Article(id=1321170837999304856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729440000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-21, revisedDate=1737648000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-24, acceptedDate=1744387200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-12, onlineDate=1792921273946, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921273946, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921273946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921273946, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1013, endPage=1018, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170838221602969, articleId=1321170837999304856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Research progress on hantavirus vaccines: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hantaviruses, belonging to the genus hantavirus within the family Bunyaviridae, are enveloped, segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses prevalent worldwide. Human infection can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Currently, the pathogenic mechanisms of hantaviruses are not fully understood, and there are no specific therapeutic drugs for hantavirus infection. The most effective means of preventing hantavirus epidemics is the development and application of safe and effective vaccines. This article reviews the biological and epidemiological characteristics of hantaviruses, infection and immune responses, and focuses on the current research status of hantavirus vaccines, hoping to provide a reference for basic research on hantaviruses and vaccine development.

, authors=Jun LIU1, Ruiting TANG2, Jiayun DING1, Yanju QIN2, Yang LIU1, Zhijian ZHOU1, authorsList=Jun LIU, Ruiting TANG, Jiayun DING, Yanju QIN, Yang LIU, Zhijian ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhijian ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHOU Zhijian, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170838821388442, articleId=1321170837999304856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=汉坦病毒疫苗研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

汉坦病毒属于布尼亚病毒科中汉坦病毒属,是一种有包膜分节段的单股负链RNA病毒,在世界各地均有流行,人类感染后可引起肾综合征出血热和汉坦病毒心肺综合征。目前汉坦病毒致病机制尚不完全清楚,也无针对其感染的特异性治疗药物,预防汉坦病毒感染流行的有效手段是开发应用安全有效的疫苗。本文概述了汉坦病毒生物学及流行病学特征、感染与免疫应答,并重点阐述了汉坦病毒疫苗的研究现状,以期为汉坦病毒的基础研究及其疫苗开发提供参考。

, authors=刘军1, 唐瑞婷2, 丁家云1, 覃燕菊2, 刘洋1, 周志坚1, *, *, authorsList=刘军, 唐瑞婷, 丁家云, 覃燕菊, 刘洋, 周志坚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周志坚, authorNote=

刘军(1993—),助理研究员,硕士,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

, correspAuthorsNote=
周志坚,E-mail:
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刘军(1993—),助理研究员,硕士,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

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汉坦病毒疫苗研究进展
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刘军 1 , 唐瑞婷 2 , 丁家云 1 , 覃燕菊 2 , 刘洋 1 , 周志坚 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2025,41(8): 1013-1018
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2025 , 41 (8) : 1013 -1018
汉坦病毒疫苗研究进展
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刘军1, 唐瑞婷2, 丁家云1, 覃燕菊2, 刘洋1, 周志坚1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1南部战区疾病预防控制中心,广州 510507
  • 2广州医科大学公共卫生学院,广州 510000
通讯作者:
周志坚,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘军(1993—),助理研究员,硕士,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

Research progress on hantavirus vaccines: a review
Jun LIU1, Ruiting TANG2, Jiayun DING1, Yanju QIN2, Yang LIU1, Zhijian ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1Center for Disease Prevention and Control of the Southern Theatre Command of the PLA, Guangzhou 510507, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHOU Zhijian, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146216
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汉坦病毒属于布尼亚病毒科中汉坦病毒属,是一种有包膜分节段的单股负链RNA病毒,在世界各地均有流行,人类感染后可引起肾综合征出血热和汉坦病毒心肺综合征。目前汉坦病毒致病机制尚不完全清楚,也无针对其感染的特异性治疗药物,预防汉坦病毒感染流行的有效手段是开发应用安全有效的疫苗。本文概述了汉坦病毒生物学及流行病学特征、感染与免疫应答,并重点阐述了汉坦病毒疫苗的研究现状,以期为汉坦病毒的基础研究及其疫苗开发提供参考。

汉坦病毒  /  疫苗  /  感染  /  免疫应答  /  流行特征

Hantaviruses, belonging to the genus hantavirus within the family Bunyaviridae, are enveloped, segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses prevalent worldwide. Human infection can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Currently, the pathogenic mechanisms of hantaviruses are not fully understood, and there are no specific therapeutic drugs for hantavirus infection. The most effective means of preventing hantavirus epidemics is the development and application of safe and effective vaccines. This article reviews the biological and epidemiological characteristics of hantaviruses, infection and immune responses, and focuses on the current research status of hantavirus vaccines, hoping to provide a reference for basic research on hantaviruses and vaccine development.

