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Article(id=1321170657900090167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147860, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=1754236800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-04, onlineDate=1792921231007, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921231007, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921231007, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921231007, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170608034009636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1409', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921219118, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793011150268, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321547806687474583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321547806687474584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1493, endPage=1500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170658093028152, articleId=1321170657900090167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Analysis of hospitalization cost composition and influencing factors of stroke and its subtypes based on real-world data, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the composition and influencing factors of hospitalization costs for stroke patients, providing data support for rational control of medical expenses and alleviating the economic burden on patients.

Methods

The data of 66 524 stroke patients discharged from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 were collected from the medical expense accounting management reporting system of a province in central China. The grey relational analysis and degree of structural variation analysis were performed to analyze the hospitalization cost composition for stroke and its subtypes. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model were constructed to explore the key influencing factors.

Results

Among 66 524 stroke patients, 85.80%, 10.84%, and 3.36% had ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), respectively. The M (P25, P75) of the hospitalization cost for stroke patients was 6 992.32 (3 997.76, 13 475.91) CNY. The hospitalization cost for SAH patients was the highest, reaching 88 389.28 (12 494.50, 151 711.34) CNY. The top three categories of hospitalization expenses for stroke patients were drug costs, other costs, and treatment costs, with the average proportions of 29.29%, 24.61%, and 19.43%, respectively. The hospitalization costs of IS and ICH patients were mainly attributed to drug costs. For SAH patients, other costs accounted for the largest proportion of hospitalization expenses. The grey relational analysis results showed that the top three factors correlated with total hospitalization costs were Western medicine costs, other costs, and treatment costs, with correlation coefficients of 0.951 8, 0.936 2, and 0.900 4, respectively. The degree of structural variation analysis showed that the contribution rates of structure variation (CSV) for medication costs, examination costs, and other costs were 24.34%, 19.50%, and 27.74%. The GLM results indicated that longer hospital stays (≥ 7 days), emergency admission, surgery, intensive care, ICH, SAH, and for-profit medical institutions were associated with higher hospitalization costs. The XGBoost model analysis revealed that the top five factors influencing hospitalization costs for stroke patients were the type of medical institution, length of stay, whether surgery was performed, the level of medical institution, and the subtype of stroke.

Conclusions

IS is the most common stroke subtype, and hospitalization costs for stroke patients are primarily driven by drug expenses. SAH patients have higher hospitalization costs, mainly due to other expenses. By implementing appropriate admission assessments, improving medical efficiency, shortening hospital stays, and optimizing treatment plans, the economic burden on stroke patients can be reduced.

, authors=Jing WANG, Yitao ZHENG, Hongxiang LIU, Chuanhua YU, authorsList=Jing WANG, Yitao ZHENG, Hongxiang LIU, Chuanhua YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuanhua YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YU Chuanhua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170659431011141, articleId=1321170657900090167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=基于真实数据的脑卒中及其亚型患者住院费用构成和影响因素分析, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析脑卒中患者住院费用的构成和影响因素，为合理控制医疗费用、减轻患者经济负担提供数据支撑。

方法

收集中国华中地区某省卫生总费用核算管理填报系统中2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日出院的66 524例脑卒中患者住院信息，采用灰色关联分析法和结构变动度分析法分析脑卒中及其亚型患者住院费用构成，并使用广义线性模型（GLM）和极限梯度提升（XGBoost）模型探讨影响住院费用的关键因素。

结果

66 524例脑卒中患者中，缺血性脑卒中（IS）占85.80%，脑出血（ICH）占10.84%，蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）占3.36%；脑卒中患者住院费用M（P25，P75）为6 992.32（3 997.76，13 475.91）元，亚型中SAH的住院费用最高，为88 389.28（12 494.50，151 711.34）元。药品费、其他费用和治疗费占住院总费用的前3位，平均占比分别为29.29%、24.61%和19.43%。IS和ICH患者住院费用以药品费为主，SAH以其他费用为主。灰色关联分析显示，西药费、其他费用和治疗费与住院总费用关联度居于前3位，分别为0.951 8、0.936 2和0.900 4。结构变动度分析显示，脑卒中住院患者药品费、检查费和其他费用的变动较大，结构变动贡献率（CSV）分别为24.34%、19.50%和27.74%。GLM分析发现，住院时间≥7 d、急诊入院、手术、重症监护、ICH、SAH和营利性质医疗机构的住院费用较高。XGBoost模型分析显示，脑卒中患者住院费用的前5位主要影响因素依次为医疗机构类别、住院时间、是否手术、医疗机构级别和脑卒中类型。

结论

IS是脑卒中患病的主要亚型，脑卒中患者住院费用以药品费为主，SAH患者的住院费用较高且以其他费用为主。通过合理的入院评估，提高医疗效率，缩短住院时间和优化治疗方案，有助于降低脑卒中患者的经济负担。

