Article(id=1321169703456846135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169668631548508, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146908, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=1744214400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-10, acceptedDate=1753372800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-25, onlineDate=1792921003450, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921003450, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921003450, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921003450, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169668631548508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920995147, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792920995147, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1031, endPage=1035, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169703687532856, articleId=1321169703456846135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Time series analysis of the association between temperature and incidence of influenza-like illness among residents in Huai′an city, Jiangsu province, columnId=1321169680920850568, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report — Influenza Prevention and Health Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the association between temperature and incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Huai′an city, Jiangsu province and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of ILI.

Methods

The ILI surveillance data of two national influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals and meteorological data in Huai′an from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022 were collected from the Chinese Influenza Surveillance Information System and China Meteorological Data Service Center, respectively. The associations between the weekly incidence of ILI and meteorological factors were tested by Spearman correlation analysis. The distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was utilized to analyze the association between the average temperature and ILI incidence among residents in Huai′an. The confounding factors such as long-term trends and holiday effects were controlled to analyze the lag effect of average temperature on the incidence of ILI.

Results

In the influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Huai′an from 2015 to 2022, the weekly average incidence of ILI was (527.88 ± 444.83) cases. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that weekly average temperature and weekly average air pressure were negatively associated with weekly average incidence (r = −0.24 and 0.19, respectively, both P < 0.001). The results of the DLNM demonstrated that at a lag of 0 week, the heat effect (30 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the 5–14 (RR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.03–3.98), 15–24 (RR = 2.25, 95%CI: 1.17–4.32), 25–59 (RR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.13–3.83), and ≥ 60 (RR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.04–8.74) age groups; at a lag of 1 week, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.35–2.84), 0–4 (RR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.00–1.94), 5–14 (RR = 1.70, 95%CI: 1.04–2.89), 15–24 (RR = 3.88, 95%CI: 2.30–6.57), 25–59 (RR = 4.02, 95%CI: 2.46–6.57), and ≥60 (RR = 13.02, 95%CI: 5.97–28.42) age groups; at a lag of 2 weeks, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the 25–59 age group (RR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.01–2.48); at a lag of 0–1 week, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.83–3.46), 0–4 (RR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.20–2.14), 5–14 (RR = 2.50, 95%CI: 1.55–3.77), 15–24 (RR = 5.01, 95%CI: 3.19–7.87), 25–59 (RR = 5.25, 95%CI: 3.45–8.00), and ≥ 60 (RR = 17.13, 95%CI: 8.89–32.90) age groups, and the heat effect (30 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the ≥ 60 age group (RR = 4.68, 95%CI: 1.46–15.01); at a lag of 0–2 weeks, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 3.21, 95%CI: 2.34–4.40), 0–4 (RR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.47–2.62), 5–14 (RR = 3.07, 95%CI: 2.02–4.67), 15–24 (RR = 5.86, 95%CI: 3.76–9.11), 25–59 (RR = 8.32, 95%CI: 5.60–12.46), and ≥ 60 (RR = 15.87, 95%CI: 8.12–31.03) age groups, and the heat effect (30 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the 15–24 age group (RR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.08–4.38); at a lag of 0–3 weeks, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.54–2.88), 0–4 (RR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.44–2.51), 5–14 (RR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.43–2.37), 15–24 (RR = 2.42, 95%CI: 1.51–3.86), 25–59 (RR = 3.43, 95%CI: 2.45–5.25), and ≥ 60 (RR = 6.18, 95%CI: 3.07–12.44) age groups.

Conclusions

Temperature affects the risk of ILI in different age groups in Huai′an. The cold effect is the main risk factor and has a lag effect, demonstrating a greater effect on ILI in the elderly population, which suggests that more attention should be paid to the elderly in the future.

