,感染后出现与手足口病患者类似的临床症状及中枢神经系统病变[37]
hSCARB2-Tg C57BL/6 J21 日NGCVA16临床株GX/20 (2×104.5 CCID50)出现共济失调、瘫痪和死亡等症状,脊髓、脑干、小脑、丘脑、大脑皮层神经元中发现病毒抗原存在[38]
NOD/SCID3~4 周ICEV-A71鼠适应株Nagoya (106 CCID50)出现肢体瘫痪等临床症状[39]
AG1292周IP, OLEV-A71非鼠适应株41(107 PUF)感染小鼠出现肢体瘫痪并最后死亡,病毒在中枢神经系统聚集;AG129小鼠中传代得到的鼠适应株可感染10周龄的AG129小鼠[40–41]
树鼩模型3 月IG、NG、IVEV-A71临床株FY-23(8.51×107 TCID50)体温升高、白细胞及淋巴细胞增多,病毒载量在第10天左右达到峰值,>50%的树鼩在感染后两周出现急性松弛性瘫痪,脑、肺等组织发生病变,灌胃组部分树鼩在口角和前掌部位出现疱疹,与手足口病患者临床症状相似[42]
2月RT, NGCVA16临床株GX18 (2×104.5 CCID50)体温有升高,血液等样本中可检测到病毒,肺和肌肉等组织中可检测到组织病变,但2周内没有手足口疱疹出现[43]
金黄地鼠模型14 日OLEV-A71鼠适应株MAV9(102 CCID50)驼背、体重下降和后肢瘫痪等临床症状,在口腔和爪部周围发现与人感染手足口病相似的鳞状上皮损伤,4~8 d内全部死亡[44]
7日OLCVA16鼠适应株MAVS (1.12×105 CCID50)感染3~4 d后出现行动迟缓、瘫痪等临床症状,并在大脑等神经组织中检测到病毒[45]
4周IP, NGCVB3毒株A278741(IP: 105.75 CCID50;NG: 2×106.75 CCID50)脑、肝等组织中检测到病毒载量[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1320428922358059120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428911041826899, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动物模型种类动物品系日龄/周
龄/月龄
感染途径病毒类型感染特征参考
文献
小鼠模型ICR1 日OLEV-A71临床株4643(1×107 PFU)2天后出现皮肤性损伤,所有小鼠未死亡[10]
OLEV-A71鼠适应株4643(1×106 PFU)感染后4~7 d内小鼠出现肢体瘫痪等症状,7~9 d内小鼠死亡,神经组织检测到病毒抗原
ICR7 日OLEV-A71鼠适应株MP4 (5×106 PFU)与病人相似的神经系统症状,如脑炎、急性弛缓性
麻痹、肺水肿等
[11]
ICR1 日ICCVA16临床株BJCA08 (1.9×104 PFU)4 d后出现临床症状,6 d后全部死亡,CVA16病毒分布偏向于肌肉组织[12]
ICR5 日IMCVA6临床株WF057R (105.5 TCID50)5 d后出现行动迟缓等临床症状,6~11 d内死亡,当接种病毒量为107 TCID50时,小鼠存活的时间更短[15]
ICR5 日IMCVA6临床株F219 (105 TCID50)5日龄ICR小鼠不仅出现嗜睡等症状,同时也出现脑水肿和神经细胞肿胀等神经系统损伤[16]
ICR10 日IP, IM, ICCVA6鼠适应株(104 TCID50)3种感染途径均可使感染小鼠产生神经系统病变等临床症状[17–18]
BALB/c, C57BL/6, KM, ICR1 日IP, ICCVA10临床株FJ-01 (105 TCID50)小鼠均出现行动迟缓、肢体瘫痪等临床症状,并最终死亡;其中ICR小鼠对CVA10病毒的敏感性比其他三个品系小鼠略差[19]
ICR5 日IMCVA10细胞适应株TA151R (1.5×103 TCID50)100%敏感[20]
ICR3 日IM, IP, ICCVA4临床株YT226R (104 TCID50)经肌内注射比腹腔注射和颅内注射更容易使小鼠
发病
[21]
ICR13 日IMCVA4鼠适应株YZ08 (102TCID50)感染9 d后所有小鼠死亡[22]
BALB/C5 日IMCVA2/HN202009(104 TCID50)出现体重减轻、肢体瘫痪等症状,同时发现急性肺部损伤和心脏损伤[23–24]
BALB/c, C57BL/6, KM, ICR2日IM, IP, ICEcho 30临床株E30/A538 (102.2 TCID50)ICR、BALB/c和KM小鼠均敏感; C57BL/6不敏感[25]
