Article(id=1320428923255636436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149089, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760457600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-15, revisedDate=1767974400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-10, acceptedDate=1775232000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-04, onlineDate=1792744387687, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744387687, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744387687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744387687, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320428830876086873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744365662, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792746244140, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320436709859381360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320436709859381361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1148, endPage=1152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320428923452768725, articleId=1320428923255636436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of trace element selenium in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by viral infections: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Infectious diseases have been spreading rapidly across the globe, posing serious impacts on human health and the global economy. At present, the long-term use of antiviral drugs is accompanied by issues such as drug resistance and adverse reactions. Therefore, developing novel antiviral agents is particularly important. Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals. Individuals or animals with low selenium levels are more susceptible to viruses, which can lead to more severe illnesses. In the prevention and treatment of viral infections, selenium exerts antioxidant activity, regulates the immune system, protects the stability of endothelial cells, and participates in the regulation of signaling pathways. The correlation between selenium and infectious diseases has attracted considerable attention. This article reviews the antiviral mechanisms of selenium, new antiviral targets of selenium, and the current methods of selenium supplementation, aiming to provide new ideas and medication approaches for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.

, authors=Yuhui ZENG, Jiali LI, Tianyu ZHOU, Bing ZHU, Yinghua LI, authorsList=Yuhui ZENG, Jiali LI, Tianyu ZHOU, Bing ZHU, Yinghua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yinghua LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LI Yinghua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320428923729592790, articleId=1320428923255636436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=微量元素硒防治病毒感染作用机制研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

感染性疾病在全球迅速蔓延,对人类健康和全球经济产生较大影响。目前的抗病毒药物长期使用后存在耐药性和不良反应,开发新型的抗病毒剂尤为重要。硒是人类和动物体内必不可少的微量元素,硒缺乏的人群或动物更加容易被病毒侵袭,并且这种缺硒状态可能导致病毒的毒力增强。在防治病毒感染方面,硒具有抗氧化、调节免疫系统、保护内皮细胞的稳定性及参与信号通路调控等多种生物学功能。因此,硒与感染性疾病的关系受到越来越多的关注。本文对硒在抗病毒方面的相关机制、硒抗病毒的新靶点作一综述,探讨目前补充硒的方法,旨在为病毒性疾病的预防及治疗提供新的思路和用药途径。

, authors=曾毓慧, 李佳丽, 周天雨, 朱冰, 李英华*, *, authorsList=曾毓慧, 李佳丽, 周天雨, 朱冰, 李英华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李英华, authorNote=

曾毓慧(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:临床病毒学

, correspAuthorsNote=
李英华,E-mail:
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Functions of different selenium proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硒蛋白种类功能
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)[9]GPX1、GPX2、GPX3、GPX4、GPX6清除人类细胞中的脂类氢过氧化物、H2O2、有机氢过氧化物对机体的损伤,
从而减少过氧化物对机体产生氧化应激
硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)[10]TrxR1、TrxR2、TrxR3催化单电子还原,参与氧化还原调节,阻止细胞凋亡
碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶(DIO)[11]DIO1、DIO2、DIO3参与甲状腺激素T3的激活,负责调节甲状腺
甲硫氨酸-R-亚砜还原酶B1 [12]MSRB-1恢复被自由基破坏的蛋白质,抗炎、抗氧化作用
硒蛋白K[13]Selenoprotein K抗氧化,调节钙离子通道,参与免疫调节
硒蛋白M[14]Selenoprotein M促进瘦素受体,参与钙离子信号传导
硒蛋白N[15]Selenoprotein N调节肌浆网钙泵活性
硒蛋白I[16]Selenoprotein I中枢神经关键酶
硒蛋白P[17]Selenoprotein P调节胰腺β细胞功能
硒蛋白S[18]Selenoprotein S修复血管内皮损伤,诱导内质网应激凋亡
硒蛋白W[19]Selenoprotein W免受神经元细胞凋亡
), ArticleFig(id=1320428928104251905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428923255636436, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同硒蛋白功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硒蛋白种类功能
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)[9]GPX1、GPX2、GPX3、GPX4、GPX6清除人类细胞中的脂类氢过氧化物、H2O2、有机氢过氧化物对机体的损伤,
从而减少过氧化物对机体产生氧化应激
硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)[10]TrxR1、TrxR2、TrxR3催化单电子还原,参与氧化还原调节,阻止细胞凋亡
碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶(DIO)[11]DIO1、DIO2、DIO3参与甲状腺激素T3的激活,负责调节甲状腺
甲硫氨酸-R-亚砜还原酶B1 [12]MSRB-1恢复被自由基破坏的蛋白质,抗炎、抗氧化作用
硒蛋白K[13]Selenoprotein K抗氧化,调节钙离子通道,参与免疫调节
硒蛋白M[14]Selenoprotein M促进瘦素受体,参与钙离子信号传导
硒蛋白N[15]Selenoprotein N调节肌浆网钙泵活性
硒蛋白I[16]Selenoprotein I中枢神经关键酶
硒蛋白P[17]Selenoprotein P调节胰腺β细胞功能
硒蛋白S[18]Selenoprotein S修复血管内皮损伤,诱导内质网应激凋亡
硒蛋白W[19]Selenoprotein W免受神经元细胞凋亡
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微量元素硒防治病毒感染作用机制研究进展
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曾毓慧 , 李佳丽 , 周天雨 , 朱冰 , 李英华 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2026,42(9): 1148-1152
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微量元素硒防治病毒感染作用机制研究进展
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曾毓慧, 李佳丽, 周天雨, 朱冰, 李英华*, *
作者信息
  • 广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心中心实验室,广州 510120
通讯作者:
李英华,E-mail:
作者简介:

