Article(id=1321169680740495495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169668631548508, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146753, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=1745337600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-23, acceptedDate=1753200000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-23, onlineDate=1792920998034, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792920998034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792920998034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792920998034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169668631548508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='9', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920995147, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792920995147, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1025, endPage=1030, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169681034096777, articleId=1321169680740495495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Influenza vaccination status and willingness among students in primary and secondary schools with influenza outbreaks in Sichuan province: a web survey, columnId=1321169680920850568, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report — Influenza Prevention and Health Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the influenza (flu) vaccination status and willingness and influencing factors among students in primary and secondary schools with flu outbreaks in Sichuan province and provide reference for formulating flu vaccination strategies.

Methods

This study was conducted in 7 primary and secondary schools where flu outbreaks occurred from February to April 2023 in Sichuan province. A total of 5 373 primary and secondary school students in classes with ≥ 2 confirmed cases of flu were selected by convenient sampling method for a questionnaire survey. To reveal the flu vaccination status in the 2020–2023 flu season and the willingness to receive flu vaccination in the 2023–2024 flu season, we employed multivariate unconditional logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors of flu vaccination willingness.

Results

Among the 4 718 primary and secondary school students included in the analysis, 1 320 (28.0%) received flu vaccination in any season during the 2020–2023 flu season. Among them, the flu vaccination rates in the 2020–2021, 2021–2022, and 2022–2023 flu seasons were 10.4% (491/4 718), 14.0% (658/4 718), and 16.6% (785/4 718), respectively. The flu vaccination rates varied in different flu seasons (χ2 = 77.076, P < 0.001). The primary motivations for parental consent to flu vaccination included awareness of vaccine benefits leading to a desire for comprehensive protection (60.5%), concern about severe influenza outbreaks and infection risk (12.9%), and school teacher recommendations (9.9%). Conversely, the main reasons for vaccine hesitancy were lack of knowledge about vaccine availability or annual vaccination requirements (33.5%), concerns about potential adverse reactions (21.2%), and perceived risk of post-vaccination infection (10.8%). During the 2023–2024 flu season, 4 113 (87.2%) students expressed willingness to receive flu vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that primary and secondary school students residing in City A and City B, receiving flu vaccination during the 2020–2023 flu season, being aware of annual vaccination requirements, believing in vaccination’s protective efficacy against infection, and concerning about potential transmission from infected classmates and friends demonstrated higher vaccination willingness. Conversely, students aged ≥ 16 years, secondary school attendees, residents of City B, and those concerned about adverse reactions showed lower vaccination willingness.

Conclusions

The flu vaccination coverage among students in primary and secondary schools affected by flu outbreaks in Sichuan province remained suboptima during the 2020–2023 flu seasons. However, vaccination willingness was higher in the 2023–2024 flu season. Key determinants of vaccination willingness included age and city of residence, vaccination history in the 2020–2023 flu seasons, awareness of annual vaccination requirements, perceived efficacy in reducing infection risk, concerns about adverse reactions, and apprehension regarding disease transmission from peers.

, authors=Qiuling LI1, 2, Xiaolin YU1, 3, Yun LI1, 4, Huilai MA1, Lijie ZHANG1, Lunguang LIU5, authorsList=Qiuling LI, Xiaolin YU, Yun LI, Huilai MA, Lijie ZHANG, Lunguang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijie ZHANG, Lunguang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Lijie, E-mail:
LIU Lunguang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169681772294285, articleId=1321169680740495495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿分析:一项网络调查, columnId=1321169681155731594, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——预防流感,守护健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解四川省流行性感冒(流感)疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿及其影响因素,为制定流感疫苗接种策略提供参考依据。

方法

本研究以四川省2023年2—4月发生流感暴发疫情的7所中小学校为现场,采用方便抽样方法选取流感确诊病例数≥2例的班级中共5 373名中小学生进行问卷调查,分析其2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种情况和2023—2024年流感季流感疫苗接种意愿,并应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析流感疫苗接种意愿的影响因素。

