Article(id=1321169694560736001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169668631548508, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147834, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1747670400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-20, acceptedDate=1754323200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-05, onlineDate=1792921001328, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921001328, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921001328, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921001328, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169668631548508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920995147, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792920995147, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1099, endPage=1105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169695164715778, articleId=1321169694560736001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Capturing and genetic characterization of human enteroviruses in municipal sewage in Guizhou province, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the contamination status of human enteroviruses (HEVs) in untreated municipal sewage and identify viral serotypes based on the municipal sewage network in Guizhou province.

Methods

Influent sewage samples were collected from monitoring sites in Guiyang city (Nanming district), Zunyi city (Xinpu new district), Liupanshui city (Zhongshan district), and Tongren city (Bijiang district) in Guizhou province from November 2024 to January 2025. Ten virus-enriched sewage samples were processed by a combined anion-exchange membrane adsorption-elution and ultrasound-assisted elution method. The concentrated viral particles were then inoculated into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and mouse L20B cells expressing the human poliovirus receptor. RNA was extracted from virus-positive isolates obtained through cell culture, followed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify the VP1 gene of enteroviruses. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to characterize the obtained viral strains.

Results

A total of 26 poliovirus (PV) vaccine-related strains and 11 non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) strains were isolated from the 10 sewage samples. Of the PV strains, 10 were of serotype I and 16 were of serotype Ⅲ. All the 26 PV vaccine-related strains exhibited fewer than 10 nucleotide variations in the VP1 region compared to the Sabin reference strains. The NPEV strains included seven echovirus 11 (E11) strains, one echovirus 6 (E6) strain, and one strain each of coxsackieviruses B2 (CVB2), B3 (CVB3), and B5 (CVB5). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the seven E11 strains belonged to the genetic subcluster D5.

Conclusions

HEVs were detected in sewage samples from the municipal sewage system of Guizhou province, while no wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived poliovirus was identified. Viral surveillance data confirm the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could inform the development of wastewater management policy standards.

, authors=Fei SU, Fumin ZHANG, Yinyin WANG, Xiaomin TANG, authorsList=Fei SU, Fumin ZHANG, Yinyin WANG, Xiaomin TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaomin TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TANG Xiaomin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169696213291787, articleId=1321169694560736001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=贵州省城市污水中人类肠道病毒捕获与基因特征分析, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于贵州省城市污水管网,分析未经处理的城市污水中的人肠道病毒(HEVs)的污染状况,并确定污水中病毒血清型。

方法

2024年11月—2025年1月,采集贵州省贵阳市(南明区)、遵义市(新蒲新区)、六盘水市(钟山区)及铜仁市(碧江区)监测点污水进水口水样,采用阴离子膜超声波洗脱法,将10份富集病毒的污水样接种于人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(RD)和人脊灰病毒受体基因的鼠肺细胞(L20B);经细胞培养获得的病毒阳性分离物提取RNA,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增肠道病毒VP1基因,对获得性肠道病毒基因序列进行鉴定与系统发育分析。

结果

从10份污水样品中分离得到26株脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)疫苗相关株,11株非脊髓灰质炎病毒(NPEV)。经鉴定,PV疫苗相关Ⅰ型毒株为10株、Ⅲ型为16株;26株PV疫苗相关株与Sabin株相比VP1区核苷酸变异个数均<10个;另外,NPEV包括7株埃可病毒11型(E11)、1株埃可病毒6型(E6)以及柯萨奇病毒B组2型(CVB2)、3型(CVB3)和5型(CVB5)各1株。进化分析显示,7株E11病毒株属于D5基因亚型。

结论

贵州城市污水管网的污水样品中可检出HEVs,但未发现脊灰野病毒(WPV)或疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)。监测地区污水中的病毒检测数据证实了HEV潜在的环境污染,可为制定废水管理政策标准提供参考依据。

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苏飞(1975—),本科,副主任医师,研究方向:肠道病毒检测

