Article(id=1320442579334841304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=1757001600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-05, acceptedDate=1761667200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineDate=1792747643549, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747643549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747643549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747643549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442558581424898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747638602, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748118043, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444569574031427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444569578225732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442579565528025, articleId=1320442579334841304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Determinants of starting salaries among master of public health graduates: a web survey in 2022, columnId=1320442559231542019, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Strengthening the Public Health Workforce, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the determinants of starting salaries among master of public health (MPH) graduates, thereby giving insights for enhancing career outcomes.

Methods

The data from the National Survey of Educational Satisfaction among Medical Graduates (June–July 2022) were used to analyze the starting salaries of 495 employed MPH graduates from 54 colleges and universities across China. Unpaired binary logistic regression was adopted to identify the factors influencing starting salaries, while Shapley value decomposition was employed to quantify the relative contribution of each variable.

Results

Geographic location of employment, employer type, annual household income per capita, and gender were primary determinants of starting salaries. Compared with the graduates employed in eastern China, those in central China had 0.17 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries (95%CI: 0.09–0.33), while those in western China had 0.33 times the odds (95%CI: 0.21–0.52). Graduates employed at centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) had 0.34 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries relative to those at comprehensive hospitals (95%CI: 0.21–0.55). Graduates from high-income households exhibited 1.68 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries than those from low-income households (95%CI: 1.12–2.54). Male graduates had 1.67 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries compared with female graduates (95%CI: 1.06–2.66). Shapley value decomposition revealed that structural factors of the labor market accounted for 83.50% of starting salary disparities. The contribution of employer type (42.75%) exceeded that of geographic location of employment (40.75%).

Conclusions

Structural factors of the labor market predominantly influence the starting salaries of MPH graduates, with employer type exerting a stronger effect than geographic location of employment. Annual household income per capita and gender also significantly impact starting salaries.

, authors=Qingsong YANG1, Jinzhong JIA2, 3, Jing LI1, Zhiqiang WANG1, Mengting ZHANG1, authorsList=Qingsong YANG, Jinzhong JIA, Jing LI, Zhiqiang WANG, Mengting ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinzhong JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
JIA Jinzhong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442580245005276, articleId=1320442579334841304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪影响因素:基于2022年网络调查, columnId=1320442559386731269, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——加强公共卫生人才队伍建设, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的影响因素,为提高学生就业质量提供参考依据。

方法

采用2022年6—7月全国医学应届毕业研究生教育满意度调查数据,对全国54所院校495名已就业的公共卫生硕士研究生的就业起薪进行分析,利用非配对的二元logistic回归对就业起薪影响因素进行分析,采用shapley值分解法探究各变量对公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的影响程度。

结果

就业地区、就业单位、家庭人均年收入和性别是公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的主要影响因素。与东部地区就业相比,中部地区就业者获得高起薪概率是东部地区就业者的0.17倍(OR=0.17,95%CI=0.09~0.33),西部地区就业者获得高起薪概率是东部地区就业者的0.33倍(OR=0.33;95%CI=0.21~0.52);疾病预防控制中心就业者高起薪概率是综合医院就业者的0.34倍(OR=0.34;95%CI=0.21~0.55)。家庭经济条件好的学生获得高起薪的概率是低收入家庭的1.68倍(OR=1.68;95%CI=1.12~2.54)。男性获得高起薪的可能性是女性的1.67倍(OR=1.67;95%CI=1.06~2.66)。shapley值分解法发现,归因于劳动力市场的结构性导致的公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪差异贡献率占83.50%;就业单位对就业起薪差异的贡献(42.75%)高于就业地域(40.75%)。

结论

公共卫生硕士研究生的就业起薪主要受劳动力市场结构性因素主导,就业单位类型的影响强度高于就业地区,同时家庭人均年收入和性别亦是影响起薪的重要因素。

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杨清松(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:医学教育及卫生事业管理

