Article(id=1321169626776584833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169578152014376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147648, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=1748880000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-03, acceptedDate=1754064000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-02, onlineDate=1792920985168, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792920985168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792920985168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792920985168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169578152014376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='10', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920973575, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792920973575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1261, endPage=1268, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169627028243074, articleId=1321169626776584833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Research progress in measurement of care needs of older adults: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the acceleration of population aging worldwide, the proportion of older adults with functional impairments is gradually rising. Accordingly, increasing care needs emerge. Studies have explored the measurement of care needs, while most studies are confined to single-domain measurement, and there is a lack of systematic summary. With the literature research method, we classified the care needs into three dimensions of duration need, manpower need, and expense need and reviewed the related research contents and results to reveal the measurement dimensions and commonly used tools for care needs. Furthermore, we analyzed the reliability, validity, and application status of the measurement tools, aiming to facilitate the quantitative evaluation of the large and personalized care needs of Chinese older adults. The results showed that the available studies on care duration need measurement usually used the length of time that older adults receive care within a certain time range to evaluate the care duration or intensity. The studies on the measurement of manpower need usually included the roles and number of formal and informal care providers. Domestic scholars mostly predicted the manpower need of disabled older adults from a macro perspective. The measurement of care expense needs mainly included the direct and indirect costs when older adults received care. Most studies predicted expense needs based on the population size with care needs. However, there are few studies on comprehensively predicting the duration, manpower, and expense needs of older adults. Therefore, future studies should consider the above measurement dimensions of care needs, the coordination of formal and informal care, and the combination of macro and micro needs, thus providing a basis for meeting the care needs of older adults and promoting rational allocation of care resources at the government level.

, authors=Shijun YANG1, Jingjing LUO1, Kejia ZHU1, Yichi ZHANG1, Chengchao ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, authorsList=Shijun YANG, Jingjing LUO, Kejia ZHU, Yichi ZHANG, Chengchao ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengchao ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHOU Chengchao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169627653194373, articleId=1321169626776584833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=老年人照料需求量的测量研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球老龄化进程加速,处于功能障碍的老年人比例逐渐上升,由此产生越来越多的照料需求。国内外已有研究开展了非正式或正式照料需求量的测量,但多数局限于单一维度的评估,且总体上缺乏系统的归纳总结。基于此,本文通过文献研究法将照料需求量的测量分为时长需求、人数需求、费用需求三大维度,对相应研究内容及结果进行了归纳梳理,旨在综述国内外老年人照料需求量的测量维度及常用工具,并探讨常见测量工具的信效度及应用情况等,以期为我国老年人庞大而个性化的照料需求进行详细的量化评估。分析结果显示,国内外照料时长需求量的测量研究通常使用老年人在一定时间范围内接受照料的时间长度来评估时长需求或强度需求;针对人数需求的测量研究常包括非正式及正式照料提供者的角色、数量,国内学者多从宏观视角出发对失能老年人等进行人数需求量的预测;关于费用需求的测量通常考量接受照料所需的直接和间接费用,多数研究根据有照料需求的人口规模预测进一步探索对应的费用需求,总体上针对老年个体的照料时长、人数、费用需求量的预测研究鲜有涉及。因此,在未来研究中应围绕上述3个需求量测量维度探索,开展非正式与正式照料协同、宏观微观相结合的需求量预测研究,为老年人需求的满足及政府层面照护资源的合理分配等提供依据。

, authors=杨士鋆1, 罗京京1, 朱柯嘉1, 张亦弛1, 周成超1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, *, authorsList=杨士鋆, 罗京京, 朱柯嘉, 张亦弛, 周成超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周成超, authorNote=

杨士鋆(1996—),博士在读;研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

, correspAuthorsNote=
周成超,E-mail:
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杨士鋆(1996—),博士在读;研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