hantavirus  /  vaccine  /  infection  /  immune response  /  epidemic characteristics
刘军, 唐瑞婷, 丁家云, 覃燕菊, 刘洋, 周志坚. 汉坦病毒疫苗研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 1013 -1018 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146216
Jun LIU, Ruiting TANG, Jiayun DING, Yanju QIN, Yang LIU, Zhijian ZHOU. Research progress on hantavirus vaccines: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 1013 -1018 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146216
汉坦病毒(hantavirus, HV)是1976年由韩国学者Lee H W等[1]首次在黑线姬鼠肺组织中分离得到[1],随后发现汉坦病毒以多种血清型在全球广泛分布[2],并主要通过啮齿类动物(如鼠类)进行传播,人类因误食HV感染动物体液或排泄物污染的食物或吸入其排泄物形成的气溶胶而急性感染,表现出发热、头疼、肌肉酸痛、瘀点、器官出血、休克、肾衰竭或者咳嗽、气促、肺炎、心血管功能紊乱等临床症状[3]。依据不同临床症状,可将由汉坦病毒感染引起的急性传染性疾病分为肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS)和汉坦病毒心肺综合征(hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, HCPS),其病死率分别为12%和40%[4-5]。我国是肾综合征出血热高流行区,尤其是陕西关中地区HFRS重症患者居多且病死率较高[6]。目前,HV致病机制尚不完全清楚,也无针对HV感染的特异性治疗药物,临床上对HV感染患者的治疗主要是采取对症治疗和支持疗法[7]。由于汉坦病毒从啮齿动物宿主向人类的人畜共患传播正在加速演变且持续加剧,因此,开发疫苗成为降低HV感染流行、加强生物安全防控的有效手段[8]。本文对HV生物学和流行病学特征、感染与免疫应答进行了概述,并重点阐述了HV疫苗的研究现状,以期为HV的基础研究及其疫苗研发提供参考。
HV属于布尼亚病毒科汉坦病毒属,有包膜包被,外观呈直径80~120 nm的球形,单股负链RNA病毒,基因组分为3个节段,分别编码核衣壳(nucleocapsid, N)蛋白、包膜糖蛋白(glycoprotein, GP)(包括N端Gn和C端Gc)以及病毒特异的RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp)[9]。包膜糖蛋白Gn和Gc形成异源二聚体,组装成四聚体刺突,通过受体介导的内吞作用和内吞体膜融合促进病毒进入靶细胞,是疫苗开发及中和抗体发挥作用的关键靶点[10]。目前已有53种HV毒株被鉴定[11],主要包括汉滩病毒、首尔病毒、普马拉病毒、多布拉伐病毒、安第斯病毒、辛诺布雷病毒及乔克罗病毒毒株等,人类感染这些病毒后的发病机制尚不完全清楚[2,12]。基于啮齿类动物宿主的分布特征和活动特点,HV在亚洲的主要流行毒株是汉滩病毒和首尔病毒,主要集中在中国、韩国及蒙古国,在欧洲的主要流行毒株是普马拉病毒和多布拉伐病毒,主要引起肾综合征出血热;在美洲的主要流行毒株是安第斯病毒、辛诺布雷病毒,主要引起汉坦病毒心肺综合征[13]。不同地区流行的HV型别不同,引起的临床症状和严重程度也不尽相同[14],但目前研究认为,汉坦病毒感染天然宿主后,尽管会导致宿主动物(如鼠类)生长速度减缓、感染部位发生组织病变等不良影响[15-16],但由于在汉坦病毒感染后期鼠巨噬细胞能够抑制促炎症分子通路,避免引起机体持续、过度炎症应答,因此被HV感染的宿主动物可以长期无症状带毒生存[17]。与其他布尼亚病毒依靠节肢动物载体传播不同,HV的流行主要与啮齿类动物的跨物种传播以及春、秋季节气候变化有关[18]。HV在我国主要以褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠及大林姬鼠为主要宿主动物和传染源[19]。由于HV独特的传播方式[20],务农人员、林业工人、畜牧业从业者以及常在复杂环境作业的军人等与啮齿动物及其体液或排泄物接触机会大的群体感染HV的风险不容忽视。
