Article(id=1320438070185415447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=1755100800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-14, acceptedDate=1757865600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-15, onlineDate=1792746568484, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746568484, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746568484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746568484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438006813672182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746553376, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748100383, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=338, endPage=344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438070567097112, articleId=1320438070185415447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens in food products from Pudong New Area, Shanghai in 2023: based on surveillance data, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To reveal the detection status and molecular characteristics of Clostridium perfringens in food in Pudong New Area, providing a scientific basis for the risk assessment and prevention of this pathogen.

Methods

In 2023, 111 samples of raw and cooked food were randomly collected monthly from traditional markets and supermarkets at six monitoring sites (Dongming, Tangqiao, etc.) in Pudong New Area, totaling 1 332 samples across the year. C. perfringens was isolated via sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar and Columbia blood agar. Next-generation sequencing was employed to obtain the whole genome sequences of the strains. Virulence genes, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and drug resistance genes were analyzed based on VFDB, PubMLST, and CGE ResFinder. A phylogenetic tree was established based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results

In 2023, the detection rate of C. perfringens in food in Pudong New Area was 5.78% (77/1 332). All positive samples were meat and meat products, and the detection rate in poultry meat was the highest (28.57%, 29/144). Nine antibiotic resistance genes were detected and the carriage rate of tetA(P) was the highest (89.61%, 69/77). All the isolates carried plc, while 74.03% (57/77) carried cpb2. The 77 isolates were classified into 63 sequence types (STs), with multiple strains clustering closely with human-derived isolates from Shenzhen and Wuhan.

Conclusions

Isolates of Clostridium perfringens from meat and meat products in Pudong New Area carry diverse virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes, indicating potential food safety risks.

, authors=Jin DING1, 2, Yihuan HU1, 2, Bin LV1, 2, Yanhua GUI1, 2, Huifang QIU1, 2, Xiao WANG1, 2, Yong ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Jin DING, Yihuan HU, Bin LV, Yanhua GUI, Huifang QIU, Xiao WANG, Yong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Yong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438071682781985, articleId=1320438070185415447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2023年上海市浦东新区食品产气荚膜梭菌分子特征分析:基于监测数据, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解上海浦东新区食品中产气荚膜梭菌(C.perfringens)的检出情况及分子特征,为C.perfringens的风险评估和预防控制提供科学依据。

方法

2023年每月从浦东新区东明、塘桥等6个监测点随机采集集贸市场、超市等生熟食品样本111份,全年共采集样本1 332份,经亚硫酸盐–多粘菌素–磺胺嘧啶(SPS)琼脂和哥伦比亚血琼脂分离C.perfringens。利用二代测序技术获得菌株的全基因组序列,基于VFDB数据库、PubMLST数据库、CGE ResFinder耐药基因数据库进行毒力基因、多位点序列分型(MLST)和耐药基因分析,基于单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)绘制进化树。

结果

2023年浦东新区食品中C.perfringens检出率为5.78%(77/1 332),均来源于肉及肉制品,其中禽肉类检出率最高(20.14%,29/144)。耐药基因检出9种,tetA(P)携带率最高(89.61%,69/77)。毒力基因中plc基因携带率为100%,cpb2基因携带率为74.03%(57/77)。77株C.perfringens分为63个ST型别。多株菌株与深圳市、武汉市人源菌株亲缘关系较近。

结论

浦东新区肉及肉制品中C.perfringens分离菌株携带多种毒力及耐药相关基因,存在一定食品安全风险。

, authors=丁锦1, 2, 胡旖桓1, 2, 吕彬1, 2, 桂燕华1, 2, 邱惠芳1, 2, 王筱1, 2, 张勇1, 2, *, *, authorsList=丁锦, 胡旖桓, 吕彬, 桂燕华, 邱惠芳, 王筱, 张勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张勇, authorNote=

丁锦(1995—),主管技师,本科,研究方向:食源性致病菌检测

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张勇,E-mail:
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Molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Clostridium perfringens from different regions in China, from 2013 to 2021[J]. 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注:黄色圆圈内为禽肉类检出的ST型,绿色圆圈内为畜肉类检出的ST型,红色圆圈内为畜禽内脏类检出的ST型,重叠部分为在两种类别样品中均有检出的ST型。