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杨士鋆(1996—),博士在读;研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

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2NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan 250012, China
3Center for Health Management and Policy Research, Shandong University (Shandong Provincial Key New Think Tank), Jinan 250012, China
4Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012
3山东大学卫生管理与政策研究中心(山东省重点新型智库),济南 250012
4山东大学医养健康产业研究院,济南 250012
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老年人照料需求量的测量研究进展
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杨士鋆 1 , 罗京京 1 , 朱柯嘉 1 , 张亦弛 1 , 周成超 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2025,41(10): 1261-1268
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2025 , 41 (10) : 1261 -1268
老年人照料需求量的测量研究进展
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杨士鋆1, 罗京京1, 朱柯嘉1, 张亦弛1, 周成超1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, *
作者信息
  • 1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院社会医学与卫生事业管理学系,济南 250012
  • 2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012
  • 3山东大学卫生管理与政策研究中心(山东省重点新型智库),济南 250012
  • 4山东大学医养健康产业研究院,济南 250012
  • 5山东大学高等医学研究院,济南 250012
通讯作者:
周成超,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨士鋆(1996—),博士在读;研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

Research progress in measurement of care needs of older adults: a review
Shijun YANG1, Jingjing LUO1, Kejia ZHU1, Yichi ZHANG1, Chengchao ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
  • 2NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan 250012, China
  • 3Center for Health Management and Policy Research, Shandong University (Shandong Provincial Key New Think Tank), Jinan 250012, China
  • 4Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
  • 5Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHOU Chengchao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147648
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随着全球老龄化进程加速,处于功能障碍的老年人比例逐渐上升,由此产生越来越多的照料需求。国内外已有研究开展了非正式或正式照料需求量的测量,但多数局限于单一维度的评估,且总体上缺乏系统的归纳总结。基于此,本文通过文献研究法将照料需求量的测量分为时长需求、人数需求、费用需求三大维度,对相应研究内容及结果进行了归纳梳理,旨在综述国内外老年人照料需求量的测量维度及常用工具,并探讨常见测量工具的信效度及应用情况等,以期为我国老年人庞大而个性化的照料需求进行详细的量化评估。分析结果显示,国内外照料时长需求量的测量研究通常使用老年人在一定时间范围内接受照料的时间长度来评估时长需求或强度需求;针对人数需求的测量研究常包括非正式及正式照料提供者的角色、数量,国内学者多从宏观视角出发对失能老年人等进行人数需求量的预测;关于费用需求的测量通常考量接受照料所需的直接和间接费用,多数研究根据有照料需求的人口规模预测进一步探索对应的费用需求,总体上针对老年个体的照料时长、人数、费用需求量的预测研究鲜有涉及。因此,在未来研究中应围绕上述3个需求量测量维度探索,开展非正式与正式照料协同、宏观微观相结合的需求量预测研究,为老年人需求的满足及政府层面照护资源的合理分配等提供依据。

老年人  /  照料需求  /  测量维度

With the acceleration of population aging worldwide, the proportion of older adults with functional impairments is gradually rising. Accordingly, increasing care needs emerge. Studies have explored the measurement of care needs, while most studies are confined to single-domain measurement, and there is a lack of systematic summary. With the literature research method, we classified the care needs into three dimensions of duration need, manpower need, and expense need and reviewed the related research contents and results to reveal the measurement dimensions and commonly used tools for care needs. Furthermore, we analyzed the reliability, validity, and application status of the measurement tools, aiming to facilitate the quantitative evaluation of the large and personalized care needs of Chinese older adults. The results showed that the available studies on care duration need measurement usually used the length of time that older adults receive care within a certain time range to evaluate the care duration or intensity. The studies on the measurement of manpower need usually included the roles and number of formal and informal care providers. Domestic scholars mostly predicted the manpower need of disabled older adults from a macro perspective. The measurement of care expense needs mainly included the direct and indirect costs when older adults received care. Most studies predicted expense needs based on the population size with care needs. However, there are few studies on comprehensively predicting the duration, manpower, and expense needs of older adults. Therefore, future studies should consider the above measurement dimensions of care needs, the coordination of formal and informal care, and the combination of macro and micro needs, thus providing a basis for meeting the care needs of older adults and promoting rational allocation of care resources at the government level.

