Article(id=1321170819359813760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146770, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735056000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-25, revisedDate=1741622400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-11, acceptedDate=1747152000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-14, onlineDate=1792921269502, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921269502, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921269502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921269502, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=949, endPage=953, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170819569528961, articleId=1321170819359813760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Age-period-cohort analysis of hepatitis B virus incidence trends among children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city from 2005 to 2023: a longitudinal cohort study, columnId=1321170739068260831, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – Prevention as the First Line of Defense Against Hepatitis B, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the incidence trend of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city, Guangdong province, from 2005 to 2023, and the influence of age, period, and birth cohort effects on this trend, to provide a reference for the development of local HBV prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Data on the incidence of HBV in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city from 2005 to 2023 were collected from the infectious disease surveillance module of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trends in HBV incidence and calculate the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). An age-period-cohort (APC) model was applied to estimate and simulate the age, period, and cohort effects on the risk of HBV infection in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city.

Results

The incidence of HBV in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city decreased from 10.38/100 000 in 2005 to 1.26/100 000 in 2023 (AAPC = –12.20%, P < 0.001). The incidence of HBV showed a monotonic decreasing trend from 2005 to 2011 (APC = –11.30%, P = 0.012) and from 2018 to 2023 (APC = –31.47%, P < 0.001), while fluctuating irregularly from 2011 to 2018 (APC = 3.77%, P = 0.371). The APC model analysis showed that, in terms of age effects, the incidence of HBV was highest in the 0-year-old age group at 27.82/100 000 (95%CI: 20.13/100 000–38.46/100 000), decreased significantly from 0 to 2 years of age, fluctuated slightly from 2 to 6 years of age, and then gradually decreased with increasing age after 6 years of age, reaching the lowest level in the 9-year-old age group at 3.15/100 000 (95%CI: 2.13/100 000–4.65/100 000). In terms of period effects, the period effect of HBV incidence showed a downward trend over time, with the highest in 2006 (RR = 3.57, 95%CI: 2.33–5.47) and the lowest in 2023( RR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.17–0.60). In terms of cohort effects, the later the birth cohort, the lower the risk of HBV infection in children. The cohort effect showed a fluctuating downward trend, with the highest in the 1996 birth cohort (RR = 1.39, 95%CI: 0.61–3.19) and the lowest in the 2020 birth cohort (RR = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.03–0.19). The local drifts of HBV incidence in all age groups of children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city were less than 0, ranging from –13.04% (95%CI: –16.42% to –9.53%) in the 0-year-old age group to –4.92% (95%CI: –7.32% to –2.47%) in the 9-year-old age group, and the incidence of HBV in all age groups showed a downward trend over time.

Conclusions

The incidence of HBV in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city showed an overall downward trend from 2005 to 2023, indicating that the HBV prevention and control efforts in this area have been effective.

, authors=Ying WEN1, 2, Yingluan ZHANG1, Rijing LUO2, Honglin WANG1, cohort Deji CIREN1, Fang HUANG3, Zhen ZHANG1, Qiuying LÜ1, 2, authorsList=Ying WEN, Yingluan ZHANG, Rijing LUO, Honglin WANG, cohort Deji CIREN, Fang HUANG, Zhen ZHANG, Qiuying LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiuying LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LÜ Qiuying, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170820127371396, articleId=1321170819359813760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎发病趋势年龄–时期–队列分析, columnId=1321170739219255777, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解广东省深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)的发病趋势以及年龄、时期和出生队列因素对其的影响,为当地制定乙肝防控策略提供参考依据。

方法

收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统传染病监测模块中2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率数据,采用Joinpoint回归模型分析深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率的变化趋势并计算年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC),并应用年龄–时期–队列(APC)模型拟合并估计深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病风险中的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。