, figureFileSmall=a/8zP2yBB5JYRzuU3mldyw==, figureFileBig=7OIrtTC4HTerW9VKCbgZgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438078997648223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Minimium spanning tree based on MLST for 77 C. perfringens strains, figureFileSmall=dxvwM2I6wpQvMZHXzn6uMA==, figureFileBig=c3Mew9CUI/Zf4gOeQjqiCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438079073145696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=CN, label=图3, caption=77株产气荚膜梭菌MLST最小生成树

注:绿色为禽肉类;红色为畜禽内脏类;紫色为畜肉类;每个圆圈代表一个ST型,ST型在圆圈旁标注。

, figureFileSmall=dxvwM2I6wpQvMZHXzn6uMA==, figureFileBig=c3Mew9CUI/Zf4gOeQjqiCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438080746672993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Phylogenetic tree of 77 C. perfringens strains, figureFileSmall=an1SqxM2CIU5VqAcwVSGIg==, figureFileBig=+pq6duRqBqb8ttmEhVG6eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438080889279331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=CN, label=图4, caption=77株产气荚膜梭菌系统进化树

注:标红菌株为独立分支菌株,相邻的标蓝菌株为亲缘关系较近菌株。

, figureFileSmall=an1SqxM2CIU5VqAcwVSGIg==, figureFileBig=+pq6duRqBqb8ttmEhVG6eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438080960582501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Contamination of Clostridium perfringens in meat and meat products in Pudong New Area, Shanghai in 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份畜肉类禽肉类畜禽内脏合计χ2值P值
样品数%样品数%样品数%样品数%
100.0000.0000.0000.0048.3630.000 001
200.0018.3300.0012.38
315.56325.0000.0049.52
4527.7818.33216.67819.05
515.5618.3318.3337.14
6211.11433.33216.67819.05
7527.78866.67541.671842.86
815.56216.67325.00614.29
9211.11216.67433.33819.05
10316.67541.67325.001126.19
1115.5618.3318.3337.14
1215.5618.33541.67716.67
合计2210.192920.142618.067715.28
), ArticleFig(id=1320438081061245798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2023年上海市浦东新区肉及肉制品中产气荚膜梭菌检出情况(检出率/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份畜肉类禽肉类畜禽内脏合计χ2值P值
样品数%样品数%样品数%样品数%
100.0000.0000.0000.0048.3630.000 001
200.0018.3300.0012.38
315.56325.0000.0049.52
4527.7818.33216.67819.05
515.5618.3318.3337.14
6211.11433.33216.67819.05
7527.78866.67541.671842.86
815.56216.67325.00614.29
9211.11216.67433.33819.05
10316.67541.67325.001126.19
1115.5618.3318.3337.14
1215.5618.33541.67716.67
合计2210.192920.142618.067715.28
), ArticleFig(id=1320438081153520487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Antibiotic resistance genes carried by 77 C. perfringens strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别耐药基因耐药机制携带菌株数量/株
大环内酯类erm(Q)甲基化抗生素作用靶位45
林可酰胺类
lnu(P)生成灭活酶17
lnu(C)生成灭活酶1
四环素类
tetA(P)编码抗生素外排泵蛋白69
tetB(P)编码靶位保护蛋白66
tet(44)编码靶位保护蛋白4
氨基糖苷类
ant(6)-Ib生成钝化酶3
aac(6')-aph(2'')生成钝化酶1
磺胺类sul1替代抗生素作用靶位1
), ArticleFig(id=1320438081367429994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438070185415447, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

77株产气荚膜梭菌耐药基因携带情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别耐药基因耐药机制携带菌株数量/株
大环内酯类erm(Q)甲基化抗生素作用靶位45
林可酰胺类
lnu(P)生成灭活酶17
lnu(C)生成灭活酶1
四环素类
tetA(P)编码抗生素外排泵蛋白69
tetB(P)编码靶位保护蛋白66
tet(44)编码靶位保护蛋白4
氨基糖苷类
ant(6)-Ib生成钝化酶3
aac(6')-aph(2'')生成钝化酶1
磺胺类sul1替代抗生素作用靶位1
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2023年上海市浦东新区食品产气荚膜梭菌分子特征分析:基于监测数据
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丁锦 1, 2 , 胡旖桓 1, 2 , 吕彬 1, 2 , 桂燕华 1, 2 , 邱惠芳 1, 2 , 王筱 1, 2 , 张勇 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(3): 338-344
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (3) : 338 -344
2023年上海市浦东新区食品产气荚膜梭菌分子特征分析:基于监测数据
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丁锦1, 2, 胡旖桓1, 2, 吕彬1, 2, 桂燕华1, 2, 邱惠芳1, 2, 王筱1, 2, 张勇1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1上海市浦东新区疾病预防控制中心(上海市浦东新区卫生健康监督所) 微生物检测实验室,上海 200136
  • 2复旦大学浦东预防医学研究院,上海 200136
通讯作者:
张勇,E-mail:
作者简介:

丁锦(1995—),主管技师,本科,研究方向:食源性致病菌检测

Molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens in food products from Pudong New Area, Shanghai in 2023: based on surveillance data
Jin DING1, 2, Yihuan HU1, 2, Bin LV1, 2, Yanhua GUI1, 2, Huifang QIU1, 2, Xiao WANG1, 2, Yong ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Microbiological Testing Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Supervision Institute), Shanghai 200136, China
  • 2Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Yong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147087
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目的

了解上海浦东新区食品中产气荚膜梭菌(C.perfringens)的检出情况及分子特征,为C.perfringens的风险评估和预防控制提供科学依据。

方法

2023年每月从浦东新区东明、塘桥等6个监测点随机采集集贸市场、超市等生熟食品样本111份,全年共采集样本1 332份,经亚硫酸盐–多粘菌素–磺胺嘧啶(SPS)琼脂和哥伦比亚血琼脂分离C.perfringens。利用二代测序技术获得菌株的全基因组序列,基于VFDB数据库、PubMLST数据库、CGE ResFinder耐药基因数据库进行毒力基因、多位点序列分型(MLST)和耐药基因分析,基于单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)绘制进化树。

结果

2023年浦东新区食品中C.perfringens检出率为5.78%(77/1 332),均来源于肉及肉制品,其中禽肉类检出率最高(20.14%,29/144)。耐药基因检出9种,tetA(P)携带率最高(89.61%,69/77)。毒力基因中plc基因携带率为100%,cpb2基因携带率为74.03%(57/77)。77株C.perfringens分为63个ST型别。多株菌株与深圳市、武汉市人源菌株亲缘关系较近。

结论

浦东新区肉及肉制品中C.perfringens分离菌株携带多种毒力及耐药相关基因,存在一定食品安全风险。

产气荚膜梭菌  /  食品  /  全基因组测序
Objective

To reveal the detection status and molecular characteristics of Clostridium perfringens in food in Pudong New Area, providing a scientific basis for the risk assessment and prevention of this pathogen.

Methods

In 2023, 111 samples of raw and cooked food were randomly collected monthly from traditional markets and supermarkets at six monitoring sites (Dongming, Tangqiao, etc.) in Pudong New Area, totaling 1 332 samples across the year. C. perfringens was isolated via sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar and Columbia blood agar. Next-generation sequencing was employed to obtain the whole genome sequences of the strains. Virulence genes, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and drug resistance genes were analyzed based on VFDB, PubMLST, and CGE ResFinder. A phylogenetic tree was established based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results

In 2023, the detection rate of C. perfringens in food in Pudong New Area was 5.78% (77/1 332). All positive samples were meat and meat products, and the detection rate in poultry meat was the highest (28.57%, 29/144). Nine antibiotic resistance genes were detected and the carriage rate of tetA(P) was the highest (89.61%, 69/77). All the isolates carried plc, while 74.03% (57/77) carried cpb2. The 77 isolates were classified into 63 sequence types (STs), with multiple strains clustering closely with human-derived isolates from Shenzhen and Wuhan.

Conclusions

Isolates of Clostridium perfringens from meat and meat products in Pudong New Area carry diverse virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes, indicating potential food safety risks.