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唐小敏,E-mail:
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注:M:DL-2000 DNA Marker;Blank,空白对照;1~15:细胞阳性培养物。

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注:红色显示为本次研究从污水分离得到的病毒株。

, figureFileSmall=88BjXaXL9R9YfxL9KEVSuQ==, figureFileBig=FDIVY3sobrLbiiun7Oko6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169699887502129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169694560736001, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Phylogenetic tree of EVs in group B and reference strains of various genotypes based on the VP1 region, figureFileSmall=OeVAS+4v5jX0rMVFcjmrPw==, figureFileBig=KbibvZc0QGnKdhfJ6lH/ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169699958805298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169694560736001, language=CN, label=图3, caption=B组EVs与各基因型参考株VP1区系统进化树

注:●本研究从污水分离得到的病毒株。

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注:●本研究从污水分离得到的病毒株;▲代表以往从贵州省手足口病中分离得到的病毒株。

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贵州省城市污水中人类肠道病毒捕获与基因特征分析
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苏飞 , 张富敏 , 王寅寅 , 唐小敏 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(9): 1099-1105
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (9) : 1099 -1105
贵州省城市污水中人类肠道病毒捕获与基因特征分析
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苏飞, 张富敏, 王寅寅, 唐小敏*, *
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科,贵阳 550004
通讯作者:
唐小敏,E-mail:
作者简介:

苏飞(1975—),本科,副主任医师,研究方向:肠道病毒检测

Capturing and genetic characterization of human enteroviruses in municipal sewage in Guizhou province
Fei SU, Fumin ZHANG, Yinyin WANG, Xiaomin TANG
Affiliations
  • Virology Department, Laboratory Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    TANG Xiaomin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147834
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目的

基于贵州省城市污水管网,分析未经处理的城市污水中的人肠道病毒(HEVs)的污染状况,并确定污水中病毒血清型。

方法

2024年11月—2025年1月,采集贵州省贵阳市(南明区)、遵义市(新蒲新区)、六盘水市(钟山区)及铜仁市(碧江区)监测点污水进水口水样,采用阴离子膜超声波洗脱法,将10份富集病毒的污水样接种于人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(RD)和人脊灰病毒受体基因的鼠肺细胞(L20B);经细胞培养获得的病毒阳性分离物提取RNA,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增肠道病毒VP1基因,对获得性肠道病毒基因序列进行鉴定与系统发育分析。

结果

从10份污水样品中分离得到26株脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)疫苗相关株,11株非脊髓灰质炎病毒(NPEV)。经鉴定,PV疫苗相关Ⅰ型毒株为10株、Ⅲ型为16株;26株PV疫苗相关株与Sabin株相比VP1区核苷酸变异个数均<10个;另外,NPEV包括7株埃可病毒11型(E11)、1株埃可病毒6型(E6)以及柯萨奇病毒B组2型(CVB2)、3型(CVB3)和5型(CVB5)各1株。进化分析显示,7株E11病毒株属于D5基因亚型。

结论

贵州城市污水管网的污水样品中可检出HEVs,但未发现脊灰野病毒(WPV)或疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)。监测地区污水中的病毒检测数据证实了HEV潜在的环境污染,可为制定废水管理政策标准提供参考依据。

污水  /  人类肠道病毒  /  基因型  /  系统进化  /  贵州省
Objective

To analyze the contamination status of human enteroviruses (HEVs) in untreated municipal sewage and identify viral serotypes based on the municipal sewage network in Guizhou province.

Methods

Influent sewage samples were collected from monitoring sites in Guiyang city (Nanming district), Zunyi city (Xinpu new district), Liupanshui city (Zhongshan district), and Tongren city (Bijiang district) in Guizhou province from November 2024 to January 2025. Ten virus-enriched sewage samples were processed by a combined anion-exchange membrane adsorption-elution and ultrasound-assisted elution method. The concentrated viral particles were then inoculated into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and mouse L20B cells expressing the human poliovirus receptor. RNA was extracted from virus-positive isolates obtained through cell culture, followed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify the VP1 gene of enteroviruses. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to characterize the obtained viral strains.