, authors=Yuanyi WANG1, Lei XU2, Ranfeng HANG2, Zhizhen CUI2, Zheng ZHANG2, Qiang GAO2, Xinxiong MA3, Enchun PAN1, 2, authorsList=Yuanyi WANG, Lei XU, Ranfeng HANG, Zhizhen CUI, Zheng ZHANG, Qiang GAO, Xinxiong MA, Enchun PAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Enchun PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
PAN Enchun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169704673194305, articleId=1321169703456846135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=江苏省淮安市气温与流感样病例发病关系时间序列分析, columnId=1321169681155731594, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——预防流感,守护健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解江苏省淮安市气温与流感样病例(ILI)发病的关系,为当地ILI防控工作提供科学依据。

方法

收集中国流感信息监测系统中淮安市2家国家级流感监测哨点医院2015年1月1日—2022年12月31日ILI发病监测数据以及同期国家气象科学数据中心淮安市周气象因素数据,采用Spearman相关分析法分析ILI发病与气象因素之间的相关性,应用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)分析平均气温与淮安市居民ILI发病的关系,同时控制长期趋势、节假日效应等混杂因素,分析平均气温对ILI发病的滞后效应。

结果

淮安市流感监测哨点医院2015—2022年周平均发病数为(527.88±444.83)例,Spearman相关性分析结果显示,周平均气温与ILI周平均发病呈负相关(r=–0.24,P<0.001)周平均气压均与ILI周平均发病数呈正相关(r=0.19,P<0.001)。DLNM模型分析结果显示,滞后0周时,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市5~14岁(RR=2.02,95%CI=1.03~3.98)、15~24岁(RR=2.25,95%CI=1.17~4.32)、25~59岁(RR=2.08,95%CI=1.13~3.83)和≥60岁(RR=3.01,95%CI=1.04~8.74)人群的ILI发病风险;滞后1周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=1.96,95%CI=1.35~2.84)、0~4岁(RR=1.39,95%CI=1.00~1.94)、5~14岁(RR=1.70,95%CI=1.04~2.89)、15~24岁(RR=3.88,95%CI=2.30~6.57)、25~59岁(RR=4.02,95%CI=2.46~6.57)和≥60岁(RR=13.02,95%CI=5.97~28.42)人群的ILI发病风险;滞后2周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市25~59岁人群的ILI发病风险(RR=1.58,95%CI=1.01~2.48);滞后0~1周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=2.51,95%CI=1.83~3.46)、0~4岁(RR=1.61,95%CI=1.20~2.14)、5~14岁(RR=2.50,95%CI=1.55~3.77)、15~24岁(RR=5.01,95%CI=3.19~7.87)、25~59岁(RR=5.25,95%CI=3.45~8.00)和≥60岁(RR=17.13,95%CI=8.89~32.90)人群的ILI发病风险,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险(RR=4.68,95%CI=1.46~15.01);滞后0~2周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=3.21,95%CI=2.34~4.40)、0~4岁(RR=1.96,95%CI=1.47~2.62)、5~14岁(RR=3.07,95%CI=2.02~4.67)、15~24岁(RR=5.86,95%CI=3.76~9.11)、25~59岁(RR=8.32,95%CI=5.60~12.46)和≥60岁(RR=15.87,95%CI=8.12~31.03)人群的ILI发病风险,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市15~24岁人群的ILI发病风险(RR=2.18,95%CI=1.08~4.38);滞后0~3周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=2.10,95%CI=1.54~2.88)、0~4岁(RR=1.909,5%CI=1.44~2.51)、5~14岁(RR=2.16,95%CI=1.43~2.37)、15~24岁(RR=2.42,95%CI=1.51~3.86)、25~59岁(RR=3.43,95%CI=2.45~5.25)和≥60岁(RR=6.18,95%CI=3.07~12.44)人群的ILI发病风险。

结论

气温对淮安市不同年龄人群ILI发病均有影响,低温冷效应是主要的危险因素且存在滞后效应,尤其对老年居民ILI发病的影响较大,应在今后ILI的防控工作中重点关注。

, authors=王元一1, 许磊2, 杭苒枫2, 崔志贞2, 张正2, 高强2, 马新雄3, 潘恩春1, 2, *, *, authorsList=王元一, 许磊, 杭苒枫, 崔志贞, 张正, 高强, 马新雄, 潘恩春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘恩春, authorNote=

王元一(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

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潘恩春,E-mail:
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Frontiers in Public Health, 2023, 10: 1095436., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169713229574552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho S J, Stout-Delgado H W. Aging and lung disease[J]. Annual Review of Physiology, 2020, 82: 433-459., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169713305072025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng C, Li J, Sun W J, et al. Impact of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on the risk of influenza-like-illness: a time-series analysis in Beijing, China[J]. 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注:实线和阴影区域代表累积发病风险RR值及其95%CI,横线代表RR值为1。