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汪婧（1997—），硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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宇传华，E-mail：
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Health Economics Review, 2024, 14(1): 88., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170661440082758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170661482025799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, companyId=1321170661440082758, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170661544940360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, companyId=1321170661440082758, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉大学公共卫生学院，武汉 430071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170665814741864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Composition of hospitalization costs for patients with different subtypes of stroke from 2020 to 2022, figureFileSmall=ItK5+PQJo9PN6/L1OgRS7A==, figureFileBig=iQC/BeDR9tLAm1fXd7c5iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170666041234281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同类型脑卒中患者2020—2022年住院费用构成情况, figureFileSmall=ItK5+PQJo9PN6/L1OgRS7A==, figureFileBig=iQC/BeDR9tLAm1fXd7c5iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170666234172266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=XGBoost model analysis of the importance scores of factors influencing hospitalization costs in stroke patients, figureFileSmall=qwgQRicsOO9ud0epnQGw8g==, figureFileBig=Fre/8uw0Gw54aCIdtI8IMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170666313864044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=CN, label=图2, caption=脑卒中患者住院费用影响因素XGBoost模型分析重要性得分, figureFileSmall=qwgQRicsOO9ud0epnQGw8g==, figureFileBig=Fre/8uw0Gw54aCIdtI8IMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170666410333037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of hospitalization costs in stroke patients with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分组住院费用/元[M (P25，P75)]Z/H值P值
性别男性7 330.13（4 167.34，14 103.77）580 588 300.000<0.001
女性6 699.98（3 811.01，12 792.79）
年龄/岁<4013 112.41（5 040.40，38 014.55）1 165.035<0.001
40～4910 309.75（5 402.86，23 949.86）
50～598 067.12（4 448.37，17 259.48）
60～696 852.42（3 857.46，13 005.05）
70～796 339.44（3 675.66，11 273.44）
≥807 228.97（4 119.80，13 501.06）
住院时间/d<74 270.34（2 113.76，6 940.95）18 226.610<0.001
7～147 194.17（4 717.68，12 007.17）
15～2113 642.31（8 453.24，27 300.00）
≥2230 018.76（15 587.04，77 841.83）
是否急诊入院否6 962.26（3 981.23，13 410.87）15 541 320.000<0.001
是11 415.66（6 471.72，21 386.74）
入院时是否危重否6 849.37（3 928.03，12 926.01）40 737 380.000<0.001
是16 904.93（8 463.33，38 984.59）
是否手术否6 149.63（3 495.23，10 603.11）108 272 500.000<0.001
是22 486.30（9 841.74，84 240.12）
是否重症监护否6 861.28（3 933.89，12 952.01）42 140 620.000<0.001
是17 402.37（7 639.25，46 140.04）
脑卒中类型IS6 434.71（3 745.89，11 255.01）6 376.858<0.001
ICH16 433.88（7 337.77，40 686.35）
SAH88 389.28（12 494.50，151 711.34）
医疗付款方式职工医保10 148.12（5 681.65，22 588.09）6 442.195<0.001
居民医保5 830.39（3 071.82，10 015.17）
全自费9 259.66（4 530.49，19 566.56）
其他8 383.18（4 986.48，18 242.16）
医疗机构类别综合医院9 229.86（5 443.57，18 207.40）21 545.820<0.001
中医医院6 723.84（4 836.56，9 893.33）
基层机构1 956.46（1 360.41，2 853.77）
其他3 949.13（1 942.17，6 358.26）
医疗机构级别省级16 677.50（9 399.86，44 618.30）18 887.070<0.001
市级9 668.29（6 040.75，17 448.99）
区级5 619.25（3 788.92，8 160.33）
县级5 044.94（2 628.16，8 600.45）
医疗机构性质非营利6 965.31（3 971.04，13 455.55）60 301 870.000<0.001
营利8 339.62（4 686.23，13 897.83）
所在地省会11 020.73（6 319.19，24 551.67）9 867.453<0.001
地级市15 991.28（3 688.03，9 695.98）
地级市25 115.58（2 447.12，8 579.98）
地级市34 010.89（1 799.02，9 514.91）
地级市46 267.26（3 542.66，11 503.89）
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666494219118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征脑卒中患者住院费用情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分组住院费用/元[M (P25，P75)]Z/H值P值
性别男性7 330.13（4 167.34，14 103.77）580 588 300.000<0.001
女性6 699.98（3 811.01，12 792.79）
年龄/岁<4013 112.41（5 040.40，38 014.55）1 165.035<0.001
40～4910 309.75（5 402.86，23 949.86）
50～598 067.12（4 448.37，17 259.48）
60～696 852.42（3 857.46，13 005.05）
70～796 339.44（3 675.66，11 273.44）
≥807 228.97（4 119.80，13 501.06）
住院时间/d<74 270.34（2 113.76，6 940.95）18 226.610<0.001
7～147 194.17（4 717.68，12 007.17）
15～2113 642.31（8 453.24，27 300.00）
≥2230 018.76（15 587.04，77 841.83）
是否急诊入院否6 962.26（3 981.23，13 410.87）15 541 320.000<0.001
是11 415.66（6 471.72，21 386.74）
入院时是否危重否6 849.37（3 928.03，12 926.01）40 737 380.000<0.001
是16 904.93（8 463.33，38 984.59）
是否手术否6 149.63（3 495.23，10 603.11）108 272 500.000<0.001
是22 486.30（9 841.74，84 240.12）
是否重症监护否6 861.28（3 933.89，12 952.01）42 140 620.000<0.001
是17 402.37（7 639.25，46 140.04）
脑卒中类型IS6 434.71（3 745.89，11 255.01）6 376.858<0.001
ICH16 433.88（7 337.77，40 686.35）
SAH88 389.28（12 494.50，151 711.34）
医疗付款方式职工医保10 148.12（5 681.65，22 588.09）6 442.195<0.001
居民医保5 830.39（3 071.82，10 015.17）
全自费9 259.66（4 530.49，19 566.56）
其他8 383.18（4 986.48，18 242.16）
医疗机构类别综合医院9 229.86（5 443.57，18 207.40）21 545.820<0.001
中医医院6 723.84（4 836.56，9 893.33）
基层机构1 956.46（1 360.41，2 853.77）
其他3 949.13（1 942.17，6 358.26）
医疗机构级别省级16 677.50（9 399.86，44 618.30）18 887.070<0.001
市级9 668.29（6 040.75，17 448.99）
区级5 619.25（3 788.92，8 160.33）
县级5 044.94（2 628.16，8 600.45）
医疗机构性质非营利6 965.31（3 971.04，13 455.55）60 301 870.000<0.001
营利8 339.62（4 686.23，13 897.83）
所在地省会11 020.73（6 319.19，24 551.67）9 867.453<0.001
地级市15 991.28（3 688.03，9 695.98）
地级市25 115.58（2 447.12，8 579.98）
地级市34 010.89（1 799.02，9 514.91）
地级市46 267.26（3 542.66，11 503.89）
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666578105199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correlation coefficients, degrees of association, and rankings between the average hospitalization cost components and the total hospitalization cost among stroke patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
费用类别关联系数关联度排序
2020年2021年2022年
治疗费0.932 70.861 50.907 00.900 43
西药费1.000 00.903 80.951 50.951 81
中成药费0.828 60.753 00.805 00.795 510
中草药费0.825 60.751 30.801 00.792 611
床位费0.832 70.757 00.805 50.798 49
诊查费0.831 00.766 90.799 20.799 08
检查费0.855 20.792 60.848 00.831 94
手术费0.835 50.763 60.807 80.802 36
化验费0.863 00.789 40.841 80.831 45
护理费0.832 10.757 90.807 40.799 17
其他0.960 50.882 50.965 70.936 22
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666661991280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

