Article(id=1321169543775498474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169495406785472, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147481, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=1748880000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-03, acceptedDate=1754236800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-04, onlineDate=1792920965379, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792920965379, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792920965379, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792920965379, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169495406785472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='11', pageStart='1281', pageEnd='1408', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920953847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793011176900, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321547918390178721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169495406785472, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321547918390178722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169495406785472, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1361, endPage=1366, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169544052322540, articleId=1321169543775498474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Relationship between career plateau and turnover intention in Chinese family doctor team members: a network questionnaire survey, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the mediating roles of job content plateau and centralization plateau in the relationship between hierarchical plateau and turnover intention among Chinese family doctor team members.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a network questionnaire survey from September to November 2021 among 1 474 family doctor team members in eastern, central, and western China. The Turnover Intention Scale and Career Plateau Scale were adopted for measurement. The mediating effects of job content plateau and centralization plateau on the relationship between hierarchical plateau and turnover intention were analyzed.

Results

Chinese family doctor team members exhibited low turnover intention (2.33 ± 0.763) and moderately low perceived career plateau (2.80 ± 0.83). The hierarchical plateau (3.58 ± 0.64) demonstrated greater severity than the job content plateau (2.46 ± 0.93) and centralization plateau (2.82 ± 1.04). Hierarchical plateau, job content plateau, and centralization plateau had significantly positive correlations with turnover intention. Job content plateau (indirect effect = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.05–0.09, P < 0.001) and centralization plateau (indirect effect = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.02–0.06, P < 0.001) both partially mediated the effect of hierarchical plateau on turnover intention.

Conclusion

Targeted interventions focusing on reducing job content and centralization plateaus may partially mitigate the transmission path from hierarchical plateau to turnover intention. However, the three dimensions may constitute a nonlinear compensatory system, highlighting the need for considering population-specific adaptability in intervention designs.

, authors=Xinyan LI1, Jing FENG1, Ge QU1, Jun YE2, Yong GAN1, authorsList=Xinyan LI, Jing FENG, Ge QU, Jun YE, Yong GAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong GAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
GAN Yong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169544467558639, articleId=1321169543775498474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=我国家庭医生团队成员职业高原与离职倾向关系:基于网络问卷调查, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨内容高原和中心化高原在层级高原与家庭医生团队成员离职倾向之间的中介作用。

方法

采用横断面研究设计,于2021年9—11月,对中国东、中、西部1 474名家庭医生团队成员进行网络问卷调查。采用离职倾向量表和职业高原量表进行测量。分析内容高原、中心化高原对于层级高原–离职倾向关系的中介作用。

结果

家庭医生团队成员整体离职倾向得分较低,为(2.33±0.76)分;职业高原感知水平处于中等偏下,为(2.80±0.83)分;其中层级高原为(3.58±0.64)分,相较于内容高原[(2.46±0.93)分]和中心化高原[(2.82±1.04)分]更为严重。多维度职业高原均与离职倾向呈显著正相关,内容高原(间接效应=0.08,95%CI=0.05~0.09,P<0.001)和中心化高原(间接效应=0.05,95% CI=0.02~0.06,P<0.001)均在层级高原影响离职倾向的路径中发挥部分中介作用。

结论

在家庭医生团队中,定向干预内容高原和中心化高原可以部分阻断层级高原对离职倾向的传导路径,但三者之间可能构成非线性补偿系统,干预设计需关注群体适配性。

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李欣妍(1999—),博士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理,社会因素与健康

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甘勇,E-mail:
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李欣妍(1999—),博士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理,社会因素与健康