结果

深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率从2005年的10.38/10万下降至2023年的1.26/10万(AAPC= −12.20%,P<0.001),其中2005—2011年(APC= −11.30%,P=0.012)和2018—2023年(APC= −31.47%,P<0.001)乙肝发病率均呈单调递减趋势,2011—2018年乙肝发病率为无规律波动变化(APC=3.77%,P=0.371)。APC模型分析结果显示,年龄效应方面,纵向年龄别乙肝发病率0岁组最高,为27.82/10万(95%CI=20.13/10万~38.46/10万),0~2岁下降明显,2~6岁有小幅波动,6岁后随年龄增加发病率逐渐下降,到9岁~组最低,为3.15/10万(95%CI=2.13/10万~4.65/10万);时期效应方面,乙肝发病率的时期效应随年份推移呈下降趋势,在2006年最高(RR=3.57,95%CI=2.33~5.47),2023年最低(RR=0.32,95%CI=0.17~0.60);队列效应方面,出生队列越晚儿童的乙肝发病风险越低,队列效应呈波动下降趋势,1996年出生队列最高(RR=1.39,95%CI=0.61~3.19),2020年出生队列最低(RR=0.08,95%CI=0.03~0.19);深圳市<10岁儿童各年龄组乙肝发病率的局部偏移值均<0,介于0岁~组的−13.04%(95%CI= −16.42%~−9.53%)至9岁~组的−4.92%(95%CI= −7.32%~−2.47%)之间,各年龄组的乙肝发病率随时间推移均呈下降趋势。

结论

深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率总体呈下降趋势,该地区儿童乙肝防控工作成效显著。

, authors=温莹1, 2, 张英娈1, 罗日景2, 王洪琳1, 次仁德吉1, 黄芳3, 张振1, 吕秋莹1, 2, *, *, authorsList=温莹, 张英娈, 罗日景, 王洪琳, 次仁德吉, 黄芳, 张振, 吕秋莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕秋莹, authorNote=

温莹(1989—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:疾病控制

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吕秋莹,E-mail:
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温莹(1989—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:疾病控制

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Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 2022, 18(5): 2073747., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170828717306073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170819359813760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕秋莹, 单芙香, 李玥. 2015年深圳市乙型肝炎母婴阻断实施与效果分析[J]. 应用预防医学, 2017, 23(5): 359-362., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170828784414938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170819359813760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Woodring J, Pastore R, Brink A, et al. Progress toward hepatitis b control and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus–western Pacific region, 2005–2017[J]. 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注:A:乙肝发病的纵向年龄曲线(年龄效应);B:乙肝发病的时期RR值(时期效应);C:乙肝发病的队列RR值(队列效应);D:局部偏移与净偏移(各年龄组发病率与总体发病率随时间的APC值);阴影部分表示值的95%CI,图D中的实直线表示净偏移值,虚直线表示净偏移值的95%CI。

, figureFileSmall=8t1kyqjxfF9bXaZLN05bVQ==, figureFileBig=DmgdkLwA+LMqnefTblqQHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170824950821060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170819359813760, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Annual percentage change model test of hepatitis B incidence in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city from 2005 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零假设χ2值dfP值
全局变化=0146.861<0.001
总年龄偏差=095.458<0.001
总时期偏差=054.2617<0.001
总队列偏差=076.1526<0.001
全时期RR=1211.0718<0.001
全队列RR=1255.8727<0.001
所有局部变化=全局变化20.97100.021
), ArticleFig(id=1321170825043095749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170819359813760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率APC模型检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零假设χ2值dfP值
全局变化=0146.861<0.001
总年龄偏差=095.458<0.001
总时期偏差=054.2617<0.001
总队列偏差=076.1526<0.001
全时期RR=1211.0718<0.001
全队列RR=1255.8727<0.001
所有局部变化=全局变化20.97100.021
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2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎发病趋势年龄–时期–队列分析
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温莹 1, 2 , 张英娈 1 , 罗日景 2 , 王洪琳 1 , 次仁德吉 1 , 黄芳 3 , 张振 1 , 吕秋莹 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025,41(8): 949-953
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025 , 41 (8) : 949 -953
2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎发病趋势年龄–时期–队列分析
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温莹(1989—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:疾病控制

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温莹1, 2, 张英娈1, 罗日景2, 王洪琳1, 次仁德吉1, 黄芳3, 张振1, 吕秋莹1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1深圳市疾病预防控制中心传染病防控科,深圳 518055
  • 2南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广州 510515
  • 3深圳市疾病预防控制中心免疫规划科,深圳 518055
通讯作者:
吕秋莹,E-mail:
作者简介:

温莹(1989—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:疾病控制

Age-period-cohort analysis of hepatitis B virus incidence trends among children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city from 2005 to 2023: a longitudinal cohort study
Ying WEN1, 2, Yingluan ZHANG1, Rijing LUO2, Honglin WANG1, cohort Deji CIREN1, Fang HUANG3, Zhen ZHANG1, Qiuying LÜ1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 3Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LÜ Qiuying, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146770
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目的

了解广东省深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)的发病趋势以及年龄、时期和出生队列因素对其的影响,为当地制定乙肝防控策略提供参考依据。

方法

收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统传染病监测模块中2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率数据,采用Joinpoint回归模型分析深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率的变化趋势并计算年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC),并应用年龄–时期–队列(APC)模型拟合并估计深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病风险中的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。

结果

深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率从2005年的10.38/10万下降至2023年的1.26/10万(AAPC= −12.20%,P<0.001),其中2005—2011年(APC= −11.30%,P=0.012)和2018—2023年(APC= −31.47%,P<0.001)乙肝发病率均呈单调递减趋势,2011—2018年乙肝发病率为无规律波动变化(APC=3.77%,P=0.371)。APC模型分析结果显示,年龄效应方面,纵向年龄别乙肝发病率0岁组最高,为27.82/10万(95%CI=20.13/10万~38.46/10万),0~2岁下降明显,2~6岁有小幅波动,6岁后随年龄增加发病率逐渐下降,到9岁~组最低,为3.15/10万(95%CI=2.13/10万~4.65/10万);时期效应方面,乙肝发病率的时期效应随年份推移呈下降趋势,在2006年最高(RR=3.57,95%CI=2.33~5.47),2023年最低(RR=0.32,95%CI=0.17~0.60);队列效应方面,出生队列越晚儿童的乙肝发病风险越低,队列效应呈波动下降趋势,1996年出生队列最高(RR=1.39,95%CI=0.61~3.19),2020年出生队列最低(RR=0.08,95%CI=0.03~0.19);深圳市<10岁儿童各年龄组乙肝发病率的局部偏移值均<0,介于0岁~组的−13.04%(95%CI= −16.42%~−9.53%)至9岁~组的−4.92%(95%CI= −7.32%~−2.47%)之间,各年龄组的乙肝发病率随时间推移均呈下降趋势。

结论

深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率总体呈下降趋势,该地区儿童乙肝防控工作成效显著。

乙型病毒性肝炎  /  发病趋势  /  年龄–时期–队列(APC)模型  /  <10岁儿童  /  深圳市
Objective

To understand the incidence trend of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city, Guangdong province, from 2005 to 2023, and the influence of age, period, and birth cohort effects on this trend, to provide a reference for the development of local HBV prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Data on the incidence of HBV in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city from 2005 to 2023 were collected from the infectious disease surveillance module of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trends in HBV incidence and calculate the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). An age-period-cohort (APC) model was applied to estimate and simulate the age, period, and cohort effects on the risk of HBV infection in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city.

Results

The incidence of HBV in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city decreased from 10.38/100 000 in 2005 to 1.26/100 000 in 2023 (AAPC = –12.20%, P < 0.001). The incidence of HBV showed a monotonic decreasing trend from 2005 to 2011 (APC = –11.30%, P = 0.012) and from 2018 to 2023 (APC = –31.47%, P < 0.001), while fluctuating irregularly from 2011 to 2018 (APC = 3.77%, P = 0.371). The APC model analysis showed that, in terms of age effects, the incidence of HBV was highest in the 0-year-old age group at 27.82/100 000 (95%CI: 20.13/100 000–38.46/100 000), decreased significantly from 0 to 2 years of age, fluctuated slightly from 2 to 6 years of age, and then gradually decreased with increasing age after 6 years of age, reaching the lowest level in the 9-year-old age group at 3.15/100 000 (95%CI: 2.13/100 000–4.65/100 000). In terms of period effects, the period effect of HBV incidence showed a downward trend over time, with the highest in 2006 (RR = 3.57, 95%CI: 2.33–5.47) and the lowest in 2023( RR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.17–0.60). In terms of cohort effects, the later the birth cohort, the lower the risk of HBV infection in children. The cohort effect showed a fluctuating downward trend, with the highest in the 1996 birth cohort (RR = 1.39, 95%CI: 0.61–3.19) and the lowest in the 2020 birth cohort (RR = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.03–0.19). The local drifts of HBV incidence in all age groups of children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city were less than 0, ranging from –13.04% (95%CI: –16.42% to –9.53%) in the 0-year-old age group to –4.92% (95%CI: –7.32% to –2.47%) in the 9-year-old age group, and the incidence of HBV in all age groups showed a downward trend over time.