older adults  /  care need  /  measurement dimensions
杨士鋆, 罗京京, 朱柯嘉, 张亦弛, 周成超. 老年人照料需求量的测量研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (10) : 1261 -1268 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147648
Shijun YANG, Jingjing LUO, Kejia ZHU, Yichi ZHANG, Chengchao ZHOU. Research progress in measurement of care needs of older adults: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (10) : 1261 -1268 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147648
我国第七次人口普查结果显示,60岁及以上老年人口占比高达18.7%,其中失能失智老年人达4 500万。随老年群体规模的扩大,与之对应的照护需求急剧增加,社会与家庭养老照料负担也日益加重[1]。作为应对老龄化的重要缓冲机制,由家庭成员、亲友及邻里提供的无偿非正式照料承担着绝大多数居家失能老人的日常照护,正式照料通常作为补充手段,通过专业的照护机构、组织及人员提供有偿的照料服务。然而,现有照料服务的供给未能与快速增长的照料需求匹配,其根本原因在于需求侧缺乏精准的测量体系,具体而言:一方面,非正式照料的价值评估通常受到非市场化特征的限制,家庭照料者的时间投入、技能损耗与情感劳动尚未建立标准化计量框架,导致其实际作用在政策制定过程中被低估;另一方面,提供正式照料的主体在服务强度、频次等方面缺乏科学测量依据和动态监测机制,总体上限制了照料服务供给的有效性。当前,学界越发关注照料需求量的细化测量,然而国内尚缺乏相关主题的整体性述评。在此背景下,如何精细化测量老年人的照料需求量,实现照料需求的精准评估,为政策完善提供决策依据,已成为破解家庭及社会协同照料困境的关键切入点[2]。为此,本文通过文献检索策略,基于中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Web of Science、Medline等数据库,选取中文检索词包括“照料需求”“照护需求”“照料强度”“照料负担”“非正式照护”“非正式照料”“正式照护”“正式照料”“长期护理”“长期照护”“长期照料”“测量”“测量工具”“测量维度”“评估”“评估工具”;英文检索词包括“care need”“care intensity”“care duration”“care manpower”“care burden”“care cost”“informal care”“formal care”“long-term care”“measurement”“measurement dimension”“instrument”“assessment”“assessment tool”,检索时间跨度为建库到2025年4月,文献纳入标准为研究对象为60岁及以上人群、从单维度或多维度视角对照料需求进行量化评估的研究,排除标准为评论、社论等研究、无法获取全文文献、低质量文献,旨在梳理老年人照料需求量测量的相关研究,通过分析现有研究进展中存在的问题及盲区,为后续研究建立全面的测量视角提供参考依据。
老年人的照料需求通常是指老年人由于生理机能衰退、认知功能损伤等原因,导致个体无法独立完成日常生活活动而产生的持续性支持需求,是可测度的结果状态,其成因较为复杂,对相关服务的依赖性较强,且成本难以准确衡量[1–2]。目前,关于照料需求的量化评估尚未形成统一的测量标准,既往研究多采用单一维度测量范式,如聚焦失能等级评估、照护服务利用情况分析或经济成本核算[3–4],尽管可在一定程度上反映老年人的需求强度,但造成了需求量化测度的割裂。对老年人照料需求综合量化评估的缺乏,导致可计量的、指导资源配置的服务需求量测度无法科学地转化结果,进而造成政策制定的碎片化。通过综合视角来评估照料需求,相较于单一维度的测量方法,能更全面、深入地解构老年人的实际照料需求,克服传统单维指标的评估偏差。本文结合现有文献的维度划分,从时长需求、人数需求和费用需求3个维度出发,综述了老年人的照料需求量评估测量。