Article(id=1321170752557142676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739462400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-14, revisedDate=1741622400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-11, acceptedDate=1747324800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-16, onlineDate=1792921253574, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921253574, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921253574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921253574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=943, endPage=948, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170752771052181, articleId=1321170752557142676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=A seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B among community residents in Shanghai city from 2018 to 2020, columnId=1321170739068260831, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – Prevention as the First Line of Defense Against Hepatitis B, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the effectiveness of HBV vaccination among community residents in Shanghai city, and to provide scientific evidence for optimizing current HBV prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on two-stage probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling, serological surveys of HBV were conducted among community residents aged 1–69 years in Shanghai city in 2018 and 2020. Basic information such as gender, age, household registration, and vaccination history were collected through questionnaires. Venous blood samples were collected for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc testing. For those aged 15–69 years who tested positive for HBsAg in the 2020 survey, further clinical examinations were conducted to assess whether they were HBV carriers, chronic hepatitis B patients, or cirrhosis patients. Based on population size and age structure, complex sampling weights were applied to adjust the survey data. Rao-Scott χ2 tests were used for intergroup comparisons.

Results

A total of 5 523 community residents in Shanghai city were included in this study. The positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc were 3.95%, 48.06%, and 32.69%, respectively. The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc in the 5–29 age group were significantly lower than those in the 30–69 age group (Rao-Scott χ2 = 20.20 and 179.24, respectively, both P < 0.0001), and significantly higher than those in the 1–4 age group (Rao-Scott χ2 = 17.99 and 18.58, respectively, both P < 0.0001). The positive rate of anti-HBs in the 5–29 age group was significantly lower than that in the 1–4 age group (Rao-Scott χ2 = 60.86, P < 0.0001). The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc in the central urban area were significantly higher than those in the suburbs (Rao-Scott χ2 = 38.26 and 11.12, respectively, both P < 0.001). The positive rate of anti-HBs in the registered population was significantly lower than that in the non-registered population (Rao-Scott χ2 = 135.75, P < 0.0001). The infection risk among community residents has decreased significantly compared with previous years, and the infected population is mainly concentrated in those aged ≥ 40 years. Among community residents, the previous HBV vaccination rate was 32.95%. The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc in vaccinated individuals were significantly lower than those in unvaccinated individuals (Rao-Scott χ2 = 9.75 and 22.22, respectively, P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively), while the positive rate of anti-HBs was significantly higher in vaccinated individuals than in unvaccinated individuals (Rao-Scott χ2 = 565.76, P < 0.0001). This survey also identified 16 suspected cases of early acute HBV infection, with an infection rate of 0.38%. Among the 27 HBsAg-positive individuals who underwent further clinical examination in 2020, HBV carriers accounted for 70.37%, chronic hepatitis B patients accounted for 14.81%, and cirrhosis patients accounted for 3.70%.

Conclusions

The HBsAg positive rate among community residents in Shanghai city has decreased from 6.78% in 1992 to 3.95% in 2018–2020. The HBsAg positive rate in children under 5 years old has approached the WHO target. Shanghai city is transitioning from an intermediate HBV endemic area to a low endemic area. It is recommended that, on the basis of continuing to strengthen HBV vaccination for newborns, vaccination for high-risk groups and antiviral treatment for HBV-infected individuals should be carried out in conjunction with surveillance efforts to contribute to the elimination of HBV.

, authors=Pengfei LIANG1, Kaiyun CHEN1, Wei WANG1, Xin SHEN1, Lingxiao QU1, Min SHU2, Jing LIU3, Hong REN1, authorsList=Pengfei LIANG, Kaiyun CHEN, Wei WANG, Xin SHEN, Lingxiao QU, Min SHU, Jing LIU, Hong REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
REN Hong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170755824505496, articleId=1321170752557142676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2018—2020年上海市社区居民乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查, columnId=1321170739219255777, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

掌握上海市社区人群乙肝病毒感染状况和乙肝疫苗免疫效果,为优化现行乙肝防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