结果

四川省流感疫情暴发学校最终纳入分析的4 718名中小学生中,2020—2023年流感季期间,任意季疫苗接种者1 320人,接种率为28.0%;其中,2020—2021年、2021—2022年和2022—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率分别为10.4%(491/4718)、14.0%(658/4718)和16.6%(785/4718),不同年份流感季流感疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义(χ2=77.076,P<0.001);家长给孩子接种流感疫苗的主要原因为对流感疫苗有所了解而愿意给孩子提供更全面的保护(60.5%)、认为流感疫情比较严重而担心孩子会感染(12.9%)和学校老师建议接种(9.9%),未接种的主要原因为不知道有流感疫苗或不知道每年都需要接种(33.5%)、担心接种后出现不良反应(21.2%)和认为接种流感疫苗也有感染的风险(10.8%);2023—2024年流感季有流感疫苗接种意愿者4 113人,接种意愿率为87.2%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,居住在A市和C市、2020—2023年流感季接种过流感疫苗、知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己的中小学生更愿意接种流感疫苗,年龄≥16岁、中学学段、居住在B市和担心接种后出现不良反应的中小学生更不愿意接种流感疫苗。

结论

四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率较低,但2023—2024年接种意愿较高,年龄、居住城市及是否在2020—2023年流感季接种过流感疫苗、知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、担心接种后出现不良反应和担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己是影响该地区流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种意愿的主要影响因素。

, authors=李秋玲1, 2, 于晓琳1, 3, 李昀1, 4, 马会来1, 张丽杰1, *, *, 刘伦光5, *, *, authorsList=李秋玲, 于晓琳, 李昀, 马会来, 张丽杰, 刘伦光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张丽杰, 刘伦光, authorNote=

李秋玲(1989—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:传染病控制与应急处置

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张丽杰,E-mail:
刘伦光,E-mail:
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Comparison of flu vaccination willingness among students in primary and secondary schools with flu outbreaks of different characteristics in Sichuan province during the 2023–2024 flu season

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查人数有疫苗接种意愿人数疫苗接种意愿率/%χ2值P值
性别男生2 3922 07586.70.8000.371
女生2 3262 03887.7
年龄/岁 5~103 2322 84087.911.8100.003
11~151 3421 16086.4
≥1614411378.5
学段小学41143 60987.78.6350.003
中学60450483.4
居住地A市59757195.672.853<0.001
B市57546080.0
C市2 9422 57887.6
D市60450483.4
调查期间是否出现症状否3 2792 85687.10.0570.811
是1 4391 25787.4
调查期间是否发热否3 7623 27987.20.0040.949
是95683487.2
调查期间是否感染流感否4 0763 53786.84.2980.038
是64257689.8
是否对流感疫苗能预防流感有进一步了解否2 8862 47585.813.367<0.001
是1 8321 63889.4
是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗否1 6831 37981.964.255<0.001
是3 0352 73490.1
是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险否1 6591 14769.1113.742<0.001
是3 0592 96685.9
是否担心接种后出现不良反应否34733 11089.566.194<0.001
是1 2451 00380.6
是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己否80357571.6209.864<0.001
是3 9153 53890.4
是否受到流感/流感疫苗宣传较多影响否4 1743 63187.01.1190.290
是54448288.6
2020—2023年流感季任意季是否接种过流感疫苗否3 3982 83683.513.771<0.001
是1 3201 27796.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321169689712111823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169680740495495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四川省不同特征流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2023—2024年流感季流感疫苗接种意愿比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查人数有疫苗接种意愿人数疫苗接种意愿率/%χ2值P值
性别男生2 3922 07586.70.8000.371
女生2 3262 03887.7
年龄/岁 5~103 2322 84087.911.8100.003
11~151 3421 16086.4
≥1614411378.5
学段小学41143 60987.78.6350.003
中学60450483.4
居住地A市59757195.672.853<0.001
B市57546080.0
C市2 9422 57887.6
D市60450483.4
调查期间是否出现症状否3 2792 85687.10.0570.811
是1 4391 25787.4
调查期间是否发热否3 7623 27987.20.0040.949
是95683487.2
调查期间是否感染流感否4 0763 53786.84.2980.038
是64257689.8
是否对流感疫苗能预防流感有进一步了解否2 8862 47585.813.367<0.001
是1 8321 63889.4
是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗否1 6831 37981.964.255<0.001
是3 0352 73490.1
是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险否1 6591 14769.1113.742<0.001
是3 0592 96685.9
是否担心接种后出现不良反应否34733 11089.566.194<0.001
是1 2451 00380.6
是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己否80357571.6209.864<0.001
是3 9153 53890.4
是否受到流感/流感疫苗宣传较多影响否4 1743 63187.01.1190.290
是54448288.6
2020—2023年流感季任意季是否接种过流感疫苗否3 3982 83683.513.771<0.001
是1 3201 27796.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321169689795997904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169680740495495, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis of factors influencing flu vaccination willingness among students in primary and secondary schools with flu outbreaks in Sichuan province during the 2023 - 2024 flu season