, figureFileSmall=JBg19CxHqCdz6BiamGBDKQ==, figureFileBig=CYXB21fc1c+XOsh/NsZ/xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169709668610432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of average temperature at different time points on ILI incidence, figureFileSmall=7mPP+82S5rBlddz+O9nrkQ==, figureFileBig=MhLuNO6s8Ef1aArWCJ8Zxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169709739913601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=CN, label=图2, caption=平均气温在不同时间对ILI发病的影响, figureFileSmall=7mPP+82S5rBlddz+O9nrkQ==, figureFileBig=MhLuNO6s8Ef1aArWCJ8Zxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169709836382594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic characteristics of weekly ILI incidence and meteorological factors in Huai'an from 2015 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类 $ \overline{x}\pm $sMinP25MP75Max
ILI周发病数/例总体527.88±444.8363.00209.00426.00710.004 326.00
年龄/岁 0~4295.41±214.7535.00111.00264.00435.001 357.00
5~14125.90±137.902.0049.0085.00152.001 232.00
15~2434.91±72.670.007.0014.0038.00943.00
25~5960.38±120.470.0013.0026.0062.001 736.00
≥6011.29±49.820.002.005.009.00697.00
气象因素周平均气温/°C15.69±9.09−3.527.1915.6323.8732.17
周平均气压/hpa1 016.93±9.06996.541 008.601 017.131 024.601 035.38
周平均降雨量/mm0.13±0.200.000.000.050.181.44
周平均风速/(m/s)4.53±1.112.203.714.415.348.61
), ArticleFig(id=1321169711421829507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