基于二阶段概率比例(PPS)抽样法,分别于2018和2020年在上海市1~69岁社区居民中进行乙肝血清学调查,通过问卷调查收集其性别、年龄、户籍等基础信息和疫苗接种史等,采集静脉血进行HBsAg、抗–HBs、抗–HBc检测。对于2020年调查中发现15~69岁HBsAg阳性者,进一步进行临床检查以评估其是否为乙肝病毒携带者、慢性乙肝患者或肝硬化患者。基于人口数和年龄结构,对调查数据进行复杂抽样加权调整,采用Rao-Scott χ2检验进行组间比较。

结果

本研究共调查纳入上海市社区居民5 523人,其 HBsAg、抗–HBs和抗–HBc阳性率分别为3.95%、48.06%和32.69%。5~29岁年龄组HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率显著低于30~69岁年龄组(Rao-Scott χ2分别为20.20和179.24,P均<0.0001),显著高于1~4岁年龄组(Rao-Scott χ2分别为17.99和18.58,P均<0.0001),5~29岁年龄组抗–HBs阳性率显著低于1~4岁年龄组(Rao-Scott χ2=60.86,P<0.0001);中心城区HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率明显高于郊区(Rao-Scott χ2分别为38.26和11.12,P均<0.001);户籍人口抗–HBs阳性率显著低于非户籍人口(Rao-Scott χ2=135.75,P<0.0001)。社区居民感染风险较往年有明显下降,感染人群主要集中于≥40岁人群。社区居民中,既往接种乙肝疫苗接种率为32.95%。接种者HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率均显著低于未接种者(Rao-Scott χ2分别为9.75和22.22,P分别<0.01和<0.0001),抗–HBc阳性率则显著高于未接种者(Rao-Scott χ2=565.76,P<0.0001)。本次调查还发现16例疑似急性乙肝感染早期的调查对象,感染率为0.38%。2020年27例接受进一步临床检查的乙肝表面抗原阳性者中,乙肝病毒携带者占70.37%,慢性乙肝患者占14.81%,肝硬化患者占3.70%。

结论

上海市社区居民HBsAg阳性率从1992年的6.78%下降到了2018—2020年的3.95%,<5岁儿童HBsAg阳性率已接近WHO目标,上海市总体正处于从乙肝感染中流行区向低流行区过渡的阶段。建议在继续加强新生儿乙肝疫苗接种的基础上,结合监测工作重点开展高风险人群乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝感染者抗病毒治疗工作,助力消除乙肝目标的实现。

, authors=梁鹏飞1, 陈恺韵1, 王葳1, 沈鑫1, 屈凌霄1, 舒敏2, 刘静3, 任宏1, *, *, authorsList=梁鹏飞, 陈恺韵, 王葳, 沈鑫, 屈凌霄, 舒敏, 刘静, 任宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任宏, authorNote=

梁鹏飞(1998—),医师,硕士,研究方向:病毒性肝炎防制

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任宏,E-mail:
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Construction of sampling unit weights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重类型计算公式
地区权重w1=该区1~69岁常住人口数 a/该区抽样居(村)委1~–69岁常住人口数
年龄别权重w2=该居(村)委该年龄组实际人口数/该居(村)委该年龄组入样人数
总权重w=w1×w2
), ArticleFig(id=1321170760933167829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170752557142676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抽样单位入样权重的构建

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重类型计算公式
地区权重w1=该区1~69岁常住人口数 a/该区抽样居(村)委1~–69岁常住人口数
年龄别权重w2=该居(村)委该年龄组实际人口数/该居(村)委该年龄组入样人数
总权重w=w1×w2
), ArticleFig(id=1321170761008665302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170752557142676, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Distribution of age and HBV infection markers in the study population

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁调查人数构成比/%HBsAg抗–HBs抗–HBc
阳性数加权后阳性率/%95%CI阳性数加权后阳性率/%95%CI阳性数加权后阳性率/%95%CI
1~121822.0540.130.03~0.5488674.8571.98~77.7121613.3210.6~16.61
5~3586.4830.370.07~1.9017453.7344.41~63.046017.899.36~31.51
10~2865.1830.800.22~2.897832.4323.94~40.922912.387.97~18.73
15~1943.5100.00—6330.4719.30~41.652715.787.42~30.45
20~77714.07222.901.85~4.5336254.0044.20~63.8021424.7819.82~30.52
30~64411.66223.442.16~5.4530650.4941.73~59.2420129.2224.28~34.17
40~4718.53245.573.22~9.4723752.6343.98~61.2917836.5330.14~42.91
50~68912.48425.383.18~8.9430338.0430.60~45.4932138.3129.04~47.57
60~6988616.04495.304.01~6.9940546.5140.67~52.3543845.2340.53~49.93
合计5 523100.001693.953.27~4.76281448.0640.61~55.50168432.6928.58~36.81
), ArticleFig(id=1321170761117717207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170752557142676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