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
年龄/岁11~155~10−0.1550.1221.6070.2050.8560.674~1.088
≥16−0.5840.2854.2010.0400.5580.319~0.975
学段中学小学−0.3710.1744.5190.0340.6900.490~0.971
居住地A市D市0.7590.2946.6500.0102.1361.200~3.804
B市−0.4380.2044.6020.0320.6450.432~0.963
C市0.5570.1829.3710.0021.7451.222~2.492
是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗是否0.5790.2714.5730.0321.7841.050~3.032
是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险是否1.5890.15999.254<0.0014.8983.583~6.695
是否担心接种后出现不良反应是否−0.4080.10415.514<0.0010.6650.543~0.815
是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己是否1.6650.114211.731<0.0015.2864.224~6.615
2020—2023年流感季/任意季是否接种过流感疫苗是否−0.6290.13023.276<0.0011.8771.453~2.423
), ArticleFig(id=1321169689900855505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169680740495495, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2023—2024年流感季流感疫苗接种意愿影响因素多因素非条件logistic分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
年龄/岁11~155~10−0.1550.1221.6070.2050.8560.674~1.088
≥16−0.5840.2854.2010.0400.5580.319~0.975
学段中学小学−0.3710.1744.5190.0340.6900.490~0.971
居住地A市D市0.7590.2946.6500.0102.1361.200~3.804
B市−0.4380.2044.6020.0320.6450.432~0.963
C市0.5570.1829.3710.0021.7451.222~2.492
是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗是否0.5790.2714.5730.0321.7841.050~3.032
是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险是否1.5890.15999.254<0.0014.8983.583~6.695
是否担心接种后出现不良反应是否−0.4080.10415.514<0.0010.6650.543~0.815
是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己是否1.6650.114211.731<0.0015.2864.224~6.615
2020—2023年流感季/任意季是否接种过流感疫苗是否−0.6290.13023.276<0.0011.8771.453~2.423
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四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿分析:一项网络调查
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李秋玲 1, 2 , 于晓琳 1, 3 , 李昀 1, 4 , 马会来 1 , 张丽杰 1, *, * , 刘伦光 5, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——预防流感,守护健康 2025,41(9): 1025-1030
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——预防流感,守护健康 2025 , 41 (9) : 1025 -1030
四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿分析:一项网络调查
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李秋玲1, 2, 于晓琳1, 3, 李昀1, 4, 马会来1, 张丽杰1, *, * , 刘伦光5, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心 中国现场流行病学培训项目,北京 100050
  • 2北京市大兴区疾病预防控制中心,北京 102600
  • 3山东省疾病预防控制中心,济南 250014
  • 4湖北省恩施土家族自治州疾病预防控制中心,恩施 445000
  • 5四川省疾病预防控制中心,成都 610041
通讯作者:
张丽杰,E-mail:
刘伦光,E-mail:
作者简介:

李秋玲(1989—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:传染病控制与应急处置

Influenza vaccination status and willingness among students in primary and secondary schools with influenza outbreaks in Sichuan province: a web survey
Qiuling LI1, 2, Xiaolin YU1, 3, Yun LI1, 4, Huilai MA1, Lijie ZHANG1 , Lunguang LIU5
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Daxing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102600, China
  • 3Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
  • 4Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Enshi 445000, China
  • 5Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Lijie, E-mail:
    LIU Lunguang, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146753
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目的

了解四川省流行性感冒(流感)疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿及其影响因素,为制定流感疫苗接种策略提供参考依据。

方法

本研究以四川省2023年2—4月发生流感暴发疫情的7所中小学校为现场,采用方便抽样方法选取流感确诊病例数≥2例的班级中共5 373名中小学生进行问卷调查,分析其2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种情况和2023—2024年流感季流感疫苗接种意愿,并应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析流感疫苗接种意愿的影响因素。

