Article(id=1320438285705532111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438090615862080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148602, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754409600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-06, revisedDate=1758816000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-26, acceptedDate=1762704000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineDate=1792746619868, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746619868, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746619868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746619868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438090615862080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='385', pageEnd='512', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746573356, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748076043, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444393430040620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438090615862080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444393430040621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438090615862080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=464, endPage=469, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438286070436560, articleId=1320438285705532111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Current situation, challenges, and future prospects of hepatitis B vaccination in China: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is about to enter the decisive five years of the 2030 goal set by the World Health Organization to eliminate hepatitis. As one of the countries with the heaviest burden of hepatitis B virus, China faces self-evident challenges. Hepatitis B vaccination has been scientifically verified as the most powerful weapon to eliminate hepatitis B at present. Since 1992, the hepatitis B vaccination strategy has been implemented and continuously improved in China, achieving remarkable success. Accordingly, significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of hepatitis B in China. However, up to now, China still faces multiple problems to be solved in hepatitis B vaccination, and it is particularly urgent to further improve the hepatitis B vaccination strategy. This review aims to provide a useful reference for the continuous optimization of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China by reviewing the evolution of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China, delving into the current status of vaccination, analyzing the main challenges that still exist, and making an outlook on the future development of hepatitis B vaccination strategies.

, authors=Chengbin SHI1, 2, Jiaxin XIE1, 2, Jiamin QIU1, 2, Xiaoping SHAO3, Fangfang ZENG1, 2, Xiaofeng LIANG1, 2, 3, authorsList=Chengbin SHI, Jiaxin XIE, Jiamin QIU, Xiaoping SHAO, Fangfang ZENG, Xiaofeng LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaofeng LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIANG Xiaofeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438288175977169, articleId=1320438285705532111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国乙肝疫苗接种现状、挑战与未来展望, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

即将步入世界卫生组织设定的2030消除肝炎目标的决胜5年,我国作为乙型肝炎病毒负担最为沉重的国家之一,所面临的挑战不言而喻。乙肝免疫接种已被科学验证为当前消除乙肝的最有力武器。自1992年以来,乙肝的免疫接种策略在我国落地生根并不断完善,取得了令人瞩目的成就,我国的乙肝防控工作也因此取得了长足的进展。然而,时至今日,我国在乙肝免疫接种领域仍面临诸多亟待解决的问题,进一步完善乙肝免疫接种策略显得尤为迫切。本综述旨在通过回顾我国乙肝免疫接种策略的演变历程,深入分析当前免疫接种的现状,剖析当前仍然存在的主要挑战,并对未来乙肝疫苗接种策略的发展方向进行展望,以期能够为我国乙肝疫苗接种策略的持续优化提供有益的参考。

, authors=石程宾1, 2, 谢佳欣1, 2, 邱嘉敏1, 2, 邵晓萍3, 曾芳芳1, 2, 梁晓峰1, 2, 3, *, *, authorsList=石程宾, 谢佳欣, 邱嘉敏, 邵晓萍, 曾芳芳, 梁晓峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁晓峰, authorNote=

石程宾(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生与流行病学

, correspAuthorsNote=
梁晓峰,E-mail:
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中国乙肝疫苗接种现状、挑战与未来展望
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石程宾 1, 2 , 谢佳欣 1, 2 , 邱嘉敏 1, 2 , 邵晓萍 3 , 曾芳芳 1, 2 , 梁晓峰 1, 2, 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2026,42(4): 464-469
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2026 , 42 (4) : 464 -469
中国乙肝疫苗接种现状、挑战与未来展望
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石程宾1, 2, 谢佳欣1, 2, 邱嘉敏1, 2, 邵晓萍3, 曾芳芳1, 2, 梁晓峰1, 2, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院预防医学系/暨南大学疾病预防与控制研究院/暨南大学康泰生物疫苗产业研究院,广州 510632
  • 2暨南大学病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室,广州 510632
  • 3广东省疾病预防控制中心,广州 511430
通讯作者:
梁晓峰,E-mail:
作者简介:

石程宾(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生与流行病学