BALB/c, C57BL/6, KM, ICR, NIH1日IPCVB5临床株JS417 (3.16 × 107 CCID50/mouse)BALB/c小鼠对CVB5病毒最敏感,3日龄BALB/c小鼠感染CVB5病毒3 d后出现行动迟缓及肢体瘫痪等临床症状,感染7 d后所有小鼠死亡[26]
长爪沙鼠模型21 日IPEVA71临床株58301 (105 TCID50)出现运动迟缓,嗜睡和肢体瘫痪等症状,中枢神经组织出现严重病变,对病毒敏感性优于小鼠模型[27–28]
21 日IPCVA16临床株194 (105.5 TCID50)3~4 d后出现体重减轻、后肢瘫痪等典型临床症状,感染5 d后全部死亡,病毒在肌肉组织、脑干和脊髓组织分布最多,且均在这些组织检测到严重病理变化[29]
60 日IPCVA16临床株194 (108 .0 TCID50)出现后肢无力、震颤、瘫痪等明显的临床症状,大部分长爪沙鼠在感染后5~6 d后死亡,并发现病毒在脑干和脊髓中的分布最多[30]
14 日IPCVA10临床株CVA10-4 (108.5 TCID50)100%敏感[31]
非人灵长类动物模型恒河猴1~1.5月RTEV-A71临床株FY-23 (104.5 CCID50)出现口腔及四肢疱疹、发热等与人类相似的症状,并在呼吸道、肌肉和中枢神经系统中检测到病毒[32–33]
6~8 月RTCVA16临床株G20 (104.5 CCID50)出现口腔、四肢疱疹和病毒血症等典型症状,并发现6~8月龄恒河猴在多次感染CVA16后仍会出现典型症状[34]
3~4 月RT, DTCVA6临床株RYN-A1205(105 CCID50)感染2~5 d后出现口唇、牙龈疱疹等临床症状,随后症状逐渐减轻,但仍能检测到病毒复制[25]
3~4 月IP, NGCVB1(105 CCID50)CVB3 (2×106.75 CCID50 )出现口腔及四肢皮疹等症状,并在鼻、咽、粪便和血液中检出病毒,30 d后仍可在心脏、脾脏、胰腺和脊髓等多组织中检出较高病毒载量,部分脑组织甚至出现病毒性脑膜炎样改变[35–36]
基因修饰动物模型hSCARB2-TgICR小鼠3 周ICEV-A71临床株Isehara (106 TCID50)3周龄小鼠仍然对EV-A71病毒完全敏感,感染后出现与手足口病患者类似的临床症状及中枢神经系统病变[37]
hSCARB2-Tg C57BL/6 J21 日NGCVA16临床株GX/20 (2×104.5 CCID50)出现共济失调、瘫痪和死亡等症状,脊髓、脑干、小脑、丘脑、大脑皮层神经元中发现病毒抗原存在[38]
NOD/SCID3~4 周ICEV-A71鼠适应株Nagoya (106 CCID50)出现肢体瘫痪等临床症状[39]
AG1292周IP, OLEV-A71非鼠适应株41(107 PUF)感染小鼠出现肢体瘫痪并最后死亡,病毒在中枢神经系统聚集;AG129小鼠中传代得到的鼠适应株可感染10周龄的AG129小鼠[40–41]
树鼩模型3 月IG、NG、IVEV-A71临床株FY-23(8.51×107 TCID50)体温升高、白细胞及淋巴细胞增多,病毒载量在第10天左右达到峰值,>50%的树鼩在感染后两周出现急性松弛性瘫痪,脑、肺等组织发生病变,灌胃组部分树鼩在口角和前掌部位出现疱疹,与手足口病患者临床症状相似[42]
2月RT, NGCVA16临床株GX18 (2×104.5 CCID50)体温有升高,血液等样本中可检测到病毒,肺和肌肉等组织中可检测到组织病变,但2周内没有手足口疱疹出现[43]
金黄地鼠模型14 日OLEV-A71鼠适应株MAV9(102 CCID50)驼背、体重下降和后肢瘫痪等临床症状,在口腔和爪部周围发现与人感染手足口病相似的鳞状上皮损伤,4~8 d内全部死亡[44]
7日OLCVA16鼠适应株MAVS (1.12×105 CCID50)感染3~4 d后出现行动迟缓、瘫痪等临床症状,并在大脑等神经组织中检测到病毒[45]
4周IP, NGCVB3毒株A278741(IP: 105.75 CCID50;NG: 2×106.75 CCID50)脑、肝等组织中检测到病毒载量[35]
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手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型研究进展
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马俊杰 1, 2 , 孙一晟 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2026,42(9): 1140-1147
