Article(id=1320438262838178788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147577, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=1753027200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-21, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1792746614417, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746614417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746614417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746614417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438244077056901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746609943, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748036545, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=672, endPage=681, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438263056282597, articleId=1320438262838178788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Associations of volume and accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior with physical fitness among elementary school students: a cross-sectional study, 2023, columnId=1320438245473760135, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Focus on Child and Adolescent Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the associations of volume and accumulation patterns (duration of sedentary bouts and breaks) of sedentary behavior with physical fitness among elementary school students.

Methods

From September to October 2023, a convenience sampling method was adopted to select 605 elementary school students (grades 1 to 5) from Wuhan city, Hubei province and Jinhua city, Zhejiang province. Accelerometers were used to measure the sedentary volume and the duration of sedentary bouts and breaks. The physical fitness were scored according to the National Student Physical Health Standards (Revised in 2014). Binary logistic regression was employed to examine the associations of volume and accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior with physical fitness.

Results

The surveyed students spent 65.2% of the classroom time in sedentary behavior. The highest proportions were observed for the sedentary bouts of 1–19 min (47.3%) and breaks of 1–4 min (17.7%) in class. In the Q4 group with the highest proportions of sedentary bouts lasting 5–9 min and ≥ 20 min , the odds of failing to achieve good or excellent physical fitness were 0.451 times (OR = 0.451, 95%CI: 0.247–0.823) and 2.16 times (OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.043–4.474), respectively, those of the Q1 group. No statistically significant associations were observed between the proportion of sedentary volume or sedentary break duration and failure to achieve good or excellent physical fitness. Further analysis of physical fitness factors revealed that the odds of failure to achieve good or excellent physical fitness in the Q4 group with the highest sedentary volume proportion were 3.673 times that of the Q1 group (OR = 3.673, 95%CI: 1.085–12.434). For the sedentary bouts of 5–9 min, the Q4 group exhibited lower odds of poor speed ability (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.262–0.881) and strength ability (OR = 0.378, 95%CI: 0.162–0.882) than the Q1 group. In contrast, the Q4 group with the highest proportion of sedentary bouts ≥ 20 min showed 4.969 times higher odds of poor body composition (OR = 4.969, 95%CI: 1.406–17.560) and 2.717 times higher odds of poor strength ability (OR = 2.717, 95%CI: 1.120–6.593) than the Q1 group.

Conclusions

The sedentary behavior of elementary school students presents a fragmented pattern characterized by short terms and frequent breaks. Reducing the duration of sedentary bouts in class may be more important for the fitness of elementary school students than reducing the volume of sedentary behavior. According to the body composition, it is necessary to reduce the volume of sedentary behavior and shorten the duration of sedentary bouts in class. The quality of strength and speed can be improved by shortening the duration of sedentary bouts in class.

, authors=Aijun CUI1, 2, Lijuan WANG1, Min WANG3, Yulan ZHOU4, Huan CHEN1, Zhenwen XIE1, authorsList=Aijun CUI, Lijuan WANG, Min WANG, Yulan ZHOU, Huan CHEN, Zhenwen XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Lijuan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438263341495270, articleId=1320438262838178788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=小学生课堂久坐行为、久坐积累模式与体质健康关系:一项2023年横断面研究, columnId=1320438247243756426, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——关注儿童青少年健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨小学生课堂久坐总时长、久坐积累模式(单次久坐时长与久坐间断时长)的特征及与体质健康之间的关系。

方法

于2023年9—10月采用方便抽样方法,选取湖北省武汉市、浙江省金华市605名1~5年级小学生,使用加速度传感器测量久坐总时长,并统计不同类型的单次久坐时长与单次久坐间断时长,依据《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》对受试者进行体质健康测评,采用二分类逻辑回归探讨久坐总时长、久坐积累模式与体质健康间的关系。

结果

受试小学生久坐总时间占课堂总时间的65.2%,单次久坐1~19 min占比(47.3%)与单次久坐间断1~4 min占比(17.7%)最高。单次久坐5~9 min、≥20 min时长占比最高的Q4组发生体质健康未达标优良的概率为Q1组的0.451倍(OR=0.451,95%CI=0.247~0.823)和2.16倍(OR=2.16,95%CI=1.043~4.474);久坐总时长占比、单次久坐间断时长占比与体质健康未达标优良之间均无显著关联。进一步分析体质健康评价指标发现,久坐总时长占比最高的Q4组发生身体成分未达标优良的概率为Q1组的3.673倍(OR=3.673,95%CI=1.085~12.434);而单次持续5~9 min久坐时长占比最高的Q4组发生速度素质、力量素质未达标优良的概率为Q1组的0.48倍(OR=0.48,95%CI=0.262~0.881)和0.378倍(OR=0.378,95%CI=0.162~0.882);单次持续≥20 min久坐时长占比最高的Q4组发生身体成分、力量素质未达标优良的概率为Q1组的4.969倍(OR=4.969,95%CI=1.406~17.560)和2.717倍(OR=2.717,95%CI=1.120~6.593)。

结论

小学生课堂久坐呈短时性、间歇性的“碎片化”特征。相对于课堂久坐总时长,在课堂中缩短单次久坐时长对于小学生健康更为重要。针对小学生的身体成分,需减少课堂中的久坐总时长与单次久坐时长;针对力量素质、速度素质指标的提升,则主要通过缩短课堂单次久坐时长来达成。

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崔爱君(2000–),硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年身体活动

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王丽娟,E-mail:
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Likelihood ratio test results for binary logistic regression model

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指标模型–2倍对数似然值χ2值P值AIC值BIC值
体质总分模型1755.55649.9870.001805.556915.687
模型2710.37395.170<0.001780.373934.556
身体成分模型1385.48023.0300.518435.480545.611
模型2345.74162.7690.002415.741569.924
心肺功能模型1693.45021.3630.617743.450853.581
模型2663.21051.6020.027733.210887.393
速度素质模型1797.57522.1090.573847.575957.706
模型2760.33759.3470.005830.337984.520
力量素质模型1390.87232.5740.113440.872540.281
模型2369.41454.0320.016439.414578.586
柔韧素质模型1468.90418.5540.775518.904629.035
模型2430.63656.8210.008500.636654.819
耐力素质模型1788.31442.9590.010838.314948.445
模型2696.108135.165<0.001766.108920.291
), ArticleFig(id=1320438267917479966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438262838178788, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二元逻辑回归模型似然比检验结果

