Article(id=1320438061985546420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148900, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=1765036800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-07, acceptedDate=1770393600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineDate=1792746566530, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746566530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746566530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746566530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438006813672182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746553376, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748100383, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=380, endPage=384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438062350450869, articleId=1320438061985546420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=A comparative study on community-based peer support service models for people with severe mental illness, columnId=1320431897281413811, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Peer support as an important approach to mental health recovery has gained increasing global attention in recent years. On the basis of a review of the development of community-based peer support services in the United States and Australia, combined with an examination of local practices in China, this study analyzes the current status and future directions of peer support services in the Chinese context. In the United States, peer support services have been established, forming a professionalized framework that includes training, certification, and career development, with strong policy and insurance support. In Australia, peer support has been widely integrated into community mental health services and has achieved institutionalization and standardization driven by government funding and collaboration with social organizations. China′s peer support services, however, remain at the exploration and promotion stage, with notable gaps in standardized training, professional certification, career pathways, and policy safeguards. Looking ahead, the development of a systematic and multi-stakeholder collaboration framework of community-based peer support services, guided by national policies, is essential for enhancing the professionalism, standardization, and sustainability of services, thereby contributing to the continuous improvement of China’s community-based mental health rehabilitation system.

, authors=Ning MA1, Wufang ZHANG1, Runzi CHEN1, Yunge FAN2, authorsList=Ning MA, Wufang ZHANG, Runzi CHEN, Yunge FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ning MA, Yunge FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
MA Ning, E-mail:
FAN Yunge, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438062673412278, articleId=1320438061985546420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=社区严重精神障碍同伴支持服务模式比较研究, columnId=1320431897449185973, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=公共卫生论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

同伴支持作为精神障碍康复的重要方式,近年来在全球范围内受到广泛关注。本文在梳理美国和澳大利亚社区严重精神障碍同伴支持服务发展经验的基础上,结合中国的本土实践,对我国社区同伴支持服务的现状与发展趋势进行分析。美国已建立了较为完善的同伴支持制度,形成了涵盖培训、认证与职业发展的专业化体系,并获得精神卫生政策和医保的有力支持。澳大利亚则将同伴支持广泛嵌入社区精神卫生服务之中,在政府资助与社会组织协作的推动下实现制度化与规范化发展。相比之下,中国的同伴支持服务仍处于“探索与推广阶段”,在标准化体系建设、职业认证制度、职业发展路径以及政策保障等方面仍显不足。未来应在国家政策的统筹引导下,推动社区同伴支持服务多元主体的协同合作,全面提升服务的专业性、规范性与可持续性,进而推动我国精神障碍社区康复服务体系的持续完善与发展。

, authors=马宁1, *, *, 张五芳1, 陈润滋1, 范云歌2, *, *, authorsList=马宁, 张五芳, 陈润滋, 范云歌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马宁, 范云歌, authorNote=

马宁(1977—),副研究员,副教授,博士,研究方向:社区精神康复、公共精神卫生

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马宁,E-mail:
范云歌,E-mail:
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Comparison of community-based peer support service models for people with severe mental illness in the United States, Australia, and China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较维度美国澳大利亚中国
服务体系融入程度全面纳入精神健康服务体系;
医疗保险报销制度保障其长期运行;
州级政策提供制度支撑。
纳入《第五个国家精神健康与自杀预防计划》;
将同伴工作者作为康复导向服务的重要组成部分,推动同伴工作者岗位建设。
主要依托精神卫生医疗机构、基层医疗
卫生机构、社区康复站点和社会组织试
点开展。
人才队伍建设各州建立“认证同伴专家”制度;
统一培训、考试和继续教育要求,形成清晰职业路径。
设有“精神健康同伴工作四级证书”;
提供全国标准化培训和职业发展支持。
依托项目培训或地方探索进行队伍培养。
服务内容与功能涵盖康复支持、就业指导、社会融入、政策参与、社区动员与权利维护与倡导,服务体系全面、多元且成熟。注重权利倡导与社会参与,强调以康复者为中心的服务理念,涵盖康复指导、权利维护、社会参与,推广跨部门协作。以康复训练、情感陪伴和互助活动为主。
政策与资金保障医疗报销、政府拨款及社会基金共同支持,形成多元化与可持续的财政保障。国家与州政府共同出资,设立专项拨款;社会组织参与项目执行,资金来源稳定。资金来源主要包括公益基金项目和政府购买服务项目。
发展阶段与特点制度化、职业化程度高,已形成成熟的体系和社会认可。制度化路径清晰,注重专业化和协同治理,是全球较成熟的模式之一。处于探索与推广阶段,制度框架和长效机制尚待完善。
), ArticleFig(id=1320438065164828888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438061985546420, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