曾毓慧(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:临床病毒学

Mechanisms of trace element selenium in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by viral infections: a review
Yuhui ZENG, Jiali LI, Tianyu ZHOU, Bing ZHU, Yinghua LI
Affiliations
  • Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LI Yinghua, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149089
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感染性疾病在全球迅速蔓延,对人类健康和全球经济产生较大影响。目前的抗病毒药物长期使用后存在耐药性和不良反应,开发新型的抗病毒剂尤为重要。硒是人类和动物体内必不可少的微量元素,硒缺乏的人群或动物更加容易被病毒侵袭,并且这种缺硒状态可能导致病毒的毒力增强。在防治病毒感染方面,硒具有抗氧化、调节免疫系统、保护内皮细胞的稳定性及参与信号通路调控等多种生物学功能。因此,硒与感染性疾病的关系受到越来越多的关注。本文对硒在抗病毒方面的相关机制、硒抗病毒的新靶点作一综述,探讨目前补充硒的方法,旨在为病毒性疾病的预防及治疗提供新的思路和用药途径。

病毒感染  /  感染性疾病  /  微量元素  /  硒  /  抗氧化  /  免疫

Infectious diseases have been spreading rapidly across the globe, posing serious impacts on human health and the global economy. At present, the long-term use of antiviral drugs is accompanied by issues such as drug resistance and adverse reactions. Therefore, developing novel antiviral agents is particularly important. Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals. Individuals or animals with low selenium levels are more susceptible to viruses, which can lead to more severe illnesses. In the prevention and treatment of viral infections, selenium exerts antioxidant activity, regulates the immune system, protects the stability of endothelial cells, and participates in the regulation of signaling pathways. The correlation between selenium and infectious diseases has attracted considerable attention. This article reviews the antiviral mechanisms of selenium, new antiviral targets of selenium, and the current methods of selenium supplementation, aiming to provide new ideas and medication approaches for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.