Conclusions

The incidence of HBV in children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city showed an overall downward trend from 2005 to 2023, indicating that the HBV prevention and control efforts in this area have been effective.

hepatitis B virus  /  incidence trend  /  age-period-cohort (APC) model  /  children < 10 years old  /  Shenzhen city
温莹, 张英娈, 罗日景, 王洪琳, 次仁德吉, 黄芳, 张振, 吕秋莹. 2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎发病趋势年龄–时期–队列分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 949 -953 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146770
Ying WEN, Yingluan ZHANG, Rijing LUO, Honglin WANG, cohort Deji CIREN, Fang HUANG, Zhen ZHANG, Qiuying LÜ. Age-period-cohort analysis of hepatitis B virus incidence trends among children under 10 years of age in Shenzhen city from 2005 to 2023: a longitudinal cohort study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 949 -953 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146770
乙型病毒性肝炎(简称“乙肝”)是由乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染引起的肝脏炎症,HBV感染不仅可导致急性和慢性肝炎,还可能引发肝硬化及肝癌,给家庭和社会带来沉重的疾病负担。世界卫生组织称,全球约有2.54亿人长期感染HBV,每年可导致约110万人死亡[1]。中国的乙肝流行率较高,其HBV感染者约占全球总数的1/4[2]。研究表明,儿童感染HBV的年龄越小,发展为慢性乙肝的风险越高[3],因此早期预防尤为重要。为了解广东省深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝的发病趋势以及年龄、时期和出生队列因素对其的影响,为当地制定乙肝防控策略提供参考依据,本研究收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统传染病监测模块中2005—2023年深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率数据,采用Joinpoint回归模型分析深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率的变化趋势并计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC)和年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC),应用年龄–时期–队列(age-period-cohort, APC)模型拟合并估计深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病风险中的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。结果报告如下。
收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统传染病监测模块中2005年1月1日—2023年12月31日深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率数据进行分析。本研究中乙肝病例均符合乙肝诊断标准[4],且根据《国际疾病与相关健康问题统计分类第十版(The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, ICD-10)》[5]进行分类和编码,编码为B16、B18.0和B18.1。病例涵盖急性、慢性和未分类乙肝患者,但不包括无症状的HBV感染者或HBV表面抗原(HBV surface antigen, HBsAg)携带者,审核状态均为“已终审”。