脑卒中患者例均住院费用分项与住院总费用的关联系数、关联度和排序

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费用类别关联系数关联度排序
2020年2021年2022年
治疗费0.932 70.861 50.907 00.900 43
西药费1.000 00.903 80.951 50.951 81
中成药费0.828 60.753 00.805 00.795 510
中草药费0.825 60.751 30.801 00.792 611
床位费0.832 70.757 00.805 50.798 49
诊查费0.831 00.766 90.799 20.799 08
检查费0.855 20.792 60.848 00.831 94
手术费0.835 50.763 60.807 80.802 36
化验费0.863 00.789 40.841 80.831 45
护理费0.832 10.757 90.807 40.799 17
其他0.960 50.882 50.965 70.936 22
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666737488753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Degree of structural variation analysis of hospitalization costs for stroke patients

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费用类别VSV值/%CSV值/%
2020—2021年2021—2022年2020—2022年2020—2021年2021—2022年2020—2022年
治疗费0.74−0.97−0.238.148.911.61
药品费−3.47−0.07−3.5438.280.6124.34
床位费−0.60−0.16−0.766.581.465.20
诊查费1.64−3.26−1.6318.0429.9011.20
检查费1.960.882.8321.618.0119.50
手术费0.16−1.00−0.831.789.125.74
化验费0.040.360.400.443.312.76
护理费−0.310.04−0.283.470.341.91
其他−0.154.194.031.6838.3427.74
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666821374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

脑卒中患者住院费用结构变动分析

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费用类别VSV值/%CSV值/%
2020—2021年2021—2022年2020—2022年2020—2021年2021—2022年2020—2022年
治疗费0.74−0.97−0.238.148.911.61
药品费−3.47−0.07−3.5438.280.6124.34
床位费−0.60−0.16−0.766.581.465.20
诊查费1.64−3.26−1.6318.0429.9011.20
检查费1.960.882.8321.618.0119.50
手术费0.16−1.00−0.831.789.125.74
化验费0.040.360.400.443.312.76
护理费−0.310.04−0.283.470.341.91
其他−0.154.194.031.6838.3427.74
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666888483699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Generalized linear model (GLM) analysis of factors influencing hospitalization costs in stroke patients