归纳从3个维度测量需求量的原因如下:首先,根据不同老年人的健康状况、生活能力和照料强度,评估时长需求能够明确其对照料服务的需求频次与持续时间,为个性化照护方案的设计提供依据,避免照料服务的过度或不足;其次,测量人数需求有助于评估照料所需的人力资源配置,确保照料服务能够及时、充足地满足需求,避免照料人员不足造成服务质量的下降,或资源过度配置造成浪费;最后,费用需求揭示了照料过程中可能带来的经济负担,为政府在长期护理保险、社会保障等方面提供更精确的政策依据,缓解家庭的经济压力,并推动公平、可持续的养老保障体系建设。综合考虑这3个维度能够全面、系统地反映老年人的照料需求量,有助于构建完整、适配的老年人照料需求评估体系,为破解政策供给与个体需求错配的制度困境提供研究基础。为全面衡量老年照料需求量,本文探讨的照料需求涵盖了老年人对于非正式照料和正式照料的需求。相关研究内容概述见图1。
作为当前研究中测量老年人照料需求量时最常被使用的指标,时长需求维度指标对衡量老年人照料需求量非常关键,通常是指老年人在日常生活中需要照料的累计时间长度,一定程度上反映了老年人的照料需求强度和依赖性。
较多研究将照料提供者提供的照料时长或照料接受者接受的照料时长界定为照料需求强度,根据固定量表或指标判断不同功能等级、不同健康状况的老年人的照料时长需求[3–4]。Wolf D A等人[5]基于国家健康与老龄化趋势研究(National Health and Aging Trends Study, NHATS),使用“在过去一个月内,您平均每周需要多少小时的帮助来完成日常活动?”这一条目测量老年人的照料时长需求。研究显示,失能老年人在居家护理中的平均护理时长需求为44小时/周[5]。Freedman V A等[6]同样使用NHATS数据,发现美国老年人接受社区帮助的时长及生活在支持性照料环境中的时间需求分别为164小时/月和50小时/月。Sokas C M等人[7]基于NHATS数据发现,老年创伤患者的照料时间需求在受伤前后分别为8小时/周和14小时/周。LaPlante M P等[8]基于美国残疾健康访谈调查数据(The Disability Followback Survey of the National Health Interview Survey on Disability, NHIS-D)测量了老年人日常活动的护理时长需求,测量条目为“您在过去的一个月中,每周花费多少时间进行个人照护?”。该研究表明,老年人在社区护理中的日均护理时长需求为2~3 h,而需要全天候护理的重度失能老年人则需每日12 h以上的照护。瑞典的Gustavsson A等人[9]对阿尔茨海默病患者的家庭照护需求展开评估,通过RUD(resource utilization in dementia)量表中的护理时长条目“每天为患者提供的照护时间是多少?”评估了阿尔茨海默病患者的照料时长需求,测量结果显示其照料时间需求为每天平均7~9 h。日本作为全球老龄化最为严重的国家之一,关于照料时长需求的研究较为详细,Nakanishi M[10]以养老院、社区照料中心及居家照料的老年人为研究对象,发现随着老年人健康状况的恶化,所需的每日护理时间从4 h逐渐增加到24 h,尤其是对于失能老年人,几乎需要全天候的护理服务。这种以失能等级为基础的照料时长需求测量,能够帮助养老机构优化护理服务的时间安排。日本还建立了每分钟护理强度研究法,通过树形图模型计算照料工时并与医嘱结合算得照料总时间需求[11]。Loveys K等[12]评估了使用不同人工智能设备的老年人在不同护理环境中时长需求方面的差异,并发现智能设备的使用起到了减缓照顾者负担的作用。
中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,CLHLS)中主要针对失能老年人的照料时长需求开展评估,首先通过日常生活活动能力量表判断老年人的失能情况,针对存在需要帮助的活动功能条目,进一步通过问题“若上述项目需要帮助,这种帮助持续了多少天?”以及“近一个星期以来,您的子女/孙子女及其他亲属为您提供日常照料帮助的总小时数有多少?”测量了失能老年人的照料时长需求,但CLHLS不涉及非家人提供的照料信息。陈宁等[13]基于CLHLS数据,结合健康问卷中的照料时间条目,采用照顾者近一周提供的照料小时数来衡量高龄老人的照料时长需求。刘习羽等人[14]评估了农村与城市失能老年人之间的照料时长需求差异,结果表明,农村失能老年人每日需要8~10 h的照护,远高于城市老年人。