调查对象年龄及HBV感染标志物分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁调查人数构成比/%HBsAg抗–HBs抗–HBc
阳性数加权后阳性率/%95%CI阳性数加权后阳性率/%95%CI阳性数加权后阳性率/%95%CI
1~121822.0540.130.03~0.5488674.8571.98~77.7121613.3210.6~16.61
5~3586.4830.370.07~1.9017453.7344.41~63.046017.899.36~31.51
10~2865.1830.800.22~2.897832.4323.94~40.922912.387.97~18.73
15~1943.5100.00—6330.4719.30~41.652715.787.42~30.45
20~77714.07222.901.85~4.5336254.0044.20~63.8021424.7819.82~30.52
30~64411.66223.442.16~5.4530650.4941.73~59.2420129.2224.28~34.17
40~4718.53245.573.22~9.4723752.6343.98~61.2917836.5330.14~42.91
50~68912.48425.383.18~8.9430338.0430.60~45.4932138.3129.04~47.57
60~6988616.04495.304.01~6.9940546.5140.67~52.3543845.2340.53~49.93
合计5 523100.001693.953.27~4.76281448.0640.61~55.50168432.6928.58~36.81
), ArticleFig(id=1321170761209991896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170752557142676, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Distribution of HBV infection markers in different groups of age, gender, registered urban residents, district, Hepatitis B vaccination

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特征分类HBsAg抗–HBs抗–HBc
加权后
阳性率/%
95%CIRao-Scott χ2值P值加权后
阳性率/%
95%CIRao-Scott χ2值P值加权后
阳性率/%
95%CIRao-Scott χ2值P值
年龄/岁a1~40.130.03~0.5417.99<0.000174.8571.98~77.7160.86<0.000113.3210.60~16.6118.58<0.0001
5~291.701.03~2.81——48.1836.89~59.46——20.4517.57~23.68——
30~694.904.04~5.9420.20<0.000146.4439.98~52.900.44>0.016737.8133.12~42.51179.24<0.0001
性别男性4.663.66~5.932.94>0.0546.3838.83~53.942.17>0.0532.2527.45~37.060.06>0.05
女性3.502.67~4.57——49.1141.36~56.87——32.9727.74~38.20——
户籍本市4.063.01~5.470.38>0.0545.2337.41~53.06135.75<0.000132.8828.35~37.410.14>0.05
非本市3.372.26~5.00——57.3251.08~63.56——32.0527.30~36.79——
地区中心城区6.194.85~7.8838.26<0.00151.2548.67~53.830.89>0.0541.8334.23~49.4211.12<0.001
郊区3.092.52~3.78——46.8436.80~56.88——29.2024.76~33.64——
乙肝疫苗接种是1.981.07~3.659.75<0.0157.4248.28~66.57565.76<0.000122.0117.99~26.6422.22<0.0001
否或不详4.914.11~5.87——43.4637.08~49.83——37.9432.28~43.61——
), ArticleFig(id=1321170761285489369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170752557142676, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同特征调查对象HBV感染标志物分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类HBsAg抗–HBs抗–HBc
加权后
阳性率/%
95%CIRao-Scott χ2值P值加权后
阳性率/%
95%CIRao-Scott χ2值P值加权后
阳性率/%
95%CIRao-Scott χ2值P值
年龄/岁a1~40.130.03~0.5417.99<0.000174.8571.98~77.7160.86<0.000113.3210.60~16.6118.58<0.0001
5~291.701.03~2.81——48.1836.89~59.46——20.4517.57~23.68——
30~694.904.04~5.9420.20<0.000146.4439.98~52.900.44>0.016737.8133.12~42.51179.24<0.0001
性别男性4.663.66~5.932.94>0.0546.3838.83~53.942.17>0.0532.2527.45~37.060.06>0.05
女性3.502.67~4.57——49.1141.36~56.87——32.9727.74~38.20——
户籍本市4.063.01~5.470.38>0.0545.2337.41~53.06135.75<0.000132.8828.35~37.410.14>0.05
非本市3.372.26~5.00——57.3251.08~63.56——32.0527.30~36.79——
地区中心城区6.194.85~7.8838.26<0.00151.2548.67~53.830.89>0.0541.8334.23~49.4211.12<0.001
郊区3.092.52~3.78——46.8436.80~56.88——29.2024.76~33.64——
乙肝疫苗接种是1.981.07~3.659.75<0.0157.4248.28~66.57565.76<0.000122.0117.99~26.6422.22<0.0001
否或不详4.914.11~5.87——43.4637.08~49.83——37.9432.28~43.61——
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2018—2020年上海市社区居民乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查
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梁鹏飞 1 , 陈恺韵 1 , 王葳 1 , 沈鑫 1 , 屈凌霄 1 , 舒敏 2 , 刘静 3 , 任宏 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025,41(8): 943-948
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025 , 41 (8) : 943 -948
2018—2020年上海市社区居民乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查
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梁鹏飞1, 陈恺韵1, 王葳1, 沈鑫1, 屈凌霄1, 舒敏2, 刘静3, 任宏1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1上海市疾病预防控制中心,上海 200336
  • 2黄浦区疾病预防控制中心,上海 200023
  • 3松江区疾病预防控制中心,上海 201620
通讯作者:
任宏,E-mail:
作者简介:

梁鹏飞(1998—),医师,硕士,研究方向:病毒性肝炎防制

A seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B among community residents in Shanghai city from 2018 to 2020
Pengfei LIANG1, Kaiyun CHEN1, Wei WANG1, Xin SHEN1, Lingxiao QU1, Min SHU2, Jing LIU3, Hong REN1
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
  • 2Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200023, China
  • 3Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201620, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    REN Hong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147092
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目的

掌握上海市社区人群乙肝病毒感染状况和乙肝疫苗免疫效果,为优化现行乙肝防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

基于二阶段概率比例(PPS)抽样法,分别于2018和2020年在上海市1~69岁社区居民中进行乙肝血清学调查,通过问卷调查收集其性别、年龄、户籍等基础信息和疫苗接种史等,采集静脉血进行HBsAg、抗–HBs、抗–HBc检测。对于2020年调查中发现15~69岁HBsAg阳性者,进一步进行临床检查以评估其是否为乙肝病毒携带者、慢性乙肝患者或肝硬化患者。基于人口数和年龄结构,对调查数据进行复杂抽样加权调整,采用Rao-Scott χ2检验进行组间比较。

结果

本研究共调查纳入上海市社区居民5 523人,其 HBsAg、抗–HBs和抗–HBc阳性率分别为3.95%、48.06%和32.69%。5~29岁年龄组HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率显著低于30~69岁年龄组(Rao-Scott χ2分别为20.20和179.24,P均<0.0001),显著高于1~4岁年龄组(Rao-Scott χ2分别为17.99和18.58,P均<0.0001),5~29岁年龄组抗–HBs阳性率显著低于1~4岁年龄组(Rao-Scott χ2=60.86,P<0.0001);中心城区HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率明显高于郊区(Rao-Scott χ2分别为38.26和11.12,P均<0.001);户籍人口抗–HBs阳性率显著低于非户籍人口(Rao-Scott χ2=135.75,P<0.0001)。社区居民感染风险较往年有明显下降,感染人群主要集中于≥40岁人群。社区居民中,既往接种乙肝疫苗接种率为32.95%。接种者HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率均显著低于未接种者(Rao-Scott χ2分别为9.75和22.22,P分别<0.01和<0.0001),抗–HBc阳性率则显著高于未接种者(Rao-Scott χ2=565.76,P<0.0001)。本次调查还发现16例疑似急性乙肝感染早期的调查对象,感染率为0.38%。2020年27例接受进一步临床检查的乙肝表面抗原阳性者中,乙肝病毒携带者占70.37%,慢性乙肝患者占14.81%,肝硬化患者占3.70%。

结论

上海市社区居民HBsAg阳性率从1992年的6.78%下降到了2018—2020年的3.95%,<5岁儿童HBsAg阳性率已接近WHO目标,上海市总体正处于从乙肝感染中流行区向低流行区过渡的阶段。建议在继续加强新生儿乙肝疫苗接种的基础上,结合监测工作重点开展高风险人群乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝感染者抗病毒治疗工作,助力消除乙肝目标的实现。