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指标模型–2倍对数似然值χ2值P值AIC值BIC值
体质总分模型1755.55649.9870.001805.556915.687
模型2710.37395.170<0.001780.373934.556
身体成分模型1385.48023.0300.518435.480545.611
模型2345.74162.7690.002415.741569.924
心肺功能模型1693.45021.3630.617743.450853.581
模型2663.21051.6020.027733.210887.393
速度素质模型1797.57522.1090.573847.575957.706
模型2760.33759.3470.005830.337984.520
力量素质模型1390.87232.5740.113440.872540.281
模型2369.41454.0320.016439.414578.586
柔韧素质模型1468.90418.5540.775518.904629.035
模型2430.63656.8210.008500.636654.819
耐力素质模型1788.31442.9590.010838.314948.445
模型2696.108135.165<0.001766.108920.291
), ArticleFig(id=1320438267988783135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438262838178788, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Proportions of volume and duration of bouts and breaks of sedentary behavior

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指标总体男性女性P值一年级二年级三年级四年级五年级P值
久坐总时长65.262.368.8<0.00165.5 e62.2 e63.9 e66.169.80.001
1~4 min久坐15.616.714.5<0.00117.715.3 a13.9 a16.915.40.001
5~9 min久坐14.313.814.40.35414.314.214.414.414.20.934
10~19 min久坐17.415.718.9<0.00116.0 c14.5 c20.016.5 c17.5 c<0.001
≥20 min久坐12.310.215.7<0.00110.0 e13.110.9 e12.915.60.019
间断总时长34.837.731.2<0.00134.5 e37.8 e36.1 e34.030.20.001
1~4 min间断17.719.117.10.00121.116.5 a16.8 a19.8 b17.6 a,b<0.001
5~9 min间断6.77.75.3<0.0017.58.85.3 a,b6.85.4 a,b<0.001
≥10 min间断7.98.56.9<0.0014.1 b,c10.912.25.0 b,c4.6 b,c<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320438269632950304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438262838178788, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

课堂久坐总时长、单次久坐时长、单次久坐间断时长占比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体男性女性P值一年级二年级三年级四年级五年级P值
久坐总时长65.262.368.8<0.00165.5 e62.2 e63.9 e66.169.80.001
1~4 min久坐15.616.714.5<0.00117.715.3 a13.9 a16.915.40.001
5~9 min久坐14.313.814.40.35414.314.214.414.414.20.934
10~19 min久坐17.415.718.9<0.00116.0 c14.5 c20.016.5 c17.5 c<0.001
≥20 min久坐12.310.215.7<0.00110.0 e13.110.9 e12.915.60.019
间断总时长34.837.731.2<0.00134.5 e37.8 e36.1 e34.030.20.001
1~4 min间断17.719.117.10.00121.116.5 a16.8 a19.8 b17.6 a,b<0.001
5~9 min间断6.77.75.3<0.0017.58.85.3 a,b6.85.4 a,b<0.001
≥10 min间断7.98.56.9<0.0014.1 b,c10.912.25.0 b,c4.6 b,c<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320438269721030689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438262838178788, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Associations of the proportions of volume and duration of bouts and breaks of sedentary behavior with physical fitness

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指标四分位/%未达优良人数未达优良率/%OR值模型1 95%CIP值OR值模型2 95%CIP值
久坐总时长Q1:29%~58%8723.3ref—ref—
Q2:59%~65%8222.01.0510.622~1.7740.8541.0100.584~1.7480.972
Q3:66%~74%10327.61.2240.664~2.2540.5171.3020.668~2.5350.439
Q4:75%~96%10127.11.0410.521~2.0810.9101.2700.588~2.7450.543
趋势检验Ptrend0.9600.627
1~4 min久坐Q1:0%~13%10929.2ref—ref—
Q2:14%~16%9024.11.0020.565~1.7750.9951.0350.565~1.8960.911
Q3:17%~20%9926.51.8500.926~3.6960.0811.7340.829~3.6300.144
Q4:21%~37%7520.11.1690.525~2.6040.7021.4120.605~3.2950.425
趋势检验Ptrend0.4850.343
5~9 min久坐Q1:0%~11%10728.7ref—ref—
Q2:11%~14%9826.30.9290.548~1.5740.7840.9220.528~1.6110.776
Q3:15%~18%9625.70.8620.508~1.4610.5810.8570.490~1.4970.587
Q4:19%~36%7219.30.4310.244~0.7610.0040.4510.247~0.8230.01
趋势检验Ptrend0.0040.01
10~19 min久坐Q1:0%~12%8322.3ref—ref—
Q2:13%~17%9625.71.1610.548~1.5740.5751.1200.649~1.9320.685
Q3:18%~23%8823.60.6930.508~1.4610.2050.7830.433~1.4170.419
Q4:24%~48%10628.41.1830.244~0.7610.6041.2560.644~2.4510.504
趋势检验Ptrend0.2470.244
≥20 min久坐Q1:0%~6%7520.1ref—ref—
Q2:7%~12%8723.31.4850.899~2.4560.1231.5340.903~2.6080.114
Q3:13%~24%9525.51.9521.116~3.4130.0191.9961.111~3.5870.021
Q4:25%~76%11631.12.0151.027~3.9540.0422.1601.043~4.4740.038
趋势检验Ptrend0.0300.047
1~4 min间断Q1:4%~15%10427.9ref—ref—
Q2:16%~18%9726.01.1150.645~1.9290.6961.2790.715~2.2870.407
Q3:19%~22%9224.71.6410.844~3.1900.1441.9670.961~4.0280.064
Q4:23%~32%8021.51.3450.626~2.8920.4481.5820.695~3.6020.275
趋势检验Ptrend0.2040.170
5~9 min间断Q1:0%~4%10829.0ref—ref—
Q2:5%~7%9926.50.9630.580~1.6010.8860.9630.563~1.6450.889
Q3:8%~10%8222.00.7060.405~1.2320.2210.7560.418~1.3670.354
Q4:11%~24%8422.50.8840.471~1.6600.7020.8620.437~1.6970.667
趋势检验Ptrend0.8640.922
≥10 min间断Q1:0%~3%10628.4ref—ref—
Q2:4%~8%9625.70.9560.554~1.6490.8701.0350.575~1.8640.909
Q3:9%~13%8121.70.7920.449~1.3960.4200.8990.483~1.6700.735
Q4:14%~37%9024.10.5730.322~1.0190.0580.8100.425~1.5420.521
趋势检验Ptrend0.0610.577
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课堂久坐总时长、单次久坐时长与单次久坐间断时长占比与体质健康关系