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因素比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $t值P值
性别女性男性−0.0600.006−9.689<0.001
年龄/岁40～49<40−0.0040.030−0.1210.904
50～59−0.0270.027−1.0110.312
60～69−0.0390.026−1.4910.136
70～79−0.0370.026−1.3910.164
≥ 80−0.0780.027−2.8860.004
住院时间/d7～14<70.5150.00771.145<0.001
15～211.0280.01193.956<0.001
≥ 221.5670.013117.153<0.001
急诊入院是否0.1760.0325.471<0.001
入院时危重是否0.0150.0270.5390.590
手术是否0.7100.01072.246<0.001
重症监护是否0.6400.02723.677<0.001
脑卒中类型ICHIS0.2170.01119.975<0.001
SAH0.9220.01851.092<0.001
医疗付款方式居民医保职工医保−0.0200.008−2.5400.011
全自费−0.1520.013−11.739<0.001
其他−0.0420.020−2.1120.035
医疗机构类别中医医院综合医院−0.3390.009−39.193<0.001
基层机构−1.1160.010−108.510<0.001
其他−0.7410.040−18.344<0.001
医疗机构级别市级省级−0.3350.020−16.757<0.001
区级−0.5510.013−41.752<0.001
县级−0.7580.019−40.512<0.001
医疗机构性质营利非营利0.0650.0193.377<0.001
所在地地级市1省会−0.1210.017−7.160<0.001
地级市2−0.2400.019−12.588<0.001
地级市3−0.1070.019−5.709<0.001
地级市4−0.1610.017−9.443<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170666951398260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657900090167, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

脑卒中患者住院费用影响因素GLM分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $t值P值
性别女性男性−0.0600.006−9.689<0.001
年龄/岁40～49<40−0.0040.030−0.1210.904
50～59−0.0270.027−1.0110.312
60～69−0.0390.026−1.4910.136
70～79−0.0370.026−1.3910.164
≥ 80−0.0780.027−2.8860.004
住院时间/d7～14<70.5150.00771.145<0.001
15～211.0280.01193.956<0.001
≥ 221.5670.013117.153<0.001
急诊入院是否0.1760.0325.471<0.001
入院时危重是否0.0150.0270.5390.590
手术是否0.7100.01072.246<0.001
重症监护是否0.6400.02723.677<0.001
脑卒中类型ICHIS0.2170.01119.975<0.001
SAH0.9220.01851.092<0.001
医疗付款方式居民医保职工医保−0.0200.008−2.5400.011
全自费−0.1520.013−11.739<0.001
其他−0.0420.020−2.1120.035
医疗机构类别中医医院综合医院−0.3390.009−39.193<0.001
基层机构−1.1160.010−108.510<0.001
其他−0.7410.040−18.344<0.001
医疗机构级别市级省级−0.3350.020−16.757<0.001
区级−0.5510.013−41.752<0.001
县级−0.7580.019−40.512<0.001
医疗机构性质营利非营利0.0650.0193.377<0.001
所在地地级市1省会−0.1210.017−7.160<0.001
地级市2−0.2400.019−12.588<0.001
地级市3−0.1070.019−5.709<0.001
地级市4−0.1610.017−9.443<0.001
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基于真实数据的脑卒中及其亚型患者住院费用构成和影响因素分析
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汪婧 , 郑义滔 , 刘红祥 , 宇传华 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(12): 1493-1500
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (12) : 1493 -1500
基于真实数据的脑卒中及其亚型患者住院费用构成和影响因素分析
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汪婧（1997—），硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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汪婧, 郑义滔, 刘红祥, 宇传华*, *
作者信息
  • 武汉大学公共卫生学院，武汉 430071
通讯作者:
宇传华，E-mail：
作者简介:

汪婧（1997—），硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

Analysis of hospitalization cost composition and influencing factors of stroke and its subtypes based on real-world data
Jing WANG, Yitao ZHENG, Hongxiang LIU, Chuanhua YU
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
    • Corresponding Author:
    YU Chuanhua, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147860
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摘要
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目的

分析脑卒中患者住院费用的构成和影响因素，为合理控制医疗费用、减轻患者经济负担提供数据支撑。

方法

收集中国华中地区某省卫生总费用核算管理填报系统中2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日出院的66 524例脑卒中患者住院信息，采用灰色关联分析法和结构变动度分析法分析脑卒中及其亚型患者住院费用构成，并使用广义线性模型（GLM）和极限梯度提升（XGBoost）模型探讨影响住院费用的关键因素。

结果

66 524例脑卒中患者中，缺血性脑卒中（IS）占85.80%，脑出血（ICH）占10.84%，蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）占3.36%；脑卒中患者住院费用M（P25，P75）为6 992.32（3 997.76，13 475.91）元，亚型中SAH的住院费用最高，为88 389.28（12 494.50，151 711.34）元。药品费、其他费用和治疗费占住院总费用的前3位，平均占比分别为29.29%、24.61%和19.43%。IS和ICH患者住院费用以药品费为主，SAH以其他费用为主。灰色关联分析显示，西药费、其他费用和治疗费与住院总费用关联度居于前3位，分别为0.951 8、0.936 2和0.900 4。结构变动度分析显示，脑卒中住院患者药品费、检查费和其他费用的变动较大，结构变动贡献率（CSV）分别为24.34%、19.50%和27.74%。GLM分析发现，住院时间≥7 d、急诊入院、手术、重症监护、ICH、SAH和营利性质医疗机构的住院费用较高。XGBoost模型分析显示，脑卒中患者住院费用的前5位主要影响因素依次为医疗机构类别、住院时间、是否手术、医疗机构级别和脑卒中类型。

结论

IS是脑卒中患病的主要亚型，脑卒中患者住院费用以药品费为主，SAH患者的住院费用较高且以其他费用为主。通过合理的入院评估，提高医疗效率，缩短住院时间和优化治疗方案，有助于降低脑卒中患者的经济负担。

脑卒中  /  亚型  /  住院费用  /  构成  /  影响因素
Objective

To analyze the composition and influencing factors of hospitalization costs for stroke patients, providing data support for rational control of medical expenses and alleviating the economic burden on patients.