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(2023-10-31)[2024-10-01]. https://sxwjw.shaanxi.gov.cn/sy/tzgg/202311/t20231103_2305893_wap.html., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169544710828272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169544723411185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, companyId=1321169544710828272, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169544731799794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, companyId=1321169544710828272, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院,武汉 430030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169544815685875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169544824074484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, companyId=1321169544815685875, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Medical Humanities and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169544832463093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, companyId=1321169544815685875, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2温州医科大学医学人文与管理学院,温州 325035)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321169547206439198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Spearman correlations among basic characteristics, career plateau, and turnover intention of Chinese family doctor team members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量性别学历个人年均收入担任家庭医生工作年限层级高原内容高原中心化高原
学历0.04
个人年均收入/元−0.08 a0.33 b
担任家庭医生工作年限/年−0.13 b0.040.24 b
层级高原−0.030.010.030.03
内容高原−0.07 a0.03−0.07 a−0.07a0.18 b
中心化高原−0.02−0.01−0.13 b−0.07a0.24 b0.81 b
离职倾向−0.09 b0.04−0.03−0.030.07 a0.32 b0.11 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321169547307102495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国家庭医生团队成员基本特征、职业高原和离职倾向水平斯皮尔曼相关情况(ρ)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量性别学历个人年均收入担任家庭医生工作年限层级高原内容高原中心化高原
学历0.04
个人年均收入/元−0.08 a0.33 b
担任家庭医生工作年限/年−0.13 b0.040.24 b
层级高原−0.030.010.030.03
内容高原−0.07 a0.03−0.07 a−0.07a0.18 b
中心化高原−0.02−0.01−0.13 b−0.07a0.24 b0.81 b
离职倾向−0.09 b0.04−0.03−0.030.07 a0.32 b0.11 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321169547416154400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mediating effect model tests of career plateau and turnover intention among Chinses family doctor team members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量内容高原中心化高原离职倾向
模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5模型6模型7
性别−0.17 a−0.05−0.18 b−0.13 a−0.17 c−0.13b−0.17 b
家庭医生工作年限/年−0.01−0.01<−0.01<−0.01<−0.01<−0.01<−0.01
学历0.13 b0.080.10 b0.060.09 b0.060.09 b
个人年均收入/元−0.13 b−0.24 b−0.07 a−0.03−0.04−0.03−0.04
层级高原0.28 b0.47 b0.14 b0.06 a0.09 b
内容高原0.30 b0.29 b
中心化高原0.12 c0.10 c
R2值0.060.100.170.380.210.380.22
F值9.00 c34.22 c9.00 c49.85 c12.90 c42.35 c12.28 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321169547508429089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

家庭医生团队成员工作高原与离职倾向的中介效应模型检验(β)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量内容高原中心化高原离职倾向
模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5模型6模型7
性别−0.17 a−0.05−0.18 b−0.13 a−0.17 c−0.13b−0.17 b
家庭医生工作年限/年−0.01−0.01<−0.01<−0.01<−0.01<−0.01<−0.01
学历0.13 b0.080.10 b0.060.09 b0.060.09 b
个人年均收入/元−0.13 b−0.24 b−0.07 a−0.03−0.04−0.03−0.04
层级高原0.28 b0.47 b0.14 b0.06 a0.09 b
内容高原0.30 b0.29 b
中心化高原0.12 c0.10 c
R2值0.060.100.170.380.210.380.22
F值9.00 c34.22 c9.00 c49.85 c12.90 c42.35 c12.28 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321169547613286690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169543775498474, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Mediating effect tests of hierarchical plateau and job content plateau on turnover intention among Chinese family doctor team members

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路径效应关系标准化路径系数Boot 95%CIBoot SEP值
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层级高原→内容高原X→M0.280.21~0.360.037<0.001
内容高原→离职倾向M→Y0.290.25~0.330.020<0.001
层级高原→离职倾向直接效应0.06<0.01~0.120.0290.039
层级高原→离职倾向总效应0.140.08~0.200.0310.004
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家庭医生团队成员层级高原与内容高原对离职倾向的中介效应检验