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指标四分位/%未达优良人数未达优良率/%OR值模型1 95%CIP值OR值模型2 95%CIP值
久坐总时长Q1:29%~58%8723.3ref—ref—
Q2:59%~65%8222.01.0510.622~1.7740.8541.0100.584~1.7480.972
Q3:66%~74%10327.61.2240.664~2.2540.5171.3020.668~2.5350.439
Q4:75%~96%10127.11.0410.521~2.0810.9101.2700.588~2.7450.543
趋势检验Ptrend0.9600.627
1~4 min久坐Q1:0%~13%10929.2ref—ref—
Q2:14%~16%9024.11.0020.565~1.7750.9951.0350.565~1.8960.911
Q3:17%~20%9926.51.8500.926~3.6960.0811.7340.829~3.6300.144
Q4:21%~37%7520.11.1690.525~2.6040.7021.4120.605~3.2950.425
趋势检验Ptrend0.4850.343
5~9 min久坐Q1:0%~11%10728.7ref—ref—
Q2:11%~14%9826.30.9290.548~1.5740.7840.9220.528~1.6110.776
Q3:15%~18%9625.70.8620.508~1.4610.5810.8570.490~1.4970.587
Q4:19%~36%7219.30.4310.244~0.7610.0040.4510.247~0.8230.01
趋势检验Ptrend0.0040.01
10~19 min久坐Q1:0%~12%8322.3ref—ref—
Q2:13%~17%9625.71.1610.548~1.5740.5751.1200.649~1.9320.685
Q3:18%~23%8823.60.6930.508~1.4610.2050.7830.433~1.4170.419
Q4:24%~48%10628.41.1830.244~0.7610.6041.2560.644~2.4510.504
趋势检验Ptrend0.2470.244
≥20 min久坐Q1:0%~6%7520.1ref—ref—
Q2:7%~12%8723.31.4850.899~2.4560.1231.5340.903~2.6080.114
Q3:13%~24%9525.51.9521.116~3.4130.0191.9961.111~3.5870.021
Q4:25%~76%11631.12.0151.027~3.9540.0422.1601.043~4.4740.038
趋势检验Ptrend0.0300.047
1~4 min间断Q1:4%~15%10427.9ref—ref—
Q2:16%~18%9726.01.1150.645~1.9290.6961.2790.715~2.2870.407
Q3:19%~22%9224.71.6410.844~3.1900.1441.9670.961~4.0280.064
Q4:23%~32%8021.51.3450.626~2.8920.4481.5820.695~3.6020.275
趋势检验Ptrend0.2040.170
5~9 min间断Q1:0%~4%10829.0ref—ref—
Q2:5%~7%9926.50.9630.580~1.6010.8860.9630.563~1.6450.889
Q3:8%~10%8222.00.7060.405~1.2320.2210.7560.418~1.3670.354
Q4:11%~24%8422.50.8840.471~1.6600.7020.8620.437~1.6970.667
趋势检验Ptrend0.8640.922
≥10 min间断Q1:0%~3%10628.4ref—ref—
Q2:4%~8%9625.70.9560.554~1.6490.8701.0350.575~1.8640.909
Q3:9%~13%8121.70.7920.449~1.3960.4200.8990.483~1.6700.735
Q4:14%~37%9024.10.5730.322~1.0190.0580.8100.425~1.5420.521
趋势检验Ptrend0.0610.577
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Associations of the proportions of volume and duration of bouts and breaks of sedentary behavior with physical fitness factors

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指标四分位/%BMI(身体成分)50 m跑(速度素质)仰卧起坐(力量素质)
OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值
久坐总时长Q1:29%~58%ref—ref—ref—
Q2:59%~65%1.8450.638~5.3360.2581.1780.633~2.1930.6061.6500.673~4.0440.273
Q3:66%~74%3.1141.009~9.6070.0481.2080.569~2.5680.6231.0420.386~2.8120.935
Q4:75%~96%3.6731.085~12.4340.0361.0710.416~2.7560.8871.1840.345~4.0610.789
趋势检验Ptrend0.0310.9390.999
5~9 min久坐Q1:0%~11%ref—ref—ref—
Q2:11%~14%1.2320.542~2.8010.6190.8050.477~1.3600.4180.8800.381~2.0330.765
Q3:15%~18%1.1280.472~2.6990.7860.6030.350~1.0370.0670.7970.352~1.8060.587
Q4:19%~36%0.6890.252~1.8850.4690.4800.262~0.8810.0180.3780.162~0.8820.025
趋势检验Ptrend0.3440.0120.038
≥20 min久坐Q1:0%~6%ref—ref—ref—
Q2:7%~12%1.9080.698~5.2170.2081.0740.633~1.8230.7911.6540.760~3.5990.205
Q3:13%~24%3.3241.123~9.8360.0301.3410.709~2.5350.3672.1290.921~4.9190.077
Q4:25%~76%4.9691.406~17.5600.0131.0220.444~2.3490.9602.7171.120~6.5930.027
趋势检验Ptrend0.0240.9910.024
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课堂久坐总时长、单次久坐时长与单次久坐间断时长占比及体质健康指标的关系