Results

A total of 26 poliovirus (PV) vaccine-related strains and 11 non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) strains were isolated from the 10 sewage samples. Of the PV strains, 10 were of serotype I and 16 were of serotype Ⅲ. All the 26 PV vaccine-related strains exhibited fewer than 10 nucleotide variations in the VP1 region compared to the Sabin reference strains. The NPEV strains included seven echovirus 11 (E11) strains, one echovirus 6 (E6) strain, and one strain each of coxsackieviruses B2 (CVB2), B3 (CVB3), and B5 (CVB5). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the seven E11 strains belonged to the genetic subcluster D5.

Conclusions

HEVs were detected in sewage samples from the municipal sewage system of Guizhou province, while no wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived poliovirus was identified. Viral surveillance data confirm the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could inform the development of wastewater management policy standards.

sewage  /  human enteroviruses  /  genotype  /  phylogeny  /  Guizhou province
苏飞, 张富敏, 王寅寅, 唐小敏. 贵州省城市污水中人类肠道病毒捕获与基因特征分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (9) : 1099 -1105 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147834
Fei SU, Fumin ZHANG, Yinyin WANG, Xiaomin TANG. Capturing and genetic characterization of human enteroviruses in municipal sewage in Guizhou province[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (9) : 1099 -1105 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147834
污水是多元信息的大混杂,含有多种可感染人类的病毒[1]。2020年,新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)的大流行造成了前所未有的挑战和困难,但通过监测污水中的COVID-19为疾病提供了极好的早期预警[2]。人类肠道病毒(human enteroviruses, HEVs)在污水中高浓度存在,并通过污水引起急性水传播性疾病[3]。20世纪60年代初,污水中肠道病毒监测首先用于脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus, PV)的监测,随后扩展到多种病原体,其中也包括了非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(non-polio enteroviruses, NPEV)[4]。因此,在污水中肠道病毒检测(enteroviruses, EVs)可以作为由这一组病毒引起的疾病的早期预警指标。