Clostridium perfringens  /  food  /  whole genome sequencing
丁锦, 胡旖桓, 吕彬, 桂燕华, 邱惠芳, 王筱, 张勇. 2023年上海市浦东新区食品产气荚膜梭菌分子特征分析:基于监测数据. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (3) : 338 -344 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147087
Jin DING, Yihuan HU, Bin LV, Yanhua GUI, Huifang QIU, Xiao WANG, Yong ZHANG. Molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens in food products from Pudong New Area, Shanghai in 2023: based on surveillance data[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (3) : 338 -344 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147087
产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens, C.perfringens)是广泛存在于环境中引起人兽共患病的主要病原菌之一,也是引起食物中毒的重要病原菌。研究显示,C.perfringens在美国每年引发的病例约100万人,造成约3.82亿美元的净经济负担[1–2],在我国北京市[3]、贵州省[4]、江苏省[5]等地均有C.perfringens引发的食源性疾病暴发事件。为了准确地了解C.perfringens在食品中的检出情况、遗传特性及潜在危害,本研究对2023年上海市浦东新区市售食品进行检测,分离C.perfringens,并利用全基因组测序技术对分离株进行遗传特征分析,包括耐药基因、毒力基因、多位点序列分型(multi locus sequence typing, MLST)等;分析菌株的耐药基因、毒力基因携带情况以及其种群间的进化关系,为C.perfringens的风险评估和预防控制提供参考依据。
于2023年,根据《上海市浦东新区腹泻病综合监测方案》,在东明、塘桥、沪东、惠南、机场、泥城设置6个监测点,每月在各个监测点的集贸市场、超市等随机采集111份生熟食品,其中畜肉类18份/月、禽肉类12份/月、畜禽内脏12份/月、水产品48份/月、蔬菜类12份/月、豆制品6份/月、蛋类1份/月、水果1份/月、饮料1份/月。每月循环,按季度覆盖所有采样点。2023年共采集样品1 332份。
营养肉汤、乳糖明胶培养基(上海申启生物公司)、亚硫酸盐–多黏菌素–磺胺嘧啶(SPS)琼脂、含铁牛乳培养基、动力–硝酸盐培养基(青岛海博生物公司)、哥伦比亚血琼脂培养基(上海科玛嘉微生物公司)、OxoidTMAnaeroGenTM2.5 L产气袋、OxoidTMAnaeroGenTM3.5 L产气袋(英国赛默飞世尔科技公司),所有试剂均经验收合格后在有效期内使用。电子天平[梅特勒–托利多(上海)有限公司,PL8001E/02]、均质器(法国Interscience公司)、恒温培养箱(德国BINDER公司,BINDER BF-400)、显微镜(日本OLYMPUS公司,OLYMPUS CX21)、质谱仪[布鲁克(北京)科技有限公司,MICROFLEX LI/SH SMART]、测序仪(美国Illumina,有限公司,MiSeq-MSQ-RUO)所有仪器均校准合格。
参考邓志爱等[6]的方法,无菌操作称取25 g (mL)样品,加入225 mL的营养肉汤中,均质后于36 ℃厌氧培养18 h,分别用接种环取增菌液一环划线接种于SPS琼脂培养基和哥伦比亚血琼脂培养基,于36 ℃厌氧培养24 h后,挑取可疑菌落进行飞行时间质谱鉴定。生化鉴定参考GB 4789.13—2012《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 产气荚膜梭菌检验》[7]。
刮取新鲜菌苔,用罗氏 MagNA Pure 96 全自动核酸提取纯化仪提取产气荚膜梭菌DNA,按照Illumina DNA prep试剂盒进行文库构建,通过Illumina Miseq测序平台进行测序,利用CLC数据分析工具对下机数据进行质控、组装,并利用BLAST网站(Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cg)对组装结果进行菌种确认。
利用在线网站CGE(Center for Genomic Epidemiology, http://genepi.food.dtu.dk/resfinder)和VFDB(Virulence factors of Pathogenic Bacteria, http://www.mgc.ac.cn/)对拼接好的序列进行比对分析获得耐药基因和毒力基因。
通过PubMLST(Public databases for molecular typing and microbial genome diversity, https://pubmlst.org/)公共数据库获取产气荚膜梭菌的ST型。使用BioNumerics7.6软件进行比对分析。