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指标四分位/%BMI(身体成分)50 m跑(速度素质)仰卧起坐(力量素质)
OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值
久坐总时长Q1:29%~58%ref—ref—ref—
Q2:59%~65%1.8450.638~5.3360.2581.1780.633~2.1930.6061.6500.673~4.0440.273
Q3:66%~74%3.1141.009~9.6070.0481.2080.569~2.5680.6231.0420.386~2.8120.935
Q4:75%~96%3.6731.085~12.4340.0361.0710.416~2.7560.8871.1840.345~4.0610.789
趋势检验Ptrend0.0310.9390.999
5~9 min久坐Q1:0%~11%ref—ref—ref—
Q2:11%~14%1.2320.542~2.8010.6190.8050.477~1.3600.4180.8800.381~2.0330.765
Q3:15%~18%1.1280.472~2.6990.7860.6030.350~1.0370.0670.7970.352~1.8060.587
Q4:19%~36%0.6890.252~1.8850.4690.4800.262~0.8810.0180.3780.162~0.8820.025
趋势检验Ptrend0.3440.0120.038
≥20 min久坐Q1:0%~6%ref—ref—ref—
Q2:7%~12%1.9080.698~5.2170.2081.0740.633~1.8230.7911.6540.760~3.5990.205
Q3:13%~24%3.3241.123~9.8360.0301.3410.709~2.5350.3672.1290.921~4.9190.077
Q4:25%~76%4.9691.406~17.5600.0131.0220.444~2.3490.9602.7171.120~6.5930.027
趋势检验Ptrend0.0240.9910.024
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小学生课堂久坐行为、久坐积累模式与体质健康关系:一项2023年横断面研究
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崔爱君 1, 2 , 王丽娟 1, *, * , 王珉 3 , 周玉兰 4 , 陈欢 1 , 谢祯文 1
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——关注儿童青少年健康 2026,42(6): 672-681
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——关注儿童青少年健康 2026 , 42 (6) : 672 -681
小学生课堂久坐行为、久坐积累模式与体质健康关系:一项2023年横断面研究
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崔爱君(2000–),硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年身体活动

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崔爱君1, 2, 王丽娟1, *, * , 王珉3, 周玉兰4, 陈欢1, 谢祯文1
作者信息
  • 1上海体育大学,上海 200438
  • 2福田中学,深圳 518033
  • 3上海财经大学,上海 200433
  • 4浙江师范大学,金华 321004
通讯作者:
王丽娟,E-mail:
作者简介:

崔爱君(2000–),硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年身体活动

Associations of volume and accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior with physical fitness among elementary school students: a cross-sectional study, 2023
Aijun CUI1, 2, Lijuan WANG1 , Min WANG3, Yulan ZHOU4, Huan CHEN1, Zhenwen XIE1
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 2Shenzhen futian high school, Shenzhen 518033, China
  • 3Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 4Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Lijuan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147577
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目的

探讨小学生课堂久坐总时长、久坐积累模式(单次久坐时长与久坐间断时长)的特征及与体质健康之间的关系。

方法

于2023年9—10月采用方便抽样方法,选取湖北省武汉市、浙江省金华市605名1~5年级小学生,使用加速度传感器测量久坐总时长,并统计不同类型的单次久坐时长与单次久坐间断时长,依据《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》对受试者进行体质健康测评,采用二分类逻辑回归探讨久坐总时长、久坐积累模式与体质健康间的关系。

结果

受试小学生久坐总时间占课堂总时间的65.2%,单次久坐1~19 min占比(47.3%)与单次久坐间断1~4 min占比(17.7%)最高。单次久坐5~9 min、≥20 min时长占比最高的Q4组发生体质健康未达标优良的概率为Q1组的0.451倍(OR=0.451,95%CI=0.247~0.823)和2.16倍(OR=2.16,95%CI=1.043~4.474);久坐总时长占比、单次久坐间断时长占比与体质健康未达标优良之间均无显著关联。进一步分析体质健康评价指标发现,久坐总时长占比最高的Q4组发生身体成分未达标优良的概率为Q1组的3.673倍(OR=3.673,95%CI=1.085~12.434);而单次持续5~9 min久坐时长占比最高的Q4组发生速度素质、力量素质未达标优良的概率为Q1组的0.48倍(OR=0.48,95%CI=0.262~0.881)和0.378倍(OR=0.378,95%CI=0.162~0.882);单次持续≥20 min久坐时长占比最高的Q4组发生身体成分、力量素质未达标优良的概率为Q1组的4.969倍(OR=4.969,95%CI=1.406~17.560)和2.717倍(OR=2.717,95%CI=1.120~6.593)。

结论

小学生课堂久坐呈短时性、间歇性的“碎片化”特征。相对于课堂久坐总时长,在课堂中缩短单次久坐时长对于小学生健康更为重要。针对小学生的身体成分,需减少课堂中的久坐总时长与单次久坐时长;针对力量素质、速度素质指标的提升,则主要通过缩短课堂单次久坐时长来达成。

课堂  /  久坐行为  /  久坐积累模式  /  体质健康  /  关系  /  小学生
Objective

To explore the associations of volume and accumulation patterns (duration of sedentary bouts and breaks) of sedentary behavior with physical fitness among elementary school students.

Methods

From September to October 2023, a convenience sampling method was adopted to select 605 elementary school students (grades 1 to 5) from Wuhan city, Hubei province and Jinhua city, Zhejiang province. Accelerometers were used to measure the sedentary volume and the duration of sedentary bouts and breaks. The physical fitness were scored according to the National Student Physical Health Standards (Revised in 2014). Binary logistic regression was employed to examine the associations of volume and accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior with physical fitness.

Results

The surveyed students spent 65.2% of the classroom time in sedentary behavior. The highest proportions were observed for the sedentary bouts of 1–19 min (47.3%) and breaks of 1–4 min (17.7%) in class. In the Q4 group with the highest proportions of sedentary bouts lasting 5–9 min and ≥ 20 min , the odds of failing to achieve good or excellent physical fitness were 0.451 times (OR = 0.451, 95%CI: 0.247–0.823) and 2.16 times (OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.043–4.474), respectively, those of the Q1 group. No statistically significant associations were observed between the proportion of sedentary volume or sedentary break duration and failure to achieve good or excellent physical fitness. Further analysis of physical fitness factors revealed that the odds of failure to achieve good or excellent physical fitness in the Q4 group with the highest sedentary volume proportion were 3.673 times that of the Q1 group (OR = 3.673, 95%CI: 1.085–12.434). For the sedentary bouts of 5–9 min, the Q4 group exhibited lower odds of poor speed ability (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.262–0.881) and strength ability (OR = 0.378, 95%CI: 0.162–0.882) than the Q1 group. In contrast, the Q4 group with the highest proportion of sedentary bouts ≥ 20 min showed 4.969 times higher odds of poor body composition (OR = 4.969, 95%CI: 1.406–17.560) and 2.717 times higher odds of poor strength ability (OR = 2.717, 95%CI: 1.120–6.593) than the Q1 group.