贵州省位于中国的西南部,既往研究表明,该地区早在2004年曾发现2例Ⅰ型疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒(vaccine-derived poliovirus, VDPV)感染病例,并引发了疫苗衍生脊灰病毒循环事件(circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, cVDPV)[5]。值得注意的是,2008—2017年贵州省手足口病年均报告死亡率持续位居全国前五位[6],这些EVs相关疾病的流行特征提示可能存在持续性病毒污染扩散风险,对区域公共卫生安全构成潜在威胁。然而,目前针对贵州地区污水中EVs特征监测仍未厘清,且尚未建立病毒基因型分布及变异趋势的研究体系。因此,本研究以贵州省城市污水管网为研究对象,采用“阴离子膜吸附–超声波洗脱”技术富集污水中病毒颗粒;在此基础上,采用组织培养及基因序列分析,了解本地区EVs的基因型多样性及分子进化特征,为贵州地区相关EVs传染病防控策略提供科学依据。
选择贵阳市(南明区)、遵义市(新蒲新区)、六盘水市(钟山区)及铜仁市(碧江区)作为监测点,其日均污水量均超2万吨,覆盖人口均超30万人,可系统反映贵州地区城市群污水特征。采集点设置在污水进水口。采集时间为2024年11月—2025年1月。
QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit试剂购于德国Qiagen公司;One step RT-PCR试剂购于大连TaKaRa公司;LAB-LEMCO'POWDER购于英国Oxoid有限公司;水样病毒富集系统(BDFJ-01)购于广州程淇生物技术有限公司;阴离子纤维素膜(Advantec)购于日本Toyo Roshi Kaisha有限公司;Ⅱ级A2型生物安全柜(1379)购于Thermo Fisher(苏州)公司;实时荧光定量PCR仪(QuantStudioTM5)购于美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;基因扩增仪(T100TM Thermal Cycler)购于美国Bio-Rad公司;凝胶成像分析系统(ChemiDocTM XRS+)购于美国Bio-Rad公司。人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, RD)和人脊灰病毒受体基因的鼠肺细胞(mouse L cells expressing the human poliovirus receptor, L20B)来源于中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病所脊灰病毒实验室。
按照《城市污水病原监测和入境航空器污水病原监测技术手册》(2024年版) [7]执行。使用水质自动采样器进行24 h混合采样(采集速度为100 mL/h),自动采样器冷藏温度设定为(4±2)℃,并提前测试设备防止堵塞。每日收集样本量2 400 mL。污水采集完毕后摇匀混合,随后分装1 000 mL至无菌瓶中,冷藏运至贵州省疾病预防控制中心EVs检测实验室。每个采集点每月采集1次,具体在每月第1个周的周一采集,连续采集24 h的污水样本,周三送达省级实验室。采集过程中,注意个人防护和消毒。
病毒富集前,将污水样本分装至离心管中,4 ℃,1 000 g条件下离心30 min;随后将上清液转移到烧杯中,然后加入2.5 mol MgCl2,至其终浓度为0.05 mol。在磁力搅拌器上用0.5 N HCl调节pH值至3.5~4.0。选用Advantec纤维素膜(孔径0.45 μm,直径142 mm)。将污水样本以10 mL/min流速循环通过水样病毒富集系统,1 000 mL样本过滤完毕后取出纤维素酯膜并折叠放至一次性培养皿内,用无菌剪剪碎纤维素酯膜至50 mL离心管(管内含10 mL 3%的牛肉膏浸出液)。随后,采用超声波破碎仪进行洗脱,频率30 khz,时长约1 min,吸出上清液加至离心管中(洗脱2次,分别加至2支15 mL离心管),调至pH 7.0,然后,3 000 r/min,30 min;吸取上清液,用0.22 μm针式过滤器过滤除菌,过滤液收集至5 mL冻存管用于病毒分离培养。
采用RD和L20B细胞进行病毒分离培养。RD与L20B细胞经常规培养分别接种于24孔板中。长成单层细胞后,污水富集第1次洗脱液接种5孔,每孔200 μL,第2次洗脱液接种3孔,每孔200 μL,每板分别设置细胞对照,置于36 ℃ 5% CO2培养箱中静置培养,每日观察细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE),连续培养2代,每代观察5 d。如出现CPE,两种细胞之间须交叉接种及传代[8]。
按照RNA提取试剂盒说明书,取140 μL病毒阳性分离物进行核酸提取,提取到RNA的体积约为50 μL,用于后续实验。RNA –75 ℃保存备用,避免反复冻融。
