Article(id=1320427724661969833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148968, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=1766332800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-22, acceptedDate=1776700800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-21, onlineDate=1792744101920, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744101920, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744101920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744101920, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320427658937225679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744086250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792747993375, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=972, endPage=978, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320427724867490730, articleId=1320427724661969833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Trends in hepatitis E incidence and age-period-cohort analysis in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020: an analysis based on the China Public Health Science Data Center, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the age-period-cohort characteristics of hepatitis E incidence in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020, thereby providing support for the formulation of prevention and control measures.

Methods

Data on the incidence of hepatitis E among individuals aged 15 and above in the Yangtze River Delta region, covering four provinces/municipality from 2005 to 2020, were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze the trend of hepatitis E incidence. The Bayesian age-period-cohort effect model was employed to analyze the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect of hepatitis E incidence.

Results

From 2005 to 2020, a total of 112 348 cases of hepatitis E aged 15 and above were reported in the Yangtze River Delta region, with an average age-standardized incidence rate of 3.393 cases per 100 000 individuals. The Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the age-standardized incidence rate of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020 initially rose (from 2005 to 2011, with an average annual percent change of 6.419%, P < 0.05) and then declined with fluctuations. The incidence trends in Anhui province, Jiangsu province, and Zhejiang province were consistent with the overall trend, while that in Shanghai remained steady with fluctuations. Bayesian age-period-cohort model analysis showed that in terms of age effect, the hepatitis E incidence rates in different provinces/municipality of the Yangtze River Delta region exhibited a consistent upward trend among people aged 15–74 years. With the increase in age after 70–74 years old, the incidence rate continued to rise in Anhui province and Shanghai, decreased in Jiangsu province, and remained steady in Zhejiang province. The trend of disease risk from 2005 to 2011 was consistent in Jiangsu province (rising from 0.74 to 1.21), Zhejiang province (rising from 0.84 to 1.07), and Anhui province (rising from 0.61 to 1.44), all showing an upward trend, while from 2011 to 2020, the trend declined, dropping to 0.79, 0.83, and 0.69, respectively. In Shanghai, the RR values from 2005 to 2013, 2014 to 2017, and 2018 to 2020 showed a decline (from 1.22 to 0.76), an increase (rising to 1.32), and then a decline again (down to 0.89). In terms of cohort effect, the overall risk of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region showed an increasing trend in the birth cohorts from 1918 to 1960 (overall RR value rising from 0.35 to 1.66). After 1960, Jiangsu province experienced the most significant decrease (RR value dropped from 1.51 to 0.17).

Conclusion

The hepatitis E incidence shows different trends among different provinces/municipality in the Yangtze River Delta region, generally exhibiting a fluctuating trend. Nevertheless, it remains necessary to strengthen health education and monitoring efforts for the elderly population aged 70–74 and above.

, authors=Yun YE1, Fei LUO1, Yan LIU1, Yan XIE1, Yihui ZHENG1, Kaiyun CHEN2, Yongchun HOU1, authorsList=Yun YE, Fei LUO, Yan LIU, Yan XIE, Yihui ZHENG, Kaiyun CHEN, Yongchun HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongchun HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HOU Yongchun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320427727497319347, articleId=1320427724661969833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2005—2020年长三角地区戊肝发病趋势及年龄—时期—队列:基于中国公共卫生科学数据库分析, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2005—2020年长三角地区戊型肝炎(戊肝)发病情况的年龄—时期—队列特征,为防控措施的制定提供支撑。

方法

从中国公共卫生科学数据中心获取2005—2020年长三角四省(直辖市)15岁及以上人群的戊肝发病数据。采用Joinpoint回归模型分析发病趋势,以贝叶斯年龄—时期—队列效应模型分析戊肝发病的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。