乙型肝炎病毒  /  血清流行病学调查  /  社区居民  /  上海市
Objective

To understand the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the effectiveness of HBV vaccination among community residents in Shanghai city, and to provide scientific evidence for optimizing current HBV prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on two-stage probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling, serological surveys of HBV were conducted among community residents aged 1–69 years in Shanghai city in 2018 and 2020. Basic information such as gender, age, household registration, and vaccination history were collected through questionnaires. Venous blood samples were collected for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc testing. For those aged 15–69 years who tested positive for HBsAg in the 2020 survey, further clinical examinations were conducted to assess whether they were HBV carriers, chronic hepatitis B patients, or cirrhosis patients. Based on population size and age structure, complex sampling weights were applied to adjust the survey data. Rao-Scott χ2 tests were used for intergroup comparisons.

Results

A total of 5 523 community residents in Shanghai city were included in this study. The positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc were 3.95%, 48.06%, and 32.69%, respectively. The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc in the 5–29 age group were significantly lower than those in the 30–69 age group (Rao-Scott χ2 = 20.20 and 179.24, respectively, both P < 0.0001), and significantly higher than those in the 1–4 age group (Rao-Scott χ2 = 17.99 and 18.58, respectively, both P < 0.0001). The positive rate of anti-HBs in the 5–29 age group was significantly lower than that in the 1–4 age group (Rao-Scott χ2 = 60.86, P < 0.0001). The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc in the central urban area were significantly higher than those in the suburbs (Rao-Scott χ2 = 38.26 and 11.12, respectively, both P < 0.001). The positive rate of anti-HBs in the registered population was significantly lower than that in the non-registered population (Rao-Scott χ2 = 135.75, P < 0.0001). The infection risk among community residents has decreased significantly compared with previous years, and the infected population is mainly concentrated in those aged ≥ 40 years. Among community residents, the previous HBV vaccination rate was 32.95%. The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc in vaccinated individuals were significantly lower than those in unvaccinated individuals (Rao-Scott χ2 = 9.75 and 22.22, respectively, P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively), while the positive rate of anti-HBs was significantly higher in vaccinated individuals than in unvaccinated individuals (Rao-Scott χ2 = 565.76, P < 0.0001). This survey also identified 16 suspected cases of early acute HBV infection, with an infection rate of 0.38%. Among the 27 HBsAg-positive individuals who underwent further clinical examination in 2020, HBV carriers accounted for 70.37%, chronic hepatitis B patients accounted for 14.81%, and cirrhosis patients accounted for 3.70%.

Conclusions

The HBsAg positive rate among community residents in Shanghai city has decreased from 6.78% in 1992 to 3.95% in 2018–2020. The HBsAg positive rate in children under 5 years old has approached the WHO target. Shanghai city is transitioning from an intermediate HBV endemic area to a low endemic area. It is recommended that, on the basis of continuing to strengthen HBV vaccination for newborns, vaccination for high-risk groups and antiviral treatment for HBV-infected individuals should be carried out in conjunction with surveillance efforts to contribute to the elimination of HBV.