淮安市2015—2022年ILI周发病数和气象因素基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类 $ \overline{x}\pm $sMinP25MP75Max
ILI周发病数/例总体527.88±444.8363.00209.00426.00710.004 326.00
年龄/岁 0~4295.41±214.7535.00111.00264.00435.001 357.00
5~14125.90±137.902.0049.0085.00152.001 232.00
15~2434.91±72.670.007.0014.0038.00943.00
25~5960.38±120.470.0013.0026.0062.001 736.00
≥6011.29±49.820.002.005.009.00697.00
气象因素周平均气温/°C15.69±9.09−3.527.1915.6323.8732.17
周平均气压/hpa1 016.93±9.06996.541 008.601 017.131 024.601 035.38
周平均降雨量/mm0.13±0.200.000.000.050.181.44
周平均风速/(m/s)4.53±1.112.203.714.415.348.61
), ArticleFig(id=1321169711501521284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effects of cold and heat effects on ILI incidence in different age groups at varying lag time periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群效应滞后 0 周滞后 1 周滞后 2 周
RR值95%CIRR值95%CIRR值95%CI
总体冷效应1.280.94~1.741.961.35~2.841.280.89~1.83
热效应1.610.99~2.600.840.46~1.540.790.42~1.51
0~4岁冷效应1.150.86~1.511.391.00~1.941.220.87~1.69
热效应1.420.93~2.170.880.52~1.470.770.44~1.33
5~14岁冷效应1.460.97~2.171.701.04~2.891.220.77~1.96
热效应2.021.03~3.980.720.31~1.680.570.23~1.39
15~24岁冷效应1.290.82~2.013.882.30~6.571.160.72~1.90
热效应2.251.17~4.320.760.31~1.821.280.53~3.10
25~59岁冷效应1.310.87~1.974.022.46~6.571.581.01~2.48
热效应2.081.13~3.830.810.36~1.841.010.44~2.33
≥60岁冷效应1.310.66~2.6213.025.97~28.420.930.47~1.81
热效应3.011.04~8.741.550.38~6.370.620.14~2.62
), ArticleFig(id=1321169711585407365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冷热效应在不同滞后时间对不同年龄人群ILI发病的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群效应滞后 0 周滞后 1 周滞后 2 周
RR值95%CIRR值95%CIRR值95%CI
总体冷效应1.280.94~1.741.961.35~2.841.280.89~1.83
热效应1.610.99~2.600.840.46~1.540.790.42~1.51
0~4岁冷效应1.150.86~1.511.391.00~1.941.220.87~1.69
热效应1.420.93~2.170.880.52~1.470.770.44~1.33
5~14岁冷效应1.460.97~2.171.701.04~2.891.220.77~1.96
热效应2.021.03~3.980.720.31~1.680.570.23~1.39
15~24岁冷效应1.290.82~2.013.882.30~6.571.160.72~1.90
热效应2.251.17~4.320.760.31~1.821.280.53~3.10
25~59岁冷效应1.310.87~1.974.022.46~6.571.581.01~2.48
热效应2.081.13~3.830.810.36~1.841.010.44~2.33
≥60岁冷效应1.310.66~2.6213.025.97~28.420.930.47~1.81
热效应3.011.04~8.741.550.38~6.370.620.14~2.62
), ArticleFig(id=1321169711690264966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Cumulative effects of cold and heat effects on ILI incidence in different age groups at varying lag time periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群效应滞后 0~1 周滞后 0~2 周滞后 0~3 周
RR值95%CIRR值95%CIRR值95%CI
总体冷效应2.511.83~3.463.212.34~4.402.101.54~2.88
热效应1.360.81~2.251.070.64~1.790.930.57~1.51
0~4岁冷效应1.611.20~2.141.961.47~2.621.901.44~2.51
热效应1.240.80~1.940.960.62~1.500.810.53~1.25
5~14岁冷效应2.501.55~3.773.072.02~4.672.161.43~2.37
热效应1.460.71~3.020.830.40~1.720.760.38~1.52
15~24岁冷效应5.013.19~7.875.863.76~9.112.421.51~3.86
热效应1.700.85~3.412.181.08~4.381.590.84~2.99
25~59岁冷效应5.253.45~8.008.325.60~12.463.432.45~5.25
热效应1.690.87~3.271.710.89~3.271.200.67~2.51
≥60岁冷效应17.138.89~32.9015.878.12~31.036.183.07~12.44
热效应4.681.46~15.012.880.93~8.972.070.77~5.62
), ArticleFig(id=1321169711803511175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169703456846135, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冷热效应在不同滞后时间对不同年龄人群ILI发病的累积影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群效应滞后 0~1 周滞后 0~2 周滞后 0~3 周
RR值95%CIRR值95%CIRR值95%CI
总体冷效应2.511.83~3.463.212.34~4.402.101.54~2.88
热效应1.360.81~2.251.070.64~1.790.930.57~1.51
0~4岁冷效应1.611.20~2.141.961.47~2.621.901.44~2.51
热效应1.240.80~1.940.960.62~1.500.810.53~1.25
5~14岁冷效应2.501.55~3.773.072.02~4.672.161.43~2.37
热效应1.460.71~3.020.830.40~1.720.760.38~1.52
15~24岁冷效应5.013.19~7.875.863.76~9.112.421.51~3.86
热效应1.700.85~3.412.181.08~4.381.590.84~2.99
25~59岁冷效应5.253.45~8.008.325.60~12.463.432.45~5.25
热效应1.690.87~3.271.710.89~3.271.200.67~2.51
≥60岁冷效应17.138.89~32.9015.878.12~31.036.183.07~12.44
热效应4.681.46~15.012.880.93~8.972.070.77~5.62
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江苏省淮安市气温与流感样病例发病关系时间序列分析
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王元一 1 , 许磊 2 , 杭苒枫 2 , 崔志贞 2 , 张正 2 , 高强 2 , 马新雄 3 , 潘恩春 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——预防流感,守护健康 2025,41(9): 1031-1035
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——预防流感,守护健康 2025 , 41 (9) : 1031 -1035
江苏省淮安市气温与流感样病例发病关系时间序列分析
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王元一1, 许磊2, 杭苒枫2, 崔志贞2, 张正2, 高强2, 马新雄3, 潘恩春1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1蚌埠医科大学公共卫生学院,蚌埠 233000
  • 2淮安市疾病预防控制中心,淮安 223001
  • 3徐州医科大学公共卫生学院,徐州 221000
通讯作者:
潘恩春,E-mail:
作者简介:

王元一(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

Time series analysis of the association between temperature and incidence of influenza-like illness among residents in Huai′an city, Jiangsu province
Yuanyi WANG1, Lei XU2, Ranfeng HANG2, Zhizhen CUI2, Zheng ZHANG2, Qiang GAO2, Xinxiong MA3, Enchun PAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China
  • 2Huai′an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai′an 223001, China
  • 3School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    PAN Enchun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146908
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目的

了解江苏省淮安市气温与流感样病例(ILI)发病的关系,为当地ILI防控工作提供科学依据。

方法

收集中国流感信息监测系统中淮安市2家国家级流感监测哨点医院2015年1月1日—2022年12月31日ILI发病监测数据以及同期国家气象科学数据中心淮安市周气象因素数据,采用Spearman相关分析法分析ILI发病与气象因素之间的相关性,应用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)分析平均气温与淮安市居民ILI发病的关系,同时控制长期趋势、节假日效应等混杂因素,分析平均气温对ILI发病的滞后效应。

结果

淮安市流感监测哨点医院2015—2022年周平均发病数为(527.88±444.83)例,Spearman相关性分析结果显示,周平均气温与ILI周平均发病呈负相关(r=–0.24,P<0.001)周平均气压均与ILI周平均发病数呈正相关(r=0.19,P<0.001)。DLNM模型分析结果显示,滞后0周时,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市5~14岁(RR=2.02,95%CI=1.03~3.98)、15~24岁(RR=2.25,95%CI=1.17~4.32)、25~59岁(RR=2.08,95%CI=1.13~3.83)和≥60岁(RR=3.01,95%CI=1.04~8.74)人群的ILI发病风险;滞后1周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=1.96,95%CI=1.35~2.84)、0~4岁(RR=1.39,95%CI=1.00~1.94)、5~14岁(RR=1.70,95%CI=1.04~2.89)、15~24岁(RR=3.88,95%CI=2.30~6.57)、25~59岁(RR=4.02,95%CI=2.46~6.57)和≥60岁(RR=13.02,95%CI=5.97~28.42)人群的ILI发病风险;滞后2周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市25~59岁人群的ILI发病风险(RR=1.58,95%CI=1.01~2.48);滞后0~1周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=2.51,95%CI=1.83~3.46)、0~4岁(RR=1.61,95%CI=1.20~2.14)、5~14岁(RR=2.50,95%CI=1.55~3.77)、15~24岁(RR=5.01,95%CI=3.19~7.87)、25~59岁(RR=5.25,95%CI=3.45~8.00)和≥60岁(RR=17.13,95%CI=8.89~32.90)人群的ILI发病风险,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险(RR=4.68,95%CI=1.46~15.01);滞后0~2周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=3.21,95%CI=2.34~4.40)、0~4岁(RR=1.96,95%CI=1.47~2.62)、5~14岁(RR=3.07,95%CI=2.02~4.67)、15~24岁(RR=5.86,95%CI=3.76~9.11)、25~59岁(RR=8.32,95%CI=5.60~12.46)和≥60岁(RR=15.87,95%CI=8.12~31.03)人群的ILI发病风险,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市15~24岁人群的ILI发病风险(RR=2.18,95%CI=1.08~4.38);滞后0~3周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体(RR=2.10,95%CI=1.54~2.88)、0~4岁(RR=1.909,5%CI=1.44~2.51)、5~14岁(RR=2.16,95%CI=1.43~2.37)、15~24岁(RR=2.42,95%CI=1.51~3.86)、25~59岁(RR=3.43,95%CI=2.45~5.25)和≥60岁(RR=6.18,95%CI=3.07~12.44)人群的ILI发病风险。

结论

气温对淮安市不同年龄人群ILI发病均有影响,低温冷效应是主要的危险因素且存在滞后效应,尤其对老年居民ILI发病的影响较大,应在今后ILI的防控工作中重点关注。

流感样病例(ILI)  /  发病  /  气温  /  时间序列分析  /  淮安市
Objective

To explore the association between temperature and incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Huai′an city, Jiangsu province and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of ILI.