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路径效应关系标准化路径系数Boot 95%CIBoot SEP值
层级高原→内容高原→离职倾向间接效应0.080.05~0.090.012<0.001
层级高原→内容高原X→M0.280.21~0.360.037<0.001
内容高原→离职倾向M→Y0.290.25~0.330.020<0.001
层级高原→离职倾向直接效应0.06<0.01~0.120.0290.039
层级高原→离职倾向总效应0.140.08~0.200.0310.004
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Mediating effect tests of hierarchical plateau and centralization plateau on turnover intention among Chinese family doctor team members

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路径意义标准化系数Boot 95%CIBoot SEP值
层级高原→中心化高原→离职倾向间接效应0.050.02~0.060.01<0.001
层级高原→中心化高原X→M0.470.39~0.540.04<0.001
中心化高原→离职倾向M→Y0.100.07~0.140.02<0.001
层级高原→离职倾向直接效应0.090.03~0.160.030.003
层级高原→离职倾向总效应0.140.08~0.200.030.004
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家庭医生团队成员层级高原与中心化高原对离职倾向的中介效应检验

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层级高原→中心化高原X→M0.470.39~0.540.04<0.001
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层级高原→离职倾向直接效应0.090.03~0.160.030.003
层级高原→离职倾向总效应0.140.08~0.200.030.004
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我国家庭医生团队成员职业高原与离职倾向关系:基于网络问卷调查
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李欣妍 1 , 冯晶 1 , 屈歌 1 , 叶俊 2 , 甘勇 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(11): 1361-1366
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (11) : 1361 -1366
我国家庭医生团队成员职业高原与离职倾向关系:基于网络问卷调查
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李欣妍1, 冯晶1, 屈歌1, 叶俊2, 甘勇1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院,武汉 430030
  • 2温州医科大学医学人文与管理学院,温州 325035
通讯作者:
甘勇,E-mail:
作者简介:

李欣妍(1999—),博士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理,社会因素与健康

Relationship between career plateau and turnover intention in Chinese family doctor team members: a network questionnaire survey
Xinyan LI1, Jing FENG1, Ge QU1, Jun YE2, Yong GAN1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
  • 2School of Medical Humanities and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    GAN Yong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147481
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目的

探讨内容高原和中心化高原在层级高原与家庭医生团队成员离职倾向之间的中介作用。

方法

采用横断面研究设计,于2021年9—11月,对中国东、中、西部1 474名家庭医生团队成员进行网络问卷调查。采用离职倾向量表和职业高原量表进行测量。分析内容高原、中心化高原对于层级高原–离职倾向关系的中介作用。

结果

家庭医生团队成员整体离职倾向得分较低,为(2.33±0.76)分;职业高原感知水平处于中等偏下,为(2.80±0.83)分;其中层级高原为(3.58±0.64)分,相较于内容高原[(2.46±0.93)分]和中心化高原[(2.82±1.04)分]更为严重。多维度职业高原均与离职倾向呈显著正相关,内容高原(间接效应=0.08,95%CI=0.05~0.09,P<0.001)和中心化高原(间接效应=0.05,95% CI=0.02~0.06,P<0.001)均在层级高原影响离职倾向的路径中发挥部分中介作用。

结论

在家庭医生团队中,定向干预内容高原和中心化高原可以部分阻断层级高原对离职倾向的传导路径,但三者之间可能构成非线性补偿系统,干预设计需关注群体适配性。

家庭医生团队  /  职业高原  /  离职倾向  /  中介分析
Objective

To explore the mediating roles of job content plateau and centralization plateau in the relationship between hierarchical plateau and turnover intention among Chinese family doctor team members.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a network questionnaire survey from September to November 2021 among 1 474 family doctor team members in eastern, central, and western China. The Turnover Intention Scale and Career Plateau Scale were adopted for measurement. The mediating effects of job content plateau and centralization plateau on the relationship between hierarchical plateau and turnover intention were analyzed.