Methods

The data of 66 524 stroke patients discharged from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 were collected from the medical expense accounting management reporting system of a province in central China. The grey relational analysis and degree of structural variation analysis were performed to analyze the hospitalization cost composition for stroke and its subtypes. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model were constructed to explore the key influencing factors.

Results

Among 66 524 stroke patients, 85.80%, 10.84%, and 3.36% had ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), respectively. The M (P25, P75) of the hospitalization cost for stroke patients was 6 992.32 (3 997.76, 13 475.91) CNY. The hospitalization cost for SAH patients was the highest, reaching 88 389.28 (12 494.50, 151 711.34) CNY. The top three categories of hospitalization expenses for stroke patients were drug costs, other costs, and treatment costs, with the average proportions of 29.29%, 24.61%, and 19.43%, respectively. The hospitalization costs of IS and ICH patients were mainly attributed to drug costs. For SAH patients, other costs accounted for the largest proportion of hospitalization expenses. The grey relational analysis results showed that the top three factors correlated with total hospitalization costs were Western medicine costs, other costs, and treatment costs, with correlation coefficients of 0.951 8, 0.936 2, and 0.900 4, respectively. The degree of structural variation analysis showed that the contribution rates of structure variation (CSV) for medication costs, examination costs, and other costs were 24.34%, 19.50%, and 27.74%. The GLM results indicated that longer hospital stays (≥ 7 days), emergency admission, surgery, intensive care, ICH, SAH, and for-profit medical institutions were associated with higher hospitalization costs. The XGBoost model analysis revealed that the top five factors influencing hospitalization costs for stroke patients were the type of medical institution, length of stay, whether surgery was performed, the level of medical institution, and the subtype of stroke.

Conclusions

IS is the most common stroke subtype, and hospitalization costs for stroke patients are primarily driven by drug expenses. SAH patients have higher hospitalization costs, mainly due to other expenses. By implementing appropriate admission assessments, improving medical efficiency, shortening hospital stays, and optimizing treatment plans, the economic burden on stroke patients can be reduced.