HV感染机体后,会迅速刺激机体免疫系统产生先天性免疫应答和适应性免疫应答,患者的临床症状与预后也是HV与机体免疫系统在免疫应答、免疫抑制或免疫逃逸过程中相互竞争的结果[21]。
由Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)、视黄酸诱导基因I、黑色素瘤分化相关基因5等模式识别受体介导的先天性免疫应答是机体抵御HV感染的第一道防线,表达模式识别受体的免疫细胞在HV感染早期即可通过识别HV的病原体相关分子模式启动免疫反应,分泌肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor, TNFα)、干扰素(interferon, IFN)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)等细胞因子、趋化因子和趋化因子配体[22–23]。炎症性细胞因子的表达上调,不仅是HFRS患者血液生化指标的显著特征,也是免疫应答的重要组成部分,如单核/巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞释放TNFα、IL-1和IL-6等细胞因子以启动促炎信号清除HV,导致患者发热、急性期蛋白表达升高等症状[24];TNF的释放会刺激内皮细胞过表达E-selectin黏附分子,促进单核细胞在感染部位募集[25]。但当细胞因子和趋化因子失衡性增加并持续维持在高水平时,就会导致“细胞因子风暴”,使患者血管内皮细胞受到损伤并增加血管通透性,发生出血性休克[26]。除了依靠分泌的细胞因子建立局部免疫微环境来加强免疫应答外,树突状细胞与巨噬细胞还可通过多种方式发挥作用,如在发生HV感染时,组织驻留树突状细胞迅速激活并上调主要组织相容性复合物I、Ⅱ类分子、共刺激分子和黏附分子表达,以增强抗原提呈效能[27];巨噬细胞在HV感染过程中能够发挥吞噬功能清理被HV感染的细胞,并通过抗原提呈激活适应性免疫应答、分泌细胞因子建立免疫环境[28]。Pizarro E等[29]基于在感染HV安第斯毒株死亡患者的肺泡巨噬细胞和下颌下腺中发现安第斯汉坦病毒及安第斯汉坦病毒能够通过人传人传播,推测HV安第斯毒株在人类唾液腺和肺泡巨噬细胞分泌物中的复制可能有助于人与人之间的传播,因此,巨噬细胞在汉坦病毒感染及机体免疫应答的过程中发挥的作用有必要深入探究。另外,自然杀伤细胞也是先天性免疫应答中的重要效应细胞和调节细胞,能够在HV感染部位产生细胞毒性化学物质直接杀伤HV感染细胞,也可分泌细胞因子和趋化因子调节其他免疫细胞到HV感染部位发挥抗感染功能,如Björkström N K等[30 ]发现在HV感染过程中自然杀伤细胞能够迅速扩增并持续保持高水平激活,大部分激活扩增的自然杀伤细胞会表达激活受体NKG2C来应对HV感染细胞的刺激。
当先天性免疫应答应对HV感染时,适应性免疫应答随之启动,一方面,B淋巴细胞快速活化、增殖,形成能够分泌抗体的浆细胞,从而启动体液免疫;另一方面,T淋巴细胞快速增殖分化启动细胞免疫,CD4+T淋巴细胞辅助B淋巴细胞活化,CD8+T淋巴细胞发挥细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs)活性攻击被HV感染的细胞,从而共同维护机体免疫稳态[31–33]。在体液免疫过程中,免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin m, IgM)最先产生,由于能够针对HV 的N、GP及RdRp等3种结构蛋白,IgM在临床症状出现后约1周达到峰值,而后在HFRS恢复期逐渐下降[14],因此IgM可作为HFRS的临床诊断指标。随着HV感染进程的发展,IgG逐渐增加,IgG1和IgG3水平随着疾病进展而升高,IgG2水平通常保持稳定[34]。目前尚未发现IgG亚类与临床症状严重程度之间的关联,因此有必要深入研究针对各种汉坦病毒的IgG反应。HV感染后产生的中和抗体能够特异性识别HV表面关键靶点,从而阻止其感染、复制,对机体抵御HV感染形成保护作用,Gn和Gc糖蛋白被认为是参与中和抗体产生的潜在抗原[10,35]。Pettersson L等[36]报道HV普马拉毒株感染患者血清中特异性抗体水平直接影响感染部位病毒载量以及患者预后,表明特异性抗体与患者预后密切相关。
HV感染后,CD8+T淋巴细胞迅速被激活,一方面分泌或者刺激其他类型免疫细胞分泌促炎细胞因子,另一方面会启动CTLs对感染HV细胞的杀伤功能[37],如Van Epps H L等[38]发现HV普马拉毒株感染机体后针对病毒N蛋白的特异性CTLs能够存在数年,即使已经检测不到病毒RNA,病毒N蛋白的特异性CTLs仍能长时间保持高水平。但同时,CD8+T淋巴细胞也参与病毒感染导致的临床重症和器官功能障碍[39],如Zhang X Y等[40]发现由HV感染导致激活的CD8+T淋巴细胞可对内皮细胞发挥细胞毒性作用,从而造成内皮损伤。上述结果表明CD8+T淋巴细胞在机体抗HV感染中扮演着双重角色,而CD4+T淋巴细胞在细胞免疫应答中也可通过辅助B淋巴细胞活化发挥作用。