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手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型研究进展
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2浙江全省传染病疫苗与预防控制研究重点实验室 浙江省疾病预防控制中心,杭州 310015, bio={"content":"

马俊杰(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:病毒感染动物模型

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马俊杰(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:病毒感染动物模型

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马俊杰1, 2, 孙一晟2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1杭州医学院公共卫生学院,杭州 310053
  • 2浙江全省传染病疫苗与预防控制研究重点实验室 浙江省疾病预防控制中心,杭州 310015
通讯作者:
孙一晟,E-mail:
作者简介:

马俊杰(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:病毒感染动物模型

Research progress in animal models of enterovirus-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease: a review
Junjie MA1, 2, Yisheng SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 2Zhejiang Key Lab of Vaccine, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310015, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SUN Yisheng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149127
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手足口病(HFMD)是由肠道病毒感染引起的小儿常见传染病,是我国主要的公共卫生问题之一。全球仅我国有单价灭活疫苗上市,理想的动物模型可加快疫苗的研发进程。本文对自2000年以来手足口病相关肠道病毒动物模型的研究进展作一综述,并探讨各动物模型的优势与不足,为我国手足口病相关肠道病毒动物模型的构建及手足口病疫苗的研制提供参考依据。

手足口病  /  肠道病毒  /  动物模型  /  疫苗研发

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus infections in children, and it is one of the major public health issues in China. Globally, only China has introduced monovalent inactivated vaccines against HFMD, and ideal animal models can accelerate the vaccine research and development. This article reviews recent research progress in animal models of enterovirus-associated HFMD after 2000. It discusses the advantages and limitations of each animal model and provides suggestions for the construction of animal models of enterovirus-associated HFMD, as well as the development of HFMD vaccines in China.

hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)  /  enterovirus  /  animal model  /  vaccine research and development
马俊杰, 孙一晟. 手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (9) : 1140 -1147 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149127
Junjie MA, Yisheng SUN. Research progress in animal models of enterovirus-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (9) : 1140 -1147 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149127
手足口病(hand, foot and mouth disease, HFMD)是由肠道病毒(enterovirus, EV)感染引起的小儿常见传染病,症状包括发热、手足口臀咽部皮肤黏膜的皮疹或疱疹等,好发于6月龄~5岁儿童,且重症多见于3岁以下儿童[1]。肠道病毒为小核糖核酸(RNA)病毒科肠道病毒属,是无包膜单正链RNA病毒,其中感染人的有110多种血清型,能引起手足口病的有20多种,主要为A族肠道病毒;包括:肠道病毒71型(EV-A71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)、柯萨奇病毒A组6型(CVA6)、柯萨奇病毒A组10型(CVA10)和柯萨奇病毒A组4型(CVA4)等;此外,B族肠道病毒中的柯萨奇病毒B组3型(CVB3)、柯萨奇病毒B组5型(CVB5)及埃可病毒等也可引起手足口病[2–3]。手足口病最初于1957年在欧美的临床病例中发现,1980年代起,手足口病开始在全球各地流行,尤其在中国、新加坡、马来西亚等亚太地区均出现过大规模的暴发与流行[4–7],给当地的社会经济造成了严重影响。1998年中国台湾省暴发了以EV-A71为主要流行株的手足口病疫情[8],全年超12万人被感染,死亡78例。2008年,我国安徽省阜阳市暴发了手足口病疫情,全年报告的手足口病病例超2万例,死亡23例,且患者大多为0~5岁的婴幼儿。2008年5月,我国将手足口病列为丙类传染病进行管理,手足口病疫情呈逐年交替增长的趋势。随着2016年底肠道病毒A组71型(EV-A71)手足口病灭活疫苗的上市,我国手足口病的死亡人数明显下降,但2025年的发病总人数依然超147万,发病总人数比2024年增长近40%,病例总数居丙类传染病前三位[9],手足口病疫情防控形势依然严峻。
疫苗是预防手足口病的重要手段之一,而动物模型则在疫苗研发尤其是疫苗的免疫原性、有效性及安全性评价等方面起关键作用。同时动物模型还广泛应用于病毒传播途径和致病机制研究、抗病毒药物研发等领域。本文对2000年以来手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型的研究进展进行综述。
小鼠作为哺乳动物,其体型小、繁殖力强、生长迅速、成本相对低廉,是最常见的实验动物模型。目前,基于小鼠建立的手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型有EV-A71、CVA16、CVA10、CVA6、CVA4、CVA2、CVB3、CVB5和埃可30型肠道病毒(ECHO30)等。EV-A71和CVA16是最常见的两种导致手足口病的肠道病毒,Chen Y C等[10]用EV-A71临床株经口途径构建1日龄ICR小鼠感染模型,2 d后小鼠出现皮肤性损伤,但所有小鼠均未死亡;用鼠适应株4643感染ICR小鼠,感染后4~7 d小鼠出现肢体瘫痪等症状,感染7~9 d后小鼠死亡,且在神经组织中检测到病毒抗原。Wang Y F等[11]在鼠适应株MP4中也得到类似鼠适应株4643的结果,同时发现7日龄ICR小鼠对MP4毒株仍敏感,染毒小鼠出现与病人相似的神经系统症状,如脑炎、急性弛缓性麻痹、肺水肿等。Mao Q Y等[12]用临床株BJCA08首次构建了CVA16感染ICR乳鼠模型,1日龄小鼠在颅内接种病毒4 d后出现临床症状,6 d后全部死亡,并发现CVA16病毒分布偏向集中于肌肉组织,这不同于EV-A71病毒偏向于神经组织。