Conclusions

The sedentary behavior of elementary school students presents a fragmented pattern characterized by short terms and frequent breaks. Reducing the duration of sedentary bouts in class may be more important for the fitness of elementary school students than reducing the volume of sedentary behavior. According to the body composition, it is necessary to reduce the volume of sedentary behavior and shorten the duration of sedentary bouts in class. The quality of strength and speed can be improved by shortening the duration of sedentary bouts in class.

in class  /  sedentary behavior  /  sedentary accumulation patterns  /  physical fitness  /  associations  /  elementary school students
崔爱君, 王丽娟, 王珉, 周玉兰, 陈欢, 谢祯文. 小学生课堂久坐行为、久坐积累模式与体质健康关系:一项2023年横断面研究. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (6) : 672 -681 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147577
Aijun CUI, Lijuan WANG, Min WANG, Yulan ZHOU, Huan CHEN, Zhenwen XIE. Associations of volume and accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior with physical fitness among elementary school students: a cross-sectional study, 2023[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (6) : 672 -681 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147577
全国学生体质健康调研数据显示,儿童青少年体质健康达标优良率从1995年的35.6%下降至2019年的23.8%[1]。研究证据表明,持续性久坐会增加儿童肥胖、心血管疾病等患病风险。队列研究结果显示,多年累积的久坐时间可使儿童心血管代谢风险指标(舒张压)上升1.42 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 3 kPa)[2],心脏负担增加24.5%[3]。此外,2项随机对照试验研究均证实,久坐干预组儿童的肥胖风险指标可降低21%和32%[4–5]。为促进儿童健康成长,世界卫生组织与我国发布的《关于身体活动和久坐行为指南》《中国人群身体活动指南》均建议儿童应减少每天久坐时长[6]。有学者发现,当持续性久坐被间断,单次久坐持续时间缩短,则有益于身心健康[7]。由此,久坐积累模式,即单次久坐持续时长与久坐间断,成为体质健康的另一重要影响因素[8]。近年国内外系列研究针对儿童全天的久坐积累模式与健康的关系进行了探讨[9–10],但针对课堂情境下久坐积累模式的健康效益进行分析的研究较少。基于学龄儿童每天传统的“坐式”上课方式以及人们逐渐认识到久坐间断带来的益处,欧美部分学者开始在课堂中运用“站立式课桌”“身体活动式学习”等方式打破持续久坐行为,重塑上课模式。干预研究也表明,与“坐式”课堂相比,课堂上间断久坐的儿童能量消耗增加37.7千卡/课时[11],体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)下降0.14 kg/m2,腰围缩减1.65 cm[12]。但我国学生课堂久坐行为特征如何、单次久坐时长如何间断、间断多长时间可达到最佳健康效益问题尚未明确。掌握课堂久坐规律以及与健康指标之间的关系是精准干预的必要前提。为此,本研究于2023年9—10月,对湖北省武汉市、浙江省金华市1~5年级605名小学生进行久坐行为测量与体质健康测评,旨在探析小学生课堂久坐总时长、久坐积累模式(课堂单次久坐时长与单次久坐间断时长)的特征及其与总体体质健康和体质健康各评价指标之间的关系。
本研究采用方便抽样方法,基于城市规模差异化的考虑,选取湖北省武汉市、浙江省金华市小学生作为调查对象。使用因变量事件数(events per variable, EPV)方法估算逻辑回归的最低样本量[13]。经计算,本研究最低样本量为14×10/0.383≈366人。本研究于2023年9—10月,在武汉市和金华市采用方便抽样方法选取2个城区和2个郊区,每个区至少选取1所小学,共5所小学。入选学校标准(1)城乡分布:样本覆盖城区和郊区2种区域类型,以控制地域因素对研究结果的潜在影响;(2)办学规模:每校在校生人数≥500人,确保学校具有适度的教育规模;(3)办学性质:均为区教育局直属的标准化学校。最终选取的学校在教学质量评估中均处于本区中等水平,具有一定区域代表性。随后,在每所学校的1~5年级中随机选取1个班级的全体学生,共有来自25个班级的1 027名小学生参与调查。排除19名存在心血管相关疾病、身体残疾、智力障碍的学生,1 008名学生参加了本次调查。按照自愿原则,研究小组向1 008名学生本人及其监护人发放知情同意书,详细介绍本研究目的和测试流程,最终共887名学生及家长同意参与本项研究。其中,212名学生的久坐行为数据未达到有效标准(有效率为74.9%),70名学生问卷信息或体质健康数据不完整,最终共605人作为有效样本纳入分析。纳入样本与排除样本的人口统计学指标比较无显著差异。本研究已获得上海体育大学科学研究伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:102772023RT090)。