使用snippy v4.6.0(https://github.com/tseemann/snippy)对本研究分离菌株和通过NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)公共数据库获取的参考菌株的全基因序列进行单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)分析,构建系统发育进化树。
采用SPSS 27.0统计软件χ2进行检验,检验水准α=0.05(双侧),P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。
1 332份样品中共分离出77株产气荚膜梭菌,检出率为5.78%(77/1 332),检出样品均为肉及肉制品,水产品、蔬菜类、豆制品、蛋类、水果、饮料均未检出产气荚膜梭菌。其中畜肉类检出率为10.19%(22/216),禽肉类检出率为20.14%(29/144),畜禽内脏检出率为18.06%(26/144)。不同类别样品检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=7.815,P=0.02)。不同月份检出率差异也具有统计学意义(χ2=48.363,P=0.001)。
本研究获得的77株产气荚膜梭菌全基因组测序的原始数据平均测序读长为145~148 bp,原始数据量≥1.03 G,碱基数据质量值 Q20≥94%,Q30≥90%。组装条数(contig)<200个,GC含量为27.9%~28.38%,组装结果由长到短排列,达到50%碱基数时序列的长度(N50)最小为38 661 bp,最大为2 199 680 bp,满足分析要求。
77株菌株共携带9种耐药基因,其中四环素类耐药基因tetA(P)和tetB(P)携带率最高,分别为89.61%(69/77)和87.01%(67/77),其次为大环内酯类耐药基因erm(Q)58.44%(45/77)。22.08%(17/77)菌株携带林可霉素类耐药基因lnu(P),5.19%(4/77)菌株携带四环素类耐药基因tet(44),3.90%(3/77)菌株携带氨基糖苷类耐药基因ant(6)-Ib。分别仅有一株菌株携带林可霉素耐药基因lnu(C)、氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac(6')-aph(2'')和磺胺类耐药基因sul1。
黏附类毒力基因中fbpA/fbp68、groEL携带率均为100%,cna携带率为58.44%(45/77)。所有菌株均携带毒素调控系统基因virR、virS和ɑ毒素结构基因plc。74.03%(57/77)的菌株携带编码β2毒素的cpb2基因,68.83%(53/77)的菌株携带编码θ毒素的pfoA基因,均不携带编码肠毒素CPE的cpe基因。
77株产气荚膜梭菌共分为63个ST型别,其中34个为新管家基因组合的新ST型。排名前2位的ST型别为ST72(4/77)和ST41(4/77),均检自畜肉类和畜禽内脏;ST143、ST73、ST298、ST484和ST926在禽肉类和畜禽内脏中均有检出,见图2。使用BioNumerics 7.6软件绘制基于MLST的最小生成树,可分为多个聚类簇,其中最大的聚类簇包含ST143、ST41、ST82等型别,见图3。
截至2024年10月18日,在NCBI数据库中搜索中国大陆地区地级市的人源产气荚膜梭菌,共有13株,12株来自深圳市,1株来自武汉市。将这13株参考菌株与本研究分离株基于单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)分析共同构建系统发育进化树,进行亲缘性分析。结果显示,77株产气荚膜梭菌可分为2个大分支,多个小分支。菌株CP31处于一个独立于其他分离株的分支上,菌株CP22与武汉市人源菌株GCA022649385.1在同一分支上,菌株CP23、CP79与深圳市人源菌株GCA 027695855.1在同一分支上,菌株CP24与深圳市人源菌株GCA 027676565.1、GCA 027676545.1在同一分支上。
产气荚膜梭菌在美国是引起细菌性食源性暴发事件第2位的致病菌[8],尽管国内也有相关的食物中毒事件记录,但报告的病例数量远低于国外。这主要是因为国内并未将产气荚膜梭菌纳入常规食源性疾病致病菌的监测范围,导致其在食源性疾病暴发事件的检测中往往被忽略。本研究中产气荚膜梭菌在市售肉及肉制品中检出率较高,为15.28%(77/504),略高于辽宁省(10.77%)[9]、福建省(10.7%)[10],明显低于陕西关中地区(45.86%)[11],这一差异可能与不同地区的食品生产、加工、储存和运输条件有关[12]。实验样品均来自集贸市场及超市,可见市售肉及肉制品中产气荚膜梭菌污染较为严重,且季节性污染特征明显,夏秋季6—11月检出率明显高于冬春季12—翌年5月检出率。产气荚膜梭菌的芽孢具有高度的抗逆性,在煮沸15 min或者更长的时间后仍可存活,并在10~54 ℃内快速萌发和2次生长[9]。因此受到产气荚膜梭菌污染的食材若加工时未能达到足够的温度或时间,或加工后食品保存方式不当,极易引发食物中毒事件,对居民健康构成潜在威胁。而夏秋季节消费者更倾向于购买凉拌熟食与生食,这无疑增加了产气荚膜梭菌导致的食源性疾病暴发事件的风险。因此,在夏秋季节应加强对市售肉及肉制品中产气荚膜梭菌的监测与监管。