结果

2005—2020年长三角地区共报告112 348例15岁及以上的戊肝病例,平均标化发病率为3.393/10万。Joinpoint回归模型分析显示,2005—2020年长三角地区戊肝标化发病率呈先上升(2005—2011年,APC=6.419%,P<0.05)、后波动下降趋势,其中安徽省、江苏省、浙江省发病趋势与总体一致,上海市则相对平稳波动。贝叶斯年龄—时期—队列模型分析显示,年龄效应中长三角地区不同省/市戊肝发病率在15~74岁年龄组趋势一致,均呈现上升趋势;70~74岁年龄组之后,安徽省、上海市戊肝发病率随年龄增加而上升、江苏省下降、浙江省相对平稳。时期效应中除上海市,2005—2011年江苏省(0.74升至1.21)、浙江省(0.84升至1.07)、安徽省(0.61升至1.44)发病风险趋势一致,均呈现上升趋势,2011—2020则呈下降趋势,分别降至0.79、0.83和0.69;上海市在2005—2013年、2014—2017年和2018—2020年的RR值变化趋势为先下降(1.22降至0.76)、再上升(升至1.32)、再下降(降至0.89)。队列效应中长三角地区戊肝总体发病风险在出生队列1918—1960年呈现上升趋势(总体RR值从0.35上升为1.66);在1960年之后,江苏省(RR值从1.51降为0.17)下降最为明显。

结论

长三角地区不同省/市戊肝发病趋势存在一定差异,整体呈波动变化趋势,但仍然需加强70~74岁年龄组以上老年人的健康教育及监测检测。

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叶云(1995—),硕士,医师,研究方向:慢性传染病流行病学

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后永春,E-mail:
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叶云(1995—),硕士,医师,研究方向:慢性传染病流行病学