采用Excel 2019建立数据库进行一般描述性分析。应用Joinpoint 4.9对数线性Joinpoint回归模型分析深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年的乙肝发病率变化趋势,并通过网格搜索法(grid search method, GSM)和修正贝叶斯信息准则(modified Bayesian information criterion, MBIC)确定连接点数量和位置,选择MBIC值最小的模型为最优模型[6],计算各分段函数对应时间段内的年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)和全局时间段内的平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC)。若APC或AAPC>0,表明乙肝发病率随时间呈上升趋势,反之则呈下降趋势;若APC=AAPC,表明分析时间段内无连接点,疾病发病呈单调趋势[6]。采用美国国家癌症研究院(National Cancer Institute, NIC)开发的在线分析工具(http://analysistools. cancer.gov/apc/)进行APC模型分析[7],分析年龄、时期和出生队列对深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病风险的影响,并采用R 4.2.1软件进行结果整理和绘图。其中,年龄效应反映个体随年龄增长所经历疾病发病风险的变化,时期效应反映特定时间段内所有年龄组共同受到的各种事件因素对疾病风险的影响,队列效应反映不同出生年份人群由于不同暴露经历或行为模式所导致的疾病风险差异[8]。APC模型中,年龄设定为0~9岁,每1岁为1个年龄组,共10组;时期设定为2005—2023年,每1年为1个时期,共19个时期;依据年龄和时期确定相应的出生队列,设定为1996—2023年,每年为1个出生队列,共28个队列。以中心年龄(5岁)、时期(2014年)和出生队列(2010年出生队列)作为参照组进行模型拟合,计算纵向年龄别发病率(调整时期效应后,相对于参考队列的特定年龄别发病率)、时期RR值(调整年龄和队列效应后,某时期相对于参考时期的危险度比)、队列RR值(调整年龄和时期效应后,某队列相对于参考队列的危险度比)、净偏移值(总体发病率随时间的APC值)和局部偏移值(各年龄组发病率随时间的APC值),并对参数进行假设检验,检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
深圳市<10岁儿童2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2010、2011、2012、2013、2014、2015、2016、2017、2018、2019、2020、2021、2022和2023年乙肝发病率分别为10.38/10万、12.16/10万、9.44/10万、8.65/10万、7.38/10万、5.72/10万、4.58/10万、7.87/10万、5.75/10万、6.45/10万、8.14/10万、7.77/10万、6.72/10万、6.14/10万、4.72/10万、4.45/10万、2.59/10万、1.24/10万和1.26/10万。Joinpoint回归分析结果显示,深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率以年均12.20%的速度下降(AAPC= −12.20%,P<0.001);其中,2005—2011年(APC= −11.30%,P=0.012)和2018—2023年(APC= −31.47%,P<0.001)乙肝发病率均呈单调递减趋势,2011—2018年乙肝发病率为无规律波动变化(APC=3.77%,P=0.371)。
APC模型分析结果显示,深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病的年龄、时期、队列偏差和效应值均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(见表1)。年龄效应方面,纵向年龄曲线显示,纵向年龄别乙肝发病率0岁组最高,为27.82/10万(95%CI=20.13/10万~38.46/10万),0~2岁下降趋势明显,2~6岁有小幅波动,6岁后发病率随年龄增加逐渐下降,9岁组最低,为3.15/10万(95%CI=2.13/10万~4.65/10万)(图1A);时期效应方面,乙肝发病率的时期效应随年份推移呈下降趋势,2006年最高(RR=3.57,95%CI=2.33~5.47),2023年最低(RR=0.32,95%CI=0.17~0.60)(图1 B);队列效应方面,出生队列越晚儿童的乙肝发病风险越低,队列效应呈波动下降趋势,1996年出生队列最高(RR=1.39,95%CI=0.61~3.19),2020年出生队列最低(RR=0.08,95%CI=0.03~0.19)(图1 C);深圳市<10岁儿童各年龄组乙肝发病率的局部偏移值均<0,介于0岁~组的−13.04%(95%CI= −16.42%~−9.53%)至9岁~组的−4.92%(95%CI= −7.32%~−2.47%)之间,各年龄组的乙肝发病率随时间推移均呈下降趋势,且年龄越小,下降幅度越大(图1 D)。