使用国家脊灰实验室提供的PV RT-PCR ITD 6.0和VDPV 5.2试剂,按照试剂盒说明书采用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR)对L20B阳性分离物进行PV型内鉴定。
对病毒阳性分离物,提取病毒RNA。参照文献合成VP1特异性引物 [9],使用One step RT-PCR试剂进行VP1基因序列扩增,RT-PCR反应条件:50 ℃ 30 min。94 ℃ 2 min。94 ℃ 30 s,50 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 80 s,40 个循环。72 ℃ 7 min。扩增产物经凝胶成像系统观察与鉴定,随后进行序列测定。测序结果用DNAStar(Lasergene)程序包编辑整理后,采用肠道病毒分子定型软件Enterovirus Genotyping Tool Version 0.1判断血清型别(http://www.rivm.nl/mpf/enterovirus/typingtool)。
使用MAFFT v7.490软件进行多重序列比对。trimAl v.1.4.1软件(Multiple Sequence Alignment, MSA)自动修剪多序列比对结果,去除对比对准确性和系统发育分析有负面影响的部分。序列分析、整理和拼接使用BioEdit v7.1.9。使用TBtools(https://github.com/CJ-Chen/TBtools/releases)导出参考序列。利用MEGA11,采用邻接法,通过1 000次引导重复构建最大似然距离模型的系统发生树。使用FigTree v1.4.2(http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/)对系统进化树进行可视化分析。
2024年11月—2025年1月,4个采集点共采集10份污水样(六盘水市采集点仅在2025年1月采集了污水样)。采集点采样周期内进水温度为8.6~23.6 ℃,其中,六盘水市采集点2025年1月份水温最低,而铜仁市采集点2024年11月份水温最高;采集周期内日污水处理量平均为6.77万吨/天,其中,遵义市采集点日污水处理量最高,平均为11.27万吨/天,而贵阳市采集点日污水处理量最低,平均为3.81万吨/天;另外,采集周期内各理化指标如下:化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand)平均为169 mg/L,总悬浮物平均为106 mg/L、pH值为6.8~8.7及氨氮平均含量为20.12 mg/L。
采用RD和L20B细胞对10份污水病毒富集样本进行组织分离培养。所有样本均连续培养2代,并使用倒置显微镜逐日对照正常细胞系(RD和L20B)进行观察。结果显示,病毒在RD细胞上主要表现为细胞圆缩与脱落;病毒在L20B细胞上发生的CPE,主要表现为细胞变圆,间隙增大,并出现细胞脱落。
首先,通过RT-qPCR进行PV型内鉴定,结果显示未检出脊灰野病毒(wild poliovirus, WPV)和VDPV。再使用EVs A组、B组及C组引物进行RT-PCR扩增,结果显示,除A组未见扩增产物外,而B组和C组扩增产物在1 000 bp处可观察到目的条带。
通过分子定型及进化分析,从上述方法中分离得到B组和C组EVs。B组EVs均为NPEV。经系统进化分析,得到7株埃可病毒11型(echovirus 11, E11)、1株埃可病毒6型(echovirus 6, E6)以及柯萨奇病毒B组2型(coxsackievirus B2, CVB2)、3型(CVB3)和5型(CVB5)病毒各1株。本研究检测到的EV-C组的血清型均为PV。本研究收获的26株PV,均为疫苗相关株,分别为10株PV Ⅰ 型与16株PV Ⅲ 型;与Sabin株相比VP1区核苷酸变异个数均小于10个。2024年11月—2025年1月,4个采集点均检出PVⅠ 型和 Ⅲ 型,未检出 Ⅱ 型;另外,六盘水市采集点未检出PVⅠ型毒株。在遵义市与六盘水市采集点主要检出E11,而其他B组EVs(E6、CVB2、CVB3、CVB5)则主要分布于贵阳市和铜仁市采集点。
从污水中分离得到7株E11毒株,基于VP1基因序列与各基因型参考株进行进化分析,结果显示,7株E11毒株处于D5基因亚型分支上,进一步分析发现,本研究7株E11毒株属于D5-3簇。另外,分析显示,以往贵州省从手足口病分离得到的E11毒株也属于D5亚型,表明该病毒在贵州省人群与环境中存在传播循环。然而,进一步分析发现,污水中得到的E11毒株与人群中得到的E11毒株处于同一进化分支分为2个不同的簇,提示二者可能经历了不同的进化路径。