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贾金忠,E-mail:
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杨清松(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:医学教育及卫生事业管理

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杨清松(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:医学教育及卫生事业管理

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remark=3北京大学医学学位与研究生教育研究中心,北京 100191)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442583600447497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442579334841304, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Distribution of starting salaries among master of public health (MPH) graduates with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数占比/%高起薪组低起薪组χ2值P值
人数占比/%人数占比/%
性别4.740.03
 女性35772.1219755.1816044.82
 男性13827.889165.944734.06
生源地3.010.08
 农村17936.169553.078446.93
 城市31663.8419361.0812338.92
学位类型0.010.93
 学术学位21443.2312558.418941.59
 专业学位28156.7716358.0111841.99
院校类型0.560.45
 双一流院校15531.319460.656139.35
 普通院校34068.6919457.0614642.94
父母职业2.110.15
 至少一方为中高层14930.109463.095536.91
 均为基层34669.9019456.0715243.93
家庭人均年收入9.19 < 0.01
 高收入23146.6715165.378034.63
 低收入26453.3313751.8912748.11
父母学历0.440.50
 均为低学历38076.7721857.3716242.63
 至少一方为高学历11523.237060.874539.13
父母医学背景0.340.56
 均无医学背景44088.8925457.7318642.27
 至少一方有医学背景5511.113461.822138.18
就业地区52.25 < 0.01
 东部24549.5018073.476526.53
 中部6012.121830.00 a4270.00
 西部19038.389047.37 ab10052.63
就业单位30.04 < 0.01
 医疗机构类17435.1511666.67 c5833.33
 公共卫生专业机构类21944.249844.7512155.25
 其他类10220.617472.55 c2827.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320442583692722186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442579334841304, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪情况分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数占比/%高起薪组低起薪组χ2值P值
人数占比/%人数占比/%
性别4.740.03
 女性35772.1219755.1816044.82
 男性13827.889165.944734.06
生源地3.010.08
 农村17936.169553.078446.93
 城市31663.8419361.0812338.92
学位类型0.010.93
 学术学位21443.2312558.418941.59
 专业学位28156.7716358.0111841.99
院校类型0.560.45
 双一流院校15531.319460.656139.35
 普通院校34068.6919457.0614642.94
父母职业2.110.15
 至少一方为中高层14930.109463.095536.91
 均为基层34669.9019456.0715243.93
家庭人均年收入9.19 < 0.01
 高收入23146.6715165.378034.63
 低收入26453.3313751.8912748.11
父母学历0.440.50
 均为低学历38076.7721857.3716242.63
 至少一方为高学历11523.237060.874539.13
父母医学背景0.340.56
 均无医学背景44088.8925457.7318642.27
 至少一方有医学背景5511.113461.822138.18
就业地区52.25 < 0.01
 东部24549.5018073.476526.53
 中部6012.121830.00 a4270.00
 西部19038.389047.37 ab10052.63
就业单位30.04 < 0.01
 医疗机构类17435.1511666.67 c5833.33
 公共卫生专业机构类21944.249844.7512155.25
 其他类10220.617472.55 c2827.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320442583772413963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442579334841304, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Binary logistic regression (unpaired) for predicting high starting salaries among MPH graduates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值OR值95%CIP值
性别男性女性0.520.244.791.671.06~2.660.03
家庭人均年收入高收入低收入0.520.216.151.681.12~2.54 <0.01
就业地区中部东部−1.780.3526.640.170.09~0.33 <0.01
西部−1.100.2323.320.330.21~0.52 <0.01
就业单位疾控中心综合医院−1.080.2518.920.340.21~0.55 <0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320442583852105740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442579334841304, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