美国、澳大利亚与中国严重精神障碍社区同伴支持服务模式比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较维度美国澳大利亚中国
服务体系融入程度全面纳入精神健康服务体系;
医疗保险报销制度保障其长期运行;
州级政策提供制度支撑。
纳入《第五个国家精神健康与自杀预防计划》;
将同伴工作者作为康复导向服务的重要组成部分,推动同伴工作者岗位建设。
主要依托精神卫生医疗机构、基层医疗
卫生机构、社区康复站点和社会组织试
点开展。
人才队伍建设各州建立“认证同伴专家”制度;
统一培训、考试和继续教育要求,形成清晰职业路径。
设有“精神健康同伴工作四级证书”;
提供全国标准化培训和职业发展支持。
依托项目培训或地方探索进行队伍培养。
服务内容与功能涵盖康复支持、就业指导、社会融入、政策参与、社区动员与权利维护与倡导,服务体系全面、多元且成熟。注重权利倡导与社会参与,强调以康复者为中心的服务理念,涵盖康复指导、权利维护、社会参与,推广跨部门协作。以康复训练、情感陪伴和互助活动为主。
政策与资金保障医疗报销、政府拨款及社会基金共同支持,形成多元化与可持续的财政保障。国家与州政府共同出资,设立专项拨款;社会组织参与项目执行,资金来源稳定。资金来源主要包括公益基金项目和政府购买服务项目。
发展阶段与特点制度化、职业化程度高,已形成成熟的体系和社会认可。制度化路径清晰,注重专业化和协同治理,是全球较成熟的模式之一。处于探索与推广阶段,制度框架和长效机制尚待完善。
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社区严重精神障碍同伴支持服务模式比较研究
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马宁 1, *, * , 张五芳 1 , 陈润滋 1 , 范云歌 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生论坛 2026,42(3): 380-384
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生论坛 2026 , 42 (3) : 380 -384
社区严重精神障碍同伴支持服务模式比较研究
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马宁1, *, * , 张五芳1, 陈润滋1, 范云歌2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1北京大学第六医院公共卫生事业部 北京大学精神卫生研究所 国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学) 精神心理疾病国家临床医学研究中心(北京大学第六医院),北京 100191
  • 2华南师范大学心理学院,广州 510631
通讯作者:
马宁,E-mail:
范云歌,E-mail:
作者简介:

马宁(1977—),副研究员,副教授,博士,研究方向:社区精神康复、公共精神卫生

A comparative study on community-based peer support service models for people with severe mental illness
Ning MA1 , Wufang ZHANG1, Runzi CHEN1, Yunge FAN2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Public Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
  • 2School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    MA Ning, E-mail:
    FAN Yunge, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148900
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同伴支持作为精神障碍康复的重要方式,近年来在全球范围内受到广泛关注。本文在梳理美国和澳大利亚社区严重精神障碍同伴支持服务发展经验的基础上,结合中国的本土实践,对我国社区同伴支持服务的现状与发展趋势进行分析。美国已建立了较为完善的同伴支持制度,形成了涵盖培训、认证与职业发展的专业化体系,并获得精神卫生政策和医保的有力支持。澳大利亚则将同伴支持广泛嵌入社区精神卫生服务之中,在政府资助与社会组织协作的推动下实现制度化与规范化发展。相比之下,中国的同伴支持服务仍处于“探索与推广阶段”,在标准化体系建设、职业认证制度、职业发展路径以及政策保障等方面仍显不足。未来应在国家政策的统筹引导下,推动社区同伴支持服务多元主体的协同合作,全面提升服务的专业性、规范性与可持续性,进而推动我国精神障碍社区康复服务体系的持续完善与发展。