采用《国家学生体质健康标准(2014版)》[14](简称《体质健康标准》)中对应的项目和规范要求测量1~5年级学生的体质健康水平。测试由2名研究人员和学校体育教师共同完成,为保证测试质量,测试人员均经过统一培训。测试项目包括体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)(身体成分指标)、肺活量(心肺功能指标)、50 m跑(速度素质指标)、坐位体前屈(柔韧素质指标)、1 min跳绳与50 m×8往返跑(耐力素质指标)、1 min仰卧起坐(力量素质指标)。采用《体质健康标准》对指标测试结果进行计算、评价,总分与各评价指标的等级划分为:≥90分为优秀、80.0~89.9分为良好、60.0~79.9分为及格、≤59.9分为不及格,总分≥80分认定为体质达标优良[15]。
本研究采用Actigraph wGT3X-BT型人体运动能耗监测仪(Pensacola, FL, USA; Actigraph)(以下简称为“加速度传感器”)测量学生一个教学周内(周一至周五)的久坐行为。受试学生正常参与日常学习活动并连续5 d将加速度传感器佩戴在右侧髋关节处,调查人员每日走访学校监督学生加速度传感器的佩戴情况。加速度传感器采用1 s的采样间隔(epoch)记录活动数据,现有研究建议将加速度传感器采样间隔设定为60 s具有良好准确性[16],故将久坐数据输出转化为60 s。测量结束后,使用Actilife 6.13.3软件对加速度传感器原始数据进行有效性筛选与分析。将连续20 min计数为零界定为未佩戴时间[17],排除睡眠时间。每天佩戴加速度传感器时间≥10 h为1个有效日[18],在5 d佩戴加速度传感器期间,至少3个有效日,该数据有效[19]。随后,基于Evenson K R等[20]提出的儿童青少年身体活动强度界值,将0~100 counts/min(cpm)界定为久坐行为。由于本研究主要针对“坐式”课堂中学生的久坐行为,故根据被试学校提供的课程表,筛选出所有在教室进行的学科课程的久坐行为数据,以体育活动为主的体育课和体育锻炼课不纳入本研究,从而计算出平均每天课堂久坐累计时长及所占课堂时间的比例。
久坐行为积累模式包括单次久坐时长与久坐间断时长[21]。关于单次久坐的操作性定义,本研究严格界定一次性持续时间内不允许出现容许误差[22](tolerance,即任何超出活动强度切点范围的counts计数)。同时,由于加速度传感器数据输出以60 s为单位,因此单次久坐时长及间断时长的最低阈值为1 min。综上所述,本文中单次久坐定义为加速度传感器活动计数持续1 min及以上的≤100 cpm且无任何间断的行为;而久坐间断是指在久坐过程中加速度传感器活动计数>100 cpm的持续1 min及以上的行为。但值得注意的是,加速度传感器是从身体活动能量消耗的角度区分久坐与低强度身体活动,其局限性在于无法辨别个体的身体姿势。根据近年身体活动能耗研究,当个体保持坐姿并伴随肢体活动如身体的左右扭动、坐姿转换等,加速度传感器活动计数>100 cpm且能量消耗>1.5代谢当量[23–25],因此,在本研究中,久坐间断的活动行为在课堂上主要表现为站立、走动,但也可能包括坐姿伴随某些肢体活动。本研究将单次久坐时长划分为1~4 、5~9、10~19和≥20 min四类[10],单次久坐间断时长则分为1~4、5~9和≥10 min三类[26],并分别计算出平均每天课堂中不同类型单次久坐持续时长与间断时长及所占课堂时间的比例。
本研究采用自行设计的结构化问卷获取受试者的社会人口学信息,用于分析后续的群体差异及回归变量控制。具体包括性别、年龄、家庭经济状况、父母受教育程度。受试者的年龄、性别、父母受教育程度及家庭经济状况在问卷中报告(1~3年级学生问卷由家长填写,4~5年级学生问卷由本人填写)。而平均每天的中高强度身体活动(加速度传感器计数≥2 296 counts/min的行为[20])以及佩戴加速度传感器的时长则通过加速度传感器进行测量。
运用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行分析,通过检验发现各变量数据均为非正态分布,故采用中位数表示,并采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行性别差异分析,采用Kruskal Wallis H检验进行年级差异分析(组间比较均经Bonferroni法校正)。为了消除不同年级每天课堂总时间不同所带来的误差,本研究采用课堂久坐总时长、不同类型单次久坐时长与久坐间断时长占每天课堂总时长比例作为主要评价指标。同时,采用二分类逻辑回归分析方法探讨久坐总时长、久坐积累模式与总体体质健康、体质健康各指标的关系,并使用线性回归法(赋值中位数)进行趋势检验。因受试者的年龄、性别、父母受教育程度、家庭经济状况、每天中高强度身体活动时长均会影响学生的体质健康水平,加速度传感器佩戴的时长也会直接引起所测的久坐时长的变化,因此,本研究将上述变量作为协变量,在进行回归分析时予以控制。其中,年龄、中高强度身体活动时长、加速度传感器佩戴时长均以连续变量纳入模型;性别、父母受教育程度、家庭经济状况以分类变量纳入模型。回归分析之前对自变量进行共线性诊断,所有自变量共线性诊断中的容忍度均>0.1,且方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF)值介于(1.158,4.920)之间,不存在多重共线性。采用霍斯默–莱梅肖拟合优度检验(Hosmer-Lemesho, H-L检验)方法评估模型校准度,所有模型均P>0.05,模型拟合良好(表1)。此外,使用赤池信息准则(akaike information criterion, AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(bayesian information criterion, BIC)评估模型的整体拟合优度与简洁性(表1),模型2的AIC值均低于模型1,尽管模型2的BIC略高,但本研究样本量较大(n>500),且调整的协变量(如年龄、性别等)是已知的重要混杂因素,故选择调整后的模型2。
