Article(id=1321170764930339567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146678, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=1747324800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-16, onlineDate=1792921256524, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921256524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921256524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921256524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=990, endPage=995, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170765135860464, articleId=1321170764930339567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=A time-stratified case-crossover analysis of the association between short-term ozone exposure and emergency ambulance dispatches in Dezhou city, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the association between short-term ozone (O3) exposure and emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD) in Dezhou city, Shandong province, and to provide scientific evidence for O3 pollution control and public health interventions from a health perspective.

Methods

Daily all-cause EAD data recorded by the Dezhou 120 Emergency Dispatch Command Center from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, as well as meteorological data and pollutant data from the China Meteorological Data Network and the China High Air Pollutants dataset during the same period, were collected and matched according to the calling address. A time-stratified case-crossover design was adopted to analyze the impact of short-term O3 exposure on EAD in Dezhou city by integrating a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) with a conditional logistic regression model. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore vulnerable populations.

Results

The number of EAD in Dezhou city from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, was 344 287, with 1 096 case days and 3 728 matched control days. After excluding the influence of average temperature and relative humidity, the time-stratified case-crossover analysis showed a positive correlation between short-term O3 exposure lagged 0–7 days and the cumulative risk of EAD. For every interquartile range (IQR) increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11). The single-day lag effect analysis showed that the cumulative effect of short-term O3 exposure on EAD risk was greatest on the day of exposure (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.05–1.08), decreased rapidly within 2 days, and a potential harvesting effect appeared on days 2–4. Subgroup analyses showed that for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 9% (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.04–1.13) in males, 6% (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01–1.11) in females, 6% (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.99–1.13) in the < 35 age group, 6% (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01–1.11) in the 35–65 age group, 10% (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.05–1.15) in the > 65 age group, 4% (OR = 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01–1.07) in the cold season, and 7% (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11) in the warm season. Sensitivity analyses showed that with 8-day and 9-day lags in short-term O3 exposure, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11) and 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.05–1.12), respectively, for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration. When the degrees of freedom for the lag dimension in the model were 5 and 6, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 7% (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11) for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration. After additionally adjusting for gaseous pollutants NO2 and SO2 in the model, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 9% (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.06–1.13) and 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.05–1.12), respectively, for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration. Changing the maximum lag days of O3 and the degrees of freedom of the lag dimension in the model, as well as adjusting for gaseous pollutants NO2 and SO2 in the model, did not result in statistically significant differences from the main model results (all P > 0.05), indicating the robustness of the model.

Conclusions

Short-term O3 exposure can increase the risk of EAD in Dezhou city, with greater impacts on males, individuals over 65 years of age, and EAD during the warm season.

, authors=Fei LIU1, Peijie WANG2, Yinan QU1, Qi ZHAO1, Yanling WU1, Faqiang LI2, authorsList=Fei LIU, Peijie WANG, Yinan QU, Qi ZHAO, Yanling WU, Faqiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanling WU, Faqiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WU Yanling, E-mail:
LI Faqiang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170774493352727, articleId=1321170764930339567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=短期臭氧暴露与德州市急诊救护车调度关系时间分层病例交叉分析, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析短期臭氧(O3)暴露与山东省德州市急诊救护车调度(EAD)的关系,为从健康视角治理O3污染和采取公共卫生干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

收集山东省德州市120急救调度指挥中心2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日记录的每日全因急诊救护车调度数据以及同期中国气象数据网和中国高分辨率高质量近地表空气污染物数据集中气象数据和污染物数据,按照呼叫地址匹配;采用时间分层病例交叉设计通过整合分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)的条件logistic回归模型分析短期O3暴露对德州市EAD的影响,并采用亚组分析探索脆弱人群。