hepatitis B virus  /  seroepidemiological survey  /  community residents  /  Shanghai city
梁鹏飞, 陈恺韵, 王葳, 沈鑫, 屈凌霄, 舒敏, 刘静, 任宏. 2018—2020年上海市社区居民乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 943 -948 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147092
Pengfei LIANG, Kaiyun CHEN, Wei WANG, Xin SHEN, Lingxiao QU, Min SHU, Jing LIU, Hong REN. A seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B among community residents in Shanghai city from 2018 to 2020[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 943 -948 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147092
乙型肝炎(简称“乙肝”)是由乙型肝炎病毒感染引起的一种以肝脏病变为主的慢性传染病,长期迁延不愈可导致肝硬化、肝癌等,严重危害群众的生命健康。2020年,我国一般人群HBsAg阳性率约为5.86%,现存乙肝感染者约7 500万,但仅有24%的慢性乙肝感染者被诊断,约15%接受抗病毒治疗,距离世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)2030年消除病毒性肝炎作为重大公共卫生危害的目标仍有较大差距[1–3]。1986年起,上海市开始试点开展新生儿乙肝疫苗接种,1992年推广至全市,2016年起进一步为乙肝感染高风险人群提供免费的乙肝疫苗接种,目前已取得初步成效,儿童乙肝发病率明显下降并控制在较低水平,但成年人乙肝感染率及发病率仍处于相对高位[4–5]。为进一步了解上海市社区居民乙肝感染状况和疫苗免疫效果,优化现行防控策略,提前布局乙肝消除工作,本研究于2018—2020年对上海市5 523名社区居民进行乙肝血清流行病学调查,并与上海市前3次(1992年、2006年和2014年)乙肝血清流行病学调查情况进行了比较,现将结果汇总如下。
本研究调查对象为在上海市居住时间≥6个月的1~69岁常住居民,不包括已患有乙肝、无自主回答问题能力者。根据《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019版)》,结合实验室检测结果,判定调查对象中HBsAg阳性者是否为疑似急性感染、乙肝病毒携带者、慢性乙肝、肝硬化或肝癌患者[3, 6]。
根据上海市城市总体规划[7],于2018年和2020年分别在上海市7个中心城区和9个郊区进行乙肝血清流行病学调查。根据各行政区和居(村)委常住人口数,使用二阶段概率比例(PPS)抽样法,在各区随机抽取2个街道(镇),每个街道(镇)随机抽取1个居(村)委作为初级抽样单位,分年龄段(1~4、5~29和30~69岁)随机抽取社区居民,共纳入36个调查单位,共5 956人。其中,2018年调查总样本量及各年龄段样本量根据2014年上海市乙肝表面抗原阳性率结果,以10%失访率进行估算,各层年龄组样本等容量分配,纳入32个居(村)委,145人/居委,共4 640人;2020年调查依据《全国病毒性肝炎免疫效果评价等调查工作方案》要求[3, 8],纳入4个居(村)委,共1 316人。1992年、2006年和2014年上海市在全国乙肝血清流行病学调查上海抽样方案基础上扩充调查得到了上海市乙肝血清流行病学调查结果,本研究与此3次调查进行了比较[4, 9–11]。本研究基于《上海市传染病监测方案(2016年)》和《全国病毒性肝炎免疫效果评价等调查工作方案(2020年)》执行[8, 12]。
本研究采取面对面调查的方式,由调查员通过问卷收集调查对象的性别、年龄、户籍等基础信息和疫苗接种史等。调查开始前统一培训调查员,培训内容包括抽样方法、问卷要求、样本采集、样本储存运输和数据报告要求,每次调查结束后抽取5%的调查问卷进行质控。分别采集1~4岁人群和5~69岁人群静脉血3、5 mL,分离血清标本−20 ℃冻存备用。对于2020年调查中发现15~69岁HBsAg阳性者,进一步引导其至医院进行HBV DNA、HBeAg、抗–HBe、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、白蛋白、球蛋白和总胆红素、肝脏 B 超、瞬时肝脏弹性测试等临床检查[3, 6]。