公共卫生硕士研究生是否高起薪的非配对二元logistic回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值OR值95%CIP值
性别男性女性0.520.244.791.671.06~2.660.03
家庭人均年收入高收入低收入0.520.216.151.681.12~2.54 <0.01
就业地区中部东部−1.780.3526.640.170.09~0.33 <0.01
西部−1.100.2323.320.330.21~0.52 <0.01
就业单位疾控中心综合医院−1.080.2518.920.340.21~0.55 <0.01
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Comparison of starting salaries among different employer types stratified by geographic location

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就业地区就业单位人数高起薪组低起薪组χ2值P值
人数占比/%例数占比/%
东部综合医院614878.691321.314.230.04
疾控中心895662.923337.08
中部综合医院9666.67333.339.93 <0.01
疾控中心3139.682890.32
西部综合医院703955.713144.298.77 <0.01
疾控中心792531.655468.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320442583994712078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442579334841304, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分层分析下两类就业单位起薪水平差异比较

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就业地区就业单位人数高起薪组低起薪组χ2值P值
人数占比/%例数占比/%
东部综合医院614878.691321.314.230.04
疾控中心895662.923337.08
中部综合医院9666.67333.339.93 <0.01
疾控中心3139.682890.32
西部综合医院703955.713144.298.77 <0.01
疾控中心792531.655468.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320442584070209551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442579334841304, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Shapley value decomposition results for starting salary disparities among MPH graduates

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变量shapley值
贡献率/%排序
性别4.564
学位类型0.1211
生源地1.985
院校类型0.448
就业能力1.176
父母职业0.687
家庭人均年收入6.833
父母学历0.3010
父母医学背景0.429
就业地区40.752
就业单位42.751
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公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪差异的shapley值分解法分析结果

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变量shapley值
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就业地区40.752
就业单位42.751
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公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪影响因素:基于2022年网络调查
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杨清松 1 , 贾金忠 2, 3, *, * , 李静 1 , 王志强 1 , 张梦婷 1
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——加强公共卫生人才队伍建设 2026,42(2): 141-146
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——加强公共卫生人才队伍建设 2026 , 42 (2) : 141 -146
公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪影响因素:基于2022年网络调查
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杨清松1, 贾金忠2, 3, *, * , 李静1, 王志强1, 张梦婷1
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学医学院预防医学系,石河子 832003
  • 2北京大学研究生院医学部分院学会秘书处办公室,北京 100191
  • 3北京大学医学学位与研究生教育研究中心,北京 100191
通讯作者:
贾金忠,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨清松(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:医学教育及卫生事业管理

Determinants of starting salaries among master of public health graduates: a web survey in 2022
Qingsong YANG1, Jinzhong JIA2, 3 , Jing LI1, Zhiqiang WANG1, Mengting ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
  • 2Academic Secretariat Office, Graduate School of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3Center for Medical Degree and Graduate Education Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    JIA Jinzhong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148034
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目的

探讨公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的影响因素,为提高学生就业质量提供参考依据。

方法

采用2022年6—7月全国医学应届毕业研究生教育满意度调查数据,对全国54所院校495名已就业的公共卫生硕士研究生的就业起薪进行分析,利用非配对的二元logistic回归对就业起薪影响因素进行分析,采用shapley值分解法探究各变量对公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的影响程度。

结果

就业地区、就业单位、家庭人均年收入和性别是公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的主要影响因素。与东部地区就业相比,中部地区就业者获得高起薪概率是东部地区就业者的0.17倍(OR=0.17,95%CI=0.09~0.33),西部地区就业者获得高起薪概率是东部地区就业者的0.33倍(OR=0.33;95%CI=0.21~0.52);疾病预防控制中心就业者高起薪概率是综合医院就业者的0.34倍(OR=0.34;95%CI=0.21~0.55)。家庭经济条件好的学生获得高起薪的概率是低收入家庭的1.68倍(OR=1.68;95%CI=1.12~2.54)。男性获得高起薪的可能性是女性的1.67倍(OR=1.67;95%CI=1.06~2.66)。shapley值分解法发现,归因于劳动力市场的结构性导致的公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪差异贡献率占83.50%;就业单位对就业起薪差异的贡献(42.75%)高于就业地域(40.75%)。