另外,有研究发现, 从HV辛诺布雷病毒毒株慢性感染的鹿鼠中分离的所有T细胞均表达转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1),且大多数此T细胞还表达调节性T细胞的分子标志叉头框蛋白P3(forkhead box P3, Fox P3),表明表达TGF-β1的调节性T细胞在HV感染时发挥免疫抑制作用,虽然在一定程度上影响了机体快速清除感染病毒,但很可能也是HV与其宿主动物之间相互作用、共同适应性进化的机制[39, 41]。
目前仅中国、韩国有HV灭活疫苗上市,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)以及欧美国家尚无获批的汉坦病毒疫苗[42-44]。韩国通过在哺乳期小鼠的大脑中传代扩增HV及采用福尔马林或β–丙内酯灭活病毒研发出HantavaxTM疫苗[43],上世纪90年代开始在韩国广泛接种,明显降低了韩国HV感染发生率和发病率,因HFRS入院的患者数从1991年的1 234例下降到1997年的415例,该疫苗安全性良好,但首次接种30 d后,仅有62%的受种者能够通过酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测到抗HV抗体,13%的受种者产生中和抗体,因此需要加强免疫[44];在加强免疫后,抗体阳性率增加到97%,中和抗体产生率增加到75%,但1年后,体内仍能检测到中和抗体的受种者不超过50%[45]。鉴于中和抗体效价低且维持时间较短,HV灭活疫苗还需要进一步加强免疫原性研究。我国于1994年开始研制针对汉滩毒株和首尔毒株的双价灭活疫苗,采用3剂次接种程序,分别于0、15 d和1年进行接种,接种后,90%的受种者体内产生的高水平中和抗体可维持33个月,2008年临床试验证明该疫苗能够诱导良好的免疫应答、产生高滴度抗体且安全性好、异常反应发生率低[46]。俄罗斯用氢氧化铝作为佐剂研制出一种由HV普马拉病毒和多布拉伐病毒毒株组成的二价灭活疫苗,动物实验结果显示该疫苗能够诱导产生针对普马拉病毒和多布拉伐病毒毒株高水平的中和抗体,目前已通过临床前试验[47]。上述结果表明灭活疫苗能够有效地激活机体免疫反应来应对HV感染,降低HFRS发病率,但同时也存在免疫原性不强、总体保护率低、需要多次免疫接种等不足,还需要进一步改进。
DNA疫苗是利用重组真核表达载体在机体内表达编码某种抗原蛋白的基因,使产生的抗原通过抗原提呈模拟病毒感染,继而诱导机体免疫应答,因而DNA疫苗具有稳定性强、易于储存运输、制备简单、感染风险低等独特优势[48]。Lundkvist Å等[49]通过将汉坦病毒基因组M片段或M与S片段插入到牛痘病毒胸苷激酶基因中研制出2种肾综合征出血热候选DNA疫苗。随后,Chu Y K等[50]用该疫苗免疫仓鼠后,采用汉滩、首尔、普马拉毒株对仓鼠进行攻毒实验,结果显示,该疫苗对普马拉毒株提供的保护作用有限,但能够促进产生较高水平的中和抗体,从而较好地保护了汉滩、首尔毒株感染的仓鼠。此外,Hooper J W等[51]还发现HV DNA疫苗能够刺激非人灵长类动物机体产生具有广泛交叉反应性的中和抗体,并对HV感染提供免疫保护。
溶酶体相关膜蛋白1(lysosomal associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1)是一种高度糖基化的糖蛋白,主要存在于溶酶体膜上,参与细胞内多种生理和病理过程,且能够改变主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类分子的抗原提呈途径,从而增强免疫应答。Jiang D B等[52-54]开发了编码HV包膜糖蛋白Gn和LAMP1及包膜糖蛋白Gc和LAMP1的DNA疫苗,该疫苗能够促进中和抗体的产生及CD4+ T细胞反应,不仅具有较强的免疫原性和较好的安全性,还可刺激机体产生较长时间的免疫记忆。最近,Jiang D B等[55]将HV 的包膜糖蛋白GP与辅助性T细胞(Helper T cells, Th)表位分子串联,并采用LAMP1策略进行优化后制备出由GP衍生的含Th表位的DNA疫苗,通过动物实验验证了该疫苗基于有效抗病毒免疫靶点的有效性,为HV疫苗的开发提供了新的思路。