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The Lancet, 2024, 403(10429): 813-823., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427736947085329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家卫生计生委, 国家发展改革委, 教育部, 等. 中国病毒性肝炎防治规划(2017—2020年)[J]. 中国病毒病杂志, 2018, 8(1): 1-5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320427727707034548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320427727715423157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, companyId=1320427727707034548, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shanghai 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figureFileSmall=lojqXHTZg6euQfay/i4CGQ==, figureFileBig=auUqwKGkGKtZhG3hLUPGPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320427732849251313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Joinpoint regression analysis of changes in age-standardized incidence of hepatitis E among people aged 15 and above in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
省份发病数/
例
平均标化发
病率/(1/10万)
AAPC/%区段1区段2区段3
年份APC/%年份APC/%年份APC/%
长三角地区112 3483.3930.6912005—20116.4192011—2020−2.956——
(−1.969~3.422)(0.367~12.837)(−5.956~0.139)
安徽省23 0382.8193.5942005—2011 18.2222011—2020−5.138——
(0.041~7.274)(8.980~28.248)(−8.526~−1.624)
江苏省48 8934.292−0.6832005—20118.1012011—2020−6.139——
(−3.615~2.337)(1.316~15.340)(−9.434~−2.725)
浙江省30 5193.694−0.6742005—20114.1172011—2020−3.745——
(−3.394~2.123)(−1.911~10.516)(−6.913~−0.469)
上海市9 8982.768−0.8252005—2013−3.8012013—201815.0602018—2020−22.727
(−7.641~6.494)(−8.657~1.314)(−0.699~33.319)(−51.464~23.024)
), ArticleFig(id=1320427732937331698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2005—2020年长三角地区15岁及以上人群戊肝标化发病率变化的Joinpoint回归模型分析(95%CI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
省份发病数/
例
平均标化发
病率/(1/10万)
AAPC/%区段1区段2区段3
年份APC/%年份APC/%年份APC/%
长三角地区112 3483.3930.6912005—20116.4192011—2020−2.956——
(−1.969~3.422)(0.367~12.837)(−5.956~0.139)
安徽省23 0382.8193.5942005—2011 18.2222011—2020−5.138——
(0.041~7.274)(8.980~28.248)(−8.526~−1.624)
江苏省48 8934.292−0.6832005—20118.1012011—2020−6.139——
(−3.615~2.337)(1.316~15.340)(−9.434~−2.725)
浙江省30 5193.694−0.6742005—20114.1172011—2020−3.745——
(−3.394~2.123)(−1.911~10.516)(−6.913~−0.469)
上海市9 8982.768−0.8252005—2013−3.8012013—201815.0602018—2020−22.727
(−7.641~6.494)(−8.657~1.314)(−0.699~33.319)(−51.464~23.024)
), ArticleFig(id=1320427733004440563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Age-period-cohort model fitting of hepatitis E incidence among people aged 15 and above in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区模型AIC偏差自由度P值
长三角地区年龄795.30762.333
漂移795.02660.02910.129
年龄—队列781.90744.2443<0.001
年龄—时期791.78150.83430.002
年龄—漂移795.02660.02930.027
年龄—时期—队列779.57935.93730.040
安徽省年龄786.997122.079
漂移776.555109.5251<0.001
年龄—队列768.22694.1053<0.001
年龄—时期739.95968.34930.004
年龄—漂移776.555109.5253<0.001
年龄—时期—队列734.13455.2153<0.001
江苏省年龄863.29793.323
漂移864.97092.93710.534
年龄—队列848.22272.5353<0.001
年龄—时期844.21166.4423<0.001
年龄—漂移864.97092.9373<0.001
年龄—时期—队列829.46948.0453<0.001
浙江省年龄830.35075.967
漂移832.25175.86710.751
年龄—队列825.49363.94330.008
年龄—时期830.68268.14530.011
年龄—漂移832.25175.86730.052
年龄—时期—队列824.81957.07130.076
上海市年龄817.285129.547
漂移802.621111.6611<0.001
年龄—队列787.25992.0823<0.001
年龄—时期789.23790.7253<0.001
年龄—漂移802.621111.6613<0.001
年龄—时期—队列773.80971.0663<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320427733109298164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427724661969833, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2005—2020年长三角地区15岁及以上人群戊肝发病率的APC模型拟合情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区模型AIC偏差自由度P值
长三角地区年龄795.30762.333
漂移795.02660.02910.129
年龄—队列781.90744.2443<0.001
年龄—时期791.78150.83430.002
年龄—漂移795.02660.02930.027
年龄—时期—队列779.57935.93730.040
安徽省年龄786.997122.079
漂移776.555109.5251<0.001
年龄—队列768.22694.1053<0.001
年龄—时期739.95968.34930.004
年龄—漂移776.555109.5253<0.001
年龄—时期—队列734.13455.2153<0.001
江苏省年龄863.29793.323
漂移864.97092.93710.534
年龄—队列848.22272.5353<0.001
年龄—时期844.21166.4423<0.001
年龄—漂移864.97092.9373<0.001
年龄—时期—队列829.46948.0453<0.001
浙江省年龄830.35075.967
漂移832.25175.86710.751
年龄—队列825.49363.94330.008
年龄—时期830.68268.14530.011
年龄—漂移832.25175.86730.052
年龄—时期—队列824.81957.07130.076
上海市年龄817.285129.547
漂移802.621111.6611<0.001
年龄—队列787.25992.0823<0.001
年龄—时期789.23790.7253<0.001
年龄—漂移802.621111.6613<0.001
年龄—时期—队列773.80971.0663<0.001
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2005—2020年长三角地区戊肝发病趋势及年龄—时期—队列:基于中国公共卫生科学数据库分析
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叶云 1 , 罗飞 1 , 刘艳 1 , 谢言 1 , 郑亦慧 1 , 陈恺韵 2 , 后永春 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(8): 972-978
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (8) : 972 -978
2005—2020年长三角地区戊肝发病趋势及年龄—时期—队列:基于中国公共卫生科学数据库分析
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叶云1, 罗飞1, 刘艳1, 谢言1, 郑亦慧1, 陈恺韵2, 后永春1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1上海市普陀区疾病预防控制中心(上海市普陀区卫生健康监督所),上海 200333
  • 2上海市疾病预防控制中心(上海市预防医学科学院),上海 201107
通讯作者:
后永春,E-mail:
作者简介:

叶云(1995—),硕士,医师,研究方向:慢性传染病流行病学

Trends in hepatitis E incidence and age-period-cohort analysis in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020: an analysis based on the China Public Health Science Data Center
Yun YE1, Fei LUO1, Yan LIU1, Yan XIE1, Yihui ZHENG1, Kaiyun CHEN2, Yongchun HOU1
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Putuo District Health Inspecting Agency), Shanghai, 200333, China
  • 2Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Academy of Preventive Medicine), Shanghai 201107, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HOU Yongchun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148968
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目的

分析2005—2020年长三角地区戊型肝炎(戊肝)发病情况的年龄—时期—队列特征,为防控措施的制定提供支撑。

方法

从中国公共卫生科学数据中心获取2005—2020年长三角四省(直辖市)15岁及以上人群的戊肝发病数据。采用Joinpoint回归模型分析发病趋势,以贝叶斯年龄—时期—队列效应模型分析戊肝发病的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。

结果

2005—2020年长三角地区共报告112 348例15岁及以上的戊肝病例,平均标化发病率为3.393/10万。Joinpoint回归模型分析显示,2005—2020年长三角地区戊肝标化发病率呈先上升(2005—2011年,APC=6.419%,P<0.05)、后波动下降趋势,其中安徽省、江苏省、浙江省发病趋势与总体一致,上海市则相对平稳波动。贝叶斯年龄—时期—队列模型分析显示,年龄效应中长三角地区不同省/市戊肝发病率在15~74岁年龄组趋势一致,均呈现上升趋势;70~74岁年龄组之后,安徽省、上海市戊肝发病率随年龄增加而上升、江苏省下降、浙江省相对平稳。时期效应中除上海市,2005—2011年江苏省(0.74升至1.21)、浙江省(0.84升至1.07)、安徽省(0.61升至1.44)发病风险趋势一致,均呈现上升趋势,2011—2020则呈下降趋势,分别降至0.79、0.83和0.69;上海市在2005—2013年、2014—2017年和2018—2020年的RR值变化趋势为先下降(1.22降至0.76)、再上升(升至1.32)、再下降(降至0.89)。队列效应中长三角地区戊肝总体发病风险在出生队列1918—1960年呈现上升趋势(总体RR值从0.35上升为1.66);在1960年之后,江苏省(RR值从1.51降为0.17)下降最为明显。

结论

长三角地区不同省/市戊肝发病趋势存在一定差异,整体呈波动变化趋势,但仍然需加强70~74岁年龄组以上老年人的健康教育及监测检测。

戊型肝炎(戊肝)  /  Joinpoint回归  /  年龄—时期—队列  /  发病趋势  /  长三角地区
Objective

To analyze the age-period-cohort characteristics of hepatitis E incidence in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020, thereby providing support for the formulation of prevention and control measures.

Methods

Data on the incidence of hepatitis E among individuals aged 15 and above in the Yangtze River Delta region, covering four provinces/municipality from 2005 to 2020, were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze the trend of hepatitis E incidence. The Bayesian age-period-cohort effect model was employed to analyze the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect of hepatitis E incidence.