结论

公共卫生硕士研究生的就业起薪主要受劳动力市场结构性因素主导,就业单位类型的影响强度高于就业地区,同时家庭人均年收入和性别亦是影响起薪的重要因素。

公共卫生硕士研究生  /  就业起薪  /  就业单位  /  就业地区  /  劳动力市场
Objective

To investigate the determinants of starting salaries among master of public health (MPH) graduates, thereby giving insights for enhancing career outcomes.

Methods

The data from the National Survey of Educational Satisfaction among Medical Graduates (June–July 2022) were used to analyze the starting salaries of 495 employed MPH graduates from 54 colleges and universities across China. Unpaired binary logistic regression was adopted to identify the factors influencing starting salaries, while Shapley value decomposition was employed to quantify the relative contribution of each variable.

Results

Geographic location of employment, employer type, annual household income per capita, and gender were primary determinants of starting salaries. Compared with the graduates employed in eastern China, those in central China had 0.17 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries (95%CI: 0.09–0.33), while those in western China had 0.33 times the odds (95%CI: 0.21–0.52). Graduates employed at centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) had 0.34 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries relative to those at comprehensive hospitals (95%CI: 0.21–0.55). Graduates from high-income households exhibited 1.68 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries than those from low-income households (95%CI: 1.12–2.54). Male graduates had 1.67 times the odds of securing higher starting salaries compared with female graduates (95%CI: 1.06–2.66). Shapley value decomposition revealed that structural factors of the labor market accounted for 83.50% of starting salary disparities. The contribution of employer type (42.75%) exceeded that of geographic location of employment (40.75%).

Conclusions

Structural factors of the labor market predominantly influence the starting salaries of MPH graduates, with employer type exerting a stronger effect than geographic location of employment. Annual household income per capita and gender also significantly impact starting salaries.

