Article(id=1320438088191562624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146889, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=1753372800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-25, onlineDate=1792746572777, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746572777, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746572777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746572777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438006813672182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746553376, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748100383, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=354, endPage=358, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438089898644354, articleId=1320438088191562624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16-caused hand, foot and mouth disease in primary schools in Shenzhen: a field epidemiological study, columnId=1320427692466492070, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Field Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)-caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in primary schools in Shenzhen, Guangdong and elucidate its transmission characteristics and trends.

Methods

A field epidemiological cross-sectional survey was conducted following the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD in a primary school in Shenzhen on September 14, 2024. Detailed investigations were performed on confirmed cases and close contacts. Additionally, symptom monitoring accompanied by nucleic acid testing was carried out over a two-week period. Sampling was discontinued upon obtaining two consecutive negative nucleic acid test results. The incubation period distribution was modeled via three parametric approaches: log-normal distribution, gamma distribution, and weibull distribution. The basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated from the cumulative number of reported cases during the initial growth phase of the outbreak. The serial interval was estimated by a Bayesian approach, and the posterior distribution of the model parameters was estimated by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method.

Results

Among 96 susceptible individuals under investigation during the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD at a primary school in Shenzhen, 43 cases, encompassing both confirmed cases and close contacts, were identified. Fourteen cases were laboratory-confirmed as CVA16 positive in HFMD, indicating an attack rate of 14.58% (14/96). Goodness-of-fit analysis of the three parametric distribution models revealed that the weibull distribution provided the optimal characterization of the incubation period for CVA16-caused HFMD in primary schools in Shenzhen. The weibull distribution showed the Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC) and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation Information Criterion (LOOIC) values of 52.7 and 52.8, respectively, outperforming both the gamma distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.4) and log-normal distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.3). The weibull distribution revealed a mean incubation period of 3.0 days (95%CrI: 2.2 d–4.0 d) for CVA16-caused HFMD, estimating an incubation period shorter than 0.5 day in 2.5% of the cases and an incubation period shorter than 6.3 days in 97.5% of the cases. The outbreak persisted for 9 days, and the estimated R0 was 1.94. It meant a single infected individual can transmit the infection to approximately 2 secondary cases on average, without any intervention measures. Six infection sources and eleven transmission chains with variable estimated serial intervals and credible intervals were identified. The combined average serial interval was calculated to be 4.2 days (95%CrI: 1.9 d–6.4 d).

Conclusions

CVA16-casued HFMD in the primary schools in Shenzhen is characterized by a short incubation period, a high R0, and complex transmission chains, necessitating a comprehensive prevention and control strategy.

, authors=Ye LI1, Chu ZHANG1, Ji LI1, Qingxia SONG2, Qingliang CHEN3, Yixiong CHEN3, authorsList=Ye LI, Chu ZHANG, Ji LI, Qingxia SONG, Qingliang CHEN, Yixiong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yixiong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Yixiong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438091710583700, articleId=1320438088191562624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=柯萨奇病毒A组16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播动力学参数分析:一项现场流行病学调查, columnId=1320427692667818664, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=公共卫生案例, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析广东省深圳市小学校园内柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)手足口病的传播动力学参数及其传播特征和趋势。

方法

采用现场流行病学横断面普查方法对2024年9月14日深圳市某小学校园内暴发的CVA16型手足口病疫情进行调查分析,并对确诊病例和密接病例进行流行病学个案调查和为期2周的症状监测和定期核酸检测,直至连续2次核酸检测均为阴性时终止采样;采用基于似然的方法拟合对数正态分布、伽马分布和威布尔分布3种不同的参数分布以估计其潜伏期,根据疫情暴发初期增长阶段的累积报告病例数来估计基本再生数,采用贝叶斯方法估计序列间隔、马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法估计模型参数的后验分布。