目前CVA6病毒已成为导致我国手足口病重症病例的主要病原体之一[13–14]。Zhang Z J等[15]报道用肌内注射105.5 半数组织培养感染量(TCID50)的CVA6临床株WF057R病毒液构建5日龄ICR小鼠感染CVA6动物模型,小鼠染毒5 d后出现行动迟缓等临床症状,6~11 d内死亡,当接种病毒量为107 TCID50时,小鼠存活的时间更短。Sun Q等[16]也发现,用临床株F219攻毒后,5日龄ICR小鼠不仅出现嗜睡等症状,同时也出现脑水肿和神经细胞肿胀等神经系统损伤。Li D等[17]和Jiang Z X等[18]发现,CVA6鼠适应株对10日龄ICR小鼠也敏感,并且经口、肌内注射和腹腔注射这3种方式均可使感染小鼠产生神经系统病变等临床症状。Li S X等[19]使用临床株CVA10-FJ-01构建CVA10病毒感染乳鼠模型,1日龄BALB/c、C57BL/6、KM和ICR小鼠均可出现行动迟缓、肢体瘫痪等临床症状,并最终死亡。其中,ICR小鼠对CVA10病毒的敏感性较其他3个品系小鼠略差,用CVA10细胞适应株TA151R可使5日龄ICR小鼠对CVA10病毒完全敏感[20]。
小鼠还用于CVA4等其他肠道病毒感染模型的构建。Zhang Z J等[21]用临床株YT226R构建CVA4病毒感染3日龄ICR小鼠模型,并发现经肌内注射比腹腔注射和颅内注射更容易使小鼠发病。Su Q等[22]发现,用CVA4鼠适应株YZ08可致13日龄ICR小鼠发病从而构建动物模型。Ji W等[23–24]用临床株HN202009构建CVA2病毒感染5日龄BALB/c小鼠模型,染毒后小鼠出现体重减轻、肢体瘫痪等症状,同时出现急性肺部损伤和心脏损伤。Qu Y等[25]用临床株E30/A538构建了ECHO30病毒感染乳鼠模型,ECHO30病毒临床株对1日龄ICR、BALB/c和KM小鼠均敏感。Mao Q Y等[26]使用临床株JS417构建CVB5病毒感染小鼠模型,发现BALB/c小鼠对CVB5病毒最敏感,3日龄BALB/c小鼠感染CVB5病毒3 d后出现行动迟缓及肢体瘫痪等临床症状,感染7 d后所有小鼠死亡。
长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)又称长爪沙土鼠,分类学上属于仓鼠科、沙鼠亚科、沙鼠属,大小介于大白鼠与小白鼠之间,易饲养和繁殖,其作为实验动物在医学领域应用已有30多年历史,是研究脑梗塞、癫痫和肾综合征出血热等疾病的理想动物模型[46–48]。Yao P P等[27]首次将EV-A71临床株301病毒液经腹腔注射接种长爪沙鼠,发现21日龄长爪沙鼠对EV-A71病毒敏感,长爪沙鼠对EV-A71病毒的敏感性优于小鼠,可将长爪沙鼠模型应用于疫苗的主动免疫效果评价;感染长爪沙鼠出现运动迟缓、嗜睡和肢体瘫痪等症状,通过免疫组化和病理学实验发现,感染长爪沙鼠中枢神经组织出现严重病变,提示长爪沙鼠可能是良好的EV-A71病毒感染动物模型。同时Xu F等[28]进一步发现,7~21日龄长爪沙鼠在腹腔注射EV-A71后,不仅出现典型的神经系统改变,还可诱发严重的呼吸系统病变,包括呼吸困难、间质性肺炎、肺充血和弥漫性出血,部分动物在症状出现数小时内迅速死亡,这些肺部损伤模拟了儿童感染EV-A71重症病例中的神经源性肺水肿。