Results

Chinese family doctor team members exhibited low turnover intention (2.33 ± 0.763) and moderately low perceived career plateau (2.80 ± 0.83). The hierarchical plateau (3.58 ± 0.64) demonstrated greater severity than the job content plateau (2.46 ± 0.93) and centralization plateau (2.82 ± 1.04). Hierarchical plateau, job content plateau, and centralization plateau had significantly positive correlations with turnover intention. Job content plateau (indirect effect = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.05–0.09, P < 0.001) and centralization plateau (indirect effect = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.02–0.06, P < 0.001) both partially mediated the effect of hierarchical plateau on turnover intention.

Conclusion

Targeted interventions focusing on reducing job content and centralization plateaus may partially mitigate the transmission path from hierarchical plateau to turnover intention. However, the three dimensions may constitute a nonlinear compensatory system, highlighting the need for considering population-specific adaptability in intervention designs.

family doctor teams  /  career plateau  /  turnover intention  /  mediation analysis
李欣妍, 冯晶, 屈歌, 叶俊, 甘勇. 我国家庭医生团队成员职业高原与离职倾向关系:基于网络问卷调查. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (11) : 1361 -1366 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147481
Xinyan LI, Jing FENG, Ge QU, Jun YE, Yong GAN. Relationship between career plateau and turnover intention in Chinese family doctor team members: a network questionnaire survey[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (11) : 1361 -1366 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147481
中国家庭医生是提供基层卫生服务的主体,是百姓的“健康守门人”。截至2021年底,全国已组建43.1万个家庭医生团队[1]。但当前队伍建设面临严峻挑战,全科医生配置密度仅3.99人/万人[2],与2030年达到5人/万人的目标存在缺口[3]。全国调查显示,>70.0%的全科医生有中等或较高的离职倾向[4],约32.1%的家庭医生团队成员有较高离职倾向[5]。职业高原理论为离职倾向提供了新的解释视角[6]。研究表明,在调整工作满意度、组织承诺、求职行为和人口学变量后,层级高原和内容高原仍能够解释离职倾向变异[7]。目前,国内大多研究采用谢宝国等[8]编制的职业高原量表,从层级、内容、中心化3个维度测量职业高原,并探讨其与离职倾向的关系[9–11]。但较少有研究深入探讨职业高原各维度之间的相互作用。既往研究发现,层级高原、内容高原和中心化高原对离职倾向的解释力并不相同[12]。此外,3个维度的可干预性存在差别。鉴于此,本研究将探讨职业高原各维度对离职倾向的影响,并分析各维度间的内在逻辑关系,进一步探讨内容高原和中心化高原在层级高原与离职倾向关系中的中介作用。为降低家庭医生的离职倾向、提升职业稳定性供理论依据,从而促进家庭医生人才队伍的可持续建设。