结果

深圳市某小学校园内暴发的CVA16型手足口病疫情96名易感人群中共发现43例病例(确诊和密接病例),确诊14例CVA16型手足口病阳性患者,罹患率为14.58%(14/96);3种不同参数分布模型拟合优度分析结果显示,威布尔分布最适合描述本次校园CVA16型手足口病的潜伏期,其广泛适用信息准则(WAIC)和留一交叉验证信息准则(LOOIC)的值分别为52.7和52.8,均小于伽马分布WAIC和LOOIC值的53.3和53.4以及对数正态分布WAIC和LOOIC值的53.3和53.3;威布尔分布估计的CVA16型手足口病的平均潜伏期为3.0 d(95%CrI=2.2 d⁓4.0 d),估计2.5%的病例潜伏期<0.5 d、97.5%的病例潜伏期<6.3 d;本次疫情共持续9 d,基本再生数为1.94,在没有干预措施的情况下,1例感染者可平均传染给近2人;共发现6个传染源11个传播链条,不同链条的序列间隔估计值和可信区间各不相同,平均序列间隔合并估计值为4.2 d(95%CrI=1.9 d⁓6.4 d)。

结论

CVA16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播具有潜伏期短、基本再生数较高、传播链复杂的特点,需采取综合性防控策略。

, authors=李烨1, 张矗1, 李基1, 宋青霞2, 陈清凉3, 陈亿雄3, *, *, authorsList=李烨, 张矗, 李基, 宋青霞, 陈清凉, 陈亿雄, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈亿雄, authorNote=

李烨(1993—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

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陈亿雄,E-mail:
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Estimated incubation periods of CVA16-caused HFMD cases at various percentiles with different parametric distributions

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百分
位数
对数正态分布潜伏期/d伽马分布潜伏期/d威布尔分布潜伏期/d
估计值95%CrI估计值95%CrI估计值95%CrI
P2.50.60.2~1.10.70.3~1.20.50.2~1.1
P5.00.80.3~1.30.90.4~1.40.80.3~1.4
P50.02.41.6~3.52.51.8~3.42.81.9~3.7
P95.07.04.5~15.75.44.1~8.05.74.4~9.0
P97.58.75.3~21.66.24.6~9.46.34.8~10.5
P99.011.16.4~31.97.15.2~11.17.05.3~12.3
), ArticleFig(id=1320438099159667661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438088191562624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同参数分布估计各百分位数CVA16型手足口病病例的潜伏期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
百分
位数
对数正态分布潜伏期/d伽马分布潜伏期/d威布尔分布潜伏期/d
估计值95%CrI估计值95%CrI估计值95%CrI
P2.50.60.2~1.10.70.3~1.20.50.2~1.1
P5.00.80.3~1.30.90.4~1.40.80.3~1.4
P50.02.41.6~3.52.51.8~3.42.81.9~3.7
P95.07.04.5~15.75.44.1~8.05.74.4~9.0
P97.58.75.3~21.66.24.6~9.46.34.8~10.5
P99.011.16.4~31.97.15.2~11.17.05.3~12.3
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柯萨奇病毒A组16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播动力学参数分析:一项现场流行病学调查
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李烨 1 , 张矗 1 , 李基 1 , 宋青霞 2 , 陈清凉 3 , 陈亿雄 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生案例 2026,42(3): 354-358
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生案例 2026 , 42 (3) : 354 -358
柯萨奇病毒A组16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播动力学参数分析:一项现场流行病学调查
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李烨(1993—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

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李烨1, 张矗1, 李基1, 宋青霞2, 陈清凉3, 陈亿雄3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1深圳市宝安区公共卫生服务中心,深圳 518108
  • 2深圳市疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518055
  • 3深圳市宝安区疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518101
通讯作者:
陈亿雄,E-mail:
作者简介:

李烨(1993—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

Transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16-caused hand, foot and mouth disease in primary schools in Shenzhen: a field epidemiological study
Ye LI1, Chu ZHANG1, Ji LI1, Qingxia SONG2, Qingliang CHEN3, Yixiong CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1Bao′an District Public Health Service Center, Shenzhen 518108, China
  • 2Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 3Bao′an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Yixiong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146889
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目的

分析广东省深圳市小学校园内柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)手足口病的传播动力学参数及其传播特征和趋势。