Current situation, challenges, and future prospects of hepatitis B vaccination in China: a review
Chengbin SHI1, 2, Jiaxin XIE1, 2, Jiamin QIU1, 2, Xiaoping SHAO3, Fangfang ZENG1, 2, Xiaofeng LIANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University/Disease Control and Prevention Institute of Jinan University/Kangtai Biological Vaccine Industry Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 3Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIANG Xiaofeng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148602
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即将步入世界卫生组织设定的2030消除肝炎目标的决胜5年,我国作为乙型肝炎病毒负担最为沉重的国家之一,所面临的挑战不言而喻。乙肝免疫接种已被科学验证为当前消除乙肝的最有力武器。自1992年以来,乙肝的免疫接种策略在我国落地生根并不断完善,取得了令人瞩目的成就,我国的乙肝防控工作也因此取得了长足的进展。然而,时至今日,我国在乙肝免疫接种领域仍面临诸多亟待解决的问题,进一步完善乙肝免疫接种策略显得尤为迫切。本综述旨在通过回顾我国乙肝免疫接种策略的演变历程,深入分析当前免疫接种的现状,剖析当前仍然存在的主要挑战,并对未来乙肝疫苗接种策略的发展方向进行展望,以期能够为我国乙肝疫苗接种策略的持续优化提供有益的参考。

乙型肝炎  /  疫苗  /  接种策略  /  现状分析  /  中国

It is about to enter the decisive five years of the 2030 goal set by the World Health Organization to eliminate hepatitis. As one of the countries with the heaviest burden of hepatitis B virus, China faces self-evident challenges. Hepatitis B vaccination has been scientifically verified as the most powerful weapon to eliminate hepatitis B at present. Since 1992, the hepatitis B vaccination strategy has been implemented and continuously improved in China, achieving remarkable success. Accordingly, significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of hepatitis B in China. However, up to now, China still faces multiple problems to be solved in hepatitis B vaccination, and it is particularly urgent to further improve the hepatitis B vaccination strategy. This review aims to provide a useful reference for the continuous optimization of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China by reviewing the evolution of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China, delving into the current status of vaccination, analyzing the main challenges that still exist, and making an outlook on the future development of hepatitis B vaccination strategies.

hepatitis B  /  vaccine  /  vaccination strategy  /  analysis of current status  /  China
石程宾, 谢佳欣, 邱嘉敏, 邵晓萍, 曾芳芳, 梁晓峰. 中国乙肝疫苗接种现状、挑战与未来展望. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (4) : 464 -469 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148602