伍海霞等[15]指出,老年人活动功能受限后所需照料的累计时长可以充分反映家庭照料负担的高低,其研究结果测得老年人的累计照料时长需求平均为190.46小时/月。周云等[16]通过照料持续天数和小时数来衡量需求强度,指出时间概念指标与个体生活关系密切,可以为照料负担测量提供支持。但由于中国农村普遍存在“轮流赡养”的非正式照料方式,导致CLHLS中部分老年人的照料时长需求存在跨周波动剧烈的现象。中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)中也采用类似的测量方法,但活动能力的判别扩展到了工具性日常生活活动能力,回顾时间范围拓展到了过去一个月,若日常活动能力或工具性日常活动能力中有任何一项需要帮助的,则会进一步通过问题“过去一个月内帮助者帮助了您多少天?”以及“在帮助您的那些天,他/她大概每天花费多少小时帮助您?”,随后累加计算每位帮助者的时间,测得老年人的照料时长需求。朱震宇[17]基于CHARLS数据评估家庭照料时间,通过“过去一个月平均每天接受家庭成员照料的时间”测量对接受照料时长的需求。Hu B[18]通过潜在轨迹分析识别中国高龄老年人照料时长需求的变化轨迹,将变化轨迹分为低需求强度、需求强度增加、高需求强度3类,并通过机器学习预测相应轨迹,揭示照料时长需求维度在衡量老年人照护需求强度方面起到的重要作用。张永奇[19]通过中国家庭追踪调查(China Family Panel Studies,CFPS)中将“每天照顾/每周3~4天/1~2天”的频次定义为老年人接受三级到一级的照料强度。此外,当前国内常用的一种照料工作量的测定方法为护理工时测定法,护理工时包括直接提供照料的工时及间接工作工时(如文书撰写、交通等),该测算方法通常用于衡量正式照料人员的护理工时[20]。除了通过具体条目衡量照料时长需求外,还有学者通过微观模拟法预测老年个体的照料时长需求。此处的时长主要指老年人在失能/不能自理这一状态的年数,因为多数学者认为在失能状态下照料需求是一直存在的,对于此种个体生命历程视角下时长的测量,学者通常使用苏利文法、马尔可夫模型、多状态生命表等方法,评估老年人健康状态转变的概率及持续时间[3,21–22]。
综上所述,国内外不同研究的测量差异主要包括研究关注的功能限制范围不同、测量的时长单位不同、或提供者身份限定范围不同,进而导致测得的累计照料时长需求存在差别,但总体上接受照料的时长已经成为衡量老年人对于照料依赖强度、需求强度的关键指标。后续需对正式照料、非正式照料时长需求分别进行测量及预测,以进一步提供精细化、个性化的照料服务,促进正式及非正式照料服务的高效协同。然而,国内研究在应用时长测量工具时,需警惕现有工具的文化适应性局限,如针对工具性日常活动指标测量照料时长需求时,可纳入本土化的高频日常工具性活动。此外,未来研究可以考虑采用混合方法,如通过时间日记法对照料时长数据实行更为精密的测算,避免需求强度被低估。
人数需求维度衡量老年人在接受照料过程中所需的照料人员数量,这不仅涵盖正式护理人员,也包括对家庭成员或社区志愿者等非正式照料的人员需求。有无人员参与照料、参与照料人员的数量、承担照料的核心人员等都属于重要的人力需求测量指标[23]。
全球老年痴呆报告显示,大部分的痴呆患者的照料是由家庭成员、朋友或邻居等非正式照料人员提供的[24]。英国的Charlwood A等人[25]以养老院老年人为研究对象,通过正式护理人员的人数评估老年人在照料人力资源方面的需求,并指出在进行人力资源配置时需要考虑最佳照料人员数量临界值,否则将无法达到最佳护理质量。Park H Y等人[26]使用了国际健康与退休研究网络全球老龄化数据门户构建的统一数据集,对比了印度、墨西哥和中国的正式照料及非正式照料需求,其中正式照料人数包含有偿照顾者、志愿者或养老院护理员,非正式照料人数包含家庭成员、朋友或其他无偿照顾者。Gustavsson A等[9]测量了不同国家老年人的照料者数量,发现欧洲重度失能老年人平均需要2~3名照护者,而在美国,护理人员的配置则更多依赖于专业护理服务,重度失能老年人通常需要3名以上的专业人员轮班照护。Wolf D A[5]基于NHATS数据,通过条目“照料您的人数是多少?是否包括家庭成员和专业人员?”测量老年人的照料人数需求。研究结果表明,老年人在机构护理中,平均有3名护理人员参与照料,而居家护理中的照护者数量则较少,通常为1~2名非正式照护者。Beach S R等[27]同时使用NHATS数据及美国护理研究(National Study of Caregiving, NSOC)数据,其中NSOC是一项全国代表性的调查,调查对象是帮助残疾老年人的家庭成员和其他无薪酬照顾者,由NSOC中的研究对象为NHATS中存在活动功能限制的老年人提供所需照料,除NSOC涉及的照顾者之外,该研究还进一步囊括了需要额外付费的照顾者。Sokas C M等人[7]基于NHATS数据发现老年创伤患者的照料人员需求中位数为2人,其中75.6%为以家庭成员为主的非正式护理人员。Gallagher-Thompson D等[28]强调了照顾者的人力及角色在痴呆患者接受照料中不可忽视的作用,制定了一个护理概念框架以识别并满足痴呆患者特定需求的轨迹变化。