同伴支持  /  严重精神障碍  /  社区康复

Peer support as an important approach to mental health recovery has gained increasing global attention in recent years. On the basis of a review of the development of community-based peer support services in the United States and Australia, combined with an examination of local practices in China, this study analyzes the current status and future directions of peer support services in the Chinese context. In the United States, peer support services have been established, forming a professionalized framework that includes training, certification, and career development, with strong policy and insurance support. In Australia, peer support has been widely integrated into community mental health services and has achieved institutionalization and standardization driven by government funding and collaboration with social organizations. China′s peer support services, however, remain at the exploration and promotion stage, with notable gaps in standardized training, professional certification, career pathways, and policy safeguards. Looking ahead, the development of a systematic and multi-stakeholder collaboration framework of community-based peer support services, guided by national policies, is essential for enhancing the professionalism, standardization, and sustainability of services, thereby contributing to the continuous improvement of China’s community-based mental health rehabilitation system.

peer support  /  severe mental illness  /  community rehabilitation
马宁, 张五芳, 陈润滋, 范云歌. 社区严重精神障碍同伴支持服务模式比较研究. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (3) : 380 -384 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148900
Ning MA, Wufang ZHANG, Runzi CHEN, Yunge FAN. A comparative study on community-based peer support service models for people with severe mental illness[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (3) : 380 -384 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148900