汉坦病毒Gn、Gc或N蛋白虽然均能诱导较强的免疫应答[56-57],但Gn或Gc蛋白可诱导产生中和抗体[58],而N蛋白只能促进非中和抗体的产生、刺激T细胞免疫应答及诱导交叉反应性免疫应答[59-61],如,重组HV首尔毒株N蛋白能够诱导机体产生高滴度抗体[62],重组HV多布拉伐毒株N蛋白在小鼠体内诱导产生的抗体能够与HV普马拉毒株及汉滩毒株发生交叉反应[63]。另外,疫苗的传送也是影响亚单位疫苗性能的重要因素,如Shkair L等[64]利用微囊泡传递HV普马拉毒株Gn、Gc或N蛋白,可以提高宿主细胞体液和T细胞免疫应答的有效性。尽管上述疫苗在一定程度上表现出较好的中和活性,但距临床应用所需要的保护性还有一定的差距,还需要进一步的优化。
病毒样颗粒疫苗(virus-like particles, VLP)是由病毒蛋白自组装制备的纳米级结构,与天然病毒结构相似(仅缺少感染性遗传物质),可与宿主细胞受体结合,因此病毒样颗粒疫苗进入宿主细胞后可以模拟病毒自然感染,且不会在宿主细胞内复制[65-66]。有研究将免疫活性分子CD40配体和粒细胞–巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF)编码序列与汉滩病毒基因组结合在体外制备汉滩病毒嵌合型病毒颗粒,在SF9昆虫细胞及中国仓鼠卵巢(chinese hamster ovary, CHO)细胞中表达后,增强了巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的活化,给小鼠接种该疫苗后,提高了小鼠体内汉滩病毒特异性抗体水平及中和抗体滴度,增强了小鼠脾细胞IL-2和γ-IFN分泌能力及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞清除病毒感染能力,同时显著降低了汉滩病毒感染小鼠脏器的病毒载量[67-68]。Dong Y H等[69]用真核表达载体表达的含GM-CSF和CD40配体的VLP免疫小鼠6个月后,小鼠体内中和抗体滴度明显升高,并可提供稳定、长期的保护作用。
我国是全球HV流行严重的国家之一,31个省(自治区、直辖市)均曾流行过HV,据统计,从1950—2007年,我国累计报告150余万例肾综合征出血热病例,46 000余例死亡病例[46, 70],疫苗成为防控HV感染的迫切需求。我国2005年批准使用针对汉滩毒株和首尔毒株的双价灭活疫苗,并于2008年开始获国家扩展免疫规划支持,平均每年接种约200万剂次[42],使HFRS发病率<20 000例/年,HFRS病死率从3%下降至1%[43, 71]。尽管疫苗的使用极大地减少了HV感染,但是也存在一些不容忽视的问题,如,灭活疫苗需要多种剂量才能实现充分的保护,灭活疫苗在老年人和儿童接种者群体中的安全性仍需进一步验证[7, 72]。
HV感染引发的HFRS和HCPS对全球公共卫生安全造成较大威胁,然而临床上尚未有特效治疗药物,开发疫苗以预防HV感染仍然是战略选择。本文介绍了目前已上市使用或正处于研发中的疫苗,其中,DNA疫苗开发工艺简单,目前已进入临床试验;VLP疫苗免疫原性强、诱发的免疫保护长期且稳定,对于预防HV感染具有极大潜力。已获批上市的全病毒灭活疫苗在中国、韩国投入使用后显著降低了HFRS和HCPS发病率,但也存在免疫应答不足、保护作用不充分、需要多次免疫接种等问题。
由于亚单位疫苗能够诱导对抗原具有中和活性的集中免疫反应,因此利用病毒关键蛋白结构生物学和生物信息学知识并结合分子生物学工具开发针对HV基于抗原表位的亚单位疫苗可能比传统疫苗具有优势,可更有效地防控HV的感染。随着基础研究对HV病理损伤机制及对机体免疫应答的深入探索,除了疫苗,新型抗病毒药物也将得到大力开发,为HV的有效防控提供更多选择。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146216
  • 接收时间:2024-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-21
  • 修回日期:2025-01-24
  • 录用日期:2025-04-12
基金
作者信息
    1南部战区疾病预防控制中心,广州 510507
    2广州医科大学公共卫生学院,广州 510000

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周志坚,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN/10.11847/zgggws1146216
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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