CLHLS数据库通过设置问卷条目“您的主要照护者是谁?”和“有多少人同时为您提供护理?”评估失能老年人的照料人数需求。CHARLS中同样通过主要帮助者及其人数测量老年人照料的人数需求。苏群等人[29]基于CHARLS数据的分析显示,被访老年人的家庭主要照护者主要为配偶,也存在一定的交叉照料,比如子女、孙子女等直系亲属,极少数老年人选择社会化照料。同时指出,家庭结构小型化导致平均一个年轻人需要承担2~3名老年人的照料任务。伍海霞等[15]将老年人照料的提供者区分为名义照料人、实际照料人,通过其人数衡量家庭照料的承载力。Zhang L W等人[30]基于CLHLS数据,通过马尔可夫模型预测2025年中国不同健康状况老年人口数量,并结合人口比例法预测护理人员需求规模。结果显示,2025年中国轻度失能老年人口约为370万人,中度失能老年人口约为80万人,重度失能老年人口约为120万人。同时,护理人员的需求规模按照低标准将达到560万人,按照高标准将达到1 150万人。万凯莹[31]从宏观视角出发,通过卫生人力/人口比值法预测了广西医养结合结构养老护理员的需求量,结果显示,养老护理员需求量由本地低标准到国家标准方案分别为6 296人、11 717人和12 120人,失能老年人对于养老护理员的人数需求量较大。封婷等[32]估算了失能老年人的照料劳动力需求,预测到2050年,家庭照料的劳动力需求将会高达3 262万。周晓蒙[33]基于失能老年人数量预测及护理人员配置比例,预测到2034年全国养老机构所需照护人员数量增长到62.92万人~79.48万人,社区养老服务所需护理人员数量达2 167.58万人~2 716.61万人。针对正式护理人员需求的计算,王安妮等[20]提出使用人员配置比计算,即每名护理人员每日工作时间/(每名老人日均护理时数/60),研究结果发现居家失能老人长期照料对护理员数量需求更多,而对护士数量需求较少。
综上所述,老年人照料承担者的数量一定程度上表明了家庭、社会中可供调配的人力资源水平,常被用来作为照料需求强度或照料能力的关键评估指标。国内外关于照料人数需求的测量多是从宏观角度出发,通过预测有照料需求的老年人数量进一步推测相应的照料者人数规模。国外研究更多关注正式照料人数需求的测量,而国内侧重于非正式照料人数需求的测量,存在差异的主要原因是社会文化及政策体系存在区别,欧美国家因核心家庭占比高且长期护理保险覆盖较广,正式照料人员配置标准明确。而中国受儒家文化影响,家庭成员为主的非正式照料仍是主要形式,但城镇化、少子化产生的“4–2–1”家庭结构导致代际支持能力衰减,同时国内尚未形成完善的正式照料体系,引起较多的需求未满足情况[33]。通过人数需求的测量,可以评估不同护理环境下老年人对照料提供人员的需求程度,这对于照料资源的合理配置,尤其是在人员短缺的地区具有重要的指导意义。
费用需求维度主要涉及老年人在接受日常照料或护理服务时所需的资金投入,包括家庭及社会护理费用、医疗护理成本以及相关的间接费用。一些研究还将非正式护理的时间计入直接成本,其会被计算为重置成本(从市场购买的同等服务的价值)或机会成本(照顾者在其最佳替代用途中的时间价值),但是其量化与成本计算具备一定难度。部分研究还提到了间接成本,包括提供非正式照料的人员因为照料行为而损失的工作生产力。随着老年人照料需求的增加,费用需求成为评估老年人照料需求量的重要维度。