viral infection  /  infectious diseases  /  trace element  /  selenium  /  antioxidant activity  /  immunity
曾毓慧, 李佳丽, 周天雨, 朱冰, 李英华. 微量元素硒防治病毒感染作用机制研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (9) : 1148 -1152 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149089
Yuhui ZENG, Jiali LI, Tianyu ZHOU, Bing ZHU, Yinghua LI. Mechanisms of trace element selenium in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by viral infections: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (9) : 1148 -1152 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149089
硒是维持人体健康不可缺少的微量元素,在抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化、增强机体免疫力方面发挥着重要作用。1957年食物中的硒被证实可以预防大鼠的肝坏死[1],后又发现硒是人和动物体内必需的元素[2]。硒主要有无机硒和有机硒2种存在形式,无机硒主要通过土壤在植物中积累,包括硒酸盐、亚硒酸盐以及单质硒;有机硒主要包括硒代蛋氨酸和硒代半胱氨酸[3]。体内硒主要以硒蛋白的形式存在,所有硒蛋白的活性中心均含有硒代半胱氨酸,并由复杂的过程合成[4]。与无机硒比较,具有易吸收、高活性、安全等优点。硒的存在能够保护肝脏和心血管器官,硒的缺乏与自身免疫病、糖尿病、心血管疾病、肿瘤的发生发展都有着密切的联系[5]。此外,硒在抗病毒感染方面也有重要作用,硒的某些生物学功能与抵抗病毒的感染密不可分。如今病毒感染性疾病对人类健康造成了严重威胁,临床上应用的抗病毒药物多数存在耐药性。因此,开发新型的抗病毒剂迫在眉睫。本文对近年来关于硒在抗病毒方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为病毒的预防和治疗提供新的参考依据。
硒以硒代半胱氨酸、硒代蛋氨酸、硒代甲基半胱氨酸、二甲基硒化物等形式存在于生物系统中,这些形式的硒最终都会转化为硒代半胱氨酸整合在酶中,编码成硒蛋白发挥多种生物学功能[6]。大部分的微量元素是以辅因子的形式通过翻译后修饰与蛋白质配位结合,而硒则不同,它是作为第21种氨基酸——硒代半胱氨酸,直接掺入蛋白质肽链骨架。细胞内硒蛋白的合成需要专门的蛋白质、转运RNA(transfer RNA, tRNA)、含有特殊结构元件的信使RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)。通常情况下,尿嘧啶–鸟嘌呤–腺嘌呤(uracil-guanine-adenine, UGA)密码子是停止蛋白质合成的信号。只有当翻译的mRNA存在硒代半胱氨酸插入序列元件时,UGA才编码为硒代半胱氨酸。当核糖体识别UGA时,这些元件相互协调作用,将硒代半胱氨酸共翻译插入新生硒蛋白多肽链中[7]。硒的生物学功能主要通过含有硒代半胱氨酸残基的硒蛋白发挥作用。
人类基因组中有25个硒蛋白基因,小鼠基因组中有24个硒蛋白基因[8]。某些硒蛋白基因在抗氧化作用、细胞信号转导、氧化还原稳态以及对病毒感染的免疫等方面具有重要的细胞学功能。例如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPX)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase, TrxR)参与维持细胞氧化还原稳态和调节多种细胞氧化还原信号途径[9–10]。碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶(iodothyronine deiodinase, DIO)参与活性甲状腺激素T3的产生,负责调节代谢过程[11]。