结果

四川省流感疫情暴发学校最终纳入分析的4 718名中小学生中,2020—2023年流感季期间,任意季疫苗接种者1 320人,接种率为28.0%;其中,2020—2021年、2021—2022年和2022—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率分别为10.4%(491/4718)、14.0%(658/4718)和16.6%(785/4718),不同年份流感季流感疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义(χ2=77.076,P<0.001);家长给孩子接种流感疫苗的主要原因为对流感疫苗有所了解而愿意给孩子提供更全面的保护(60.5%)、认为流感疫情比较严重而担心孩子会感染(12.9%)和学校老师建议接种(9.9%),未接种的主要原因为不知道有流感疫苗或不知道每年都需要接种(33.5%)、担心接种后出现不良反应(21.2%)和认为接种流感疫苗也有感染的风险(10.8%);2023—2024年流感季有流感疫苗接种意愿者4 113人,接种意愿率为87.2%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,居住在A市和C市、2020—2023年流感季接种过流感疫苗、知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己的中小学生更愿意接种流感疫苗,年龄≥16岁、中学学段、居住在B市和担心接种后出现不良反应的中小学生更不愿意接种流感疫苗。

结论

四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率较低,但2023—2024年接种意愿较高,年龄、居住城市及是否在2020—2023年流感季接种过流感疫苗、知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、担心接种后出现不良反应和担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己是影响该地区流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种意愿的主要影响因素。

流行性感冒(流感)疫苗  /  接种情况  /  接种意愿  /  影响因素  /  中小学生  /  流感疫情  /  暴发学校  /  四川省
Objective

To understand the influenza (flu) vaccination status and willingness and influencing factors among students in primary and secondary schools with flu outbreaks in Sichuan province and provide reference for formulating flu vaccination strategies.

Methods

This study was conducted in 7 primary and secondary schools where flu outbreaks occurred from February to April 2023 in Sichuan province. A total of 5 373 primary and secondary school students in classes with ≥ 2 confirmed cases of flu were selected by convenient sampling method for a questionnaire survey. To reveal the flu vaccination status in the 2020–2023 flu season and the willingness to receive flu vaccination in the 2023–2024 flu season, we employed multivariate unconditional logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors of flu vaccination willingness.

Results

Among the 4 718 primary and secondary school students included in the analysis, 1 320 (28.0%) received flu vaccination in any season during the 2020–2023 flu season. Among them, the flu vaccination rates in the 2020–2021, 2021–2022, and 2022–2023 flu seasons were 10.4% (491/4 718), 14.0% (658/4 718), and 16.6% (785/4 718), respectively. The flu vaccination rates varied in different flu seasons (χ2 = 77.076, P < 0.001). The primary motivations for parental consent to flu vaccination included awareness of vaccine benefits leading to a desire for comprehensive protection (60.5%), concern about severe influenza outbreaks and infection risk (12.9%), and school teacher recommendations (9.9%). Conversely, the main reasons for vaccine hesitancy were lack of knowledge about vaccine availability or annual vaccination requirements (33.5%), concerns about potential adverse reactions (21.2%), and perceived risk of post-vaccination infection (10.8%). During the 2023–2024 flu season, 4 113 (87.2%) students expressed willingness to receive flu vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that primary and secondary school students residing in City A and City B, receiving flu vaccination during the 2020–2023 flu season, being aware of annual vaccination requirements, believing in vaccination’s protective efficacy against infection, and concerning about potential transmission from infected classmates and friends demonstrated higher vaccination willingness. Conversely, students aged ≥ 16 years, secondary school attendees, residents of City B, and those concerned about adverse reactions showed lower vaccination willingness.

Conclusions

The flu vaccination coverage among students in primary and secondary schools affected by flu outbreaks in Sichuan province remained suboptima during the 2020–2023 flu seasons. However, vaccination willingness was higher in the 2023–2024 flu season. Key determinants of vaccination willingness included age and city of residence, vaccination history in the 2020–2023 flu seasons, awareness of annual vaccination requirements, perceived efficacy in reducing infection risk, concerns about adverse reactions, and apprehension regarding disease transmission from peers.