国外较多照料费用需求测量及预测研究聚焦于痴呆或认知障碍老年人,全球老年痴呆报告显示,大部分的痴呆患者照料的花费是由家庭成员、朋友或邻居等非正式照料人员承担的,且高强度的照料需求带来了沉重的经济压力[24,28]。Gustavsson A等[9]在跨国护理需求研究中通过测量护理人员支付意愿反映护理需求,英国、西班牙、瑞典、美国的护理人员表示他们愿意每个月支付105英镑、121英镑、59英镑、144英镑来减少其自身所承担的照料任务,该结果一定程度上反映了照料费用维度的需求强度及护理行为的价值。Pitkala K H等[34]计算了痴呆老年人的照料直接花费及间接花费,并对比独居痴呆患者及有同住照顾者的患者的照料费用,发现独居者的照料花费几乎达到有同住照顾者患者费用的3倍,独居且低认知功能的患者照料费用要高于机构照料的平均费用,该研究通过照料的直接和间接费用需求显示了与痴呆患者同住的照料人员的社会价值。英国学者Comas-Herrera A等人[35]通过长期护理模拟模型预测了英国的长期护理费用,依据不同失能等级的老年人护理需求,分别计算了居家护理、社区护理和机构护理的费用需求。研究结果表明,重度失能老年人在机构护理中的年均费用为3万~4万英镑,而居家护理的年均费用则较低(1.5万~2万英镑)。然而,居家护理需要家庭成员付出大量时间。研究进一步将时间转换为经济成本,测算出家庭成员的隐性照护成本,加总后居家护理的总成本甚至接近或超过机构护理费用。这种基于不同护理模式的费用测量,为英国政府在财政规划和长期护理保险设计方面提供了重要的数据支持。日本学者Nakanishi M等[10]通过市场评估法,以护理人员的市场工资标准作为计算依据,测量机构护理和家庭护理的费用,研究发现重度失能老年人的年均护理费用需求在400万~600万日元之间,该费用包括专业护理人员的薪酬、护理设施使用费、医疗支出等项目。通过将非正式照料的成本转化为市场工资,研究指出,家庭成员在非正式照护中的年均隐性成本为200万日元,进一步表明家庭护理的经济压力巨大。研究建议,日本应进一步扩大护理保险的覆盖范围,尤其是在对家庭照护的补偿上,需要政府提供更多的财政支持。
国内关于照料费用需求的测量包括微观和宏观两种测量视角。CLHLS中通过问题“近一个星期上述照料所支付的费用总计是多少?”,以及“这些费用主要由谁支付”测量老年人照料费用需求,此处主要测量的费用包括人工、物品等在内的直接费用。CHARLS中通过问题“上述帮助者照顾您,您要付钱吗?”“在过去一个月内您给这些帮助您的人大约总共付了多少钱”测量老年照料费用需求,并通过“这些钱中谁出的最多,请选择一个支付最多的人”识别谁是照料费用的主要承担者。国内学者使用较多的照料费用需求评估涵盖了在提供照料过程中所产生的花费等现金支出及付出的时间长度等非现金支出。沙莎等[21]基于CLHLS数据,使用近一周内照料支付费用以测量照料直接花费,用家人照料时间乘小时工资的形式测量照料的间接花费。刘习羽[14]通过使用“一周照料费用/家庭周收入”这一指标测量老年人对各类照料模式的花费需求强度,研究发现家庭照料费用占比最少(19.4%),而机构照料这一费用比高达134.4%。陈宁等[13]采用近一周照料支付的费用测量高龄老年人的照料费用需求,提出该指标可以直观反映照料活动所投入的资源多少和质量高低。而针对照料费用需求,有较多国内学者在宏观层面进行预测。成前等人[22]使用Markov模型对于中国老年人家庭照料费用需求进行预测,预计从2020—2035年老年人口家庭照料经济需求将从3 027亿元增至11 676亿元,增长约3倍。白晨等人[36]测算了2018—2050年残障老年人照料费用需求,包括照料花费的直接现金成本及家庭照料所花费的时间带来的间接机会成本。Zhang L W等人[37]基于CHARLS数据,构建马尔可夫模型及微观模拟模型,推测到2040年我国非正式照料的总成本为10 866.5亿元,是2020年的2.22倍。Xu X C等人[38]通过蒙特卡洛模拟估计老年家庭照料花费需求,结果显示,2020—2050年日常活动能力中等受限老年人家庭照料成本将增加到39.28亿美元。Lai D W L[39]从照料提供者角度出发,明确经济费用是对照料需求预测的关键因素,强调照料需求的价值或负担。
国内外相当一部分研究重点关注不同等级痴呆患者或失能老年人的照料费用需求,但目前尚未有统一的量化标准,针对正式照料费用测量通常是直接费用,而非正式照料的费用聚焦于间接费用或成本测量。因此不同研究测算的费用需求会存在较大差异,但结果总体上都揭示了照料费用需求的上升趋势。因此关于费用需求的准确预测、建立精细的费用需求量化方式,对于完善老年人的长期照料补贴制度具有较高的价值。