Methods

The ILI surveillance data of two national influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals and meteorological data in Huai′an from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022 were collected from the Chinese Influenza Surveillance Information System and China Meteorological Data Service Center, respectively. The associations between the weekly incidence of ILI and meteorological factors were tested by Spearman correlation analysis. The distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was utilized to analyze the association between the average temperature and ILI incidence among residents in Huai′an. The confounding factors such as long-term trends and holiday effects were controlled to analyze the lag effect of average temperature on the incidence of ILI.

Results

In the influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Huai′an from 2015 to 2022, the weekly average incidence of ILI was (527.88 ± 444.83) cases. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that weekly average temperature and weekly average air pressure were negatively associated with weekly average incidence (r = −0.24 and 0.19, respectively, both P < 0.001). The results of the DLNM demonstrated that at a lag of 0 week, the heat effect (30 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the 5–14 (RR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.03–3.98), 15–24 (RR = 2.25, 95%CI: 1.17–4.32), 25–59 (RR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.13–3.83), and ≥ 60 (RR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.04–8.74) age groups; at a lag of 1 week, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.35–2.84), 0–4 (RR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.00–1.94), 5–14 (RR = 1.70, 95%CI: 1.04–2.89), 15–24 (RR = 3.88, 95%CI: 2.30–6.57), 25–59 (RR = 4.02, 95%CI: 2.46–6.57), and ≥60 (RR = 13.02, 95%CI: 5.97–28.42) age groups; at a lag of 2 weeks, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the 25–59 age group (RR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.01–2.48); at a lag of 0–1 week, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.83–3.46), 0–4 (RR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.20–2.14), 5–14 (RR = 2.50, 95%CI: 1.55–3.77), 15–24 (RR = 5.01, 95%CI: 3.19–7.87), 25–59 (RR = 5.25, 95%CI: 3.45–8.00), and ≥ 60 (RR = 17.13, 95%CI: 8.89–32.90) age groups, and the heat effect (30 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the ≥ 60 age group (RR = 4.68, 95%CI: 1.46–15.01); at a lag of 0–2 weeks, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 3.21, 95%CI: 2.34–4.40), 0–4 (RR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.47–2.62), 5–14 (RR = 3.07, 95%CI: 2.02–4.67), 15–24 (RR = 5.86, 95%CI: 3.76–9.11), 25–59 (RR = 8.32, 95%CI: 5.60–12.46), and ≥ 60 (RR = 15.87, 95%CI: 8.12–31.03) age groups, and the heat effect (30 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the 15–24 age group (RR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.08–4.38); at a lag of 0–3 weeks, the cold effect (1 °C) would increase the risk of ILI in the overall population (RR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.54–2.88), 0–4 (RR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.44–2.51), 5–14 (RR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.43–2.37), 15–24 (RR = 2.42, 95%CI: 1.51–3.86), 25–59 (RR = 3.43, 95%CI: 2.45–5.25), and ≥ 60 (RR = 6.18, 95%CI: 3.07–12.44) age groups.

Conclusions

Temperature affects the risk of ILI in different age groups in Huai′an. The cold effect is the main risk factor and has a lag effect, demonstrating a greater effect on ILI in the elderly population, which suggests that more attention should be paid to the elderly in the future.