influenza (flu) vaccine  /  vaccination status  /  vaccination willingness  /  influencing factors  /  primary and secondary school students  /  influenza epidemic  /  school with outbreak  /  Sichuan province
李秋玲, 于晓琳, 李昀, 马会来, 张丽杰, 刘伦光. 四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿分析:一项网络调查. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (9) : 1025 -1030 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146753
Qiuling LI, Xiaolin YU, Yun LI, Huilai MA, Lijie ZHANG, Lunguang LIU. Influenza vaccination status and willingness among students in primary and secondary schools with influenza outbreaks in Sichuan province: a web survey[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (9) : 1025 -1030 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146753
流行性感冒(简称“流感”)是每年冬春季节高发的急性呼吸道传染病,在中国每年报告的流感暴发疫情中,小学和中学是最主要的暴发场所[1]。有研究表明,接种流感疫苗是预防流感最经济有效的手段,可有效降低因流感病毒引起的聚集性发热疫情的风险[1]。近年来,由于新型冠状病毒感染疫情期间采取了有效的非药物干预措施(如社交限制和戴口罩等),导致人群流感自然感染率下降、免疫空白人群积累,既往流感季节性流行趋势发生了改变[2–3]。自2023年1月我国实施新型冠状病毒感染“乙类乙管”后,国家流感中心监测数据显示,2023年第7—14周(春季学期开学期间),南、北方各省份集中发热疫情迅速攀升,且主要发生在幼儿园和中小学校[4–5]。中小学生作为流感疫苗接种的重点人群之一,其疫苗接种率将直接影响流感暴发的防控效果,因此探究后疫情时代该人群流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿及其影响因素对流感暴发疫情的防控至关重要。为了解四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生流感疫苗接种情况和接种意愿及其影响因素,为制定流感疫苗接种策略提供参考依据,本研究以四川省2023年2—4月发生流感暴发疫情的7所中小学校为现场,采用方便抽样方法选取流感确诊病例数≥2例的班级中共5 373名中小学生进行问卷调查, 分析其2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种情况和2023—2024年流感季流感疫苗接种意愿,并应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析流感疫苗接种意愿的影响因素。结果报告如下。
本研究以四川省2023年2—4月突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统中报告发生流感暴发疫情的7所中小学校(小学4所、中学3所)为现场,采用方便抽样方法选取流感确诊病例数≥2例的班级中全部中小学生作为调查对象进行网络问卷调查。本研究参与调查的学生和家长均知晓本次调查目的且签署了知情同意书。本次调查共发放5373份问卷,实际回收有效问卷4718份,问卷有效率为87.8%。
采用自行设计网络调查问卷,由经过统一培训的调查员说明填写要求后由班主任发放给学生家长根据学生情况进行填写。内容包括性别、年龄、学段、居住城市、调查期间是否出现症状、是否发热、是否感染流感、是否对流感疫苗能预防流感有进一步了解、是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、是否担心接种后出现不良反应、是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己、是否受到流感/流感疫苗宣传较多影响、2020—2023年流感季是否接种过流感疫苗、家长给孩子接种和不接种流感疫苗原因和2023—2024年流感流行季流感疫苗接种意愿等。为确保2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种信息准确,本研究采用学生身份证号通过四川省免疫规划信息系统查询并核对了疫苗接种情况。
采用WPS 2022软件建立数据库录入数据,应用R 4.2.1统计软件进行一般描述性分析、χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析,检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