Results

From 2005 to 2020, a total of 112 348 cases of hepatitis E aged 15 and above were reported in the Yangtze River Delta region, with an average age-standardized incidence rate of 3.393 cases per 100 000 individuals. The Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the age-standardized incidence rate of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020 initially rose (from 2005 to 2011, with an average annual percent change of 6.419%, P < 0.05) and then declined with fluctuations. The incidence trends in Anhui province, Jiangsu province, and Zhejiang province were consistent with the overall trend, while that in Shanghai remained steady with fluctuations. Bayesian age-period-cohort model analysis showed that in terms of age effect, the hepatitis E incidence rates in different provinces/municipality of the Yangtze River Delta region exhibited a consistent upward trend among people aged 15–74 years. With the increase in age after 70–74 years old, the incidence rate continued to rise in Anhui province and Shanghai, decreased in Jiangsu province, and remained steady in Zhejiang province. The trend of disease risk from 2005 to 2011 was consistent in Jiangsu province (rising from 0.74 to 1.21), Zhejiang province (rising from 0.84 to 1.07), and Anhui province (rising from 0.61 to 1.44), all showing an upward trend, while from 2011 to 2020, the trend declined, dropping to 0.79, 0.83, and 0.69, respectively. In Shanghai, the RR values from 2005 to 2013, 2014 to 2017, and 2018 to 2020 showed a decline (from 1.22 to 0.76), an increase (rising to 1.32), and then a decline again (down to 0.89). In terms of cohort effect, the overall risk of hepatitis E in the Yangtze River Delta region showed an increasing trend in the birth cohorts from 1918 to 1960 (overall RR value rising from 0.35 to 1.66). After 1960, Jiangsu province experienced the most significant decrease (RR value dropped from 1.51 to 0.17).

Conclusion

The hepatitis E incidence shows different trends among different provinces/municipality in the Yangtze River Delta region, generally exhibiting a fluctuating trend. Nevertheless, it remains necessary to strengthen health education and monitoring efforts for the elderly population aged 70–74 and above.