除了EV-A71,长爪沙鼠对CVA16、CVA10等其他肠道病毒也敏感。Sun Y S等[29]用临床株CVA16-194首次构建了CVA16感染长爪沙鼠模型,105.5TCID50CVA16-194病毒液经腹腔注射感染≤21日龄的长爪沙鼠,3~4 d后出现体重减轻、后肢瘫痪等典型临床症状,并在感染5 d后全部死亡。病毒在肌肉组织、脑干和脊髓组织分布最多,且在这些组织检测到严重病理变化。Yao P P等[30]发现,60日龄长爪沙鼠也能感染CVA16病毒,60日龄长爪沙鼠经腹腔注射高剂量(108.0TCID50)CVA16-194临床株后出现明显的临床症状,如后肢无力、震颤、瘫痪等,大部分长爪沙鼠在感染5~6 d后死亡,并发现病毒在脑干和脊髓中的分布最多。Chen C等[31]用临床分离株CVA10-4构建了CVA10感染长爪沙鼠模型,CVA10病毒对14日龄及以下长爪沙鼠均敏感。
恒河猴作为灵长类动物,与人类的同源性很高,免疫系统和生理结构也更接近人类,已应用于手足口病相关肠道病毒的研究。目前,已有多篇基于恒河猴建立EV-A71和CVA16等感染模型的研究报道。Liu L D等[32]使用EV-A71临床株FY-23经呼吸道途径构建新生恒河猴感染模型,新生恒河猴感染EV-A71病毒后出现口腔及四肢疱疹、发热等与人类相似的症状,并在呼吸道、肌肉和中枢神经系统中检测到病毒。Zhang Y等[33]比较了EV-A71经颅内、静脉、呼吸道和消化道4种途径感染新生恒河猴,发现经颅内注射EV-A71可引起肺水肿、出血和神经元损伤等症状,经静脉注射和呼吸道感染则可导致中枢神经系统感染并伴有严重的肺部炎症,而经消化道感染对中枢神经系统损伤较轻。Wang J J等[34]构建了CVA16临床株G20感染恒河猴模型,6~8月龄恒河猴经呼吸道感染后出现口腔、4肢疱疹和病毒血症等典型症状,并发现6~8月龄恒河猴在多次感染CVA16后仍会出现典型症状。
恒河猴还应用于CVA6、CVB1和CVB3等病毒感染模型的构建。Duan S[49]等用CVA6临床株RYN-A1205经呼吸道和消化道感染3~4月龄恒河猴构建CVA6感染模型,恒河猴感染2~5 d后出现口唇、牙龈疱疹等临床症状,随后症状逐渐减轻,但仍能检测到病毒复制。除了CVA6,Duan S Q等[35]还建立了CVB1[36]和CVB3病毒感染恒河猴动物模型,3月龄恒河猴经滴鼻感染CVB1和CVB3后出现口腔及四肢皮疹等症状,并在鼻、咽、粪便和血液中检出病毒,30 d后仍可在心脏、脾脏、胰腺和脊髓等多组织中检出较高病毒载量,部分脑组织甚至出现病毒性脑膜炎样改变。
基因修饰小鼠模型是通过基因工程技术(如基因敲除、转基因等)对小鼠基因组进行定向改造,使其能够表达某个外源性受体,从而增加动物模型对病毒的敏感性。目前发现的手足口病相关肠道病毒受体主要有清道夫受体B2(SCARB2)[50]、P–选择素糖蛋白配体1(PSGL-1)[51]和含环状结构跨膜蛋白1(KREMEM1)[52]等。Fujii K X[40]等通过将人SCARB2受体基因转入小鼠构建EV-A71病毒感染hSCARB2转基因小鼠模型,3周龄小鼠仍然对EV-A71病毒完全敏感,感染后出现与手足口病病人类似的临床症状及中枢神经系统病变。Liu J N[53]等通过建立表达PSGL-1受体的转基因小鼠模型研究,发现该模型并不能增加EV-A71临床株对小鼠的感染能力,但用EV-A71鼠适应株可促进病毒复制与临床症状严重性。Chen Y L[38]等使用hSCARB2转基因鼠构建CVA16感染模型,CVA16临床株CA16-GX/20通过滴鼻感染4周龄小鼠,感染小鼠出现神经系统损伤类似症状,可作为研究CVA16病毒神经嗜性的动物模型。通过构建KREMEM1受体缺失小鼠模型,Staring J [52]等发现,CVA10病毒感染小鼠后并不出现瘫痪和死亡。