四川省纳入分析的4 718名流感暴发学校中小学生中,男生2 392人(50.7%),女生2 326人(49.3%);年龄5~10岁3 232人(68.5%),11~15岁1 342人(28.4%),≥16岁144人(3.1%);小学学段4 114人(87.2%),中学学段604人(12.8%);居住在A市597人(12.7%),B市575人(12.2%),C市2 942人(62.4%),D市604人(12.8%);调查期间未出现症状3 279人(69.5%),出现症状1 439人(30.5%);调查期间未发热3 762人(79.7%),发热956人(20.3%);调查期间未感染流感4 076人(86.4%),感染流感642例(13.6%);对流感疫苗能预防流感没有进一步了解2 886人(61.2%),有进一步了解1 832人(38.8%);不知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗1 683人(35.7%),知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗3 035人(64.3%);不认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险1 659人(35.2%),认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险3 059人(64.8%);不担心接种后出现不良反应3 473人(73.6%),担心接种后出现不良反应1 245人(26.4%);不担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己803人(17.0%),担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己3 915人(83.0%);未受到流感/流感疫苗宣传较多影响4 174人(88.5%),受到流感/流感疫苗宣传较多影响544人(11.5%)。
四川省纳入分析的4 718名流感暴发学校中小学生中,2020—2023年流感季任意季接种流感疫苗者1 320人,接种率为28.0%;其中,2020—2021年、2021—2022年和2022—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率分别为10.4%(491/4718)、14.0%(658/4718)和16.6%(785/4718),不同年份流感季流感疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义(χ2=77.076,P<0.001)。有1 592名家长参与了接种流感疫苗原因的调查,家长给孩子接种流感疫苗的主要原因为对流感疫苗有所了解而愿意给孩子提供更全面的保护[60.5%(963/1 592)]、认为流感疫情比较严重而担心孩子会感染[12.9%(205/1 592)]和学校老师建议接种[9.9%(157/1 592)];有1 329名家长参与了未接种流感疫苗原因的调查,未接种的主要原因为不知道有流感疫苗或不知道每年都需要接种[33.5%(445/1 329)]、担心接种后出现不良反应[21.2%(282/1 329)]和认为接种流感疫苗也有感染的风险[10.8%(143/1 329)]。
四川省纳入分析的4 718名流感暴发学校中小学生中,2023—2024年流感季有流感疫苗接种意愿者4 113人,接种意愿率为87.2%;四川省不同流感疫情暴发学校中小学生比较,不同年龄、学段、居住城市、调查期间是否感染流感、是否对流感疫苗能预防流感有进一步了解、是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、是否担心接种后出现不良反应、是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己和2020—2023年流感季是否接种过流感疫苗中小学生2023—2024年流感疫苗接种意愿率不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
以四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2023—2024年是否愿意接种流感疫苗为因变量(0=否,1=是),以年龄、学段、居住城市、调查期间是否感染流感、是否对流感疫苗能预防流感有进一步了解、是否知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、是否认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、是否担心接种后出现不良反应、是否担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己和2020—2023年流感季是否接种过流感疫苗10个因素为自变量进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果显示,居住在A市和C市、2020—2023年流感季接种过流感疫苗、知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险、担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己的中小学生更愿意接种流感疫苗,年龄≥16岁、中学学段、居住在B市和担心接种后出现不良反应的中小学生更不愿意接种流感疫苗。