hepatitis E  /  Joinpoint regression  /  age-period-cohort  /  incidence trend  /  Yangtze River Delta region
叶云, 罗飞, 刘艳, 谢言, 郑亦慧, 陈恺韵, 后永春. 2005—2020年长三角地区戊肝发病趋势及年龄—时期—队列:基于中国公共卫生科学数据库分析. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (8) : 972 -978 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148968
Yun YE, Fei LUO, Yan LIU, Yan XIE, Yihui ZHENG, Kaiyun CHEN, Yongchun HOU. Trends in hepatitis E incidence and age-period-cohort analysis in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2020: an analysis based on the China Public Health Science Data Center[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (8) : 972 -978 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148968
戊型肝炎(简称“戊肝”)是一种由戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus, HEV)感染引起的人兽共患病,属于急性病毒性肝炎的最常见型别,在全球范围内广泛流行。2021年全球约有1 947万人感染急性HEV,占全球与急性肝炎相关的伤残调整生命年的5.4%,对全球公共卫生造成重大威胁[1]。戊肝好发于中青年,传播具有隐匿性,可通过受污染的饮用水传播,也可以通过人畜共患途径传播[2]。戊肝在免疫力正常的普通人群中一般呈自限性,但妊娠妇女感染HEV后死亡风险约增加7倍,早产、低出生体重、流产等不良妊娠结局风险也显著增加[3]。我国是戊肝高流行国家,而东部沿海地区则是我国高发病聚集区[4–5]。长三角城市群具有经济活跃、开放创新等特点,在我国现代化高质量建设中具有重要的战略地位。此外,江浙沪皖已成为老龄化重点地区,区域经济差距、人口迁移以及长三角一体化策略,不断变化的空间格局和人口流动可能会对人畜共患疾病的传播产生影响[6]。因此,本研究对2005—2020年长三角地区15岁及以上人群戊肝发病情况进行年龄—时期—队列特征分析,为长三角一体化建设背景下戊肝防控措施的制定提供支撑。
收集2005—2020年中国公共卫生科学数据中心平台报告的长三角四省(直辖市)(上海市、江苏省、浙江省、安徽省)的戊肝发病数和发病率数据。本研究戊肝报告病例符合戊肝诊断标准[7]。各省/市同期人口资料来自中国统计年鉴。鉴于15岁以下人群数据缺失,本研究对象为15岁及以上人群;按照第七次全国人口普查年龄构成计算标化发病率。
采用Joinpoint回归分析长三角总体及安徽省、江苏省、浙江省和上海市戊肝发病情况的时间趋势,由Monte Carlo置换检验识别差异有统计学意义的转折点数量、位置和P值,并根据修正贝叶斯信息准则进行最优模型拟合[8]。模型中趋势变化速率用年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)表示每个分段区间的趋势变化、平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC)及其95%CI评估完整时间区段的长期趋势变化。当P>0.05时,变化趋势平稳;当P≤0.05时,AAPC/APC值为正值时,表示上升趋势;AAPC/APC为负值时,表示下降趋势。采用Joinpoint软件进行Joinpoint回归分析,年龄—队列—时期分析采用R软件,所有统计图均通过R软件绘制。所有统计分析为双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
采用贝叶斯年龄—时期—队列效应(bayesian age-period-cohort model, BAPC)分析年龄、时期和出生队列对戊肝发病率的影响。BAPC通过结合先验知识与观测数据生成后验分布,确保参数估计值不会显著偏离相邻时间段的数值,弥补了传统APC模型“共线性”问题[9]。年龄效应反映疾病发病率随生物年龄自然发展的变化,时期效应反映某个时间点影响所有群体发病率的外部环境事件,队列效应反映影响同一年代出生者发病率的风险累积事件。通过残差偏差统计量以及赤池信息准则(AIC)评估模型拟合优度,AIC最低为最佳拟合模型[10]。