master of public health (MPH) graduate  /  starting salary  /  employer type  /  geographic location of employment  /  labor market
杨清松, 贾金忠, 李静, 王志强, 张梦婷. 公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪影响因素:基于2022年网络调查. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (2) : 141 -146 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148034
Qingsong YANG, Jinzhong JIA, Jing LI, Zhiqiang WANG, Mengting ZHANG. Determinants of starting salaries among master of public health graduates: a web survey in 2022[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (2) : 141 -146 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148034
就业是最基本的民生。当前,促进高质量充分就业是中国式现代化的重要支撑。公共卫生是国民健康的卫士,是健康中国建设的基石[1–2]。疾病预防控制(简称“疾控”)体系作为公共卫生事业的核心构成,其效能高度依赖于专业人才队伍的建设。因此,促进公共卫生专业人才到疾控机构就业是疾控体系发展的重要任务[3]。既往研究表明,薪酬的期望值是公共卫生专业毕业生择业决策的关键考量因素[3-4]。从毕业生就业起薪的影响机制来看,该指标不仅受其人力资本禀赋和社会资本网络的影响[5–6],还显著存在就业地区与就业单位的差异[7–8]。现有文献中针对公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的调查相对匮乏,并且在同时纳入人力资本与社会资本变量的分析框架下,探讨公共卫生硕士研究生在不同地区和不同性质单位间薪酬待遇的差异程度并识别不同贡献大小的研究较少。据此,本研究利用2022年6—7月“全国医学应届毕业研究生教育满意度调查”数据,对其中495名公共卫生硕士研究生就业信息模块通过构建非配对二元logistic回归模型,识别其就业起薪差距的关键因素;并采用Shapley值分解法探析各影响因素的相对贡献度,以期为优化人才资源配置,改善相关群体就业质量提供参考依据。
数据来源于2022年6—7月开展的全国医学应届毕业研究生教育满意度调查。本调查采用便利抽样法,依托问卷星平台构建电子问卷。调查实施前,通过微信群及126邮箱联络参与院校的负责教师,向其分发问卷链接与二维码。调查遵循自愿参与原则,并设置IP限制以防止重复作答。调查覆盖全国86所医学研究生培养单位。经数据清洗,剔除非应届毕业生、作答时长低于360 s及存在缺失值的无效问卷后,共保留有效问卷9 993份,有效率为85.90%。本研究选取样本院校的495名全日制公共卫生硕士研究生作为分析对象。本研究已获北京大学生物医学伦理委员会审核批准(批准文号:IRB00001052–21145)。所有参与者均知情同意。
采用自行设计的调查问卷收集数据。问卷的主要内容包括研究对象的个人基本情况、职业发展自评及其各维度,以及毕业去向信息3部分内容。个人基本情况包括性别、学位类型、生源地、院校类型、父母职业、家庭人均年收入、父母文化程度与父母医学背景等;职业发展能力自评则设有职业认同、人际关系、问题解决与学习能力等维度;毕业去向信息则具体包括工作地点以及拟就职的单位类型、工作岗位与工作起薪等要素。就业起薪参考岳昌君[9]的研究划分为高起薪(≥5 001元/月)与低起薪( <5 001元/月)。人力资本采用主客观结合方法测量,包含院校类型与就业能力两方面[10]。就业能力的测量在参考既往研究就业能力维度划分的基础上,选取问卷中职业发展自评部分有关就业能力的相关题项共29道题,通过因子分析解构为专业学习能力、问题解决能力、职业探索能力、社会支持、人际交往能力5个维度,采用总和评分法对各维度评分进行加总平均处理,以此反映5个维度测量构念的整体水平。评分为5分制,分数越高代表自评就业能力越强。家庭资本作为社会资本的重要组成部分,包括父母职业、父母医学背景、父母文化程度及家庭人均年收入。父母职业借鉴岳昌君等[9]的分类方法划分为:(1)高层职业:行政管理人员(处级或县乡科级以上干部)、企业或事业单位高层管理人员、医务工作者、私营企业主、专业技术人员或技术辅助人员(技术员等);(2)中层职业:一般管理及办事人员、商业、服务业人员;(3)基层职业:个体工商业或自由职业者、农(林、牧、渔)民、工人(生产、运输设备操作人员)、进城务工人员、退休人员、无业或其他职业;如果父母双方均为基层职业者命名为“均为基层职业”,否则为“至少一方为中高层职业”。家庭人均年收入参照同一研究划分为“低收入家庭”(≤16 000元/年)与“高收入家庭”( > 16 000元/年)[9]。