于2021年9—11月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法选取调查对象。首先,在中国东、中、西部地区各选取2个城市(东部为苏州市、温州市;中部为武汉市、长沙市;西部为南宁市、重庆市)。这6个城市分别处于长三角经济区、长江中游城市核心和西部陆海交通枢纽,具有较好的代表性。每个城市随机抽取15~20家已开展家庭医生服务的基层卫生服务机构,整群纳入每家基层卫生服务机构的家庭医生团队成员。纳入标准为:(1)自愿参与本次调查;(2)家庭医生团队成员,包括全科医生、专科医师、护士、公共卫生医师、药剂师、康复治疗师、财务等不同职业;(3)作为家庭医生团队成员工作≥1年。研究共发放问卷1 800份,回收有效问卷1 474份,有效回收率81.9%。本研究已通过温州医科大学伦理委员会批准(审批号:2021–019),并获得所有研究对象的知情同意。
研究采用横断面研究设计,使用问卷星进行匿名问卷调查。所有题目均设置为必答项,并限定回答格式为相应的数字或文本类型,以增强问卷填写的规范性和数据质量。研究团队对每家纳入的基层卫生服务机构指定1名管理人员进行培训,以作为调查员,指导机构内自愿参与研究的家庭医生团队成员扫描电子问卷二维码,并匿名自主填写,填写完成后在线提交。为保证数据的唯一性,研究团队定期核查问卷的IP地址、性别、年龄及团队角色信息,若上述信息完全一致,则认为可能存在重复提交的情况,此类问卷将进一步比对全部做答内容,若确认内容完全相同,则予以删除。
在文献综述基础上,经过小组讨论、专家咨询设计问卷,以电子问卷的方式进行调查。内容包括:(1)基本信息:包括年龄、学历、职称等。(2)家庭医生团队工作现状:包括在家庭医生团队中的角色、担任家庭医生工作年限等。(3)职业高原问卷:由谢宝国等[8]编制,包括层级高原、内容高原、中心化高原3个维度。层级高原指员工在组织中缺乏晋升机会,是一种纵向停滞状态[6];内容高原指员工在工作中经历挑战、获取意义和成长显著减少或者几乎没有的时期[13];中心化高原指员工向当前组织层级责任中心转移的可能性很小[8]。问卷共16个条目,各条目从“非常不同意”到“非常同意”分别计1~6分;除条目4、7、10、15外,所有条目反向计分,得分越高表明进入职业高原的可能性越大。其中等的临界值设置为3分,若3分<总均分<4分则定义为潜高原。(4)离职倾向量表由Mobley W H等[14]编制,翁清雄等[15]修订,共4个条目。采用Likert 5级评分法,从“非常不符合”到“非常符合”分别计1~5分,其中条目1和条目2为反向计分条目,得分越高表明离职倾向越高。采用修正项目——总相关分析(CITC)和Cronbach′s α对工作职业高原量表和离职倾向量表分别进行信度检验,逐个去除CITC值<0.5的条目,直到所有条目CITC值均>0.5后,计算量表的Cronbach′s α系数。删除职业高原量表第7、10、15条目后,Cronbach′s α系数为0.924。离职倾向量表不需要删除条目,Cronbach′s α系数为0.886,量表信度很好。
使用SPSS V.26.0(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA)软件进行数据描述和分析。鉴于研究变量均通过自我报告方式收集,可能存在共同方法偏差。因此,采用Harman单因子检验法进行检验。第1个因子解释的变异量未>40%即不存在共同方法偏差。结果显示,第1个因子解释的变异量为30.89%,表明不存在严重的共同方法偏差。相关性分析计算Spearman相关系数。中介效应分析遵循经典四步法框架[16]。使用SPSS Process插件model4进行验证。采用Bootstrap百分位法(500次重复抽样)进行显著性检验。所有统计检验均为双尾检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