stroke  /  subtypes  /  hospitalization costs  /  composition  /  influencing factors
汪婧, 郑义滔, 刘红祥, 宇传华. 基于真实数据的脑卒中及其亚型患者住院费用构成和影响因素分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1493 -1500 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147860
Jing WANG, Yitao ZHENG, Hongxiang LIU, Chuanhua YU. Analysis of hospitalization cost composition and influencing factors of stroke and its subtypes based on real-world data[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1493 -1500 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147860
正文
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脑卒中是全球重要的慢性非传染性疾病之一，目前已成为全球第二大死因[1]，其不仅带来巨大的残疾负担，而且带来沉重的经济负担，尤其是在住院治疗期间[2]。据报道，2020年中国脑血管疾病的总住院费用为1 056.79亿元，其中缺血性脑卒中（ischemic stroke, IS）占70.8%，出血性脑卒中占29.2%[3]。为分析脑卒中患者住院费用的构成和影响因素，为合理控制医疗费用、减轻患者经济负担提供数据支撑，本研究收集了中国华中地区某省卫生总费用核算管理填报系统中省会城市和4个其他地级市共5个市区综合医院、中医医院、基层机构及专科医院等类型的省、市、区和县级169家医疗机构2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日出院的66 524例真实脑卒中患者住院信息，采用灰色关联分析法和结构变动度分析法分析脑卒中及不同亚型住院费用构成，并构建广义线性模型（generalized linear models, GLM）结合极限梯度提升（eXtreme Gradient Boosting, XGBoost）模型探讨影响住院费用的关键因素。结果报告如下。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　资料来源
本研究收集了华中地区某省卫生总费用核算管理填报系统中省会城市和4个其他地级市共5个城市的综合医院、中医医院、基层机构及专科医院等类型的省、市、区和县级医疗机构，涵盖了2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日出院的真实脑卒中患者住院信息。数据内容包括患者性别、年龄、住院时间、是否急诊入院、入院时是否危重、是否手术、是否重症监护、脑卒中类型、医疗付款方式、医疗机构类别、医疗机构级别、医疗机构性质、所在地和住院费用及明细等。按照《疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类第十次修订本》（International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, ICD-10）[4]，提取第一诊断为IS、脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH）和蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH）的脑卒中患者，编码分别为I63、I61和I60。
1.2　质量控制
本研究对卫生总费用核算管理填报系统中下载的原始数据进行了严格筛选，数据清洗过程由3名研究人员按照统一的标准进行交叉清洗，确保每一条记录的准确性。同时，采用多种费用体系核算进行校验，并与原始数据源进行对比检查和逻辑一致性验证，以进一步排除可能的错误或遗漏。所有数据在清洗过程中均经过系统整理和审查，确保纳入的患者符合所研究疾病的诊断要求，为后续分析提供了可靠的基础。最终纳入该研究的脑卒中住院患者数据来自169家医疗机构，共计66 524例，其中2020年为19 875例，2021年为22 338例，2022年为24 311例。
1.3　统计分析
采用Excel 2020建立数据库录入数据，住院费用以M（P25，P75）表示，应用R 4.4.2统计软件进行一般描述性分析、Mann-Whitney U检验、Kruskal-Wallis H检验、灰色关联分析法分析、结构变动度分析法分析、广义线性模型分析。其中，灰色关联分析法分析是通过计算数据的关联系数和关联度比较数据之间的关联程度。医疗费用多呈灰色特性，可用灰色关联法分析各项住院费用与住院总费用之间的关联程度[5]，关联系数（$ \xi $i ）范围为（0，1] ，计算公式为：$ \xi $i (k) =（Δ min+ ρΔ max）/（Δ i (k) + ρΔ max）。其中，k表示年份；Δ i (k)表示该年各项目费用（Xi）与住院总费用（X0）进行差数列处理后的绝对值，计算公式为：Δ i (k) =|Xi(k)−X0 (k)|；Δ max和Δ min分别为最大绝对差和最小绝对差；ρ为分辨系数，通常取值为0.5。关联度（γi）反映各项费用与住院总费用之间的平均相关程度，其范围为(0,1]，计算公式为：γi =∑$ \xi $i(k)/n，n代表纳入研究年份的数量；γi 为主要的评价指标，其值越接近于1，表示关联性越好[6]。结构变动度分析法能够综合反映医疗费用内部各组分的结构变化，反映医疗费用结构变化的总体特征[7]，包括结构变动值（value of structure variation, VSV）、结构变动度（degree of structure variation, DSV）和结构变动贡献率（contribution rate of structure variation, CSV）3个分析指标。其中，住院费用各项费用构成比期末与期初差值为VSV，VSV>0表示正向结构变动，反之为负向结构变动；DSV为各项费用结构变动值的绝对值之和，DSV值越大表示该时期内费用的结构变动程度越大[8]；CSV指VSV的绝对值在DSV中的占比，CSV值越大表示该费用类别对费用总体的影响程度越大[9]。为了评估不同因素对住院费用的影响，本研究采用非参数统计方法Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H检验进行单因素分析[10]，筛选出可纳入模型的变量，对差异有统计学意义的因素采用Gamma分布的广义线性模型（generalized linear model, GLM）进行建模分析，该模型扩展了传统的线性回归模型，适合计数响应变量建模[11]。此外，本研究还通过构建XGBoost模型分析影响因素的重要程度。XGBoost模型是梯度提升决策树算法的高效实现，可以有效地应用于分类和回归问题[12]，用均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）来衡量XGBoost模型预测值与实际值之间的差距，RMSE越接近0，表明模型拟合的效果越好[13]。本研究的XGBoost模型构建和评估在Python 3.12.4环境中完成，采用pandas进行数据处理、scikit-learn进行模型评估、XGBoost进行模型训练。检验水准为双侧检验α= 0.05。