有研究表明,流感疫苗的有效性受多种因素影响,包括疫苗株与流行株的匹配度、流感优势毒株和流感活动强度等[6]。还有研究表明,流感疫苗诱导身体潜在的记忆性细胞大概维持6个月,其接种后6个月以内的保护效果最佳[7],因此推荐人群每年在流感流行季前定期接种以维持免疫保护。目前,中国流感疫苗尚未纳入国家免疫规划,四川省流感疫苗为自费接种,因此学生人群接种率可能受学生家长认知和接种费用等因素影响而较低[8]。本次调查结果显示,四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2020—2023年流感季、任意季流感疫苗接种率为28.0%,其中,2022—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率最高为16.6%,高于2023—2024年天津市西青区中小学生流感接种率的15.7%[9],但低于2020—2021年贵州省贵阳市(50.1%)[10]、2023年浙江省(33.7%)[11]、2022—2023年广东省潮州市(62.7%)[12]和2019—2023年北京市石景山区(50.2%~77.6%)[13]等地区中小学生流感疫苗接种率,也远远低于形成有效群体免疫屏障>60%的流感疫苗接种率[14]。值得注意的是,浙江省[11]、潮州市[12]、北京市石景山区[13]和湖南省长沙市开福区[15]等地实施了流感疫苗免费接种或财政补贴政策,儿童、中小学生和老年人等重点人群的接种率明显高于自费接种地区,并有效降低了流感暴发疫情的发生风险[16]。提示推行流感疫苗免费接种政策对流感疫情防控具有重要作用,有必要在总结现有地区经验的基础上,进一步探索流感疫苗免费接种或优惠补贴等政策推广至其他地区的可行性。
本次调查结果显示,尽管四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率较低,但其在2023—2024年的流感疫苗接种意愿率较高(87.2%),与周晓等[17]研究中2020—2024年在西部战区总医院儿科就诊的中小学生流感疫苗接种意愿率的84.9%基本一致。研究表明,疫苗认知水平、疫苗预防效果和群体效应等均是家长考虑是否给孩子接种流感疫苗的重要影响因素[8]。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥16岁和中学学段的学生较5~10岁和小学学段的学生更不愿意接种流感疫苗,这可能与低年龄段儿童免疫力较差,因此,家长更倾向为其接种疫苗加以保护有关。本次调查结果还显示,2020—2023年流感季接种过流感疫苗、知晓每年都需要接种流感疫苗、认为接种流感疫苗能降低感染风险中小学生流感疫苗的接种意愿率更高,与其他关于儿童、老年人和医务人员等重点人群的调查结果类似[15,18–19],说明有接种史的学生家长可能更认可流感疫苗的预防效果,更愿意在下一个流感季来临前给孩子接种流感疫苗。此外,担心周围同学朋友患流感后会传染给自己的中小学生更愿意接种流感疫苗,提示对流感校内传播风险的担忧也是中小学生愿意接种流感疫苗的促进因素。提示应采取多样化健康宣教渠道,加强流感疫苗和流感防控知识普及,将有助于提升中小学学生及其家长的疫苗认知水平和接种意愿。
本次调查中,有21.2%的学生家长担心接种流感疫苗后出现不良反应而不愿意为孩子接种流感疫苗,与既往研究结果一致[20–22],提示疫苗的安全性也是学生家长考虑为孩子接种疫苗的重要因素。监测数据显示,流感疫苗接种后主要以发热和肌痛等一般反应为主的发生率为37.41/10万,而过敏性皮疹和热性惊厥等异常反应的发生率仅为2.19/10万,且预后良好[23]。提示今后健康宣教工作不仅应关注普及流感相关知识,更应重点关注流感疫苗效益和安全性,以增强学生及家长的接种信心。此外,本研究还发现,流感疫苗接种意愿存在地区差异,4个调查地区中流感疫苗接种意愿最高的为A市(95.6%),最低的为B市(80.0%),这一现象与山东省基层医务人员流感疫苗接种率的调查结果相似[19],这可能与地区经济水平、疫苗接种政策和宣传力度等因素有关。因此,有必要根据不同地区特点因地制宜地开展流感和流感疫苗宣传培训,以提高中小学生流感疫苗接种服务的可及性。
综上所述,四川省流感疫情暴发学校中小学生2020—2023年流感季流感疫苗接种率总体处于较低水平,但2023—2024年流感季流感疫苗的接种意愿较高。因此,建议加强流感预防知识及流感疫苗安全性和有效性的健康宣传力度,提升学生及其家长对疫苗的科学认识和接种信心;还可结合《“十四五”国民健康规划》中关于流感疫苗供应保障和推动重点人群流感疫苗接种相关要求[24],探索实施流感疫苗免费或优惠接种政策;与此同时,可通过开展学校集体预约和入校接种等模式提升疫苗接种服务的可及性和便捷性,从而有效提高中小学生流感疫苗接种率。此外,本研究仍存在一定的局限性:首先,采用方便抽样方法在发生流感暴发疫情的学校班级中进行抽样调查可能导致该人群因正在发生疫情而高估流感疫苗的接种意愿,从而影响研究结果的代表性;其次,调查时间为2023年3月,流感季尚未结束,流感疫苗接种工作尚未结束,这可能低估了该流感季流感疫苗的接种率;最后本研究采用的为横断面调查,仅调查了流感暴发疫情发生期间可能与流感疫苗接种意愿相关的部分影响因素,但未纳入家庭经济状况、流感疫苗接种政策和服务可及性等因素,因此,仅能反映在调查期间的流感疫苗接种意愿及其影响因素。针对本研究的局限性,未来可采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法覆盖不同阶段的学校,如将未发生疫情的学校纳入调查范围以提高样本代表性;同时将调查时间延长至流感季结束后,确保接种率统计的完整性;此外,还可纳入家庭社会经济地位、区域免疫政策差异和医疗服务可及性等,以深入探讨疫苗接种决策的影响因素。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146753
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
  • 修回日期:2025-04-23
  • 录用日期:2025-07-23
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心 中国现场流行病学培训项目,北京 100050
    2北京市大兴区疾病预防控制中心,北京 102600
    3山东省疾病预防控制中心,济南 250014
    4湖北省恩施土家族自治州疾病预防控制中心,恩施 445000
    5四川省疾病预防控制中心,成都 610041

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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