2005—2020年,长三角地区四省(直辖市)共报告112 348例15岁及以上的戊肝病例,平均粗发病率3.615/10万、平均标化发病率3.393/10万。戊肝报告病例数由2005年安徽省604例、江苏省2 114例、浙江省1 572例和上海市723例变化为2020年的976例、1 673例、1 244例和510例,总变化率分别为61.6%、−20.9%、−20.9%和−29.5%。
Joinpoint回归根据Monte Carlo置换检验识别出2005—2020年长三角总体、安徽省、江苏省和浙江省戊肝发病情况的转折点位于2011年,上海市的转折点位于2013年和2018年。长三角四省(直辖市)总体第1区段标化发病率呈上升趋势(APC=6.419%,P<0.05)。不同省/市分析发现,2005—2011年安徽省(APC=18.222)、江苏省(APC=8.101)均呈上升趋势(P<0.05);2011—2020年安徽省(APC= −5.138)、江苏省(APC= −6.139)、浙江省(APC= −3.745)均呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。整体趋势显示,安徽省在2005—2020年呈持续上升趋势(AAPC=3.594%,P<0.05)。
与其他模型相比,长三角地区总体(AIC=779.579)、安徽省(AIC=734.134)、江苏省(AIC=829.469)和上海市(AIC=773.809)发病情况的APC模型赤池信息准则(AIC)偏差最小(P<0.05),表明该模型的拟合度最优。
调整时期和队列后,长三角地区四省(直辖市)戊肝发病率在15~74岁年龄组趋势一致,均随年龄增长呈上升趋势,江苏省、浙江省、安徽省和上海市在15~19岁年龄组的发病率分别为3.254/10万、2.986/10万、0.296/10万、0.651/10万;70~74岁年龄组分别上升至5.440/10万、4.190/10万、4.907/10万、5.194/10万;75~79岁、80~84岁和85岁以上年龄组,安徽省(6.053/10万、7.547/10万、9.425/10万)和上海市(6.623/10万、7.926/10万、9.387/10万)戊肝发病率随着年龄增长呈上升趋势,变化率分别为55.7%和41.7%;江苏省(5.031/10万、4.278/10万、3.587/10万)戊肝发病率呈下降趋势,变化率为−28.7%;浙江省(4.195/10万、4.075/10万、3.937/10万)则相对平稳,变化率为−6.2%。
调整年龄和队列效应后,除上海市以外,2005—2011年江苏省(0.74升至1.21)、浙江省(0.84升至1.07)、安徽省(0.61升至1.44)发病风险趋势一致,均呈现上升趋势,2011—2020年则呈下降趋势,分别降至0.79、0.83和0.69;上海市在2005—2013年、2014—2017年和2018—2020年的RR值变化趋势为先下降(1.22降至0.76)、再上升(升至1.32)、再下降(降至0.89)。
调整年龄和时期后,长三角四省(直辖市)戊肝发病率总体变化趋势在出生队列1918—1960年呈现上升趋势(总体RR值从0.35上升为1.66);在1960年之后,江苏省(RR值从1.51降为0.17)下降最为明显。
长三角地区作为我国城市化加速的发达区域,已成为戊肝等肠道传染病的高发地区[11]。本研究中长三角地区戊肝平均标化发病率为3.393/10万,符合东部沿海地区戊肝聚集的流行特征[5]。生猪是我国戊肝病毒的主要宿主,饮用非自来水、摄入受污染的肉类和海产品是戊肝感染的主要危险因素[4]。在迅速发展的国民经济和社会文化推动下,我国居民饮食模式正向西方模式转化。江苏省的研究提示,苏南地区饮食已转变为包含高肉类和海鲜摄入的现代模式[12–13]。浙江省、上海市由于经济发展和地理位置,饮食模式中也多包含海鲜类和肉类食品。2018年中国开始加强对畜禽养殖和水污染等环保政策的落实,另加上非洲猪瘟和新冠病毒感染疫情的影响,中国生猪出栏量大幅下降,居民外出聚餐频次减少,高度集中的医疗资源配置可能导致戊肝诊断、报告延迟,这可能与长三角地区整体戊肝报告病例数呈下降趋势有关。
从长期趋势来看,安徽省是唯一发病率持续上升的省份(AAPC=3.594%,P<0.05),这可能与城市化进展、经济水平[14]及生猪养殖有关。Jiang T B等[15]研究提出,城市化可作为保护因素对人口健康产生促进作用。Zuin M等[16]研究提示,低社会经济水平和卫生条件与高HEV血清阳性率有关。另有研究表明,社会人口学发展指数(socio-demographic Index, SDI)越高,戊肝负担越低[17]。2017年我国(中—高SDI)整体SDI值为0.71,上海市为高SDI(0.82)、江苏省和浙江省是中—高SDI(0.74),安徽省为中等SDI(0.62)[18]。此外,华东地区作为我国生猪养殖主产区,2002—2022年上海市(−77.96%)、浙江省(−50.53%)和江苏省(−23.58%)生猪出栏量总体呈现下降趋势,安徽省(19.03%)生猪出栏量则稳步增加,生猪养殖重心整体呈现“北移现象”。由此可见,安徽省已成为华东地区生猪养殖的主要省份[19]。另外,王阿鑫等[20]研究也提示,安徽省戊肝发病在地区分布上呈“北高南低”,这可能与皖北地区为生猪养殖重地,以及皖北、皖南在饮食行为文化、经济发展程度和环境卫生条件方面存在差异有关,未来可考虑结合相关因素开展进一步研究。安徽省部分区域卫生设施不足、医疗资源匮乏和北方生猪养殖等因素可能造成戊肝发病水平持续上升。因此,强化卫生设施、积极发展经济、加强戊肝监测,将有助于控制戊肝流行。