2　结　果
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2.1　脑卒中住院患者基本情况
66 524例脑卒中患者中，男性34 630例（52.06%），女性31 894例（47.94%）；年龄<40岁958例（1.44%），40～49岁2 840例（4.27%），50～59岁11 317例（17.01%），60～69岁19 476例（29.28%），70～79岁21 237例（31.92%），≥80岁10 696例（16.08%）；住院时间<7 d者20 979例（31.54%），7～14 d者32 917例（49.48%），15～21 d者7 773例（11.68%），≥22 d者4 855例（7.30%）；非急诊入院者65 881例（99.03%），急诊入院者643例（0.97%）；未手术者55 290例（83.11%），手术者11 234例（16.89%）；非重症监护者64 251例（96.58%），重症监护者2 273例（3.42%）；IS者57 079例（85.80%），ICH者7 209例（10.84%），SAH者2 236例（3.36%）；医疗付款方式为职工医保者21 013例（31.59%），居民医保者38 959例（58.56%），全自费者4 753例（7.14%），其他付款方式者1 799例（2.70%）；医疗机构类别为综合医院43 698例（65.69%），中医医院12 400例（18.64%），基层机构10 032例（15.08%），其他医疗机构394例（0.59%）；医疗机构级别为省级14 510例（21.81%），市级10 052例（15.11%），区级10 874例（16.35%），县级31 088例（46.73%）；医疗机构性质为非营利64 497例（96.95%），营利2 027例（3.05%）；所在地为省会城市者23 026例（34.61%），地级市1者14 283例（21.47%），地级市2者6 873例（10.33%），地级市3者7 464例（11.22%），地级市4者14 878例（22.36%）。
2.2　脑卒中住院患者住院费用情况（表1）
脑卒中患者2020—2022年住院费用为6 992.32（3 997.76，13 475.91）元，不同特征脑卒中患者比较，不同性别、年龄、住院时间、是否急诊入院、入院时是否危重、是否手术、是否重症监护、脑卒中类型、医疗付款方式、医疗机构类别、医疗机构级别、医疗机构性质、所在地脑卒中患者住院费用不同，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）。
2.3　脑卒中患者住院费用构成分析（图1）
居于脑卒中患者住院费用占比前3位的依次为药品费（包括西药、中成药和中草药费）、其他费用和治疗费，分别为2 255.54（1 079.94，4 766.03）、298.07（78.00，1 254.78）和811.00（201.60，3 156.00）元，2020—2022年平均占比依次为29.29%、24.61%和19.43%。不同亚型中，IS患者住院费用占比前3位的依次为药品费（包括西药、中成药和中草药费）、治疗费和其他费用，分别为2 080.85（1 035.44，4 088.04）、612.00（171.00，2 197.10）和235.61（66.00，852.15）元，2020—2022年平均占比依次为30.42%、19.48%和19.17%；ICH患者住院费用占比前3位的依次为药品费（包括西药、中成药和中草药费）、治疗费和其他费用，分别为4 444.26（1 597.57，12 877.40）、4 137.50（1 233.52，10 152.00）和1 661.73（405.86，5 255.18）元，2020—2022年平均占比依次为32.92 %、24.34%和17.81%；SAH患者住院费用占比前3位的依次为其他费用、药品费（包括西药、中成药和中草药费）和治疗费，分别为37 127.43（1 472.48，64 186.70）、15 046.29（3 564.35，29 450.15）和8 760.00（3 191.43，17 127.25）元，2020—2022年平均占比依次为49.22 %、21.56 %和13.51%。不同类型脑卒中患者2020—2022年住院费用构成情况见图1。
2.4　脑卒中患者住院费用构成灰色关联分析法分析（表2）
2020—2022年脑卒中患者例均西药费、其他费用、治疗费、检查费和化验费与住院总费用的关联系数均处于较高水平，其中2020年的西药费与住院总费用之间的关联系数值为1.000 0；2020—2022年脑卒中患者例均西药费、其他费用和治疗费与住院总费用的关联度居于前3位，分别为0.951 8、0.936 2和0.900 4，这些费用是构成脑卒中患者疾病经济负担的主要来源。
2.5　脑卒中患者住院费用结构变动分析（表3）
结构变动分析结果显示，脑卒中患者2020—2022年住院费用VSV值除检查费、化验费和其他费用为正向变动外，其他类别费用均为负向变动；其中药品费、检查费和其他费用结构变动值较大，分别为−3.54%、2.83%和4.03%。脑卒中患者2020—2022年住院费用的总体DSV值为14.54%，2020—2021年和2021—2022年的DSV值分别为9.07%和10.92%。脑卒中患者住院费用的CSV值在不同年度范围内有所不同，药品费、检查费和诊查费在2020—2021年对住院总费用增长贡献最大，分别为38.28%、21.61%和18.04%；2021—2022年诊查费和其他费用显著增长（分别为29.90%和38.34%）主导了住院总费用的增加；2020—2022年引起例均住院费用变动的主要项目包括药品费（24.34%）、检查费（19.50%）和其他费用 （27.74%），CSV值累计达71.58%。
2.6　脑卒中患者住院费用影响因素GLM分析（表4）
GLM分析结果显示，住院时间≥7 d、急诊入院、手术、重症监护、ICH、SAH和营利性质医疗机构脑卒中患者的住院费用较高，女性、年龄≥80岁、居民医保付费方式、全自费付费方式、其他付费方式、中医医院、基层医疗机构、其他医疗机构、市级及以下医疗机构和非省会的其他地级市脑卒中患者的住院费用较低。
2.7　脑卒中患者住院费用影响因素XGBoost模型分析（图2）