influenza-like illness (ILI)  /  incidence  /  temperature  /  time series analysis  /  Huai′an city
王元一, 许磊, 杭苒枫, 崔志贞, 张正, 高强, 马新雄, 潘恩春. 江苏省淮安市气温与流感样病例发病关系时间序列分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (9) : 1031 -1035 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146908
Yuanyi WANG, Lei XU, Ranfeng HANG, Zhizhen CUI, Zheng ZHANG, Qiang GAO, Xinxiong MA, Enchun PAN. Time series analysis of the association between temperature and incidence of influenza-like illness among residents in Huai′an city, Jiangsu province[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (9) : 1031 -1035 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146908
流感样病例(influenza-like illness, ILI)指急性起病,发热(体温≥38 ℃), 伴咳嗽或咽痛之一者[1],通常被认为是呼吸道症候群而非特定疾病监测[2–3]。目前,在全国范围内建立起的ILI监测网络已成为流感等呼吸道传染病流行趋势的主要监测手段,可识别早期ILI疫情并了解病原体传播趋势。有研究表明,气温对ILI的发病存在影响,病原体在较冷环境中的传播效率更高、存活时间更长[4]。为了解江苏省淮安市气温与ILI发病的关系,为当地居民ILI防控工作提供科学依据,本研究收集中国流感信息监测系统中淮安市2家国家级流感监测哨点医院2015年1月1日—2022年12月31日ILI发病监测数据以及同期国家气象科学数据中心淮安市周气象因素数据,采用Spearman相关分析法分析ILI发病与气象因素之间的相关性,应用分布滞后非线性模型(distributed lag non-linear models, DLNM)分析平均气温与淮安市ILI发病的关系,同时控制长期趋势、节假日效应等混杂因素的影响,分析平均气温对ILI发病的滞后效应。结果报告如下。
收集中国流感信息监测系统中淮安市2家国家级流感监测哨点医院2015年1月1日—2022年12月31日ILI发病监测数据。哨点医院每周上报门急诊病例就诊总数、ILI发病例数,并按年龄组进行统计,每周上报。同期淮安市气象因素数据来源于国家气象科学数据中心,包括平均气温、平均气压、平均降雨量和平均风速。因ILI发病数据为周数据,本研究将气象因素相关日数据转换为周数据进行统计。本研究经淮安市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查批准(批号:2023-05)。
采用Excel 2021建立数据库录入数据,应用R 4.3.4软件进行统计分析。建立ILI周发病数据与平均气温的时间序列并对其进行描述性分析,经正态性检验提示数据为非正态分布,因此,采用Spearman等级相关分析法分析ILI发病数与气象因素的相关性。建立服从泊松分布的DLNM模型分析平均气温对ILI发病的影响,同时将长期趋势和节假日效应(国庆节与春节假期)等混杂因素纳入模型[5]。相对于总人口数,ILI发病为小概率事件,因此,将ILI每周发病数据近似看作服从泊松分布。DLNM所构建模型公式为:
$\begin{split} &\text{log}[E(\mathit{{Y}{t}})] = \alpha + \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{\mathit{\text{i}}=1}\beta\mathit{_{\text{i}}{X}_{{i}}} + \text{cb}\left(\mathit{{X}_{{t}}},\;4\right) + \text{ns}\left(\text{weather},\;3\right)+\\&\text{ns} \left(\text{time},\;{{df}}\right)+\text{factor}\left(\text{holiday}\right) 。\end{split}$
其中,[E(Yt)]为淮安市ILI每周发病数的期望值,研究期间多个期望值使用log函数连接;α为模型的截距项;β为矩阵的回归系数;cb(Χt,4)为所选研究因素的交叉基矩阵,本研究最长滞后期为4周;ns为自然样条函数, 用来控制非线性混杂因素对ILI病例数的影响,weather 为除平均气温以外的其他气象因素[6];time为时间序列,用来控制时间的长期趋势与季节效应;Holiday用来控制节假日效应,自由度的选择依据赤池信息准则(akaike information criterion, AIC)最小化原则,并采用R软件中的mgcv和dlnm包对DLNM模型数据进行拟合。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
淮安市哨点医院2015—2022年共报告ILI新发病例22.01万例,其中0~4岁12.31万例(55.96%),5~14岁5.25万例(23.85%),15~24岁1.46万例(6.61%),25~59岁2.52万例(11.44%),≥60岁0.47万例(2.14%)。
Spearman相关性分析结果显示,周平均气温与ILI周平均发病数呈负相关(r=−0.24,P<0.001),周平均气压与周ILI平均发病数呈正相关(r=0.19,P<0.001)。