结果

德州市2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日的EAD数量为344287例次,病例天数为1 096 d,匹配的对照天数为3 728 d。在排除了平均气温和相对湿度的影响后,时间分层病例交叉分析结果显示,短期O3暴露滞后0~7 d与EAD累积风险呈正相关,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个四分位数间距(IQR),EAD累积风险可升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11);单日滞后效应分析结果显示,短期O3暴露对EAD风险的累积效应在滞后当天最大(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.05~1.08),2 d内迅速减小,第2~4 d出现潜在收获效应。亚组分析结果显示,男性、女性、<35岁、35~65岁、>65岁、冷季和暖季O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高9%(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.04~1.13)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.01~1.11)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.99~1.13)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.01~1.11)、10%(OR=1.10,95%CI=1.05~1.15)、4%(OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01~1.07)和7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11)。敏感性分析结果显示,短期O3暴露滞后8 d和9 d时,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11)和8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.05~1.12);当模型中滞后维度的自由度为5和6时,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险均升高7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11);模型中额外调整气态污染物NO2和SO2后,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险分别升高9%(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.06~1.13)和8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.05~1.12);改变模型中O3最大滞后天数和滞后维度自由度以及在模型中调整气态污染物NO2、SO2的结果与主模型结果差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),模型具有稳健性。

结论

短期O3暴露可增加德州市EAD的风险,其中对男性、>65岁人群以及暖季EAD的影响较大。

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刘菲(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境流行病学

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吴艳玲,E-mail:
李发强,E-mail:
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注:O3以ns函数纳入模型。

, figureFileSmall=xqiFm3JLWOB5uU3MsLEfow==, figureFileBig=qu9K+dtfIbZYloZZZRJnhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170778977063755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170764930339567, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Cumulative risk of emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD) for cumulative lag 0–7 days of atmospheric O3 in Dezhou city, 2020–2022, figureFileSmall=KIhs3B0nNAvLvSBGMLdT4A==, figureFileBig=6UoUd8IzXQMJ4IZ97dxySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170779073532748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170764930339567, language=CN, label=图2, caption=德州市2020—2022年大气O3累积滞后0~7 d的EAD累积风险

注:O3以线性函数纳入模型。

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Comparison of meteorological factors and air pollutants distribution between case days and control days in Dezhou city from 2020 to 2022 ($\bar{x}\pm s $)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标病例日对照日t值P值
气象因素平均温度/℃14.47±10.6014.50±10.61–0.0790.937
相对湿度/%62.93±18.1663.08±18.14–0.2350.814
大气污染物O3/(μg/m3)118.27±50.65118.22±50.620.0290.977
SO2/(μg/m3)12.46±4.5912.45±4.610.0660.948
NO2/(μg/m3)30.09±14.1630.10±14.23–0.0140.989
), ArticleFig(id=1321170779224527694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170764930339567, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

德州市2020—2022年病例日与对照日气象因素和大气污染物分布情况比较($ \bar{x}\pm s $)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标病例日对照日t值P值
气象因素平均温度/℃14.47±10.6014.50±10.61–0.0790.937
相对湿度/%62.93±18.1663.08±18.14–0.2350.814
大气污染物O3/(μg/m3)118.27±50.65118.22±50.620.0290.977
SO2/(μg/m3)12.46±4.5912.45±4.610.0660.948
NO2/(μg/m3)30.09±14.1630.10±14.23–0.0140.989
), ArticleFig(id=1321170779300025167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170764930339567, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correlation analysis (r) between meteorological factors such as average temperature , relative humidity and air pollutants such as O3、SO2、NO2 in Dezhou city from 2020 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标平均温度相对湿度O3SO2NO2
平均温度1.000
相对湿度0.344 b1.000
O30.842 b0.061 a1.000
SO2–0.565 b–0.554 b–0.340 b1.000
NO2–0.604 b–0.354 b–0.519 b0.761 b1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1321170779379716944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170764930339567, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