宿主细胞内硒的含量与病毒性感染疾病的发生率和死亡率有关。研究表明,足够的血硒水平稳定在90~125 μg/L。但当血硒水平在70~100 μg/L时,人体处于硒水平欠佳状态。当硒水平<70 μg/L时,人体处于硒缺乏状态[20]。硒缺乏状态与一些病毒的发生发展、复制能力及病程进展密切相关,它既可能是感染性疾病的病因,也可能会在疾病发生过程中导致疾病恶化。机体缺硒时,会导致病毒的易感性增强。例如,与正常硒水平的小鼠相比,缺硒的小鼠在感染柯萨奇病毒之后心肌病的发生率明显增高[21]。在人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)感染的患者中,较低的硒水平会导致艾滋病的进展较快以及死亡的风险增加20%[22]。据流行病学资料统计,中国不同地区新型冠状病毒感染(corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19)的死亡率不同,土壤硒含量较低,可能导致当地居民硒摄入量不足,因而死亡率最高[23]。而恩施市和宜昌市等人体硒摄入水平较高的地区,死亡率则最低[24]。缺硒不仅会影响机体对病毒的抵抗力,还会影响病毒本身,导致病毒的复制能力增强,从而增加疾病的发生率和死亡率。
氧化应激是指当机体内细胞氧化还原状态发生失衡时,过氧化物的活性过高,自由基如活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)会在体内过度累积,导致重要的抗氧化防御功能受损,病毒更易复制且毒性增强,使包括内质网和线粒体在内的多种细胞器结构和功能异常,进而造成细胞损伤,出现相应的疾病[25]。硒是GPX和TrxR等多种抗氧化硒蛋白酶的重要组成部分,在对抗ROS引起的氧化应激中起着直接或间接的作用[26]。硒作为GPX的活性中心,能够通过GPX将过氧化物(ROS, H2O2)直接分解为羟基化合物,清除体内沉积的自由基,防止高温下脂质在形成的过程中氧化而形成过氧化物,从而降低氧化应激的发生。硒还可以通过激活超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)清除体内自由基以达到抗氧化的作用。此外,硒还能够通过核因子E2相关因子2/抗氧化反应原件(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element, Nrf2/ARE)信号通路间接激活这些抗氧化酶和抗氧化基因的表达。低硒状态下抗氧化剂减少,机体发生氧化应激,可能会导致病毒基因组突变,使低毒性的病毒向高毒性病毒转化。Beck M A等[27]研究显示,宿主硒缺乏会促进流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因中的基因组快速进化。而在中国青海省和湖北省等缺硒地区发现,聚合酶碱性蛋白2(polymerase basic 2, PB2)亚基中带有E627K突变的致病性甲型H5N1流感病毒,表明流感病毒存在硒诱发强制突变的可能性[28]。同样地,硒缺乏不仅能增加流感病毒的毒性,也能使柯萨奇病毒的基因组发生变化,使无毒的柯萨奇B3病毒由于基因突变而恢复到毒性基因型,使病毒更具毒性[29]。因此,宿主体内的硒水平可能会影响细胞的氧化还原平衡,导致病毒基因的突变,使病毒具有更高的毒性。
免疫系统在维护机体免受病毒感染方面发挥重要作用。研究表明,硒的缺乏会影响机体的先天性免疫和获得性免疫对感染的反应[30]。先天性免疫是对机体受到感染发生的快速反应。参与先天性免疫的细胞包括自然杀伤细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞和树突壮细胞等。在先天性免疫中,硒会影响吞噬细胞的杀伤活性和中性粒细胞的趋化性移动能力[31]。在获得性免疫中,硒可以调节T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的活性,刺激其对丝裂原的适当增殖来产生适应性免疫反应,并通过提高巨噬细胞的侵袭吞噬能力以及促进免疫球蛋白的合成来增强生物体的免疫系统[32]。硒不仅可以促进B淋巴细胞产生抗体,还可通过增加CD4 + T细胞的数量,减少CD8+ T细胞的数量来提高免疫反应指数(Th/Tc),从而恢复免疫稳态[33]。HIV特异性地攻击和破坏人体CD4+ T细胞,导致免疫系统逐渐受损,最终导致艾滋病发生[34]。多个硒蛋白基因(GPX1、GPX2、GPX4、TXNRD1、TXNRD2)等在HIV感染者体内表达下调,参与调控机体的免疫功能。当机体感染HIV时,CD4+ T淋巴细胞急剧下降,补硒可以间接地改善CD4+ T细胞的数量,有益于延缓感染早期HIV的进展[35]。此外,硒还对细胞因子起到促进作用,能够活化白介素、干扰素、集落刺激因子等细胞因子,调节免疫和修复组织损伤。细胞因子水平的降低造成的炎症因子风暴会增加COVID-19感染的概率,白介素–6(interleukin-6, IL-6)和白介素–8与病毒感染的预后有紧密联系[36]。因此,通过补充硒,增强免疫细胞的增殖和细胞因子的活化,提高抵抗病毒感染的能力,对预防病毒感染和缓解病毒感染引起的症状有积极意义。