免疫缺陷小鼠模型是指通过基因修饰、药物诱导或自然突变等方式,导致免疫系统部分或完全功能缺失的小鼠,从而构建易受病毒影响的小鼠模型。常见的免疫缺陷小鼠有SCID小鼠(重度联合免疫缺陷小鼠)、NSG小鼠(NOD/SCID/IL2Rgnull)、裸小鼠(nude mice)等。通过将EV-A71临床株Nagoya在非肥胖型糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷转基因小鼠(NOD/SCID)鼠脑中传代得到EV-A71鼠适应株,Arita M[39]等构建了EV-A71感染NOD/SCID小鼠模型,EV-A71鼠适应株可致3~4周龄的NOD/SCID小鼠出现肢体瘫痪等临床症状。Khong W X[40]等将EV-A71非鼠适应株41通过口服或腹腔注射途径可以感染I型和Ⅱ型干扰素受体缺失的2周龄免疫缺陷型AG129小鼠,感染小鼠出现肢体瘫痪并最后死亡,病毒在中枢神经系统聚集;同时EV-A71病毒在AG129小鼠中连续传代得到的小鼠适应株可以感染10周龄的AG129小鼠,且AG129小鼠对鼠适应株的易感性更高,出现的症状也更明显[41],均可应用于后续的病毒致病机制研究和疫苗效果评估。
树鼩是灵长类动物的近亲,外形似松鼠,具有体型小、繁殖周期短、基因组与人类相似等优势,是一种被广泛用于医学生物学研究的新的实验动物,目前已较成功地建立了肝炎病毒、疱疹病毒和流感病毒等感染的树鼩模型。Wang W G[42]等用EV-A71临床株(FY-23)成功建立EV-A71感染中缅树鼩模型,感染后树鼩出现体温升高、白细胞及淋巴细胞增多,病毒载量在第10天左右达到峰值,大于半数树鼩在感染2周后出现急性松弛性瘫痪,经解剖可见心、脑、肺、肠、肾及心脏等组织发生病变,灌胃组部分树鼩在口角和前掌部位出现疱疹,与人感染手足口病的临床症状相似。Li J P[43]等使用CVA16病毒株G20感染2月龄树鼩,发现感染CVA16病毒的树鼩体温有升高,血液等样本中可检测到病毒,肺和肌肉等组织中可检测到组织病变,但2周内没有手足口疱疹出现,感染后总体症状较为温和,不如EV-A71感染后显著,这也提示不同手足口病相关肠道病毒对树鼩的致病性有所差异。
金黄地鼠是鼠科仓鼠属哺乳动物,又称叙利亚地鼠,可作为新冠病毒感染动物模型[54],其肾脏细胞被用于狂犬疫苗、乙型脑炎疫苗的检定,是病毒研究和实验的主要动物之一。Phyu W K[44]等建立了EV-A71鼠适应株经口途径感染2周龄金黄地鼠模型,金黄地鼠染毒后出现驼背、体重下降和后肢瘫痪等临床症状,在口腔和爪部周围发现了与人感染手足口病相似的鳞状上皮损伤, 并在4~8 d内全部死亡。Hooi Y T等[45]使用CVA16鼠适应株感染7日龄金黄地鼠,感染3~4 d后出现行动迟缓、瘫痪等临床症状,并在大脑等神经组织中检测到病毒,可作为研究CVA16损伤神经系统的动物模型。Duan S Q[35]等构建了CVB3感染4周龄金黄地鼠动物模型,并在感染金黄地鼠脑、肝等组织中检测到了病毒载量。
动物模型在疫苗研发过程中起着非常关键的作用,可以评价疫苗的安全性和有效性,尤其是疫苗有效性中的免疫保护效果。目前已上市的手足口病疫苗仅有EV71型灭活疫苗一种,且进入疫苗临床试验的也较少,只有北京科兴生物制品有限公司的二价(EV-A71、CVA16)和四价(EV-A71、CVA16、CVA10和CVA6)肠道病毒灭活疫苗,艾美康淮生物制药(江苏)有限公司的二价手足口病灭活疫苗(EV-A71、CVA16)等;同时除了灭活疫苗外,重组亚单位疫苗尤其是含多价抗原的病毒样颗粒疫苗、含多个抗原表位的嵌合疫苗均显示出较好的临床前免疫效果[55],而合适的动物模型将加快这些疫苗的研发进程。目前,虽然已建立了EV-A71等手足口病相关肠道病毒感染的小鼠、长爪沙鼠和非人灵长类等多种动物模型,但每种动物模型都有一定的不足。小鼠模型虽然应用最普遍,但由于感染年龄偏低和感染病程过短限制了其在疫苗评价尤其是免疫保护评价中的作用,往往通过被动免疫或免疫孕鼠后再攻毒乳鼠的方式来评价疫苗的免疫保护效果[56–57],有较大的局限性。使用病毒鼠适应株和转基因小鼠动物模型虽可延长感染病程,但是病毒鼠适应株与临床分离株存在一定差异,鼠适应株并不能完全代表临床株的特性;而转基因小鼠动物模型也存在获取方式不易、饲养成本较高等问题。虽然母传抗体在攻毒实验中可保护子代等现象提示小鼠所出现的临床症状是由病毒感染所致[58],但也有研究表明,EV-A71可通过诱导细胞因子IL-6和神经递质介质肾上腺素的升高损伤中枢神经细胞,并导致小鼠出现临床症状[59]。因此,感染小鼠出现临床症状可能是病毒增殖与诱导激活机体内细胞因子等信号通路共同作用的结果。