1 474名家庭医生中,东部地区491人,占33.31%;中部地区494人,占33.51%;西部地区489人,占33.18%。男性占23.34%(344/1 474),女性占76.66%(1 130/1 474)。年龄21~65岁,平均年龄(37.56±7.89)岁。研究对象提供家庭医生服务的年限为1~30年,平均(14.28±8.40)年。学历高中、中专及以下88人,占5.97%;大专423人,占28.70%;本科939人,占63.70%;硕士及以上24人,占1.63%。全科医生占40.30%(594/1 474),护士占31.14%(459/1 474),公共卫生医师占11.80%(174/1 474),专科医师占7.46%(110/1 474),其他人员占9.29%(137/1 474)。个人年均收入<5万元361人,占24.49%;5万~10万元828人,占56.17%;10万~<15万元258人,占17.50%;≥15万元27人,占1.83%。
调查显示,家庭医生团队成员的离职倾向得分为(2.33±0.76)分,低于中等临界值3,处于中等偏下水平。职业高原总均分为(2.80±0.83)分。其中,层级高原维度得分最高,为(3.58±0.64)分,处于潜层级高原状态;内容高原得分最低,为(2.46±0.93)分;中心化高原得分为(2.82±1.04)分。相关性分析显示,层级高原、内容高原、中心化高原与离职倾向的相关性差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。同时,层级高原与内容高原和中心化高原之间的相关性差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。
经典四步法框架建立中介效应需要满足以下4个条件:(1)自变量与中介变量之间存在显著关联;(2)自变量与因变量之间存在显著关联;(3)中介变量与因变量之间存在显著关联;(4)在模型中加入中介变量后,自变量与因变量之间关系的显著性应降低或消失[16–17]。由模型1~3可知,控制性别、担任家庭医生工作年限、学历和个人年均收入后,自变量层级高原对中介变量内容高原(β=0.28,P<0.01)、中介变量中心化高原(β=0.47,P<0.01)及因变量离职倾向(β=0.14,P<0.01)均存在显著正向影响,满足条件1和条件2。此外,根据模型4和模型5可知,中介变量内容高原(β=0.30,P<0.01)和中心化高原(β=0.12,P<0.001)本身也对离职倾向存在显著正向影响,满足条件3。模型6和模型7分别检验内容高原和中心化高原在层级高原和离职倾向关系中的中介效应。模型6纳入内容高原后,虽然层级高原与离职倾向仍具有正向关系(β=0.06),但是显著性降低(P<0.05);模型7纳入中心化高原后,层级高原对离职倾向的正向影响显著性降低(β=0.09,P<0.01),满足条件4。
层级高原对离职倾向的总效应为0.14(P<0.01);纳入内容高原后,直接效应为0.06(P<0.05);内容高原的间接效应为0.08(95%CI=0.05~0.09,P<0.001)。提示内容高原具有部分中介效应,中介效应占比0.08/0.14=57%。层级高原不仅直接影响离职倾向,还通过内容高原的部分中介作用间接影响离职倾向。
以中心化高原作为中介变量时,层级高原对离职倾向的直接效应为0.09(P<0.01);中心化高原的中介效应值为0.05(95%CI=0.02~0.06,P<0.001),中心化高原的部分中介效应显著,中介效应占比0.05/0.14=36%。层级高原不仅能够直接预测离职倾向,亦能够通过中心化高原的部分中介作用间接预测离职倾向。
本研究显示,家庭医生团队成员的职业高原水平为中等偏低,与既往研究结果一致[18]。此外,与国内外医疗卫生人员相类似,家庭医生团队的层级高原相较于内容高原和中心化高原,更为严重[19–21]。
家庭医生团队面临更为严重的层级高原,主要源于基层医疗体系中职称晋升、医疗资源分配以及职业发展路径上的限制。现阶段,家庭医生签约服务主要由基层医疗卫生机构承担[22],与二、三级医院相比,基层高级职称数量很少。以往调查结果显示,2019年,甘肃省社区卫生服务中心的卫生技术人员以初级职称为主,占59.28%,高级职称者仅占4.02% [23]。一方面,医疗机构中高级职称的相对减少导致中国家庭医生团队成员的职业生涯高原;另一方面,上级医院“虹吸效应”明显,高素质的医护人员流向上级医疗机构[24],基层医疗卫生机构家庭医生与上级医疗机构专科医生相比,在学历、临床经验和科研成果上的欠缺常常使其晋升无门,导致层级高原更为严重。