德州市2020—2022年气象因素和大气污染物相关性分析(r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标平均温度相对湿度O3SO2NO2
平均温度1.000
相对湿度0.344 b1.000
O30.842 b0.061 a1.000
SO2–0.565 b–0.554 b–0.340 b1.000
NO2–0.604 b–0.354 b–0.519 b0.761 b1.000
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短期臭氧暴露与德州市急诊救护车调度关系时间分层病例交叉分析
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刘菲 1 , 王培杰 2 , 曲一楠 1 , 赵琦 1 , 吴艳玲 1, *, * , 李发强 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(8): 990-995
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (8) : 990 -995
短期臭氧暴露与德州市急诊救护车调度关系时间分层病例交叉分析
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刘菲1, 王培杰2, 曲一楠1, 赵琦1, 吴艳玲1, *, * , 李发强2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院流行病学系,济南 250012
  • 2德州市疾病预防控制中心,德州 253016
通讯作者:
吴艳玲,E-mail:
李发强,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘菲(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境流行病学

A time-stratified case-crossover analysis of the association between short-term ozone exposure and emergency ambulance dispatches in Dezhou city
Fei LIU1, Peijie WANG2, Yinan QU1, Qi ZHAO1, Yanling WU1 , Faqiang LI2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
  • 2Dezhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dezhou 253016, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WU Yanling, E-mail:
    LI Faqiang, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146678
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目的

分析短期臭氧(O3)暴露与山东省德州市急诊救护车调度(EAD)的关系,为从健康视角治理O3污染和采取公共卫生干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

收集山东省德州市120急救调度指挥中心2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日记录的每日全因急诊救护车调度数据以及同期中国气象数据网和中国高分辨率高质量近地表空气污染物数据集中气象数据和污染物数据,按照呼叫地址匹配;采用时间分层病例交叉设计通过整合分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)的条件logistic回归模型分析短期O3暴露对德州市EAD的影响,并采用亚组分析探索脆弱人群。

结果

德州市2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日的EAD数量为344287例次,病例天数为1 096 d,匹配的对照天数为3 728 d。在排除了平均气温和相对湿度的影响后,时间分层病例交叉分析结果显示,短期O3暴露滞后0~7 d与EAD累积风险呈正相关,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个四分位数间距(IQR),EAD累积风险可升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11);单日滞后效应分析结果显示,短期O3暴露对EAD风险的累积效应在滞后当天最大(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.05~1.08),2 d内迅速减小,第2~4 d出现潜在收获效应。亚组分析结果显示,男性、女性、<35岁、35~65岁、>65岁、冷季和暖季O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高9%(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.04~1.13)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.01~1.11)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.99~1.13)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.01~1.11)、10%(OR=1.10,95%CI=1.05~1.15)、4%(OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01~1.07)和7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11)。敏感性分析结果显示,短期O3暴露滞后8 d和9 d时,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11)和8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.05~1.12);当模型中滞后维度的自由度为5和6时,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险均升高7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11);模型中额外调整气态污染物NO2和SO2后,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险分别升高9%(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.06~1.13)和8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.05~1.12);改变模型中O3最大滞后天数和滞后维度自由度以及在模型中调整气态污染物NO2、SO2的结果与主模型结果差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),模型具有稳健性。

结论

短期O3暴露可增加德州市EAD的风险,其中对男性、>65岁人群以及暖季EAD的影响较大。

急诊救护车调度(EAD)  /  短期臭氧(O3)暴露  /  关系  /  时间分层病例交叉分析  /  德州市
Objective

To analyze the association between short-term ozone (O3) exposure and emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD) in Dezhou city, Shandong province, and to provide scientific evidence for O3 pollution control and public health interventions from a health perspective.

Methods

Daily all-cause EAD data recorded by the Dezhou 120 Emergency Dispatch Command Center from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, as well as meteorological data and pollutant data from the China Meteorological Data Network and the China High Air Pollutants dataset during the same period, were collected and matched according to the calling address. A time-stratified case-crossover design was adopted to analyze the impact of short-term O3 exposure on EAD in Dezhou city by integrating a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) with a conditional logistic regression model. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore vulnerable populations.