方法

采用现场流行病学横断面普查方法对2024年9月14日深圳市某小学校园内暴发的CVA16型手足口病疫情进行调查分析,并对确诊病例和密接病例进行流行病学个案调查和为期2周的症状监测和定期核酸检测,直至连续2次核酸检测均为阴性时终止采样;采用基于似然的方法拟合对数正态分布、伽马分布和威布尔分布3种不同的参数分布以估计其潜伏期,根据疫情暴发初期增长阶段的累积报告病例数来估计基本再生数,采用贝叶斯方法估计序列间隔、马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法估计模型参数的后验分布。

结果

深圳市某小学校园内暴发的CVA16型手足口病疫情96名易感人群中共发现43例病例(确诊和密接病例),确诊14例CVA16型手足口病阳性患者,罹患率为14.58%(14/96);3种不同参数分布模型拟合优度分析结果显示,威布尔分布最适合描述本次校园CVA16型手足口病的潜伏期,其广泛适用信息准则(WAIC)和留一交叉验证信息准则(LOOIC)的值分别为52.7和52.8,均小于伽马分布WAIC和LOOIC值的53.3和53.4以及对数正态分布WAIC和LOOIC值的53.3和53.3;威布尔分布估计的CVA16型手足口病的平均潜伏期为3.0 d(95%CrI=2.2 d⁓4.0 d),估计2.5%的病例潜伏期<0.5 d、97.5%的病例潜伏期<6.3 d;本次疫情共持续9 d,基本再生数为1.94,在没有干预措施的情况下,1例感染者可平均传染给近2人;共发现6个传染源11个传播链条,不同链条的序列间隔估计值和可信区间各不相同,平均序列间隔合并估计值为4.2 d(95%CrI=1.9 d⁓6.4 d)。

结论

CVA16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播具有潜伏期短、基本再生数较高、传播链复杂的特点,需采取综合性防控策略。

手足口病  /  柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)  /  传播动力学参数  /  小学生  /  深圳市
Objective

To investigate the transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)-caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in primary schools in Shenzhen, Guangdong and elucidate its transmission characteristics and trends.

Methods

A field epidemiological cross-sectional survey was conducted following the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD in a primary school in Shenzhen on September 14, 2024. Detailed investigations were performed on confirmed cases and close contacts. Additionally, symptom monitoring accompanied by nucleic acid testing was carried out over a two-week period. Sampling was discontinued upon obtaining two consecutive negative nucleic acid test results. The incubation period distribution was modeled via three parametric approaches: log-normal distribution, gamma distribution, and weibull distribution. The basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated from the cumulative number of reported cases during the initial growth phase of the outbreak. The serial interval was estimated by a Bayesian approach, and the posterior distribution of the model parameters was estimated by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method.

Results

Among 96 susceptible individuals under investigation during the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD at a primary school in Shenzhen, 43 cases, encompassing both confirmed cases and close contacts, were identified. Fourteen cases were laboratory-confirmed as CVA16 positive in HFMD, indicating an attack rate of 14.58% (14/96). Goodness-of-fit analysis of the three parametric distribution models revealed that the weibull distribution provided the optimal characterization of the incubation period for CVA16-caused HFMD in primary schools in Shenzhen. The weibull distribution showed the Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC) and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation Information Criterion (LOOIC) values of 52.7 and 52.8, respectively, outperforming both the gamma distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.4) and log-normal distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.3). The weibull distribution revealed a mean incubation period of 3.0 days (95%CrI: 2.2 d–4.0 d) for CVA16-caused HFMD, estimating an incubation period shorter than 0.5 day in 2.5% of the cases and an incubation period shorter than 6.3 days in 97.5% of the cases. The outbreak persisted for 9 days, and the estimated R0 was 1.94. It meant a single infected individual can transmit the infection to approximately 2 secondary cases on average, without any intervention measures. Six infection sources and eleven transmission chains with variable estimated serial intervals and credible intervals were identified. The combined average serial interval was calculated to be 4.2 days (95%CrI: 1.9 d–6.4 d).