与既往职业高原的横断面研究[9 – 10, 17]和纵向研究[25]结果类似,层级高原、内容高原和中心化高原均与离职倾向相关。根据社会交换理论[26],职级晋升是组织能够提供用以满足员工需求的重要资源,而当员工认为晋升的可能性较小时,他们可能会改变对组织的态度和行为,包括提升离职倾向。此外,持续的职业成长是医生身份建构的路径,突出的职业能力是医生身份构建的核心[27]。而身处内容高原代表在当前工作实践中,家庭医生团队成员的技术能力和自我发展受到限制,同时,社会环境发展迅速、社会对医生素质要求日益提高,个人发展速度滞后于环境要求这一认知可能促使员工离开当前组织,向外寻求自身发展。中心化高原表明组织对家庭医生团队成员的价值和能力认可度较低,无法向员工提供发展机会,此时,职工可能更倾向于离开组织去寻求更好发展。
不同职业高原在家庭医生团队成员离职倾向路径中并非独立发挥作用,而是存在正向传导的中介作用。本研究结果支持内容高原和中心化高原部分中介层级高原与离职倾向之间关系的模型。既有研究表明,职业高原状况对基层医务人员离职意愿的影响可通过工作投入、组织承诺、组织支持的中介作用实现,但在引入这些中介变量后,职业高原对离职意愿的直接效应仍然显著[7,28–29]。因此,进一步分析其不同维度对离职倾向的作用具有重要价值。
内容高原和中心化高原对于层级高原与离职倾向的部分中介作用与当前政策背景相关,在实际医疗工作中,晋升、高技能、丰富组织资源和靠近组织中心深度绑定存在。以高级职称评审为例,尽管对基层家庭医生的学历、资历、科研成果等方面的晋升要求有所放宽或者不作硬性要求[30],但仍要求申报人需要在专业技术岗位业绩突出,具有丰富的工作经验,能解决复杂疑难问题,组织开展科研工作,指导、培养下级技术人员开展技术工作等[31]。然而,基层医疗机构服务功能削弱,学习深造机会有限,不利于专业技术水平提升[24]。因此,家庭医生因为晋升困难而提高离职倾向仅是表象,更深层隐含着个人专业学习需求得不到满足、专业技术得不到充分发展、组织资源向基层下沉不足的困境,不得不选择更换组织,而定向干预内容高原和中心化高原可部分阻断层级高原对离职倾向的传导路径。
一项关于企业员工职业高原的研究表明,当员工感知到高水平的内容高原时,层级高原通过情感承诺对离职倾向的间接负面影响显著减弱,即在工作内容高度单调时,晋升瓶颈对离职倾向的边际推动力下降[17]。尽管由于使用的离职倾向量表与收集变量不同而无法直接与本研究结果比较。但也提示职业高原的层级、内容和中心化维度可能构成一个非线性补偿系统。尽管层级高原的负面影响可被其他维度高原的资源增益部分抵消,但这种替代存在阈值效应和群体差异。因此,基于职业高原的多维补偿这一假设,本研究提出,深化基层职称制度改革必须与职业发展资源科学供给协同推进,以降低家庭医生团队的离职倾向。应密切关注基层医疗卫生人员的职业发展需求,加强对职业技能培训资源、科研资源的统筹利用。充分发挥医联体作用,加强高质量医学人才培养,满足基层医疗卫生人员日益增长的专业技能发展和科研能力培养需求,大力促进医联体内优质资源融合与共享,如共享知识和教育资源、分享实践经验、协作完成科研课题等,补齐基层医疗机构短板,畅通基层医疗卫生人员职业发展路径。
综上所述,本研究调查了中国家庭医生团队成员的职业高原及离职倾向水平,验证了职业高原–离职倾向关联的普遍性,证实了内容高原和中心化高原对层级高原–离职倾向关联的中介作用。职业高原不同维度对离职倾向并非独立发挥作用,定向干预内容高原和中心化高原可部分阻断层级高原对离职倾向的传导路径,但层级、内容和中心化维度可能构成非线性补偿系统,干预需要注意群体适配性。
本文具有局限性。首先,横断面研究设计限制了职业高原与离职倾向之间因果关系的推断;其次,本研究只关注了内容高原和中心化高原2个中介变量,而层级高原–离职倾向关系很可能受其他中介变量影响,如组织承诺、工作满意度等。最后,虽然研究通过了共同方法偏差检验,但第一因子的方差解释率仍较高,单一的自填问卷测量方法可能放大了变量关联性。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147481
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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  • 录用日期:2025-08-04
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院,武汉 430030
    2温州医科大学医学人文与管理学院,温州 325035

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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