Chengbin SHI, Jiaxin XIE, Jiamin QIU, Xiaoping SHAO, Fangfang ZENG, Xiaofeng LIANG. Current situation, challenges, and future prospects of hepatitis B vaccination in China: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (4) : 464 -469 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148602
乙型肝炎的防控在我国面临着极为严峻的挑战。从全球范围来看,在2.58亿慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染者中,我国现存感染者约7500万,占比接近1/3[1–2]。2009—2019年,我国乙肝新发病例在所有病毒性肝炎病例中占比超过八成[3];2020年,肝硬化男性死亡率高达6.65/10万,肝癌年死亡人数约40万,且患者5年生存率仅为12.1%[4–5]。
尽管1990—2019年我国乙肝死亡率大幅下降86.6%,但发病率仅下降48.7%,2020年乙肝诊断率仅为24%、治疗率仅为15%,与世界卫生组织(WHO)2030年目标差距明显[2,6–8]。乙肝疫苗是防控乙肝的核心手段,相关研究显示,接种疫苗的有效率为80%~95%[9],我国新生儿乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)阳性率从1992年的10%降至2014年的不足1%,然而成人接种率较低且区域差异显著[10–11]。当前,乙肝防控存在“三低一高”难题,即筛查、就诊、治疗率低,未治疗感染者存量高。在此形势下,推进疫苗全面覆盖、优化筛查策略、提升治疗可及性,是实现WHO 2030消除目标的关键,本研究对上述问题进行探讨并提供相关数据支撑。
乙肝疫苗的历史可追溯至20世纪70年代。1963年,Baruch Samuel Blumberg博士发现“澳抗”,后被证实即HBsAg[12]。1975年4月,陶其敏教授[13]带领团队突破设备限制,建立血清分离纯化技术体系与简易无菌操作平台,成功研制我国首代血源性乙肝疫苗(“7571疫苗”)。面对国内缺乏疫苗安全性验证体系的困境,她以身试药,通过3个月系统医学监测证实疫苗的安全有效,陶其敏教授因此被誉为“中国乙肝疫苗之母”。经过近10年的研究,国产血源性乙肝疫苗上市,并开始小范围使用,但由于产量有限且成本较高,仅限于经济条件较好的家庭和高危人群使用。
1992年,我国将乙肝疫苗纳入了儿童计划免疫管理,重点接种对象为新生儿,其次是婴幼儿、<15岁尚未接种的人群以及成年人中的高危群体。这一免疫计划遵循0、1、6个月的接种程序,共计接种三剂乙肝疫苗,每剂疫苗剂量为10或20 µg。但由于血源疫苗的原料有限,产量受到极大限制,且仍需个人自费购买疫苗,乙肝疫苗计划免疫的实施困难重重。直到1997年,酵母菌生产的转基因乙肝疫苗技术落地中国,我国投入大量资金,推广乙肝疫苗的免费接种与补种,疫苗的安全性和可及性提高。
2002年,我国正式将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫,新生儿乙肝疫苗接种免费(仅收取接种服务费),确保所有儿童都能接受乙肝疫苗接种,超2亿的儿童受到乙肝疫苗的保护。2005年,原卫生部发布《2006-2010年全国乙型病毒性肝炎防治规划》。规划明确指出,在落实儿童计划免疫的前提下,有计划分步骤开展新生儿以外人群乙肝疫苗预防接种工作[14],并且从这一年开始,新生儿乙肝疫苗接种完全免费。
2009—2011年,国家实施乙肝疫苗“查漏补种”行动,开展<15岁人群乙肝疫苗补种,共补种约6 800万人,该行动作为国家医药卫生体制改革重大公共卫生项目受到了世界卫生组织的肯定。2014年,为进一步推广乙肝疫苗在我国的应用,提高乙肝疫苗的覆盖率,以广东省为代表的多省,针对医务工作人员、血液透析患者、男同性恋者、静脉吸毒者等重点人群进行筛查与补种。2011—2015年,母婴传播阻断项目开展,除继续对新生儿实施“0—1—6月”接种程序,还对孕产妇进行乙肝筛查,对乙肝表面抗原阳性母亲的新生儿免费提供乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immunoglobulin, HBIG)注射,母婴阻断效果良好。
2016年11月,原国家卫生计生委更新调整了我国新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫程序,建议对 HBsAg 阳性母亲所生儿童,在接种第 3 剂乙肝疫苗 1~2 个月后,检测 HBsAg和乙肝表面抗体(hepatitis B surface antibody, HBsAb,又称抗–HBs)。若结果为 HBsAg 阴性且抗–HBs <10 mIU/mL,则按 0、1、6 月免疫程序再接种 3 剂乙肝疫苗[15]。同年,中国—世界卫生组织2016—2017双年度合作项目中期现场交流研讨会提出了乙肝疫苗免疫后血清学检测(post-vaccination aerological test, PVST)策略。2017年,世界卫生组织立场文件指出,PVST并非疫苗接种常规检测,但建议HBsAg阳性母亲所生新生儿在最后一剂疫苗接种1~2个月后进行。此举既能评估母婴阻断效果,又能及时发现疫苗接种失败但未感染乙肝的儿童并为其补种,让更多儿童免受HBV 感染[16]。