Conclusions

CVA16-casued HFMD in the primary schools in Shenzhen is characterized by a short incubation period, a high R0, and complex transmission chains, necessitating a comprehensive prevention and control strategy.

hand foot and mouth disease  /  coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)  /  transmission dynamics parameters  /  primary schools  /  Shenzhen city
李烨, 张矗, 李基, 宋青霞, 陈清凉, 陈亿雄. 柯萨奇病毒A组16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播动力学参数分析:一项现场流行病学调查. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (3) : 354 -358 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146889
Ye LI, Chu ZHANG, Ji LI, Qingxia SONG, Qingliang CHEN, Yixiong CHEN. Transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16-caused hand, foot and mouth disease in primary schools in Shenzhen: a field epidemiological study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (3) : 354 -358 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146889
手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的急性传染病,常在托幼机构和小学低年级中呈聚集性发病[1],近年来柯萨奇病毒A组16型(coxsackievirus A16, CVA16)成为引起手足口病的主要病原体[2],而肠道病毒A组71型(enterovirus A71,EV-A71)灭活疫苗对其他肠道病毒血清型感染无交叉保护作用[3–4],因此CVA16型手足口病的防控及疫苗和药物研发是当前研究的重要方向[5–6]。目前停课隔离是控制小学校园内CVA16型手足口病传播的有效方法,但不同国家和地区对隔离规定差异较大,对传染期限也无明确的界定,尚缺少相关高质量的传播动力学参数研究。为分析广东省深圳市小学校园内CVA16型手足口病的传播动力学参数,揭示其传播特征和趋势,为科学制定手足口病防控策略提供理论依据,本研究采用现场流行病学横断面普查方法对2024年9月14日深圳市某小学校园内暴发的CVA16型手足口病疫情进行调查分析,并对确诊病例和密接病例进行详细的个案调查和为期 2 周的症状监测和定期核酸检测,直至连续2次核酸检测均为阴性时终止采样;采用基于似然的方法拟合对数正态分布、伽马分布和威布尔分布3种不同的参数分布估计其潜伏期,根据疫情暴发初期增长阶段的累积报告病例数来估计基本再生数,采用贝叶斯方法估计序列间隔、马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛方法估计模型参数的后验分布。结果报告如下。
采用现场流行病学横断面普查方法,以2024年9月14日深圳市某小学暴发的手足口病疫情中发现的CVA16型手足口病确诊病例和密接病例为调查对象进行问卷调查和实验室检测。根据国家卫生健康委员会印发的《手足口病诊疗指南(2018 年版)》[7],结合现场调查,制定本次暴发疫情的病例定义。密接病例指2024年9月7—21日在深圳市该小学内有手、足、口腔任一部位出现皮疹(疱疹、斑丘疹)或发热(≥38 ℃),或与确诊病例有过近距离相处,包括但不限于以下几种情况:同班同学及同班同学的密切接触者,在教室、图书馆、食堂等校内场所与病例有共同活动经历的师生,与病例共同乘坐校车等交通工具的人员,其他经现场调查评估认为符合密接病例标准的人员;确诊病例指符合密接病例定义且咽拭子标本核酸检测CVA16阳性者。本研究经深圳市疾病预防控制中心伦理审查委员会审查批准(批号:SZCDC-IRB2024052),且所有调查对象均签署了知情同意书。