采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清标本HBsAg、抗–HBs、抗–HBc等3项指标。检测使用的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原诊断试剂盒、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体检测试剂盒、乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体检测试剂盒,均由北京万泰生物药业股份有限公司生产,在有效期内使用。实验严格按照试剂盒说明书进行,检测设备使用BioTek Powerwave型酶标仪(美国BioTek公司)。标本阴、阳性结果判读标准参照试剂盒说明书执行。
通过Epi Data 3.0软件对数据进行双份录入,建立上海市社区居民血清流行病学调查数据库。为确保分层后的代表性,基于各居(村)委的人口数和年龄构成,基于SAS 9.4软件对数据进行复杂抽样加权调整(见表1)和描述性统计分析,使用泰勒级数线性法估计率的方差,率为25%~75%时,构建Wald线性置信区间,率<25%或>75%时,构建Wilson得分校正置信区间[11]。采用Rao-Scott χ2检验进行组间比较。双侧检验,显著水准为α=0.05。组间两两比较时,使用Bonferroni法对α值进行校正。
本研究共调查社区居民5 985人,剔除失访、拒访或血样不合格的462名调查对象后,最终纳入5 523人(2018年4 205人,2020年1 318人)。其中,男性2 465人,占44.63%,女性3 058人,占55.37%,男女性别比为1:1.24。1~4岁年龄组为1 218人,占22.05%,5~29岁年龄组为1 615人,占29.24%,30~69岁年龄组2 690人,占48.71%。中心城区2 558人,占46.32%,郊区2 965人,占53.68%。户籍人口4 046人,占73.26%,非户籍人口1 467人,占26.56%,10人缺失户籍信息。
上海市1~69岁社区居民加权调整后HBsAg、抗–HBs和抗–HBc阳性率分别为3.95%、48.06%和32.69%。其中,5~29岁年龄组HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率显著低于30~69岁年龄组,显著高于1~4岁年龄组,5~29岁年龄组抗–HBs阳性率则显著低于1~4岁年龄组,与30~69岁年龄组无显著差别;男性与女性HBsAg、抗–HBs、抗–HBc阳性率均无明显差别;户籍人口抗–HBs阳性率显著低于非户籍人口,HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率则无显著差别;中心城区社区居民HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率明显高于郊区,抗–HBs阳性率则无显著差别。针对中心城区与郊区居民的HBsAg阳性率差异进一步按年龄分层分析发现:1~29岁中心城区居民的HBsAg阳性率为2.18%,与郊区并无显著差异(1.25%,Rao-Scott χ2=2.01,P>0.05),30~69岁社区居民的HBsAg阳性率为7.37%,则明显高于郊区(3.86%,Rao-Scott χ2=21.02,P<0.0001)。
结合1992年、2006年、和2014年调查结果发现,上海市社区居民HBsAg阳性率从1992年的6.78%下降到了2006年的5.83%,并在2018—2020年进一步下降至3.95%,降幅可达41.74%。<5岁儿童HBsAg阳性率从2006年的1.50%降至2018—2020年的0.13%,降幅达91.33%。社区居民年龄别HBsAg阳性率曲线高峰从相对集中于10~20岁和30~40岁年龄组,逐步后移至≥40岁年龄组,感染率峰值已从10%以上降至5%以上。
社区居民中既往接种乙肝疫苗者2 879人,加权后疫苗接种率为32.95%(95%CI=28.21%~ 37.69%)。其中,≥30岁社区居民乙肝疫苗接种率为17.29%,显著低于1~4岁年龄组(98.57%,Rao-Scott χ2=600.87,P<0.0001)和5~29岁年龄组(69.22%,Rao-Scott χ2=64.77,P<0.0001);男性乙肝疫苗接种率为37.92%,女性为29.82%,差异无统计学意义;户籍人口乙肝疫苗接种率为71.61%,显著高于非户籍人口(51.91%,Rao-Scott χ2=78.14,P<0.0001);中心城区乙肝疫苗接种率为28.97%,郊区为34.47%,差异无统计学意义。乙肝疫苗接种者HBsAg和抗–HBc阳性率均显著低于未接种者,抗–HBs阳性率则显著高于未接种者。
本次调查共发现16例疑似急性乙肝感染早期的调查对象,其HBsAg阳性且抗–HBc阴性,加权后疑似急性感染率为0.38%(95%CI=0.12%~1.16%)。在2020年调查发现的乙肝表面抗原阳性者中,其中27例进一步转介至医院进行了临床检查,发现19例乙肝病毒携带者,占70.37%,4例慢性乙肝患者,占14.81%,1例肝硬化患者,占3.70%,其余3例为仅HBsAg阳性者,占11.11%,无肝癌患者。