本研究Joinpoint回归分析结果显示,深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年乙肝发病率呈下降趋势,从2005年的10.38/10万下降至2023年的1.26/10万(AAPC= −12.20%,P<0.001),与全国<10岁儿童乙肝发病率的变化趋势基本一致[9],提示中国实施的以乙肝疫苗预防接种为核心的综合防控策略在降低儿童乙肝发病率方面取得了显著成效[10]。作为一座大型移民城市,深圳市流动人口数量庞大,为乙肝防控策略的全面落实带来了较大挑战,然而深圳市通过实施覆盖户籍人口和流动人口的无差别全程化预防接种服务、科学规划预防接种门诊的数量和分布以及广泛开展宣传教育等多项措施,显著提高了儿童乙肝疫苗的及时接种率和全程接种率,有效降低了儿童HBV的感染率[11]。
APC分析结果显示,年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应均对深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝发病率变化影响有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在调整时期与队列效应后,深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝的纵向年龄别发病率呈先下降、后小幅波动且略有升高、再缓慢降低的趋势,与我国多个地区研究结果[9, 12–13]基本一致。新生儿阶段,由于免疫功能尚未健全,母婴传播是导致乙肝发病率偏高的主要原因[14],尽管通过规范实施0、1、6个月乙肝疫苗免疫接种程序后大多数婴幼儿可产生对HBV的特异性抗体,使得<2岁婴幼儿的乙肝发病率快速下降,但仍有约10%~20%的婴幼儿在接种乙肝疫苗后仍无法产生足够抗体[15–16],成为潜在易感人群;而在2~6岁儿童中,随着时间的推移,其体内的乙肝抗体水平逐渐降低[17],且该阶段儿童的免疫系统尚未完全发育,同时与外界接触增多,因此其HBV感染风险相应增加[18],从而导致乙肝发病率略有上升;之后随着年龄增长,儿童免疫功能逐渐完善,对HBV的抵抗能力明显增强[19],乙肝发病率逐渐下降。提示加强对儿童乙肝疫苗接种后抗体水平的监测以及对重点人群开展乙肝疫苗加强针接种,对进一步降低儿童乙肝发病率具有重要意义。
本研究结果显示,深圳市<10岁儿童乙肝的时期和出生队列发病风险在研究时间段内均呈逐渐下降趋势,这主要归因于我国日益完善的乙肝综合防控策略。自1992年我国在全国范围内推行乙肝疫苗接种工作以来,多项重要措施相继实施,包括2002年将乙肝疫苗纳入全国儿童计划免疫、2009年对<15岁儿童开展乙肝疫苗查漏补种以及2010年试点推进并于2015年全面实施的乙肝疫苗和乙肝免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immune globulin, HBIG)联合接种的母婴传播阻断策略等[11],这些系统性干预措施极大降低了儿童HBV感染的发生率。值得注意的是,在所有年龄组中,0岁~组的局部偏移值最低,为−13.04%,表明0岁~组的乙肝发病率随时间推移下降明显,这一结果与深圳市严格执行孕产妇HBV筛查和母婴阻断策略密切相关。相关研究结果显示,2015年深圳市孕产妇HBsAg检测率为99.16%,HBsAg阳性产妇所生新生儿乙肝疫苗及时接种率和HBIG接种率分别为98.52%和99.45%,HBsAg阳性产妇所生新生儿HBsAg阳性率为0.82%[20],提示深圳市在阻断HBV母婴传播方面取得显著成效。
综上所述,深圳市<10岁儿童2005—2023年的乙肝发病率总体呈下降趋势,发病风险随时期和出生队列推移不断降低,深圳市儿童乙肝防控工作取得良好效果。为巩固防控成果,应继续强化母婴阻断措施,如对HBV载量较高的孕妇在孕中晚期进行抗病毒治疗[10],进一步减少HBV母婴传播;同时还应加强对儿童乙肝抗体水平的动态监测,针对抗体水平较低的儿童及时接种乙肝疫苗加强针。此外,结合流动人口管理和健康教育,确保各类人群均能享受到高质量的乙肝防控服务,从而持续降低儿童HBV感染率,实现世界卫生组织提出的“至2030年<5岁儿童HBsAg阳性率<0.1%”的防控目标[21]。有研究表明,APC模型通常用于分析慢性病或肿瘤等具有独立事件特征的疾病[22–23],由于本研究针对<10岁儿童,乙肝在该年龄段的主要传播途径为母婴垂直传播,因此其感染特征可视为符合独立事件假设[8]。然而,在将该模型应用于其他年龄组或传播途径复杂的传染病分析时,还应谨慎评估其适用性,以确保研究结果的科学性和解释的合理性。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146770
  • 接收时间:2024-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-25
  • 修回日期:2025-03-11
  • 录用日期:2025-05-14
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    1深圳市疾病预防控制中心传染病防控科,深圳 518055
    2南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广州 510515
    3深圳市疾病预防控制中心免疫规划科,深圳 518055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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