老年人照料需求量的测量在时长需求、人数需求和费用需求3个维度上逐渐趋于成熟。各国学者从多种研究视角出发,通过诸多研究方法揭示了上述维度在不同社会经济背景、不同照护环境及不同人群中的应用价值,总体上这3个维度的测量相辅相成,为护理资源的合理配置和政策优化提供了全面的科学依据。当前的研究虽然取得了一定进展,但在老年照料需求量的全面评估和精确预测方面仍面临诸多挑战。在文献梳理过程中可知,非正式照料与正式照料需求量的针对性、分维度测量目前较为缺乏。针对非正式照料与正式照料两大养老支持服务的需求协同展开系统化测量,弥合两者量化过程中的盲区,是应对老龄化挑战的现实路径。未来的研究应进一步整合上述3个维度的非正式及正式照料需求测量方法,并扩展其在不同地区、文化和制度环境中的适用性。数据的多维整合和跨学科协作将是未来研究的关键,具体而言,未来研究应聚焦以下几个方向:一是不同特征人群的非正式及正式照料需求量差异化研究。此过程需统筹考量非正式及正式照料特性,即在时长维度,针对非正式照料应纳入家庭照料者机会成本测算,建立“喘息服务”时间置换机制,而针对正式照料应该深化服务时间有效性研究;在人数维度,需评估代际支持潜力与专业护理人员配比,通过“时间银行”等方式激活社会互助资源;在费用维度,要量化非正式照料的隐性成本,并设置正式照料服务定价动态模型,为家庭照料补偿的给付标准、长期护理保险的精算定价提供依据。同时注重差异化测量工具的开发,考虑建立分场景(居家、社区、机构),分失能类型(躯体、认知)的测量模块,参考WHO整合照护框架设计多维度条目池(如加入如厕辅助频次、夜间监护需求等)。二是宏观与微观层面相结合的预测研究。未来研究应综合宏观和微观视角,科学预测老年照料需求。一方面,应通过宏观经济模型分析老龄化社会的整体趋势,预测未来老年照护资源需求量的变化;另一方面,在微观层面,应结合个体化的数据,通过多维度量表、精准医疗和社会支持网络的评估,预测需求量。通过两者的结合,可以提高对老年照料需求评估的全面性和准确性。三是照料提供技术与创新应用研究。随着科技的发展,特别是智能技术和数字健康技术的进步,未来非正式照料需求量的测量和管理将会迎来新的机遇。智能家居、远程健康监测、机器人护理等技术有望成为有效的补充手段,通过实时数据收集和智能分析,定期评估老年人照料需求的动态变化,并根据需求变化调整服务内容和照护强度[40–41]。如通过技术整合,将可穿戴设备数据与问卷调查数据相结合,建立“传感器—自评—他评”三角验证机制。基于人工智能的需求预测模型、优化算法等技术的引入,也将大大提高需求预测的准确性和资源配置的效率。四是照料相关的社会支持与配套政策研究。未来研究应关注如何根据老年人照料需求的特点,设计社会层面的支持措施。例如,如何通过政府的长期护理保险、补贴政策等手段,提供必要的经济性补偿或支撑,确保经济困难家庭的老年照料需求能够得到满足。此外,基于需求预测和资源配置的结果,政府可以提供更具灵活性、个性化和区域化的社会照护服务,确保照护服务的覆盖面和公平性。必要时可以开展政策模拟实验,如基于智能体建模构建“家庭—社区—机构”照料网络仿真系统,分析不同长护险报销比例对照料需求满足情况的影响。综上所述,未来的老年照料需求量测量研究不仅需要在现有理论和方法的基础上进一步深化,还应关注实际应用中的细节,特别是在不同类型照料需求协同预测、政策调整等方面的综合应用。通过多维度、跨学科的研究,结合现代技术手段,未来有望建立更加精准、个性化和可持续的老年照料服务体系。

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2025年第41卷第10期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147648
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
  • 修回日期:2025-06-03
  • 录用日期:2025-08-02
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    1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院社会医学与卫生事业管理学系,济南 250012
    2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012
    3山东大学卫生管理与政策研究中心(山东省重点新型智库),济南 250012
    4山东大学医养健康产业研究院,济南 250012
    5山东大学高等医学研究院,济南 250012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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