本研究中产气荚膜梭菌分离株共检测到9种耐药基因,其中tetA(P)和tetB(P)携带率最高。据研究,tetA(P)和tetB(P)均是产气荚膜梭菌中常见的四环素耐药基因,这2种基因共同组成TetP四环素抗性决定因子[13–14]。但tetA(P)和tetB(P)的耐药机制存在差异,tetA(P)编码四环素外排泵蛋白,而tetB(P)基因则编码一种核糖体保护蛋白,该蛋白可促进结合于细菌30 S亚基的四环素移位[15]。本研究中检测出的另一种四环素耐药基因tet(44)的耐药机制则与tetB(P)类似。58.44%(45/77)菌株携带大环内酯类抗性基因erm(Q),erm(Q)属于红霉素核糖体甲基转移酶(erm)基因家族,erm基因通过23S rRNA甲基化阻止抗生素与核糖体结合,该基因可介导大环内酯类、林可胺类、链阳霉素类3类药物的同时耐药[16]。磺胺类耐药基因sul较常见于革兰阴性菌中,而在本研究的一份鸡心样本中检出的产气荚膜梭菌携带磺胺类耐药基因sul1,且在这份鸡心样本中同时检出沙门氏菌。据Patrícia A等人[17]的研究,sul1基因是沙门氏菌对磺胺类药物最常见的耐药性机制之一,据此推测本研究中产气荚膜梭菌的sul1基因可能是由同一样本中的沙门氏菌通过可移动遗传元件介导的水平基因转移机制传递获得。除sul1基因外,本研究中检测出的其他耐药基因也均与可移动遗传元件相关联,可在不同细菌种属间进行传递,增加细菌耐药性的传播风险。目前抗生素耐药基因已被定义为一种新型环境污染物[18],因此对产气荚膜梭菌进行耐药基因的监测,掌握其耐药基因传播动态,可为制定多重耐药菌的防控策略提供科学依据。77株产气荚膜梭菌中有2株菌株不携带任何耐药基因,其中一株分离自标明不使用抗生素的鸡肉中,表明严格限制养殖过程中抗生素的使用能够有效遏制产气荚膜梭菌耐药性的产生。
本研究中分离株共携带18种毒力基因,其中包括3种黏附类毒力基因,2种毒素调控系统,13种毒素基因。产气荚膜梭菌主要通过产生多种外毒素使机体致病,主要毒素有α毒素、β毒素、ε毒素、ι毒素和CPE肠毒素等。尽管本研究分离株均不携带编码肠毒素的cpe基因,但有74.03%(57/77)的菌株携带编码β2毒素的cpb2基因,产β2毒素的产气荚膜梭菌也与人的食物中毒及动物的肠道疾病密切相关[19]。此外,多数菌株携带nagH、nagI、nagJ、nagK、nagL、nanH、nanI、nanJ基因,这些基因是透明质酸酶和唾液酸酶编码的相关基因,在细菌侵入、结合、感染宿主的过程中起着重要作用。
目前产气荚膜梭菌主要通过产生的毒素进行分型,但市售食品中产气荚膜梭菌多为A型和C型[9],毒素分型难以区分菌株间的差异。多位点序列分型(MLST)是一种基于8个管家基因的分子分型技术,尽管尚未被广泛应用于产气荚膜梭菌的分析,但它更有利于产气荚膜梭菌的进化和溯源分析。本研究中77株分离株分为63个ST型别,呈高度多样化。其中ST73和ST221为全球优势型别,但在本研究中检出较少。本研究中的优势型别为ST72和ST41,ST41与ST82、ST143等属于同一个聚类簇,而ST72则与上述聚类簇关系较远。研究显示,以ST48、ST41、ST110为代表的克隆复合物主要与人类疾病相关[20]。在PubMLST数据库中检索得知ST72型菌株在日本临床患者中有检出,表明ST72和ST41这2种型别的菌株对消费者存在潜在的致病风险。且这2种ST型别的菌株来自同一超市不同时间采集的不同样本,可见该超市环境中存在产气荚膜梭菌,且超市并未做好清洁消毒工作,致使产气荚膜梭菌持续污染售卖的食品。本研究中多株分离株与深圳市、武汉市人源分离株在系统进化发育树上显示出较高的同源性,提示这些菌株存在食源性传播的潜在风险,后续可监测食品、环境及病例中的产气荚膜梭菌,从而更全面地分析其传播路径和来源。
本研究初步揭示了上海市浦东新区市售食品中产气荚膜梭菌的检出情况、分子流行特征和潜在的危害性。研究结果提示,产气荚膜梭菌存在一定食品安全风险,应加强禽畜类养殖、运输、加工、售卖环节的管控,规范国内养殖业抗生素使用,持续对产气荚膜梭菌进行监测,有效控制和降低产气荚膜梭菌导致的食源性疾病事件的发生。

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2026年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147087
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
  • 修回日期:2025-08-14
  • 录用日期:2025-09-15
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    1上海市浦东新区疾病预防控制中心(上海市浦东新区卫生健康监督所) 微生物检测实验室,上海 200136
    2复旦大学浦东预防医学研究院,上海 200136

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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