采用Python 3.12.4环境中的“XGBoost”包构建脑卒中患者住院费用的 XGBoost模型，由于住院费用数据呈高度右偏分布（偏度为6.96），因此对目标变量进行对数转换以改善模型性能。通过网格搜索法进行超参数优化后，最终模型评估结果显示，RMSE=0.569 4，R2=0.750 8，模型具有良好的拟合效果。根据特征重要性分析结果显示，影响脑卒中患者住院费用的前5位重要因素分别为医疗机构类别、住院时间、是否手术、医疗机构级别和脑卒中类型，具体见图2。
3　讨　论
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本研究结果显示，IS是脑卒中住院患者中最常见的类型，占住院患者总数的85.80%，这符合中国IS高发的趋势[14]；有49.48%的脑卒中患者住院时间为7～14 d，表明脑卒中治疗周期较长，与既往研究结果[15]一致；脑卒中患者在县级医院的就诊比例最高（占46.73%），反映出二级医疗机构在脑卒中患者就诊中的重要作用，这是县乡村一体化的心血管及相关疾病全程协同防治网络体系[16]建设取得重要成效的体现；在医疗付款方式上，全自费者仅占7.14%，>90%的脑卒中患者通过医保支付住院费用，然而过高的医保支付比例可能导致资源的过度利用，甚至引发浪费问题[17]，需引起关注。此外，非营利性公立医院占96.95%，反映出公立医院在医疗服务中的主导地位，尤其是在医保支付体系下。然而，随着私立医院和社会资本的投入，未来可能出现竞争，尤其在大城市，私立医院将提供更多高端、个性化服务，因此对未来的医疗政策而言，如何平衡公立与私立医疗机构之间的资源配置以及如何确保不同层级医院的公平性将是提升整体医疗体系效能的关键[18]。
本研究结果显示，药品费、治疗费和其他费用是脑卒中患者住院费用的主要组成部分，其中2020—2022年药品费平均占比为29.29%，这一结果与脑卒中患者的治疗需求密切相关，脑卒中的治疗通常需要根据病情使用抗凝、抗血小板、止血、降压以及血管神经保护药物，这些药物费用较高[19]。2020—2022年脑卒中患者住院费用结构变动分析结果显示，药品费、检查费和其他费用是住院费用变动的主要驱动因素，其中药品费在此期间呈负向变动（–3.54%），检查费和其他费用则呈正向变动（2.83%和4.03%）。药品费的下降趋势可能与药品采购、治疗方案优化和政策调控有关，部分昂贵的药品可能被更具成本效益的药物所替代，加之公立医院的改革，降低了药品成本[20]；而检查费和其他费用的增长则可能与诊断技术的发展以及早期筛查和精准医疗的普及带来的需求增加有关。在2021—2022年，诊查费和其他费用显著增长，主导了住院总费用的增加，可能与新型冠状病毒感染疫情期间医疗资源配置和检查项目增多以及脑卒中患者护理需求增加等因素相关[21]。在疫情恢复阶段，部分患者因推迟治疗而病情加重，可能会导致再次就诊时检查和治疗需求增加。此外，有合并新型冠状病毒感染的高危患者或复杂病例，往往需要更频繁的检查、辅助治疗及长时间的重症监护，这进一步推动了其他费用的增长。
XGBoost模型分析结果显示，影响脑卒中患者住院费用的前5位主要因素依次为医疗机构类别、住院时间、是否手术、医疗机构级别和脑卒中类型，重要性得分依次为0.312、0.185、0.173、0.142和0.047，提示医疗资源的配置和病情的复杂程度直接决定了患者住院期间所需的医疗服务水平及费用。其中，综合医院以及省级和市级医疗机构产生的例均住院费用相对较高，这可能与不同类别和级别的医院在诊疗设备、医生水平、治疗方案以及资源配置上的差异密切相关，较高级别的医院通常收费较高，治疗流程也更加复杂。住院时间显著影响住院费用，住院时间越长，患者的治疗费用和护理费用相应增加，这与Su M等[22]研究结果一致。不同脑卒中类型具有不同的临床特征和管理需求。IS患者若能在4.5 h溶栓时间窗内接受治疗[23]，有助于缩短住院时间并降低长期护理需求，对整体成本产生积极影响。ICH患者常需紧急神经外科干预，术后患者可能出现感染、电解质紊乱等并发症，不仅延长了患者在重症监护室的治疗时长，还可能影响整体康复进程，从而增加住院成本。而SAH患者的脑血管痉挛高风险期往往需要成像和手术评估，这类病例通常涉及神经外科、介入科、重症医学科多团队协作，从而推高费用[24]。在手术和介入治疗等特殊治疗过程中产生大量的麻醉费和特殊材料费等费用亦使得出血性脑卒中患者住院费用中其他费用占比较大，住院成本也更高。
此外，医疗资源配置的虹吸效应同样深刻影响着住院费用。以湖北省武汉市为例，作为华中地区医疗中心，同济医院和协和医院等大型三甲医院聚集了优质专家团队与先进诊疗设备[25]，这种资源集聚优势使得大量省内重症患者选择跨区域就诊。值得注意的是，这类医疗中心的收费标准相对普通地级市往往较高，除基础诊疗项目外，重症患者甚至需要接受血管介入和靶向药物治疗等复杂方案，进一步拉高了费用水平[26]。这种费用差异本质上反映了分级诊疗体系尚未完善带来的结构性矛盾，当基层医疗机构难以承接复杂病例时，患者不得不为获取优质资源支付溢价。因此，通过医保差异化报销政策引导合理就医[27]，同时加强区域医疗中心与基层医院的双向转诊机制，或许能更有效地平衡医疗质量与费用控制。
综上所述，不同类型脑卒中患者的住院费用存在差异，其中出血性脑卒中患者的住院成本更高，而IS则因其较高的发病率使得这部分病例因基数庞大导致总体医疗支出显著偏高。脑卒中患者住院费用中主要经济负担来源于药品费，医疗机构的类别、级别、住院时间和是否手术亦可显著影响脑卒中患者的住院费用。因此，为提升医疗资源使用效率，优化费用管理，减轻脑卒中的经济负担，需重点规范西药等药品费用支出，并强化基层医疗机构服务能力建设，同时针对复杂病例实施差异化的费用管理策略。由于本研究仅使用华中地区某省2020—2022年的数据，因此难以捕捉到脑卒中患者住院费用在不同年份中的波动或长期变化，且本研究未充分考虑高血压和糖尿病等共病因素对脑卒中住院费用的影响，因此研究结果可能存在一定偏倚，未来可纳入更长时间跨度的数据进行研究，并建立并发症严重程度分层模型，以构建更贴近真实医疗场景的费用评估体系。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147860
  • 接收时间：2025-05-06
  • 首发时间：2026-10-25
  • 出版时间：2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-06
  • 修回日期：2025-06-09
  • 录用日期：2025-08-04
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    武汉大学公共卫生学院，武汉 430071

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宇传华，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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