共605名小学生被纳入最终统计分析,男生297人(49.1%),女生308人(50.9%)。1~5年级学生分别为101人(16.7%)、110人(18.2%)、141人(23.3%)、131人(21.7%)、122人(20.1%)。对象年龄为6~12岁,平均年龄8.9岁。体质健康测量结果显示,受试学生的身体成分、心肺功能、速度素质、柔韧素质、力量素质、耐力素质的平均得分分别为92.3、69.9、77.7、67.7、68.9、77.8分;体质健康总分中位数为78.3分,其中优秀52人(8.6%),良好180人(29.8%),合格320人(52.9%),不合格53人(8.7%)。男生体质健康总分(74.7分)显著低于女生(78.6分),一年级学生的体质健康总分最低(72.2分),五年级最高(80.0分),体质健康测评总分性别差异(U=37 562.5,P<0.001)和年级差异(H=35.17,P<0.001)均有统计学意义。
加速度传感器测试结果显示,受试学生每天课堂久坐占比为65.2%,课堂单次久坐持续时长以1~19 min为主,课堂单次久坐间断时长以1~4 min为主。男生平均每天课堂的久坐总时长占比、单次久坐10~19 min、≥20 min的时长占比显著低于女生,而单次久坐1~4 min的时长占比显著高于女生。男生单次间断1~4 min、5~9 min、≥10 min的时长占比均显著高于女生。提示男生课堂久坐总时间更短且更偏好于短时间久坐,身体活动比女生更为活跃。此外,小学二年级学生的课堂久坐总时长占比最小,久坐间断总时长占比最大,且其单次久坐间断5~9 min、≥10 min的时长占比较高,提示小学二年级学生在课堂上身体活动最为活跃;相反,小学五年级学生的课堂久坐总时长占比最高,久坐间断总时长占比最低,且其≥20 min的久坐时长占比最高,提示五年级学生在课堂中身体活动最不活跃。
采用二分类逻辑回归分析方法探讨久坐总时长、久坐积累模式与总体体质健康、体质健康各指标的关系。回归包括两种模型:模型1,未调整协变量;模型2,对性别、年龄、父母受教育程度、家庭经济状况、学生平均每天的中高强度身体活动及平均每天佩戴加速度传感器的时长进行调整。首先,将因变量体质健康进行二分类(1=未达标优良,0=达标优良);其次,采用等频分箱法,将自变量按照四分位数(Q1~Q4)进行离散处理,Q1组为该类久坐或间断时间中占比最小的组别,Q4则占比最大;最后,以数值最小的Q1组为参照,在控制协变量后,探讨不同久坐或间断时间比例区间的组别与总体体质健康未达优良的关系,计算相对比值比(OR)及95%CI。在模型2中,控制所有协变量后,小学生课堂久坐总时长占比、单次久坐间断时长占比与体质健康未达标优良之间均未呈现显著关联(P>0.05)。而单次久坐5~9 min时长占比最高的Q4组发生体质健康未达标优良的概率为Q1组的0.451倍(OR=0.451,95%CI=0.247~0.823);趋势性检验表明,久坐5~9 min 时长占比的递增与体质健康未达标优良发生概率的下降存在显著关联(Ptrend=0.01)。单次久坐≥20 min 时长占比更高的Q3、Q4组发生体质健康未达标优良的概率分别为Q1组的1.996倍(OR=1.996,95%CI=1.111~3.587)和2.16倍(OR=2.16,95%CI=1.043~4.474);趋势性检验表明,久坐≥20 min 时长占比的递增与体质健康未达标优良发生概率的上升存在显著关联(Ptrend=0.047)。
在模型2中,控制所有协变量后,小学生课堂久坐总时长占比与学生身体成分存在统计学关联(P<0.05),久坐总时长占比更高的Q3、Q4组发生身体成分未达优良的概率是Q1组的3.114倍(OR=3.114,95%CI=1.009~9.607)和3.673倍(OR=3.673,95%CI=1.085~12.434);趋势性检验表明,久坐总时长占比的递增与身体成分未达标优良发生概率的上升存在统计学关联(Ptrend=0.031)。小学生课堂久坐积累模式与体质健康指标(心肺功能、柔韧素质、耐力素质)之间不存在统计学关联(P>0.05)。此外,久坐5~9 min时长占比与学生速度素质和力量素质均存在显著关联(P<0.05),久坐5~9 min时长占比最高的Q4组发生速度素质、力量素质未达标优良的概率为Q1组的0.480倍(OR=0.480,95%CI=0.262~0.881和0.378倍(OR=0.378,95%CI=0.162~0.882),趋势性检验表明,久坐5~9 min 时长占比的递增与速度素质、力量素质未达标优良发生概率的下降存在统计学关联(Ptrend=0.012、0.038)。久坐≥20 min时长占比与学生身体成分、力量素质均存在统计学关联(P<0.05),久坐≥20 min占比最高的Q4组发生身体成分、力量素质未达优良的概率是Q1组的4.969倍(OR=4.969,95%CI=1.406~17.560)和2.717倍(OR=2.717,95%CI=1.120~6.593),趋势性检验表明,久坐≥20 min 时长占比的递增与身体成分、力量素质未达标优良发生概率的上升存在统计学关联(均Ptrend=0.024)。
本研究中加速度传感器测量结果显示,学生大部分课堂时间均为久坐状态,这与我国中小学以坐姿为主导的课堂学习模式相符,与国外研究儿童的课堂久坐时间占比(56.0%~84.7%)基本一致[27–34]。对于课堂久坐积累模式的分析发现,单次短时久坐(1~19 min)与单次短时间断(1~4 min)占比最高,整体呈短时性、间歇性的“碎片化”课堂久坐特征,与同类研究结果相似[30–31]。这一研究结果揭示了我国小学课堂学生的久坐积累模式,似乎与我国学生在课堂中长时间保持久坐不动的传统印象相悖。究其原因,可能与小学课堂教学模式、小学生的心理特征以及一次性久坐的操作性定义有关。首先,随着基础教育改革与素质教育改革的不断深入,“以学生为中心”的教学模式在小学课堂中得以全面推广和普遍运用[35],提问与回答、师生互动、生生互动、游戏化教学等元素在课堂中扮演着越来越重要的角色,这些教学方法让学生在课堂上其身体处于更为自由的状态,无形中为学生提供了不少站立、进行肢体活动甚至短暂的走动等机会,导致了久坐间断;其次,6~11岁小学生生性活泼好动,注意力集中时间较短[36],这些特有的心理特征导致小学生频繁出现“坐不住”的情况,即改变坐姿、同伴之间相互嬉戏、站立等,这些行为也间断了持续性久坐;最后,本研究运用了容许误差为0这一严格的标准界定一次性久坐时长,相对于其他切点值(如允许存在30 s或60 s的容许误差),本研究出现短时单次久坐(如1~4 min或5~9 min)的概率更大[37]。