纳入研究当周和滞后 1~4 周的气温进行分析,以平均气温的中位数16 °C(取气温中位数整数)为参考,将气温分为低温与高温2个阶段。滞后4周内周平均气温对周平均ILI发病的累积风险效应如图1所示,以平均气温的中位数16 °C为参考,低温对ILI发病的影响随气温的上升而增加,在4 °C时达到最大累积发病风险(RR=2.05,95%CI=1.67~2.51),之后随气温的上升影响逐渐下降。如图2所示,低温和高温均可导致ILI的发病风险增加,高温对ILI发病的影响时间较短,在研究当周表现为ILI发病的危险因素,而低温的影响时间较长,对ILI发病所造成的影响可达2周。
因ILI潜伏期一般≤2周,故选取特定滞后时间(滞后0、1和2周),以周平均气温的P2.5(1 °C)和 P97.5(30 °C)分别代表冷效应和热效应分析冷热效应对不同年龄人群ILI发病的影响。DLNM模型分析结果显示,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市5~14、15~24、25~59和≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险;滞后1周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体、0~4、5~14、15~24、25~59和≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险;滞后2周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市25~59岁人群的ILI发病风险。
DLNM模型分析结果显示,滞后0~1周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体、0~4、5~14、15~24、25~59和≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险;滞后0~2周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体、0~4、5~14、15~24、25~59和≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险,热效应(30 ℃)会增加淮安市15~24岁人群的ILI发病风险;滞后0~3周时,冷效应(1 ℃)会增加淮安市总体、0~4、5~14、15~24、25~59和≥60岁人群的ILI发病风险。
ILI是常见的急性呼吸系统疾病,对人类健康和社会经济发展构成了较大挑战,其流行规律可能具有地域特异性,与气象因素存在一定关联[7–8]。本研究基于DLNM分析了淮安市气温与不同年龄人群ILI发病数之间的关系以及存在的滞后效应和累积效应。研究结果显示,低温对ILI发病的影响随气温的上升而增加,在4 °C时达到最大累积发病风险(RR=2.05,95%CI=1.67~2.51),之后随气温的上升影响逐渐下降。Spearman相关性分析结果显示,周平均气温与ILI周平均发病数呈负相关(r=−0.24,P<0.001),与国内其他研究结果[9–10]基本一致。
本研究结果显示,低温和高温均可导致ILI的发病风险增加,高温对ILI发病的影响时间较短,在研究当周表现为ILI发病的危险因素,而低温的影响时间较长,对ILI发病所造成的影响可达2周,与国内其他研究结果类似[11–12]。有研究表明,ILI在中国北方地区呈冬春季流行,中部和南方地区存在冬季和夏季2个流行高峰[13]。淮安市既往监测数据观察到ILI在时间分布上呈明显的冬、夏季双峰[14],本研究结合气温因素进一步佐证了季节性双峰特征的结果。其中,低温冷效应对ILI发病的影响较为复杂,如低温可影响病毒的存活与传播、宿主的易感性以及改变人类的行为和生存环境[4]。以流感病毒为例,当气温下降时,流感病毒包膜的物理性质发生变化,环境抵抗力强,在体外存活时间更长,更容易造成流感规模性传播[15];此外,室内拥挤、通风情况较差和宿主易感性变化也可能是导致寒冷滞后效应的原因[16]。而高温环境对ILI发病造成影响则可能是由于室外炎热,室内空调使用频率增加,造成低温环境促进了病原体在人际间的传播,同时使用空调导致门窗紧闭亦会影响空气流通,进一步增加了ILI发病风险。
不同年龄人群中,滞后0~1周时低温冷效应(RR=17.13,95%CI=8.89~32.90)和高温热效应(RR=4.68,95%CI=1.46~15.01)对≥60岁老年人群造成的ILI发病风险均高于其他年龄组人群,这可能与老年人群自身免疫力低下、肺功能降低、易感性增强等因素有关[17]。此外,老年人群活动受限,低温和高温均可使该人群长期处于密闭性空间(养老院、家庭等),从而增加ILI的发病风险。
综上所述,气温对淮安市不同年龄人群ILI发病均有影响,低温冷效应是主要的危险因素且存在滞后效应,尤其对老年居民ILI发病的影响较大,因此面对气温的变化,需加强对老年人等脆弱人群的防护,提高老年人群相关疫苗接种率。由于本研究采取周数据进行分析,可能不能充分考虑到星期几效应对研究结果造成的影响,且ILI发病数据不能揭露气象因素与不同类型急性呼吸道病毒活动的关联及影响[18],因此,在今后的研究中可进一步探索不同影响模式的差异性,为流感等急性呼吸道传染病的精准防控提供科学数据。

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2025年第41卷第9期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146908
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
  • 修回日期:2025-04-10
  • 录用日期:2025-07-25
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    1蚌埠医科大学公共卫生学院,蚌埠 233000
    2淮安市疾病预防控制中心,淮安 223001
    3徐州医科大学公共卫生学院,徐州 221000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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