硒参与调节病毒感染的相关信号通路分子的表达,包括免疫信号通路和凋亡信号通路。免疫信号通路是指免疫系统识别和响应外来入侵的信号传导的过程。硒可以通过抑制核因子kappa B(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)转录因子的活化和激活核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NRF2)信号通路,减少机体的氧化损伤和炎症反应防止细胞因子风暴,从而降低呼吸道病毒感染的风险[37]。Lv L等[38]发现,硒蛋白K能够选择性地促进环磷酸鸟苷–腺苷合成酶–干扰素基因刺激因子(cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of inter-feron genes, cGAS-STING)信号通路,cGAS识别病毒DNA后促进环鸟苷酸–腺苷酸(cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP)的生成,从而引起STING的激活,诱导产生干扰素和干扰素刺激基因来增强宿主的抗疱疹病毒固有免疫反应。细胞凋亡是一种基因控制的细胞自主的程序性死亡方式,涉及多种信号传导及代谢途径。亚硒酸钠可以通过ROS介导的AKT丝氨酸激酶(AKT serine kinase, AKT)、肿瘤蛋白p53(tumor protein p53, p53)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路抑制甲型H1N1流感病毒诱导的细胞凋亡[39]。此外,亚硒酸钠还可能激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶–AKT丝氨酸激酶–哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT serine kinase- mechanistic target of rapamycin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR)通路抵抗病毒感染,可以促进树突状细胞产生干扰素,抑制吞噬细胞的凋亡,从而有效地吞噬被病毒感染的细胞,降低病毒的产量[40]。Lin Z F等[41]研究认为,由靶向肠道病毒71(enterovirus 71, EV-71)型基因的小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA, siRNA)和硒纳米粒子组成的纳米复合物可以通过B淋巴细胞瘤–2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bax)蛋白信号通路有效地阻止EV71病毒诱导的人神经母细胞瘤(SK-N-SH)细胞凋亡,增强细胞的活力,防止病毒感染。
席卷全球的COVID-19不仅会导致呼吸道严重病变,还会因血液凝固过度和血小板减少导致血管疾病。血栓烷A2(thromboxane A2, TXA2)的形成是血小板活化和聚集的关键因素。亚硒酸钠能够通过减少TXA2防止血液凝固和血栓的形成,从而起到抗血小板聚集的作用,这对缓解COVID-19的症状有重要意义[42]。有研究表明,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)可能会直接感染各器官组织的内皮细胞诱发内皮炎。补硒可以通过增强抗氧化酶的合成来提高硒蛋白介导的内皮细胞保护作用,内皮依赖性NO合成增多,造成血小板活化减弱,保护内皮细胞的完整性[43]。因此硒在维护内皮稳态、防止内皮炎和抗聚集方面起着重要的作用,可以降低COVID-19的死亡率。
硒能够通过干扰病毒合成的关键酶,从而抑制病毒的复制,降低病毒的感染率。如阿比多尔修饰的纳米硒可降低神经氨酸酶的活性,阻断H1N1流感病毒对细胞的吸附,减少病毒与其受体的结合能力,降低病毒侵入呼吸道细胞的风险[44]。纳米硒还能有效减弱EV-71诱导的半胱天冬酶–3、半胱天冬酶–8和半胱天冬酶9的活化,抑制EV-71诱导的非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)细胞凋亡[45]。木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(PLpro)和主蛋白酶(M pro/3CLPro)是COVID-19发病机制中的关键酶。PLpro通过在人体细胞中组装新的病毒颗粒来帮助病毒复制,同时还会削弱抗病毒的免疫反应[46]。M pro介导SARS-CoV-2在宿主中的复制和转录。宿主细胞的核糖体能够直接翻译病毒RNA,生成多蛋白(如pp1a和pp1ab),这些多蛋白随后会被病毒自身的PLpro和Mpro切割成功能性非结构蛋白。有机硒化合物依布硒林已被确认为是PLpro和M pro的有效抑制剂,与它们进行牢固、不可逆的结合,穿透细胞膜去攻击病毒,使病毒体失活[47]。同时它还能强烈抑制SARS-CoV-2的M pro酶的活性,抑制其生命周期,抑制病毒的复制[48]。综上所述,或许可以通过硒能够抑制病毒合成时的关键酶,寻找新的抗病毒靶点。