Results

The number of EAD in Dezhou city from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, was 344 287, with 1 096 case days and 3 728 matched control days. After excluding the influence of average temperature and relative humidity, the time-stratified case-crossover analysis showed a positive correlation between short-term O3 exposure lagged 0–7 days and the cumulative risk of EAD. For every interquartile range (IQR) increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11). The single-day lag effect analysis showed that the cumulative effect of short-term O3 exposure on EAD risk was greatest on the day of exposure (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.05–1.08), decreased rapidly within 2 days, and a potential harvesting effect appeared on days 2–4. Subgroup analyses showed that for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 9% (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.04–1.13) in males, 6% (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01–1.11) in females, 6% (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.99–1.13) in the < 35 age group, 6% (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01–1.11) in the 35–65 age group, 10% (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.05–1.15) in the > 65 age group, 4% (OR = 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01–1.07) in the cold season, and 7% (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11) in the warm season. Sensitivity analyses showed that with 8-day and 9-day lags in short-term O3 exposure, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11) and 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.05–1.12), respectively, for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration. When the degrees of freedom for the lag dimension in the model were 5 and 6, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 7% (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.04–1.11) for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration. After additionally adjusting for gaseous pollutants NO2 and SO2 in the model, the cumulative risk of EAD increased by 9% (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.06–1.13) and 8% (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.05–1.12), respectively, for every IQR increase in the daily maximum 8-hour average O3 concentration. Changing the maximum lag days of O3 and the degrees of freedom of the lag dimension in the model, as well as adjusting for gaseous pollutants NO2 and SO2 in the model, did not result in statistically significant differences from the main model results (all P > 0.05), indicating the robustness of the model.

Conclusions

Short-term O3 exposure can increase the risk of EAD in Dezhou city, with greater impacts on males, individuals over 65 years of age, and EAD during the warm season.

emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD)  /  short-term ozone (O3) exposure  /  association  /  time-stratified case-crossover analysis  /  Dezhou city
刘菲, 王培杰, 曲一楠, 赵琦, 吴艳玲, 李发强. 短期臭氧暴露与德州市急诊救护车调度关系时间分层病例交叉分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 990 -995 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146678
Fei LIU, Peijie WANG, Yinan QU, Qi ZHAO, Yanling WU, Faqiang LI. A time-stratified case-crossover analysis of the association between short-term ozone exposure and emergency ambulance dispatches in Dezhou city[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 990 -995 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146678
随着中国工业化的发展和城市化进程的加速,氮氧化物和挥发性有机物的排放量不断增加,二者通过光化学反应导致臭氧(ozone, O3)含量逐年升高,而O3进入机体后可通过氧化损伤和炎性反应等损伤多种细胞和组织,如引起支气管炎症和气道高反应性以及诱发脑卒中等[1–2]。研究表明,急诊救护车调度(emergency ambulance dispatches, EAD)数据可以及时捕获急性健康事件,有助于捕捉大气污染物变化对健康影响的早期迹象[3],并能开发早期预警评估系统。然而,既往关于O3暴露与EAD关联的研究多集中在我国南方地区[4–5],对北方城市大气O3暴露与EAD之间关系的研究较少。《2022中国生态环境状况公报》[6]显示,近年来京津冀及周边地区O3日最大8 h平均浓度的P90为179 μg/m3,较2021年上升了4.7%。山东省德州市是我国北方大气O3污染的典型代表城市,为分析短期O3暴露与德州市EAD的关系,从健康视角治理O3污染和采取公共卫生干预措施提供科学依据,本研究收集德州市120急救调度指挥中心2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日记录的每日全因急诊救护车调度数据以及同期中国气象数据网和中国高分辨率高质量近地表空气污染物数据集中气象数据和污染物数据,按照呼叫地址匹配,采用时间分层病例交叉设计通过整合分布滞后非线性模型(distributed-lag nonlinear models, DLNM)的条件logistic回归模型分析短期O3暴露对德州市EAD的影响,并采用亚组分析探索脆弱人群。结果报告如下。
收集德州市120急救调度指挥中心2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日记录的每日全因急诊救护车调度数据,内容包括性别、年龄、呼救时间、呼救地址、主诉和初步诊断;通过中国气象数据网(https://data.cma.cn/)获取同期德州市气象数据(空间分辨率为0.0625°×0.0625°),包括每日平均气温和相对湿度;从中国高分辨率高质量近地表空气污染物数据集(China High Air Pollutants, CHAP)[7–9]获取同期大气O3、二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide, SO2)和二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide, NO2)的日均栅格数据(空间分辨率为0.01°×0.01°)。气象数据和污染物数据均按急诊救护车呼叫地址进行匹配。本研究经山东大学公共卫生学院伦理委员会审查批准(批号为:LL20221121)。
采用时间分层病例交叉设计估计短期O3暴露与德州市EAD的关系。该设计广泛应用于环境流行病学研究,基本原理是对时间进行分层后的双向匹配,有病例发生的一天定义为病例日,与病例日处在同一年、同一个月和同一个星期几的其他天定义为对照日,因此一个病例日可以前后随机匹配多个对照日[10]。该方法可以同时控制季节性与星期几效应等混杂因素消除时间趋势偏倚[11],从而为进一步因果推断提供证据。在本研究中以调度当日为病例日,最终分析中包括了1 096个病例日和3 728个对照日,平均每个病例日对应3~4个对照日。考虑到大气污染物对疾病的影响具有滞后效应,采用整合DLNM的条件logistic回归模型估计短期O3暴露与EAD风险之间的暴露–反应关系,计算模型为:$ \mathrm{L}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\left({\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)= {\mathrm{\alpha }}_{{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}}_{\left(\mathrm{i}\right)}}+\mathrm{c}\mathrm{b}\left({{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}_{\mathrm{i}},\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}=7\right)+\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\left({\mathrm{T}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{i}},4\right)+\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\left({\mathrm{R}\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{i}},3\right) $。