2020年,为了更有效地遏制母婴传播,乙型肝炎病毒的母婴传播预防策略(prevention of mother-to-child transmission, PMTCT)应运而生,该策略明确界定了在新生儿出生后24小时内接种乙肝疫苗为“及时出生剂量”(timely birth dose, TBD)。此外,世界卫生组织也建议,HBsAg阳性孕妇应从受孕的第28周开始接受替诺福韦的预防治疗,并至少持续至分娩时,这一建议旨在通过早期和持续的干预,进一步降低HBV的母婴传播风险[17]。
2021年进入世界卫生组织消除病毒性肝炎决胜十年,国家卫生健康委针对重点人群,如成人群体,加强了管理力度,积极推动补种计划的实施与免疫效果的持续监测,确保免疫屏障的有效构建。此外,全国范围内持续推动乙肝筛查与治疗策略的深度融合,旨在通过早发现、早治疗的方式,有效降低乙肝相关疾病的发病率与死亡率,减轻疾病负担。
新生儿普种策略包括及时接种及全程免疫两部分,前者是指新生儿在出生后12 h内接种首剂乙肝疫苗,后者是指新生儿出生后按照“0—1—6月”程序定时接种三剂疫苗。得益于该项策略,当前,我国儿童乙肝疫苗的接种覆盖率呈现出逐年上升并趋于稳定的态势。据世界卫生组织公布的数据,我国1岁儿童的三剂次乙肝疫苗接种率已从2000年的60%大幅跃升至2006年的91%,并自2009年起至2022年,持续稳固在99%的高位,尽管在2023年略有下降至97%。及时出生剂量疫苗覆盖率从1992年的22.2%增加到2015年的95.6%[18]。归功于我国三剂次及出生剂量乙肝疫苗的高覆盖率,<5岁儿童的HBsAg阳性率从1992年的9.67%大幅下降到2014年的0.32%,同期,15岁儿童HBsAg的血清阳性率从10.5%下降到0.8%[19]。
高危人群重点接种策略包括易感人群接种及母婴阻断,前者要求对包括育龄期妇女、准备实施免疫治疗或化学治疗的患者、糖尿病患者、医务人员、HBV感染者家属、侵入性治疗患者、静脉吸毒者、同性或多个性伴侣者等在内的易感人群进行乙肝疫苗接种。后者要求产前对所有孕产妇进行全面筛查,对于乙肝表面抗原阳性母亲所生婴儿,除及时接种乙肝疫苗外,另需在婴儿出生后12 h内注射乙肝免疫球蛋白,以此来寻求对婴儿的双重保护,且阳性母亲需及时进行抗病毒治疗。研究表明,与单独接种乙肝疫苗相比,婴儿联合接种乙肝疫苗和乙肝表面抗体可显著降低传播风险,风险比为0.52(95%CI= 0.30~0.91)[20]。值得庆幸的是,以国家综合预防母婴传播项目为基础的全国多中心真实世界实施研究——SHIELD项目显示,中国总体HBV母婴传播率为0.23%(95%CI=0.16%~0.32%)[21]。
未免疫人群主要是指于2002年乙肝疫苗正式纳入免疫规划之前出生的成人群体,免疫失败人群则主要指未按程序接种乙肝疫苗、未完成全程免疫或免疫无应答的儿童和青少年。针对以上两类人群进行疫苗补种仍然是未来接种工作的重点和难点。一项建模研究估计,2022年,中国<5岁人群的HBsAg阳性率为0.1%,但总人口中阳性率仍然高达5.6%[1]。这从侧面反映了我国成人乙肝疫苗接种率的不足给人群整体带来的疾病负担。2016年全国流调数据显示,我国急性乙肝报告发病主要是≥20岁人群,30~39岁人群乙肝的发病率最高(5.91/10万),50~59岁人群慢性乙肝患病率最高(90.98/10万),成人特别是青壮年已成为目前我国急性乙肝发病的主要人群,而中老年仍然是慢性乙肝的最主要人群[22]。
在接种乙肝疫苗第3剂次后1~2月血清检测抗–HBs低于10 mIU/mL,或抗–HBs定性检测为阴性称为无应答,提示机体内乙肝抗体低于保护水平需要进行补种或者加强免疫[23]。为评价乙肝的疾病负担及防控效果,我国分别于1979、1992、2006、2014和2020年开展了5次具有全国代表性的乙肝血清流行病学调查[24]。通过对比个体在不同时间点的抗体水平,可以评估疫苗的持续保护效果。
得益于儿童计划免疫的顺利推广,近年来我国新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率达99%,而人群中绝大多数的感染者都集中在>18岁的成年人中[25]。乙肝疫苗 2002 年纳入免疫规划,此前出生人群未接种或未全程接种者较多,使得成人未免疫群体中 HBV 感染者基数庞大。目前,我国成人乙肝疫苗接种率不足30%。主要原因是,普通成人接种需自费,每针50~150元不等,按“0—1—6月”免疫程序需接种3针且间隔数月,费用较高、程序复杂,降低了成人接种意愿。山东省开展的一项针对成人乙型肝炎疫苗全程接种完成情况的研究发现,受种者全程接种的完成比例(43.44%)还不到一半,且作为高危人群的老年人全程接种完成比例在所有年龄段最低,仅为37.69%[26]。