EVs主要通过粪-口途径传播,感染者(包括无临床症状者)可通过粪便向外环境排出病毒。研究表明,EVs在外环境中可存活数周至数月,且在此过程中仍能维持传染性 [10]。目前全球多国已将污水EVs监测作为急性弛缓性麻痹(acute flaccid paralysis, AFP)病例监测体系的重要补充手段。在无PV流行但存在AFP监测薄弱环节,或已全面采用灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗(inactivated poliovirus vaccine, IPV)免疫策略的国家及地区,污水监测技术能有效捕获环境中潜在传播的EVs毒株,为评估EVs感染风险提供了关键流行病学证据 [11]。污水中成分复杂,受环境、水量、水质、化学物品及微生物的影响较大;且与临床样本相比干扰因素较多,病毒载量低;因此,对病毒进行检测与培养前,需对污水中的病毒进行富集处理。目前,常用的富集方法主要有过滤法、吸附法、离心法与混凝法 [12]。对于EVs的富集,目前较常用的方法是膜过滤法与聚乙二醇沉淀法,但研究表明,膜过滤法检出PV与NPEV高于聚乙二醇沉淀法 [8]。本研究基于阴离子膜吸附联用超声波产生的剪切力可有效快速地解离病毒,且不影响病毒颗粒完整性,成功从4个监测点采集的所有污水样本中均分离得到EVs,表明目前此方法可适用于污水中分离EVs。
自1988年WHO通过消除脊髓灰质炎决议以来,WPV的传播已大幅减少,并于2015年9月宣布 Ⅱ 型WPV已被消灭,次年要求全球同步停用含 Ⅱ 型的PV成分的脊灰减毒活疫苗(oral attenuated poliovirus vaccine, OPV)[13];中国按照WHO决议停用三价OPV,转换成注射IPV及二价OPV的序贯免疫策略 [14]。免疫策略的调整,从三价OPV转向二价OPV后,必然会引起PV型别的变化,也可能会导致VDPV的流行发生新的改变。另外,研究发现,污水中发现PV及相关病毒的时间早于PV及相关病毒导致疾病的时间,能够及早发现PV及相关病毒的输入和传播[15]。与此同时,本研究从污水监测发现,从4个监测点检出PV疫苗相关株,其中包括 Ⅰ 型和 Ⅲ 型且核苷酸变异个数均小于10个,未检出WPV和 Ⅱ 型PV;这一监测结果表明贵州省仍处于无PV状态,同时也间接证实了目前免疫策略的有效性。
本研究分离得到的NPEV,均属于HEV的B组。这些HEVs可引起非特异性症状和全身性疾病,并且E11、CVB3、CVB5等均是我国常见的流行株。在儿童中E11可引起严重疾病,具有高发病率和死亡率 [16]。有研究发现,在日本的2个污水厂E11被频繁检出,且显示出不同的血清型 [17]。在本次研究中E11分离率较高,主要集中在遵义市与六盘水市采集点,另外2个采集点则未检出。E11全球流行,根据VP1序列又可划分为6种基因型(A-F型),其中,A型、C型和D型又进一步分为A1-5、C1-4和D1-5 [18]。不同地域区域,E11优势型别不同。中国2013年E11以A1基因亚型为主,然而2018年D5基因亚型开始在中国大陆流行[19]。本研究从污水中分离得到的7株E11均属于D5基因亚型,进一步可划分为D5-3。值得注意的是,D5基因亚型分支上有2019—2021年从贵州省手足口病病例中分离得到的E11,它与污水中的E11同属一个分支,表明本地区E11的优势基因型为D5。此外,源自不同宿主的E11毒株分布于两个不同的系统进化簇,但其是否遵循差异化的进化路径仍有待进一步研究予以验证。
综上所述,本研究在城市污水监测中发现了多种能导致人类感染的EVs,但未发现WPV与VDPV。尽管本研究分离出污水中肠道病毒,但受限于样本采集的时空范围,未能检出本地区A组EVs的流行株[20–21],其背后机制究竟源于病毒种间竞争抑制效应,抑或是受宿主免疫压力等复杂因素驱动,仍需通过持续的动态监测或机制研究进行系统解析。本研究将继续进行监测点样本的采集、病毒分离培养与鉴定;同时,将污水富集液直接提取RNA构建EVs VP1编码区扩增子检测体系,通过靶向下一代测序技术(NGS)以发现污水样本中丰富的EV-A组及其他EVs序列。未来将整合污水病毒载量数据与相关疾病、人口信息,构建实时预警平台;构建适应特殊环境下的病原监测新模式。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147834
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-05-20
  • 录用日期:2025-08-05
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    贵州省疾病预防控制中心实验中心病毒科,贵阳 550004

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唐小敏,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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