严重精神障碍(severe mental illness, SMI)通常指精神分裂症、双相情感障碍等具有慢性迁延病程、复发率高且致残率严重的精神障碍[1]。这类患者往往存在社会功能受损、认知障碍、生活自理困难等问题,给家庭与社会带来沉重负担[2]。据世界卫生组织估计,全球精神障碍患者的患病率高达13%[3]。在中国,严重精神障碍患者数量亦非常庞大[4], Huang Y Q等[5]研究显示,我国精神分裂症终身患病率为0.7%,双相情感障碍患病率0.6%。如何帮助该群体实现功能恢复与社会融入,已成为精神卫生服务体系建设的重要议题[6]。在传统的精神卫生服务模式中,治疗与康复往往以医疗机构为中心,强调药物治疗和临床干预。但研究发现,仅依赖药物和医院治疗难以满足严重精神障碍患者多样化的康复需求[7]。严重精神障碍患者不仅需要临床症状的缓解,更需要社会角色的恢复、就业与教育机会的重建,以及自我价值感和社会认同的提升[8- 9]。尤其是在长期病程和社会偏见的双重压力下,患者及其家庭普遍面临孤立、贫困与社会排斥等困境[2]。因此,单纯的医疗模式已难以支撑康复的全流程,推动以社区为基础的综合性支持体系成为国际精神卫生服务改革的趋势[7]。在此背景下,基于社区的严重精神障碍患者的同伴支持(peer support)服务应运而生。对比不同国家的经验,对于完善中国的社区同伴支持体系,提升严重精神障碍患者的康复效果,具有重要的实践价值和政策意义。基于此,本文选择中国、美国和澳大利亚3个代表性国家,对比其在社区同伴支持服务中的政策导向、服务模式、人才培养与保障机制等方面的异同,以期为中国未来的制度设计和实践推广提供经验借鉴。
同伴支持是指由亲身经历精神障碍并已进入康复阶段的个体(常被称为同伴工作者),以平等、互助和经验分享的方式,为其他正在经历康复过程的患者提供情感支持、信息指导和社会联结[10–11]。同伴支持的核心理念在于“以经验赋能”,即已经康复的个体能够凭借自身经验,更好地理解其他患者的处境与感受,从而建立高度的共情与信任关系。与传统由专业人员主导的服务不同,同伴支持强调去专业化的互动与平等关系,突出了患者主体性和自主选择权[12]。
社区同伴支持对严重精神障碍患者的康复具有多重积极作用[13]。首先,它有助于增强患者的希望感与自我效能感。研究发现,与康复者的互动能够显著减少患者的无助感,使其在康复过程中建立积极期待[14]。其次,同伴支持能够改善患者的社会功能与社区融入。通过参与互助小组和社区活动,患者有机会建立新的社会关系网络,减少孤独感和社会排斥[15]。再次,同伴支持有助于减轻疾病污名。由于同伴工作者与患者具有相似的经历,其分享与榜样效应能够帮助患者重新建构自我认同,缓解自我污名和社会污名的负面影响[16]。最后,同伴支持还在一定程度上可以减少复发率和再住院率,降低医疗成本,提升精神卫生服务体系的整体效率[17]。需要强调的是,同伴支持不仅对患者有益,对同伴工作者自身也带来积极意义。参与服务的康复者在帮助他人过程中往往能进一步巩固自我康复,增强职业认同和社会价值感[18]。因此,同伴支持被视为“双向赋能”的过程,既能促进患者的康复,又能促进同伴工作者的社会再融入。
国际上,社区同伴支持已成为严重精神障碍康复服务的重要组成部分。美国、澳大利亚、英国、新加坡、德国、巴西等多个国家和中国香港及中国台湾地区也都在广泛开展同伴支持服务,也是WHO推荐的一种康复服务方法。但各国在推动社区同伴支持服务的过程中,所依赖的制度基础和发展路径存在显著差异。例如德国将同伴支持工作者纳入精神卫生医院领域人力资源规划的职业类别[19];新加坡推出认证同伴专家培训课程和工作试用学徒计划,协助同伴专家实现就业衔接,并成立同伴管理的社会服务机构试点开展“复元学院”项目[20];中国近年来依托政府相关部门购买服务和试点项目开展逐步探索[21],尚缺乏统一的政策与认证体系。