一方面,对于高危人群的管理还不完善。一项荟萃分析的结果显示,2006—2021年,静脉吸毒者中的HBV感染率估算为15.0%,而在跨地区务工人员中,这一比例仍高达4.8%,且监狱羁押人员的感染率也有所上升[27]。值得注意的是,吸毒人群往往因担忧吸毒行为被发现而抵触乙肝筛查乃至乙肝免疫接种。在云南、广西等省(自治区)边境毒品走私高发地区,吸毒人群的流动性与卫生服务可及性矛盾尤为突出,可能形成免疫覆盖盲区。此外,医疗机构中非固定岗位工作人员(如劳务派遣制医护人员、短期聘用人员)的疫苗接种意识仍需加强。另一方面,母婴阻断仍存在薄弱环节。特别是在一些偏远地区,因医疗资源不足导致的接种延迟的情况较多见,这一定程度削弱了母婴阻断的效果。中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南(2024版)指出,出生后及时接种乙肝疫苗及HBIG是乙肝母婴传播阻断的标准方案。但HBIG成本较高且需要冷链运输,在一些欠发达地区可及性仍较低,而无HBIG的母婴阻断方案的成本—效益仍需进行进一步评估[28]。
疫苗接种意识与观念的欠缺成为我国乙肝疫苗接种工作面临的一大挑战。特别是在偏远地区,由于生活条件相对落后,居民的文化水平较低,导致居民对乙肝疫苗缺乏认知。一项乙肝接种意愿的调查显示,接种意愿较低的人群普遍认为乙肝疫苗无效、自己不会感染乙肝,或者认为乙肝的疾病负担并不严重[29]。此外,受教育程度低、低家庭收入及对疫苗接种信息的了解不足同样也是制约非免疫规划疫苗接种进程的重要因素[30–31]。此外,公众对乙肝筛查的接受度较低,病耻感较重,一定程度上也给乙肝的筛查、预防、诊断和治疗计划实施带来了障碍[32]。
尽管世界卫生组织2017年立场文件明确指出,三剂乙肝疫苗接种方案对预防临床乙型肝炎及慢性HBV感染的保护效果至少持续 30年[33],但疫苗诱导的抗体水平随时间下降的趋势已被多项研究证实。2020—2023年在我国山西省11家医院开展的一项关于乙肝疫苗持久性的随机对照试验显示,不论是接种三剂标准剂量(3×20 µg)乙肝疫苗,四剂标准剂量(4×20 µg)乙肝疫苗,还是三重强度四剂乙肝疫苗(4×60 µg),疫苗诱导的抗体在接种后第7个月达到峰值,几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration, GMC)分别为1 364.9、1 384.9和2 536.5 mIU/mL,随后开始逐渐降低,至第30个月,GMC分别只有49.4、59.3 和88.5 mIU/mL[34]。另外一项来自意大利的回溯性队列研究进一步表明,性别、年龄及不同剂次的接种间隔均会影响接种后抗体滴度的水平,尤为值得注意的是,首次接种年龄小以及第2次与第3次接种间隔的延长,与婴儿期抗体滴度低于10 mIU/mL的较低风险存在相关性[35]。而与疫苗持久性担忧相伴的是我国免疫效果监测落实情况较差。据了解,国家层面尚未出台针对成人及高危人群的乙肝抗体监测专项指南,不论是我国的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》,亦或者是《2024年世界卫生组织慢性乙型肝炎患者的预防、诊断、关怀和治疗指南》,均只是提及高危人群需定期监测抗–HBs水平,但未明确监测频率、检测方法及阳性阈值[36–37]。定期监测无法普及,难以实现对抗体水平的动态管理。深圳市相关研究显示,乙肝抗体阴性和阳性人群在接种乙肝疫苗1年后及3年后,其抗体阳性率分别为95.61%、37.46%和86.83%、57.62%,抗体保护率随时间下降趋势显著[38]。一般认为,乙肝表面抗体低于10 mIU/mL 时感染风险会显著增加,这对医务人员等高危群体威胁尤为突出;虽有研究表明 20 µg 剂量(与10 µg和60 µg剂量相比)疫苗在2年后能提供最高抗体滴度[39],但抗体何时降至10 mIU/mL 以下仍需深入研究,监测机制的缺失进一步加剧了疫苗长期保护效力不足带来的风险。
未来的乙肝疫苗接种策略应当致力于在维持新生儿高疫苗接种覆盖率的基础上,积极提升成年人的接种比例。为此,需要持续增强对疫苗产业的支持力度,力求进一步降低成年人接种乙肝疫苗的成本。中国食品药品检定研究院的数据显示,尽管在2015—2019年,乙肝疫苗的批签发量总体上呈现下滑态势,但始终稳居各种疫苗批签发量的前列。鉴于此,政府对于乙肝疫苗的投入与支持力度亟须进一步加大,以积极推动大规模筛查项目的实施,并确保2002年乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫之前出生的人群能够得到有效补种,减少免疫空白人群。同时,优化疫苗接种程序,确保成人群体更多地实现全程接种。北京大学庄辉院士团队参与的国家“十二五”科技重大专项研究的研究结果表明,在成人完全依从的前提下,应优先推荐标准的20 µg(0、1、6 个月)乙型肝炎疫苗方案[40]。然而,60 µg HepB 2针快速免疫程序亦具独特优势,就免疫效果而言,尽管其免疫原性与长期抗体滴度水平或稍逊于20 µg 3剂次常规免疫程序,但是相关研究显示,在≥16岁人群中,60 µg乙肝疫苗快速免疫程序(0、2月)阳转率非劣效于常规剂量接种的免疫程序(0、1、6月),且研究发现前者的不良反应事件概率并未显著高于后者,安全性和免疫原性都有保证[41]。多项研究发现,20 µg常规接种人群中只有不到一半的人群能够完成3剂次接种,而60 µg 2剂次快速免疫能够显著提高人群的依从性,综合之下,60 µg 2剂次快速免疫可能在成人人群中更好发挥真正的效果[42–44]。