与其他三省相比,上海市戊肝发病呈现波动变化,这可能与超大城市往往伴随老龄化、人口流动和未被识别的其他特征进而导致更加复杂的戊肝流行态势有关。Yu L J等[21]研究认为,戊肝等人畜共患传染病表现为在省内相邻城市或邻省省会城市之间进行短距离扩散的特征。除猪之外,陕西省一项研究表明,犬、猫及兔等宠物也可能作为宿主感染HEV[22]。随着上海市超快经济的发展,居民外出就餐频次大幅增加是其饮食行为变化的一个突出特征。Zang J J等[23]分析2012—2013年上海市饮食与健康调查研究数据,提示上海市外出就餐者占比已达55.05%,饮食卫生可能与食源性戊肝的散发有关。因此,上海市作为长三角区域人口流动和劳务输入的重要城市,贸易流动、宠物产业、饮食习惯、生活方式等都可能导致戊肝散发疫情出现反复波动。
年龄效应显示,戊肝的发病水平随年龄增长而增加,与既往研究结果一致[24]。老年人群戊肝高发可能与衰老、戊肝自然病程和合并基础病有关。急性戊肝在青壮年或免疫功能正常者中多数表现为无症状或在4~6周内康复,但有研究表明,戊肝感染在免疫功能低下人群中会出现慢性化[25]。HEV-4是我国戊肝感染的主要基因型[4],Takakusagi S等[26]研究提示,HEV-3和HEV-4可能导致老年男性出现严重的急性HEV感染或慢性肝病患者出现肝衰竭。老年群体随着年龄增长,免疫功能往往下降且可能合并糖尿病、高血压、心脏病、肿瘤等多种慢性疾病,如若合并脂肪肝等则更易出现肝损伤和并发症[27]。鉴于合并慢性肝病的老年群体感染HEV后更易出现重症症状,提示未来应在高危人群中侧重饮食习惯和减少生肉接触、疫苗接种等方面的健康宣传教育。
时期效应表明,长三角地区整体呈现“先升后降”趋势(2005—2011年上升,2011—2020年下降),与全国戊肝发病水平的时间序列变化趋势一致[28],这可能与2008年新的戊肝诊断标准、2011年中国落实“十二五”规划和戊肝疫苗上市以及2017年实施肝炎防控政策的变化有关。与《戊型病毒性肝炎诊断标准及处理原则》(GB 17011—1997)依赖双份血清比较抗体阴转阳或滴度动态变化以确诊戊肝相比,《戊型病毒性肝炎诊断标准》(WS 301—2008)将单次血清学检查(抗–HEV IgG和(或)抗–HEV IgM阳性)作为确诊标准,再加上检验技术和试剂盒灵敏度的提升,可能会导致更多的感染者被诊断造成报告病例数有所上升。2011年,全球首个戊肝疫苗在中国上市,相关研究提示,戊肝疫苗接种可提供长达10年的持久保护[29]。2017年中国各地积极落实《中国病毒性肝炎防治规划(2017—2020年)》,推进在高流行地区或重点人群中按照知情同意原则开展戊肝疫苗预防接种工作[30],这些可能是长三角区域整体发病水平在2011年出现转折的原因。
队列效应揭示,1960年之后的出生队列戊肝发病率下降,可能与改革开放后卫生条件改善、经济发展及医疗可及性提高有关[14]。1960年前后,中国大力开展爱国卫生运动,积极“除四害”,推行无害化厕所,整体卫生条件显著改善,有效降低粪—口传播疾病的发生。由此可见,未来持续推动食品清洁与饮用水安全、积极营造卫生宜居的环境,对于遏制戊肝等肠道传染病的传播与流行仍具有重要意义。
本研究仍存在一些局限性。本研究数据来源于中国公共卫生科学数据中心,不排除存在漏报或者因诊断延迟报告时效滞后情况。缺少各省份内不同地区、性别、吸烟、饮酒等协变量可能会对结果的解释产生影响,未来可考虑纳入更多的混杂因素进行综合分析。
综上,长三角地区不同省/市戊肝发病趋势存在一定差异,整体呈波动变化状态,需加强70~74岁年龄组以上老年人的健康教育及监测检测。借助长三角一体化建设机制,未来可考虑融合慢性传染病、慢性非传染性疾病开展多病共防和综合性健康教育活动;加强戊肝疫苗接种,构建主动监测机制,制定人—环境—动物联动的动态防控策略。

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2026年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148968
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-12-22
  • 录用日期:2026-04-21
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    1上海市普陀区疾病预防控制中心(上海市普陀区卫生健康监督所),上海 200333
    2上海市疾病预防控制中心(上海市预防医学科学院),上海 201107

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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