式中,$ {\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{i}} $是第$ \mathrm{i} $层数据的急救调度结局(病例组=1,自匹配对照组=0);每个救护车调度案例($ \mathrm{i} $)及其对应的对照组视为一个层$ (\mathrm{S}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}) $,$ {\mathrm{\alpha }}_{{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}}_{\left(\mathrm{i}\right)}} $为第$ \mathrm{i} $层的截距项;$ \mathrm{c}\mathrm{b}\left({\mathrm{O}}_{{3}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right) $为O3的交叉基函数,用于拟合O3的累积效应与滞后效应,其中,效应维度首先使用自然立方样条函数(natural spline,ns)、自由度为4捕捉潜在非线性趋势,如果呈近似线性,则使用线性函数以更好量化O3暴露的剂量–反应关系,计算O3每增加1个四分位数间距(inter-quartile range,IQR)所对应的OR值及其95%CI;$ \mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g} $为滞后时间,根据预分析结果和参考既往文献[12],最长滞后时间为7 d,滞后维度采用ns函数,自由度为4;$ \mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\left({\mathrm{T}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{i}},4\right) $和$ \mathrm{ns}({\mathrm{RH}}_{\mathrm{i}},3) $分别代表平均温度和相对湿度的ns函数,滞后时间与O3一致,自由度分别为4和3,用于控制其潜在的混杂效应。为了探索脆弱人群,本研究将救护车调度案例按照性别、年龄和冷暖季进行了亚组分析,并根据公式$ z=(E_1-E_2)/\sqrt{SE\left(E_1\right)^2+SE\left(E_2\right)^2} $评估组间效应是否具有统计学差异[13]。式中,E为效应的点估计值,$ SE $为标准误。此外,本研究还在主模型的基础上分别调整最大滞后天数为8和9 d、调整滞后天数自由度为5和6以及额外调整其他污染物SO2和NO2进行敏感性分析以检验模型的稳健性。本研究采用R 4.3.3软件进行统计分析,其中,条件logistic回归采用“survival”包,DLNM采用“dlnm”包。检验水准为双侧检验$ \alpha =0.05 $。
德州市2020年1月1日—2022年12月31日的EAD数量为344 287例次,病例天数为1 096 d,匹配的对照天数为3 728 d。德州市344 287例次EAD中,男性182 935例次(53.14%),女性153 083例次(44.46%),不详8 269例次(2.40%);年龄<35岁59 009例次(17.14%),35~65岁136 910例次(39.77%),>65岁138 967例次(40.36%),不详9 401例次(2.73%);冷季(11月至次年4月)170 538例次(49.53%),暖季(5—10月)173 749例次(50.47%)。病例日与对照日比较,平均温度、相对湿度以及O3、SO2、NO2日均浓度差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
相关性分析结果显示,平均温度、相对湿度与O3之间均呈正相关,平均温度、相对湿度、O3与SO2、NO2之间均呈负相关,SO2与NO2之间呈正相关(均P<0.05)。
将7 d O3首先以ns函数纳入模型,结果显示,O3与EAD的暴露–反应关系近似线性,在滞后7 d内,EAD的相对风险随着O3暴露浓度的增加而增加(图1)。为更好地展示结果,将O3以线性函数重新纳入模型,在排除了平均气温和相对湿度的影响后,时间分层病例交叉分析结果显示,短期O3暴露滞后0~7 d与EAD累积风险呈正相关,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11)(图2A);单日滞后效应分析结果显示,短期O3暴露对EAD风险的累积效应在滞后当天最大(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.05~1.08),2 d内迅速减小,第2~4 d出现潜在收获效应(图2B)。
在排除了平均气温和相对湿度的影响后,亚组分析结果显示,男性人群和女性人群O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高9%(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.04~1.13)和6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.01~1.11);<35岁人群、35~65岁人群和>65岁人群O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.99~1.13)、6%(OR=1.06,95%CI=1.01~1.11)和10%(OR=1.10,95%CI=1.05~1.15);冷季和暖季O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高4%(OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01~1.07)和7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11)。
敏感性分析结果显示,短期O3暴露滞后8 d和9 d时,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11)和8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.05~1.12);当模型中滞后维度的自由度为5和6时,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险均升高7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11);模型中额外调整气态污染物NO2和SO2后,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险分别升高9%(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.06~1.13)和8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.05~1.12),改变模型中O3最大滞后天数和滞后维度自由度以及在模型中调整气态污染物NO2、SO2的结果与主模型结果差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),模型具有稳健性。