采用自行设计调查问卷,由经过统一培训的调查员对学生及其家长进行面访和电话调查,收集学生姓名、性别、出生日期、所在班级、家长姓名、联系方式、现住址、既往疾病史、本次发病暴露时间、发病时间、临床症状、症状结束时间、居家隔离时间、返校时间和手足口病疫苗接种情况等。
在病例和密切接触者发病当天及发病后间隔 3、7、10和14 d各采集1次咽拭子样本送至辖区疾病预防控制中心实验室进行肠道病毒核酸检测。对判定的密切接触者进行为期1周的症状监测,如果2次核酸检测结果均为阴性,仍需完成7 d的健康监测,其间如出现手足口病相关症状,应立即采样进行核酸检测。
应用R 4.0.5统计软件中“rstan”包基于似然的方法对有明确暴露时间和症状开始时间的CVA16型手足口病核酸阳性病例的潜伏期进行参数分布拟合[8–10],比较对数正态分布、伽马分布和威布尔分布3种分布模型;使用“loo”包计算广泛适用信息准则(widely applicable information criterion, WAIC)和留一交叉验证信息准则(‌leave-one-out cross-validation information criterion‌, LOOIC)值,评估模型拟合优度,值越小,说明模型拟合效果越好[11],选择最佳模型估计疾病的潜伏期及其95%CrI;使用“tidyverse”和“patchwork”包对数据进行处理并根据不同参数分布估计潜伏期的累积分布函数(estimated cumulative density function, CDF)和经验累积分布函数(empirical cumulative density function, ECDF),并可视化潜伏期的分布情况,CDF反映参数分布对数据的拟合效果,ECDF代表实际数据分布,可通过视觉对比理论分布与实际数据的“概率累积曲线”的吻合度判断哪种分布最能准确描述数据特征以验证参数分布模型的合理性[12]。本研究基于暴发初期增长阶段的累积报告病例数和疫情增长的天数来估计基本再生数[13],假设每个学校是一个封闭系统,学生在疫情开始时均易感,出现症状后会请假,公式为:$ \Sigma N_{t\cdot i}=\left(R_0^{t+1}-1\right)/\left(R_0-1\right) $其中,$ i $为手足口病CVA16病毒的潜伏期;$ t $为传播产生的次数,即暴发初始生长阶段的天数除以潜伏期; $ t\cdot i $为经过的总时间,$ \Sigma {N}_{t\cdot i} $为初始生长期第$ t\cdot i $天的预期累积病例数。应用R 4.0.5统计软件中的“rstan”包对不同传播链的序列间隔设置不同参数类型,采用分层贝叶斯框架估计序列间隔,考虑到不同传染源和传播链条在不同接触时间、接触方式和防控措施下的潜在差异,将每个传染源视为随机效应,在群体层面设置超先验分布,同时在个体或子群体层面设置参数分布[14];使用“dplyr”包对数据进行处理并用MCMC方法估计模型参数的后验分布,MCMC能通过随机采样提供近似解,生成后验分布的样本,进而计算序列间隔的均值及其95%CrI[15–16],使用“ggplot2”包对模型参数进行可视化,并绘制参数的后验分布图。
现场流行病学调查结果显示,2024年9月14日深圳市某小学暴发的手足口病疫情是由CVA16引起的,疫情涉及2个班共96名学生,发现43例确诊病例和密接病例,共确定6个传染源11个传播链条,最终确诊14例CVA16核酸阳性病例,罹患率为14.58%(14/96)。
3种不同参数分布模型拟合优度分析结果显示,威布尔分布最适合描述深圳市校园CVA16型手足口病的潜伏期,其WAIC和LOOIC值分别为52.7和52.8,均小于伽马分布WAIC和LOOIC值的53.3和53.4以及对数正态分布WAIC和LOOIC值的53.3和53.3。威布尔分布估计的平均潜伏期为3.0 d(95%CrI=2.2 d~4.0 d),估计2.5%的病例潜伏期<0.5 d、97.5%的病例潜伏期<6.3 d(见表1)。根据不同参数分布估计的CDF和ECDF可视化潜伏期的分布情况验证模型合理性,结果显示,威布尔分布是手足口病潜伏期数据的最佳拟合模型,因其CDF与ECDF在大部分区域吻合效果最好,在潜伏期3.0 d~4.5 d时间距最短且可信区间窄,尾部收敛稳定;对数正态分布因尾部未收敛至1.0,可信区间也较宽,其拟合效果最差;伽马分布在左侧和右侧区域吻合较好,但在潜伏期中间区域拟合效果稍有偏差(见图1)。
本次疫情共确诊14例CVA16阳性手足口病病例,根据前面的分析估计平均潜伏期为3.0 d,疫情共持续9 d,代入公式,得到基本再生数为1.94,即在没有干预措施的情况下,1例感染者平均能传染给近2人。