未来的成人接种工作,可以在对大规模特殊人群的筛查基础上进行,将“成人一生应至少接受一次乙肝筛查”纳入国家基本公共卫生服务或健康体检指南。在我国,大范围的乙肝筛查具有重要意义,并且是实现最高经济效益的有效途径。特别是对于高危人群,进行HBV筛查能够更早地发现潜在感染者,从而有利于实施“早发现、早诊断、早治疗”的预防策略,减轻疾病对社会的负担[45]。一项关于乙肝普遍筛查成本效益的研究指出,在未来10年内,对18~70岁人群采用乙肝两对半筛查方式是中国最佳的筛查策略。根据不同地区的预算水平,政府可以选择不同成本的筛查策略。但无论选择何种策略,相较于当前现实状况,都具有成本效益,且越早开展全民筛查,收益将越大[25]。筛查模式方面,“基于大人群队列的成人乙肝消除防控技术路线图”研究专报给出了很好的建议,研究指出,可借鉴广东省“早防早治行动”和海南省“健康服务包”等地方成功经验,利用人工智能和大数据技术,建立肝炎筛查数据库和风险预测模型,实现对高风险区域和人群的动态预警和精准干预。此外,推进流动人口的管理,建立全国联网的免疫档案管理系统将助力更好地监测疫苗效果,同时及时发现免疫空白人群和高危人群并及时进行补种。
为深入实施PMTCT预防策略,需致力于普及新生儿及时接种出生剂量疫苗,并强化产前筛查工作,以便早期识别HBV感染孕妇并迅速启动抗病毒治疗。同时,保障HBsAg阳性孕妇所娩婴儿能够立即接种疫苗并注射免疫球蛋白(HBIG),特别是要关注偏远地区,增加疫苗供应,提升服务可及性,完善冷链设施,确保“联合预防”策略中的免疫球蛋白能充分发挥效用。
建立高危人群登记与主动随访机制,以实现对乙肝疫苗效果的长期、严密追踪与科学评估。尤其是在重点高危人群中,建议定期进行乙肝表面抗体水平的监测,对已经失去或即将失去疫苗保护效果的人群,应及时采取加强免疫或补种措施。在此过程中,可以充分利用大数据等前沿技术,不断优化信息收集流程,为加强免疫提供可靠依据。此外,在已经完成的乙肝疫苗免疫持久性的研究基础上应进一步评估加强针接种方案的成本效益,深入探索对重点人群或抗体水平下降者实施加强针接种的可行性和必要性。
疫苗行业将聚焦于研发更持久、高效的新型乙肝疫苗,旨在增强现有疫苗的免疫效果与安全性。一项关于慢性乙肝治疗性疫苗的研究表明,鉴于乙肝病毒难以彻底清除,当前乙肝治疗聚焦于抑制病毒复制、改善肝功能及实现血清学转换。将乙肝治疗性疫苗与核苷(酸)类似物(如拉米夫定等)联用,较单一抗病毒治疗能更显著降低患者乙肝病毒DNA水平,这得益于疫苗的免疫调节作用与NAs的病毒抑制效应协同增效[46]。
乙型肝炎每年给我国造成严重的疾病负担,而免疫接种已经被认定为最有效且最具经济效益的解决举措。根据2023年发布的《中国肝炎消除概况》报告,我国在乙肝疫苗接种方面取得了显著成就,自1992年以来,已成功预防了约1 900万<5岁儿童免受慢性乙肝感染。我国乙肝的免疫接种策略逐渐完善,新生儿普种策略使我国儿童免疫覆盖率达到99%,<5岁儿童患病率于2014年就提前实现了WHO 2020的阶段性防控目标,高危人群重点接种策略使我国HBV感染母亲的阻断率提高至90%以上,空白人群补种策略及免疫效果监测则分别从“减库存”和“降增量”的角度进一步巩固了我国在乙肝免疫接种方面的工作成果。然而,尽管过去30年乙肝预防接种工作取得了长足进展,但仍面临诸多严峻挑战。首先,≥18岁成年人的乙肝疫苗接种率仍然偏低;其次,重点人群管理难度大,乙肝母婴阻断仍存在薄弱环节;再次,公众对乙肝认识不足,疫苗犹豫问题仍普遍存在;最后,免疫效果监测机制尚不完善,疫苗的保护效力问题依然令人担忧。未来,我国乙肝免疫接种策略需聚焦于四大核心方向:一是着力提升乙肝疫苗接种覆盖率,特别是成年人的接种比例,通过政策支持和优化接种程序,降低接种成本,加强筛查工作,确保疫苗资源精准分配,同时推进流动人口管理,完善免疫档案管理系统;二是完善母婴阻断体系,普及新生儿及时接种,强化产前筛查与抗病毒治疗,保障偏远地区疫苗供应与服务可及性;三是加强免疫效果监测与管理,构建健全高效的监测评估体系,利用大数据技术优化信息收集,定期监测重点人群抗体水平,评估加强针接种方案的成本效益;四是推动创新技术与疫苗研发,特别是更为持久高效的新型乙肝疫苗及治疗性疫苗,探索与新型疗法联用,以期进一步提升乙肝防治效果。这些举措将为我国推进世界卫生组织2030年消除肝炎的宏伟目标注入强大的动力。

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2026年第42卷第4期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148602
  • 接收时间:2025-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06
  • 修回日期:2025-09-26
  • 录用日期:2025-11-10
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    1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院预防医学系/暨南大学疾病预防与控制研究院/暨南大学康泰生物疫苗产业研究院,广州 510632
    2暨南大学病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室,广州 510632
    3广东省疾病预防控制中心,广州 511430

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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