本研究探讨了中国典型北方城市德州市大气短期O3暴露与EAD之间的关系。结果显示,在排除了平均气温和相对湿度的影响后,德州市短期O3暴露滞后0~7 d与EAD累积风险呈正相关,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可升高8%(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.04~1.11),与既往研究中大气O3暴露与呼吸和心血管系统EAD关系的结果相似。例如,一项日本的多城市研究结果显示,在O3滞后当天对急性疾病EAD的影响最大,O3浓度每增加20 μg/m3,相关风险增加约0.44%(95%CI=0.21%~0.68%)[14];中国浙江省的一项多中心病例交叉研究结果亦显示,大气O3浓度在滞后25~48 h每增加1个IQR,因中风急救入院的超额风险百分比为3.48%(95%CI=1.40%~5.06%)[15]。但在中国四川省成都市进行的一项病例交叉研究中却并未观察到大气O3暴露与哮喘相关EAD之间的关联[16],这可能与成都市大气O3浓度相对较低有关。同样地,Wang Y C等[17]对中国台湾2006—2015年急救呼叫的分析结果显示大气O3暴露与急救呼叫的关联并不显著。提示除暴露水平的差异外,经济水平和医疗资源的差异也是重要原因,这可能与经济水平发达地区的居民可以获得更及时和更多的预防医疗保健服务有关。
本研究结果显示,短期O3暴露在滞后第2~4天对EAD会出现潜在收获效应,这可能是因为O3的短期暴露可能对部分高危敏感人群产生健康损害,此类人群在O3暴露当日或次日即发病而产生急诊呼叫,随后由于高危敏感人群已经提前就诊,反而在第2~4天出现了EAD下降的现象。为了寻找大气O3暴露下的敏感人群,本研究将EAD按性别和年龄分组进行亚组分析,虽然未观察到短期O3暴露与EAD之间的关联强度存在明显的性别差异,但男性较女性的点估计值更大。有研究表明,男性的肺成熟度较低,气道相对较窄,O3引起的刺激可能会在男性中出现潜在的严重阻塞,同时男性更有可能从事户外工作,因此可能长时间暴露于高浓度的空气污染物中;此外,男性的抗氧化水平可能较女性更低,中和外源性毒物的能力较弱,这使他们更易受空气污染物的影响[18–19]。但也有研究表明,女性较男性对O3更加敏感[20]。这种研究间的差异可能与不同国家城市环境、气候、人群受教育程度、种族差异和监测方式均有关,因此未来的研究需在更大尺度上进一步探索大气O3相关健康影响中性别差异的来源。本研究中,>65岁老年人群短期O3暴露对EAD的影响较大,O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可升高10%(OR=1.10,95%CI=1.05~1.15)。目前有关老年人群EAD的研究主要基于发病率和死亡率的数据,这限制了本研究与其他研究结果的比较。例如,在中国一项2013—2018年全国性数据分析中,大气O3每升高10 μg/m3,>75岁人群中非意外和循环系统疾病的死亡风险可分别增加0.13%(95%CI=0.07%~0.18%)和0.11%(95%CI=0.03%~0.18%)[21];一项涵盖中国多个地区的meta分析结果显示,老年人群在大气O3污染环境的死亡风险更高,提示老年人群对大气O3更为敏感[22]。这可能是因为老年人的免疫系统较弱,患慢性心肺疾病的频率较高,因此更易受大气O3污染的影响[23]。
本研究结果还显示,无论是冷季还是暖季,短期O3暴露与EAD累积风险均呈正相关,冷季和暖季O3日最大8 h平均浓度每增加1个IQR,EAD累积风险可分别升高4%(OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01~1.07)和7%(OR=1.07,95%CI=1.04~1.11)。暖季的点估计值略高于冷季,与德州市暖季大气O3浓度高于冷季的结果一致。在一项中国气态污染物和急诊救护车呼叫的多城市时间序列研究中,暖季大气O3每增加10 μg/m3,急诊救护车呼叫的全因超额相对风险(Excess Relative Risk,ERR)为0.01%(95%CI=0.05%~0.08%),高于冷季ERR值的−0.24%(95%CI= –0.80%~0.32%)[24],这与本研究结果相似,提示暖季时人群对O3暴露的危害可能更加敏感,应当加强暖季时大气O3浓度的监测,必要时可减少户外活动。
综上所述,德州市短期O3暴露与EAD呈正相关,其中对男性、>65岁人群以及暖季EAD的影响较大。本研究关注EAD这一急性健康反应指标,与既往研究相比具有一定的创新性,且具有空气污染物数据的时间分层、病例交叉研究设计能够通过有效调整时间不变的混杂因素来做出关联推断,这有助于为O3高浓度污染天气院前急救服务的提前部署和公共卫生干预措施的合理制定提供科学依据,有利于充分优化医疗资源的分配。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,如尽管本研究的暴露因素赋值采用栅格中心点的数值,但与个体呼救时所处位置的实际暴露可能存在一定误差,且无法获得个体活动轨迹,因此仍不能完全代表个人暴露,但随着未来对个体暴露测量技术的发展,这一问题或可解决。

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2025年第41卷第8期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146678
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 修回日期:2025-03-18
  • 录用日期:2025-05-16
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    1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院流行病学系,济南 250012
    2德州市疾病预防控制中心,德州 253016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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