父母文化程度的划分依据其学历水平,若父母双方均未接受大学教育,则定义为低学历家庭;反之,则定义为高学历家庭。父母医学背景的划分依据其从业经历,若父母双方均无医学相关领域从业经历,则定义为无医学背景;反之,则定义为有医学背景[11]。劳动力市场因素方面涵盖就业地区与就业单位类型。就业地区依据国家东部、中部和西部三大经济带标准划分:东部地区包括北京市、天津市、河北省、辽宁省、上海市、江苏省、浙江省、福建省、山东省、广东省、海南省、港澳台地区;中部地区包括山西省、吉林省、黑龙江省、安徽省、江西省、河南省、湖北省、湖南省;西部地区包括四川省、重庆市、贵州省、云南省、西藏自治区、陕西省、甘肃省、青海省、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、广西壮族自治区、内蒙古自治区。在描述性分析中,参考2022年《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》将就业单位类型合并为三类以体现其结构性差异:医疗机构类(综合医院、中医院、专科医院)、专业公共卫生机构类(疾控中心、卫生监督所、妇幼保健机构)及其他类(基层医疗卫生机构、科研院所、高校、政府机关、企业及其他)。
使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。采用频数和百分比对研究对象的基本特征进行描述性统计。运用χ2检验比较不同特征公共卫生硕士研究生在就业起薪水平上的分布差异。采用非配对二元logistic回归识别就业起薪水平的关键影响因素(α=0.05),其中具体就业单位类型均作为独立变量纳入模型,以比较不同单位间的具体差异。为深入探讨人力资本、家庭资本及劳动力市场因素对公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪影响的相对贡献程度,基于前述回归模型,采用Shapley值分解法进行分析。该方法源于合作博弈论,其原理是通过系统性地逐步剔除自变量,计算剔除前后模型拟合优度(R2)的变化量,通过对统计量进行可加性分解,可测算每个影响因素的相对贡献,R2变化值越大代表该变量对因变量的影响程度越高[12–13]。Shapley值法贡献率分解基于R软件gtools包实现。
男性公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平高于女性(P<0.05)。高收入家庭的公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平高于低收入家庭(P<0.01)。选择在东部就业的公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平高于在中、西部就业者,而在西部就业者起薪水平高于在中部就业者(P<0.01)。选择在医疗机构类与其他类单位就业的公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平高于公共卫生专业机构类就业(P<0.01)。不同就业起薪水平下公共卫生硕士研究生的就业能力差异无统计学意义。此外,城市生源、学术学位、普通院校、父母职业至少一方为中高层、父母至少一方为高学历、具有医学背景的公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平高于农村生源、专业学位、双一流院校、父母职业均为基层、父母均为低学历、无医学背景的公共卫生硕士研究生,但比较差异均无统计学意义。
以公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平作为二分类应变量(0=低起薪,1=高起薪),将性别、生源地、家庭人均年收入、就业地区、就业单位(以具体的就业单位进行分析,比如疾控中心与综合医院)纳入模型进行多因素分析。结果显示,就业单位、就业地区、家庭人均年收入和性别为公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的主要影响因素,而生源地对其就业起薪的影响差异无统计学意义。男性(OR=1.67,95%CI=1.06~2.66)、高家庭人均年收入者(OR=1.68,95%CI=1.12~2.54)更容易获得高起薪,而选择中部地区(OR=0.17,95%CI=0.09~0.33)及西部地区(OR=0.33,95%CI=0.21~0.52)就业者,疾控中心(OR=0.34,95%CI=0.21~0.55)就业者更可能获得低起薪。
多因素回归分析显示,就业地区和就业单位类型是影响就业起薪的关键因素,考虑到就业地区可能既是影响起薪的直接因素,也可能通过影响就业单位类型的分布而间接作用于起薪,即就业地区可能是就业单位类型与起薪关系间的潜在混杂因素,为初步评估就业地区是否存在混杂效应,按就业地区进行分层,采用分层χ2检验比较综合医院与疾控中心就业起薪的差异。比值比齐性检验显示,P>0.05,提示不同就业地区层间的起薪差异模式具有同质性。采用Cochran′s和Mantel-Haenszel 2种检验方法分析就业单位类型与起薪水平的差异性,均P<0.05,表明在调整地区分层后,2种就业单位带来的薪资水平比较,差异有统计学意义(ORMH=0.36,95%CI=0.22~0.57)。即使控制了就业地区因素的影响后,疾控中心就职的公共卫生硕士研究生获得高起薪的概率仅是选择综合医院就职者的0.36倍。