美国是社区同伴支持模式的发源地,其发展可追溯至20世纪50年代的去机构化改革和康复理念兴起时期。当时,一些患者开始自主组织自助小组,反对精神病院的强制治疗与隔离,强调个体权利与自主康复,开启了社区互助的实践探索,为后来的专业化同伴支持服务奠定了社会基础。进入21世纪后,美国在制度层面大力推进同伴支持服务的发展。2007年,美国卫生与公共服务部下属的医疗保险与医疗补助服务中心发布指导意见,首次明确允许同伴支持服务通过医疗补助计划,并将其纳入“循证的精神健康服务模式”。目前,美国已有49个州和华盛顿特区开展了对精神健康同伴工作者的“认证同伴专家”制度与医疗报销机制[22]。“认证同伴专家”是美国在同伴支持服务中一项具有关键意义的制度创新。其运行并非依赖全国统一的强制性标准,而是由各州自主建立和管理,通常由州级精神卫生部门或授权机构负责实施。尽管不同州的具体要求存在差异,但在培训时长(一般为40~80 h)、核心课程(如康复理念、伦理规范、危机干预)以及考试考核等方面,大多数州已形成大体一致的规范。同伴支持服务的形式在美国呈多样化发展态势,不仅涵盖社区康复中心、非营利组织和医疗机构,还积极拓展线上互助平台与移动服务载体。同伴工作者不仅在严重精神障碍的社区康复过程中发挥持续陪伴的作用,还在危机情境中提供及时干预与支持。服务内容方面,同伴支持服务已经扩展至康复陪伴、就业辅导、社会融入、权利倡导、社会动员与政策参与等多个领域,逐步构建起完善的职业发展路径。有研究指出被认证的同伴专家的就业率明显高于其他精神障碍人群,表明职业化路径正在稳步建立[23]。制度保障、认证体系与职业发展路径共同构成了美国同伴支持模式的核心优势。首先,在制度保障方面,美国医疗保险与医疗补助服务中心的政策指引,以及各州医疗补助计划的支持,为严重精神障碍同伴支持服务奠定了坚实的法律与财务基础。其次,在认证体系方面,美国多数州已建立同伴工作者的认证与培训制度,形成了相对统一的培训标准,并能够满足持续教育与专业发展的要求。最后,在职业发展路径方面,认证制度不仅吸引了更多康复者进入该领域,也促进了服务质量的提升与队伍的长期稳定。
在澳大利亚,国家层面对社区同伴支持服务给予高度重视,并将其明确纳入《第五个国家精神健康与自杀预防计划》,提出要设置同伴工作者岗位并将同伴工作者视为提升“高质量的复元导向服务”的关键组成部分。为此,澳大利亚国家精神健康委员会制定了《全国同伴工作者劳动力发展指南》,为各州的服务体系在规划、招聘、培训与纳入同伴工作者作为工作队伍成员方面提供详细路径及支持工具。具体实践方面,各州政府通过财政拨款积极推动同伴工作者的岗位建设。例如,新南威尔士州启动了同伴支持转介项目,由同伴工作者在住院患者出院过渡期提供支持,评估显示该项目在减少28 d内再入院率、提升社区随访及康复体验方面成效显著,并在3年内节约经费达185万澳元[24]。在职业培训与认证层面,澳大利亚广泛采用统一资质机制。其中,“精神健康同伴工作四级证书”已成为同伴工作者从业的主要职业门槛。在维多利亚州,通过“同伴学员计划”,同伴工作者能够一边在社区精神卫生机构参与带薪实习,一边完成证书课程,有望为其在职业路径上取得持续进步提供助力。而在昆士兰州,政府通过“同伴劳动力补助金”提供数百万澳元资金支持,助力同伴工作者队伍在培训、标准化、乡村覆盖与文化群体(如土著社区)中推广。此外,非营利组织也推动了同伴工作者的职业发展战略,其“同伴工作者职业指南”项目为同伴工作者提供早期职业支持、行业协作与实习机会,促进其在社区精神健康领域建立职业网络。各州还持续构建了制度支持框架。如西澳发布了“同伴工作队伍框架”,提供同伴工作者服务的指导资源,包括文化适应指南、组织准备工具、监督培训以及道德招聘标准,助力在精神康复服务体系中将同伴工作者有效纳入工作队伍中,并提升其持续运营能力[25]。总之,澳大利亚在社区同伴支持领域已形成制度化优势。在国家层面的战略规划提供了政策依据,各州政府也通过专项资金和项目推动了岗位建设,标准化的认证体系为同伴工作者确立了职业路径,而跨部门的协作机制则保障了同伴支持服务在不同场景的落地与推广,从而共同推动了同伴支持服务的专业化与可持续发展。
国家层面,《全国精神卫生工作规划(2015—2020 年)》明确提出推动“病重治疗在医院,康复管理在社区”的服务模式。自2013年起,北京大学第六医院/国家精神卫生项目办在北京启动基于社区的严重精神障碍同伴支持服务研究与实践,逐步形成了一套较为规范的技术流程,不仅涵盖同伴工作者的招募、培训、督导与评估环节,还对服务内容提出了具体建议与参考;并开展相关研究,结果显示,社区同伴支持在我国的实施具有可行性和可持续性[26–27]。在此基础上,该模式在我国逐步推广,服务覆盖面不断扩大。至2020年底,同伴支持服务已被正式纳入民政部、国家卫生健康委与中国残联联合发布的《精神障碍社区康复服务工作规范》[28],体现了国家对这一服务的认可与推广意图。