课堂久坐总时间与久坐积累模式均存在显著的性别与年级差异。首先,在性别差异方面,男生的课堂行为模式整体表现为少坐多动,身体活动比女生更为活跃,与前期研究结果基本一致[38]。从生理机制角度看,男生的静息代谢率较高,即安静时机体能耗更大,可能会增大加速度传感器测量将久坐行为误判为低强度身体活动的概率,从而导致其久坐时长测量结果低于其真正的久坐时长[39];其次,从神经发育层面看,男生前额叶成熟较女生更晚,自控力发展相对延迟且更弱,导致在课堂上更有可能频繁间断持续性久坐;从社会因素层面看,教师对男生“好动”特质的宽容度普遍高于女生[40],而传统性别角色期待又进一步强化了“男孩活泼、女孩文静”的行为模式,因此男生在课堂上则表现为互动更积极。在年级差异方面,二年级学生的课堂活动最为活跃,而五年级学生的课堂久坐最为严重。小学入学后,经过一年熟悉新的课堂环境,适应新的生活,低年龄段学生的活泼、好动本性在二年级课堂开始显露,从而表现为课堂上身体活动活跃的结果;而五年级处于小升初的关键时期,升学压力初现,课堂书面作业、知识的讲授、随堂测验逐渐成为课堂教与学的主要组成部分,课堂互动及游戏教学随之减少。并且随着年龄的增长,学生的自控力、专注力不断增强[41],与课堂学习无关的身体动作也随之减少,其课堂上久坐的“持续特征”自然更为明显与突出。这也提示在进行课堂久坐干预的实施过程中,应针对男女生以及不同年级的学生,采取个性化有针对性的干预策略。
本文发现课堂久坐总时间与小学生的体质健康无显著性相关,有学者提出久坐行为对于健康的不利影响是长期的,在儿童阶段的短期影响并不明显[22],因此不可忽视其长期累积的负面效应,及时的课堂干预是有必要的。不同单次课堂久坐类型与小学生体质健康优良的关联状况不同,课堂5~9 min久坐与小学生体质健康优良存在显著正相关联,10~19 min久坐与体质健康无显著性相关,持续20 min以上久坐则呈现负相关联,整体结果提示单次久坐持续时间越短,学生体质越健康,反之,则体质优良率越低。对于儿童日常久坐积累模式与健康指标关系的研究得到了相似的结论[8–10, 37, 42]。因此,将长时间的持续性久坐少动行为分割为短时间的久坐行为,通过间断过程中的身体活动提升人体糖脂处理能力、外周和中枢血流量以及分泌特殊神经激素等机制逆转久坐引起的健康危机[7],从而降低或消除久坐带来的不良影响,这同样适用于课堂学习的特殊情境下。然而,单次1~4 min久坐却与小学生的体质健康优良无显著性相关,似乎与单次久坐时间短与体质健康优良呈正相关联的结论冲突。这可能与久坐间断的活动强度有关,单次持续1~4 min的这种短时间、高频次的久坐间断可能是学生因为好动所引起的某些肢体动作,如改变坐姿、伸展身体或与同伴嬉闹等“小动作”,活动强度较低,未达到影响健康的显著性效应。后续研究有必要针对久坐间断的活动类型及强度与体质健康的关系进一步探讨。虽然现有研究均表明单次久坐持续时间越短,学生体质越健康,但本研究发现我国儿童课堂单次久坐间断时长与体质健康无统计学相关,这与大部分儿童日常的久坐间断研究结果不一致[43–44]。提示课堂情境下,间断频次比间断时长更有意义。
本研究结果显示,课堂久坐总时长、≥20 min久坐时长与小学生身体成分优良存在显著负相关联,久坐行为与儿童肥胖的负向关系在过往许多研究中均得到验证[37, 42, 45]。长时间久坐会显著降低骨骼肌收缩频率,导致脂蛋白脂肪酶活性下降,从而减缓脂质氧化过程并促进脂肪堆积,同时减少肌肉组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用,导致糖代谢紊乱,进一步加剧肥胖风险[46]。因此,针对小学生肥胖问题,不仅需要减少课堂中的久坐总时长,还需缩短单次久坐时长,增加课堂久坐间断次数,才可有效降低其BMI水平及肥胖风险。除身体成分之外,单次5~9 min和持续20 min以上的久坐时长与体质健康优良的正向或负向的关联主要体现在力量素质、速度素质2项指标上。长时间持续久坐因肌肉机械负荷缺失、代谢活性降低及神经驱动减弱,易导致肌纤维萎缩和力量下降[47],进而损害力量与速度素质。此外,课堂总时间固定,单次久坐时间短(单次5~9 min)会导致课堂身体活动频次高,两者的关系此消彼长,身体活动频次高可能也是导致力量素质、速度素质的全面提升的主要原因[15]。因此,针对力量素质、速度素质指标发展的目标,主要通过缩短课堂单次久坐时长来达成。
本研究结果对于改革我国传统课堂学习范式有重要意义。近年来,国际上不少学者提出了站立式课堂、活动性学习理念,并通过实证研究证明其有益于改善学生身体状况。此举为我国引入站立式学习理念以及进行教室重塑提供了新思路[48]。同时,本研究结果发现相比较于课堂久坐总时长,单次久坐时长对于儿童的健康来说可能更为重要。因此,当站立式授课还尚未全面实施的背景下,保持学生传统的“坐式”学习模式的同时应对其久坐进行合理间断。每10 min教师可结合授课内容,通过提问、讨论、游戏让学生身体离开座位,也可让学生主动站立间断其持续久坐。但课堂中如受到教学内容、教学模式或条件的限制,较难维持10 min间断1次的频率,也可退而求其次选择持续久坐20 min间断1次,也能降低或抵消持续久坐带来的负面影响。此外,学校应结合国家政策,科学安排学生体育活动。如落实每天30 min大课间活动,课间强制学生离座运动;课后服务增设体育选修课和社团活动等,确保小学生达到课后1 h的锻炼时间。通过全天分段式运动安排,保障学生每日运动量达标,全面提升学生体质健康水平。
本研究还存在以下局限:(1)本研究是横断面研究,无法进行因果推断;(2)本研究未对久坐间断时的活动类型与强度进行测评,未能全面反映久坐积累模式;(3)本研究中加速度传感器无法辨识身体姿势,未来相关研究可用模式识别的方式提高数据分析结果的准确性;(4)本研究回归分析中身体成分变量阳性事件存在偏态分布,可能影响估计稳定性,导致置信区间宽度较大,未来仍需更大样本验证结果的稳健性。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147577
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
  • 录用日期:2025-09-16
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作者信息
    1上海体育大学,上海 200438
    2福田中学,深圳 518033
    3上海财经大学,上海 200433
    4浙江师范大学,金华 321004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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