为深入研究各变量对公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平的影响程度,使用shapley值分解法进一步展开分析。结果表明,公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平的主要解释因素为劳动力市场因素,就业单位总体贡献率为42.75%,排名第1位,其次为就业地域贡献率为40.75%,两者的总体贡献率达83.50%。对于家庭资本层面而言,家庭人均年收入的贡献率为6.83%,排名第3,性别因素的贡献率为4.56%,排名第4。劳动力市场是影响公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪水平的核心解释要素,就业单位相对于就业地域而言是解释劳动力市场影响程度的主要指标。
本研究结果表明,劳动力市场的结构性因素对公共卫生硕士研究生的就业起薪具有决定性作用。通过shapley值分解法分析发现,就业单位类型的差异相较于就业地区的差异,对就业起薪的影响更为突出。既往研究显示,我国硕士毕业生就业起薪存在显著的地域差异,呈现东部地区高于西部地区、高于中部地区的趋势[7]。本研究中公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪分布亦印证了这一特点:以东部地区为参照,在中西部地区就业获得高起薪的概率分别是东部地区就业的0.17倍和0.33倍。这种地域性就业起薪差异本质上源于区域间的经济发展不平衡[7,14]。经济因素显著影响公共卫生人才对就业单位的选择。国内的一项以公共卫生相关专业博士研究生为研究对象进行疾控机构就业选择偏好的离散选择实验结果显示,经济因素对公共卫生博士研究生的疾控机构就业偏好有显著影响[3]。多项研究亦指出,公共卫生相关的学生毕业时更倾向于医院或制药公司工作[8,15],而薪资待遇偏低是阻碍公共卫生硕士研究生进入到公共卫生机构的关键因素之一[3,16]。本研究在既往研究的基础上,进一步量化了公共卫生硕士研究生就业单位之间薪酬待遇的相差程度,即使在控制了就业地区因素的影响后,在疾控中心就职的公共卫生硕士研究生获得高起薪的概率仅是在综合医院就业者的0.36倍。这一差距的潜在原因在于疾控机构属于国家公益性事业单位,由于其公益性和特殊性,不以营利创收为目的,其工资水平普遍低于同地区其他机构[3]。
除劳动力市场结构性因素外,本研究发现,家庭背景与性别亦是影响公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪的重要因素。既往研究证实,家庭经济收入对大学毕业生的平均月收入具有正向促进作用[17–18],本研究结果与此一致。高收入家庭的公共卫生硕士研究生获得高起薪的可能性是低收入家庭者的1.68倍。这一现象或可从社会资本视角进行解释,家庭经济社会地位作为大学生最重要的社会资本来源,在其就业过程中家庭往往倾注资源以提升就业薪资水平,且这种支持的力度与效果通常与家庭社会经济地位呈正相关[18]。本研究亦观察到,公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪存在显著性别差异,男性获得高起薪的可能性是女性的1.67倍。此发现与相关研究揭示的劳动力市场中存在的以女性角色排斥为特征的“性别歧视”现象相呼应[19]。性别差异引发的就业不公平现象,可能会使部分女性毕业生在争取高起薪职位时处于相对劣势。
本研究存在的局限性。首先,公共卫生硕士研究生的就业信息主要依赖于研究对象自我报告,可能存在部分信息偏倚。其次,就业地区的划分主要基于宏观的经济区域,未能深入探讨省级层面或特定城市群内部的起薪差异,可能掩盖了更微观层面的地域不平衡性。最后,本研究实质上是对公共卫生硕士研究生初始就业状况的横断面调查,研究对象后续的职业流动及其对起薪的长期影响,需要通过前瞻性的队列研究进行追踪观察。
综上所述,公共卫生硕士研究生就业起薪主要受劳动力市场结构性因素主导,就业单位类型的影响强度显著高于就业地区,同时家庭人均年收入和性别亦是影响起薪的重要因素。建议系统性参照同地区医院薪酬重构疾控机构薪资体系,着力缩小区域经济发展差异,为家庭经济处于弱势的公共卫生硕士研究生提供精准就业帮扶,并通过强化劳动力市场监管与反歧视措施消除薪资性别不平等。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148034
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
  • 修回日期:2025-09-05
  • 录用日期:2025-10-29
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    1石河子大学医学院预防医学系,石河子 832003
    2北京大学研究生院医学部分院学会秘书处办公室,北京 100191
    3北京大学医学学位与研究生教育研究中心,北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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