非人灵长类动物如恒河猴有一定的感染病程,也能较好地模拟人感染EV-A71、CVA16等病毒的临床症状,在使用恒河猴婴猴作为EV-A71病毒感染模型并结合人星状胶质细胞模型数据发现,EV-A71病毒可以感染神经系统中的星状胶质细胞,并通过激活分泌神经系统的兴奋性神经递质去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素从而导致神经系统损伤,诱导恒河猴出现相应的临床症状[60];而在食蟹猴模型中通过静脉注射EV-A71病毒,发现EV-A71病毒可感染神经细胞,并诱导累及锥体和锥体外系的严重脑炎[61],其感染手足口病相关肠道病毒出现的临床症状机制可能也与小鼠类似。然而非人灵长类动物由于饲养成本较高且使用过程中的伦理问题,无法在普通实验室中被广泛使用。长爪沙鼠有着较为理想的感染病程,21日龄长爪沙鼠对EV-A71和CVA16均敏感[62–63],Yao P P等[27]用长爪沙鼠完成了EV-A71灭活疫苗的免疫原性和免疫保护效果评价,同时Sun Y S等[29,63]用长爪沙鼠不仅完成了CVA16灭活疫苗的免疫原性和免疫效果评价,还进行了细胞免疫研究,结合14日龄长爪沙鼠对CVA10病毒完全敏感,提示长爪沙鼠可应用于手足口病多价疫苗的研制。同时通过敲入肠道病毒受体如SCARB2等增加基因修饰小鼠对手足口病相关肠道病毒的敏感性,虽然构建模型成本相对较高,但建模完成后亦可以用于手足口病多价疫苗的研制与感染机制的研究。
2016年末EV-A71型手足口病疫苗上市以来,由EV-A71感染所致的手足口病病例显著下降,尤其是重症及死亡病例。有研究表明,EV-A71疫苗对EV-A71感染的重症患者保护率为94.64%,对死亡病例的保护率为95.71%[64]。然而,EV-A71对CVA16、CVA6、CV-A10等血清型并无交叉保护作用。因此,在EV-A71疫苗显著降低EV-A71感染的同时,我国手足口病的病原谱也发生了明显改变,由非EV-A71肠道病毒所致的手足口病在报告病例中所占比例逐年上升[65],尤其是CVA6、CVA10和CVA4等,已成为我国多个地区手足口病的主要病原体[66–68]。同时,不同肠道病毒之间呈现多血清型共同流行、交替优势的新格局。因此,未来手足口病疫苗的研发中,多价疫苗的研制是必然趋势。理想的手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型应对当前多种手足口病相关肠道病毒流行株均敏感,且可规模化应用,这样即可用一种动物同时评价多价疫苗的免疫保护效果,从而推进手足口病多价疫苗的研发进程,对手足口病的防控具有重要意义。同时,理想的手足口病相关肠道病毒感染动物模型应能较好地模拟手足口病患者的临床症状和体内相关免疫特征,从而更好地研究肠道病毒感染与致病机制。当前,类器官因在体外再现人源活体器官或组织的结构和功能而被誉为“临床前模型”。有团队已通过人源肠道类器官模型研究EV-A71病毒的感染和致病机制[67]。因此,通过人源肠道类器官研究手足口病相关肠道病毒也将是重要方向。

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2026年第42卷第9期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149127
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-20
  • 修回日期:2026-02-24
  • 录用日期:2026-04-04
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    1杭州医学院公共卫生学院,杭州 310053
    2浙江全省传染病疫苗与预防控制研究重点实验室 浙江省疾病预防控制中心,杭州 310015

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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