通过层次贝叶斯框架得出平均序列间隔合并估计值为4.2 d(95%CrI=1.9~6.4 d),可作为病毒传播速度的总体参考。图2展示了使用正态分布描述不同传播链条从一个病例出现症状到下一个病例出现症状时间间隔的分布情况。黑点代表序列间隔后验分布的均值;线条表示95%CrI,线条的宽度反映了估计值的不确定性;阴影表示后验分布的密度即估计值的分布情况;虚线是合并后估计值的均值。图中可见,不同链条的序列间隔估计值和95%CrI各不相同,说明不同传播链间存在差异,即不同接触时间、接触方式和防控措施下CVA16型手足口病的传播概率不同,在使用伽马分布重复分析时亦得到类似结果,平均序列间隔合并估计值为4.2 d(95%CrI=2.1~6.6 d)。
潜伏期是感染者从接触病原体到开始表现出疾病症状的这段时间,其对于制定疾病控制策略至关重要,并有助于确定隔离和检疫的持续时间,以减少疾病传播[17]。本研究结果显示,CVA16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内的平均潜伏期为3.0 d(95%CrI=2.2~4.0 d),与不同卫生机构通常引用的潜伏期3~7 d[18]的范围一致,但较香港某小学校园手足口病潜伏期的4.7 d(95%CrI=4.5~5.1 d)要短[19],可能与后者仅考虑了年龄段而未综合考虑引起校园手足口病肠道病毒血清型的差异有关。
基本再生数可衡量易感人群中典型原发病例感染继发病例的平均数量,由传染病的持续时间和有效接触率决定。基本再生数的估计有助于为及时实施疾病控制措施提供见解,同时考虑疾病动态,如病例的严重程度等,基本再生数>1意味着疫情可能会扩散[20]。本研究估计CVA16型手足口病疫情初始时期的基本再生数为1.94,即在没有任何干预措施的情况下,1例感染者平均能感染近2人。本研究中基本再生数小于Zhang Z等[21]研究中估计的基本再生数(4.84),可能与后者估计的基本再生数是根据全国范围内不同年龄段共316次CVA16型手足口病疫情估算而未考虑地域和年龄差异有关;但高于西北地区估计的CVA16型手足口病基本再生数的1.33~1.46[22],可能是由于气候条件差异所致[23–25]。
序列间隔是指原发性病例与继发性病例之间症状出现的时间间隔,是衡量疾病传播速度和传播潜力的一个关键参数,较短的序列间隔意味着疾病传播迅速[26–27]。本研究估算的CVA16型手足口病的平均序列间隔为4.2 d(95%CrI=1.9~6.4 d),其置信区间覆盖了潜伏期范围的2.2~4.0 d)。序列间隔部分值低于潜伏期,提示可能存在症状前传播,即原发病例在潜伏期末期(症状出现前1~2 d)已具备传染性,这与Xue L等[28]研究结果一致;序列间隔的上限(6.4 d)超过潜伏期的上限(4.0 d),提示传染期延长,即部分病例在症状消失后仍持续排毒,这一结果支持《手足口病预防控制指南(2009版)》中对传染源管理的建议,即“管理时限为自患儿被发现起至症状消失后1周”[29],以阻断疾病传播。
综上所述,CVA16型手足口病在深圳市小学校园内传播具有潜伏期短、基本再生数较高和传播链复杂的特点,提示在疫情暴发初期就应快速追踪和隔离新病例,提高监测敏感性,同时开展持续的健康监测和防控措施。通过了解传染病传播的关键时间尺度可以更好地预测疫情的传播趋势,为制定有效的控制策略和评估公共卫生干预措施提供科学依据,但本研究仍存在一定的局限性:如样本量偏小,在一定程度上可能会对计算结果造成偏差;部分学生的接触时间和校园内密集的接触方式可能存在回忆偏倚;此外,还可能存在部分未观察到的无症状传播链条。因此,在后续研究中将采取建立覆盖全年的多个监测队列扩大样本代表性、运用电子追踪系统客观还原接触网络避免回忆偏倚和开展前瞻性队列研究对无症状人群病原筛查及基因溯源等多维度策略进一步对本研究结果加以验证。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146889
  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
  • 录用日期:2025-07-25
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    1深圳市宝安区公共卫生服务中心,深圳 518108
    2深圳市疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518055
    3深圳市宝安区疾病预防控制中心,深圳 518101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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