人体硒缺乏通常是由于食物中硒含量不足或生存于缺硒的环境当中。值得注意的是,不同食物中硒的日摄入比例各不相同。据研究统计,我国七类地区老年人的硒元素日均摄入量均未达到国家推荐摄入量[49]。由于地区因素,人类普遍存在硒缺乏的现象。因此,补充硒的重要性日益受到关注。考虑到不同个体之间对硒的需求和利用存在差异,世界卫生组织建议男性每日的硒摄入量约为34 μg,女性每日的硒摄入量约为26 μg[50]。硒这种营养元素可以通过给植物、动物和微生物补充硒的方式间接补充到人体,或者直接通过含维生素和硒元素的补充剂摄取。硒补充剂可以分为有机硒和无机硒两大类,单一的含硒化合物可以直接制成片剂和胶囊。有实验研究证明,依布硒作为小分子有机硒化合物,能够通过降低活性氧等方式有效抑制H3N2流感病毒的复制[51]。通过膳食补充硒是硒进入人体最常见的途径。而食物中的硒含量又是由农作物的硒含量和存在方式所决定的[52]。因此,通过施加富硒肥料和微生物发酵高硒等方式能够实现硒的生物强化,可以有效地提高农作物的硒含量,从而提高食物中的硒含量。传统的施加富硒肥料的方式在大规模应用中成本昂贵。因此,研究更加低廉且长期使用的富硒肥料已提上日程。研究人员发现,假单胞菌、丛枝菌根真菌、根内生真菌等微生物可以影响植物的微生物群以促进宿主植物对硒的吸收,将无机硒转化为具有高营养价值的有机硒[53]。这种微生物转化硒的方法与传统的化学方法相比,既能降低毒性又能提高吸收剂量。但是微生物发酵的有机硒存在保存稳定性差、抗病毒作用弱、细胞摄取率低等问题。因此,纳米硒逐渐代替传统的无机硒与有机硒在病毒防治方面成为热门话题。硒纳米颗粒和含硒涂层因其多功能性和成本价格低而成为具有重大潜力的抗病毒药物。Su J Y等[54]的研究表明,硒纳米颗粒可以缓解H1N1流感病毒引起的小鼠肺部炎症反应和组织细胞凋亡。另一项实验结果也显示,香菇多糖修饰的硒纳米颗粒在体内和体外均表现出低毒性和优异的抗人腺病毒(human adenovirus, HAdV)活性,并且比单独使用硒纳米颗粒的效果更好[55]。当硒纳米颗粒与金刚烷、奥司他韦、利巴韦林等抗病毒药物协同使用时,其抗H1N1流感病毒感染的效果比单独用药得到了进一步提高,同时还降低了药物所产生的不良反应。在近期的一项研究中,研究人员成功地将新型硒纳米颗粒用于装饰聚酯织物以获得其抗病毒的特性,最终检测其抗SARS-CoV-2病毒的效率为87.5%[56]。这为今后开发含硒涂层的口罩、防护服等防护用品提供了实验依据。
硒在防止病毒感染中发挥着不可或缺的作用。硒可通过转化为硒酶的形式发挥抗氧化和增强机体免疫系统的作用,抑制病毒的复制和感染,阻止病毒的突变。硒还能够调节病毒合成的相关信号通路分子及相关酶,起到抗炎症、调节人体免疫环境、阻止细胞凋亡和病毒附着细胞以及调控生命周期的重要作用。随着人们对硒抗病毒感染机制的深入研究发现,硒无法在人体内合成,需要通过从外界摄取以获得充足的硒源,安全高效的富硒补充剂、富硒药物及富硒保健品得到了广泛开发。目前,临床实践中的抗病毒药物往往存在耐药性等问题,纳米硒这一新型硒补充剂在病毒防治方面展示出巨大的前景,或许可以为克服耐药性提供新思路。但是仍然需要全面考虑硒的毒性及副作用,进一步探讨含硒化合物的作用靶点及其抗病毒机制。随着纳米硒研制的快速发展,在未来的研究中还需要考虑纳米材料的生物相容性,是否会对人体内环境造成损害,开发更加有效的硒补充剂,为促进全球公共卫生事业发展和人群健康保障提供指导。

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2026年第42卷第9期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149089
  • 接收时间:2025-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-15
  • 修回日期:2026-01-10
  • 录用日期:2026-04-04
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    广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心中心实验室,广州 510120

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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