上海市社区居民HBsAg阳性率明显下降,仍处于乙肝感染中流行区,正逐步向低流行区过渡。本次研究基于二阶段概率比例(PPS)抽样法,分别于2018和2020年在上海市开展了两次乙肝血清流行病学调查,考虑到两次调查间隔时间较短,人口特征和抽样方案基本一致,故此合并分析。结果显示,2018—2020年上海市社区居民HBsAg阳性率为3.95%,低于2020年我国一般人群水平(5.86%),已接近2019年WHO报告的全球平均水平(3.80%)[2, 13]。与上海市前3次血清流行病学调查水平相比,2018—2020年全年龄段社区居民HBsAg阳性率均有明显下降趋势,全人群HBsAg阳性率较1992年(1~59岁)降幅可达41.74%,乙肝防治工作取得显著成效。目前上海市<5岁儿童HBsAg阳性率为0.13%,有望实现WHO制定的到2030年将儿童HBsAg阳性率降至0.1%以下的目标[5, 14]。上海市社区人群的感染高峰主要集中于≥40岁人群,基本反映于1950—1980年出生,尚未普及新生儿乙肝疫苗接种的这一代人,其感染率高峰已从10%以上降至5%以上,但下降趋势目前趋于平缓,依托人群自然消退清除中老年群体中乙肝感染者可能需耗费数十年以上。乙肝疫苗是防控乙肝最为安全、经济和有效的手段之一。本研究中既往接种乙肝疫苗者,其多数HBV感染标志物水平显著优于未接种者,但即使已接种乙肝疫苗,仍有1.98%的社区居民感染乙肝病毒,除优化现行免疫规划策略外,也提示需进一步加强人群主动检测与治疗,并且加快开发更为有效的乙肝治疗新药。建议对≥30岁人群一生中至少进行1次HBV筛查,对其中发现符合治疗条件的乙肝感染者及早进行抗病毒治疗[15–17]。
2012年上海市调查显示,中心城区居民HBsAg阳性率低于郊区[4],但本研究中却表现为城区居民HBsAg阳性率高于郊区。这种差异可能为城区老年人比例较高所致,但分层分析结果显示,在30岁以上居民中,城区居民HBsAg阳性率仍显著较高,推测可能原因为部分原市区人群和外省来沪务工的青壮年人群逐渐向郊区扩散,而城区居民经济水平和医疗条件较高,即便发生乙肝感染,最终也可以存活更久,表现出一定的“幸存者偏倚”,最终出现城市“新区”感染率低于“老区”的现象,具体原因有待进一步研究确认。此外,本次调查中户籍人口乙肝疫苗接种率高于非户籍人口,但抗–HBs阳性率却低于非户籍人口,不能排除城区户籍居民接种乙肝疫苗年代较早,疫苗保护效力存在一定衰退的原因[18]。成年人是目前上海市乙肝感染的主要人群,2016年起上海市开始为乙肝感染高风险人群免费提供成人乙肝疫苗接种。尽管目前≥30岁人群乙肝疫苗接种率仍较低,但较2012年调查时已有明显提高,在继续加强新生儿乙肝疫苗接种的基础上,未来上海市将持续加强高风险人群乙肝疫苗接种工作,减少乙肝感染和发病,助力消除乙肝目标的实现[4, 19]。
本次调查还发现了16例疑似急性乙肝感染早期的对象,感染率0.38%,可为推测本市人群急性乙肝病毒的感染情况提供一定依据。虽然成年人感染乙肝病毒的自然清除率达到95%以上,但是病毒清除过程中潜在的传播风险仍然值得警惕,需加强乙肝感染高风险人群的疫苗接种,继续筑牢免疫屏障。HBsAg阳性者中,包括14.81%的慢性乙肝患者和3.70%的肝硬化患者,这一结果为评估上海市乙肝患者和肝硬化患者现存人数提供了数据支撑,且上海市HBsAg阳性者中肝硬化患者占比略高于全国平均水平[3],提示需进一步扩大社区人群感染者筛查,尽早启动乙肝治疗和肝硬化、肝癌筛查,避免不良结局的发生。但由于样本量较少,并未对该结果进行统计学检验。
本研究的局限性主要在于:(1)本研究从2018年持续至2020年,而在计算调整权重时,均以覆盖较广、人数较多的2018年居(村)委人口数据为基准,可能会低估感染率;(2)本研究以身份证号码前3位是否为“310”区分2020年调查对象户籍,可能会低估调查对象户籍人口整体占比;(3)本研究中部分调查对象既往乙肝疫苗接种史可能存在回忆偏倚,并且未进一步明确是否全程接种三剂次乙肝疫苗,可能一定程度上低估了乙肝疫苗的保护作用;(4)16例疑似急性乙肝感染早期的对象,因为检测结果的滞后,后续未随访HBsAg、抗–HBc和HBV-DNA,可能存在因试剂非特异性、样本存在干扰物或操作过程失误造成的假阳性。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147092
  • 接收时间:2025-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-14
  • 修回日期:2025-03-11
  • 录用日期:2025-05-16
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    1上海市疾病预防控制中心,上海 200336
    2黄浦区疾病预防控制中心,上海 200023
    3松江区疾病预防控制中心,上海 201620

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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