实际上,很多参与北京大学第六医院/国家精神卫生项目办社区同伴支持试点项目的省市,亦自行在本辖区进一步推广同伴支持服务,并获得当地行政部门的大力支持,如重庆市卫生健康委、民政局、残联联合印发同伴支持实施方案,在所有的41个区县广泛开展同伴支持服务[29];宁波市将同伴支持服务纳入社会心理服务体系建设试点项目,覆盖全市10个区县及2个功能区[30];北京朝阳区将同伴支持服务作为区残联购买服务项目,在全区16个乡镇开展[31],后作为民政部精神障碍社区康复服务试点项目的主要工作内容,在全区所有乡镇广泛开展。研究表明,该模式能够提升患者的社会支持、社会功能、生活质量、服务满意度与自我效能感,最重要的是能够通过榜样的力量传递希望,帮助患者重建自我认同与社会连接[12,27,31]。目前,中国的社区同伴支持服务仍处于“探索与推广阶段”,行政部门、精神卫生医疗机构、基层居民自治组织与社会组织的协同作用推动了具有中国特色的同伴支持模式的初步建立。未来的发展仍需在此基础上进一步完善制度化体系,包括标准化培训、专业认证制度、职业发展路径以及政策保障等环节,以切实提升服务的专业性、规范性与可持续性。
从服务体系融入程度、人才队伍建设、服务内容和功能,以及政策与资金保障等方面来看,美国和澳大利亚均形成了制度化路径较为清晰、职业化程度高、体系较为完善成熟的服务模式,其同伴支持已成为精神健康服务体系的有机组成部分,是与临床治疗、社会康复并行的重要服务环节。而中国的同伴支持服务仍处于探索和推广阶段,尚未在国家精神卫生政策框架和服务体系中获得明确定位,人才队伍整体规模有限且缺乏统一的认证体系和职业化标准,权利倡导、社会资源链接和政策参与等方面的服务内容不足,缺少长期稳定的经费保障机制,导致服务的持续性和覆盖面受到一定限制。3个国家的不同服务模式比较详见表1。
相较美国、澳大利亚,中国的同伴支持服务仍处于探索阶段,制度化和专业化程度不足,服务的可持续性和社会认可度有待进一步提升。结合国际经验与中国现状,本文提出以下建议。
政策制度是同伴支持服务发展的根本保障。中国未来亟需在国家精神卫生政策文件中明确同伴支持的角色与功能定位,将其视为社区康复和公共精神卫生服务的重要组成部分。同时,应推动建立统一的服务规范和质量评估体系,为不同地区的试点和实践提供可操作的制度框架。这不仅有助于提升社会公众对同伴支持的认知与认可度,也能够推动服务由前期的探索走向常态化和广泛化[32]。
同伴支持的核心在于“以经验赋能”,因此需要建立专业化的人才培养与认证体系。中国应依托高校、精神卫生专业机构、与社区康复机构,探索并建立分级培训体系和统一认证标准,同时结合实习与岗位实践,推动同伴工作者的职业化发展。这不仅有助于保证服务质量,也能够扩大同伴工作者人才队伍规模,增强岗位吸引力。
一方面,应拓展服务内容,涵盖就业辅导、社会网络建立和权益倡导等功能;另一方面,在服务实施路径上要强化多元协作,推动社区、医院、社会组织和家庭形成合力,建立从住院、出院到社区和社会再融入的连续性全流程服务链条。此外,还应关注不同地区的文化差异和社区特点,在本土社会语境下探索具有中国特色的同伴支持模式,以提升服务的适应性和可推广性[33]。
长效机制是同伴支持服务可持续发展的关键。未来,中国应探索将同伴支持逐步纳入公共财政保障和医疗保险体系的路径,为其提供稳定的资金来源。同时,鼓励社会基金、公益组织与社区资源积极参与,构建多元化的资金支持模式。通过建立健全的长效机制,不仅可以提升服务的连续性与覆盖面,还能为同伴支持真正融入国家精神卫生服务体系创造条件。
总体而言,中国的社区同伴支持服务正处于由探索走向制度化的关键阶段。借鉴美国和澳大利亚的经验,中国需要在政策制度、人才培养、服务模式和长效机制等方面持续发力,推动同伴支持的专业化与规范化发展。如此,才能将同伴支持真正嵌入社区精神卫生服务体系,为严重精神障碍患者提供更全面、更持续的康复与社会融入支持。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148900
  • 接收时间:2025-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25
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    1北京大学第六医院公共卫生事业部 北京大学精神卫生研究所 国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学) 精神心理疾病国家临床医学研究中心(北京大学第六医院),北京 100191
    2华南师范大学心理学院,广州 510631

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