Article(id=1321169893857280745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169839390053177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1736956800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-16, acceptedDate=1744992000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-19, onlineDate=1792921048845, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921048845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921048845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921048845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169839390053177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921035859, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921035859, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=744, endPage=749, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169894062801642, articleId=1321169893857280745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in Guangzhou city from 2021 to 2024: a surveillance data analysis, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection in Guangzhou city.

Methods

Data were sourced from two parts: national influenza sentinel surveillance and Guangzhou city′s acute respiratory infection cluster surveillance. Sentinel surveillance data, collected from August 2023 to July 2024, included outpatient and emergency department influenza-like illness (ILI) cases and hospitalized severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases from four national-level influenza sentinel hospitals in Guangzhou. Cluster surveillance data, from 2021 to 2023, included acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters caused by HRSV in Guangzhou. Respiratory specimens were collected from cases for multiple respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing. The HRSV positive detection rate among sentinel surveillance cases was calculated, and indicators such as the HRSV infection attack rate among children in cluster settings were comparatively analyzed.

Results

The overall HRSV positive detection rate among the included sentinel surveillance cases was 3.75% (51/1 360). Among the positive cases, 68.63% (35/51) were children under 5 years old, with the highest positive detection rate observed in the < 6 months age group (10.29%, 7/68). The HRSV positive detection rate among hospitalized SARI cases in this age group was as high as 31.25% (5/16). Two HRSV epidemics occurred in Guangzhou, one in the summer and autumn of 2023 (August - September) with subtype A as the dominant strain, and the other in the spring of 2024 (February-April) with subtype B. All four monitored HRSV-induced ARI clusters occurred in summer; three in postpartum care centers and one in a childcare facility. The overall attack rate among children was 42.42% (84/198). The overall asymptomatic infection rates among mothers and staff in these facilities were 83.33% (5/6) and 82.35% (14/17), respectively. Positive environmental samples from postpartum care centers were mainly from infant common areas or nursing areas.

Conclusions

HRSV epidemics in Guangzhou show clear seasonality. Children under 5 years old, especially infants under 6 months, are the main population affected by HRSV infection and hospitalization. Postpartum care centers and childcare facilities are prone to HRSV clusters. Timely detection of asymptomatic infections and effective environmental cleaning and disinfection are crucial for epidemic control.

, authors=Yong LIU1, Mingming YAN2, Yanhui LIU2, Lan CAO2, Jiangrong WANG2, Tengfei ZHOU2, Lei LUO2, Mengmeng MA2, authorsList=Yong LIU, Mingming YAN, Yanhui LIU, Lan CAO, Jiangrong WANG, Tengfei ZHOU, Lei LUO, Mengmeng MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mengmeng MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
MA Mengmeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169894574506733, articleId=1321169893857280745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2021—2024年广州市人呼吸道合胞病毒感染流行病学特征分析, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解广州市人呼吸道合胞病毒(HRSV)感染流行病学特征。

方法

资料来源于国家流感哨点监测和广州市急性呼吸道感染聚集性疫情监测两部分数据,其中哨点监测病例来自2023年8月—2024年7月,广州市4家国家级流感哨点医院纳入的门急诊流感样病例(ILI)及住院严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)监测病例;聚集性疫情为2021—2023年广州市监测到的、由HRSV感染引起的急性呼吸道感染(ARI)聚集性疫情。采集病例的呼吸道标本进行呼吸道多病原核酸检测,并计算哨点医院监测病例HRSV阳性检出率并对聚集性疫情发生场所儿童HRSV感染罹患率等指标进行比较分析。

结果

纳入的哨点医院监测病例中,HRSV总阳性检出率3.75%(51/1 360),其中68.63%(35/51)阳性病例集中在<5岁的儿童,阳性检出率以<6月龄组最高(10.29%,7/68),且该年龄组住院SARI病例中HRSV阳性检出率高达31.25%(5/16)。2023年夏秋季(8—9月)和2024年春季(2—4月)广州市各出现了一次HRSV流行,优势亚型分别为A亚型和B亚型。监测到的4起由HRSV感染引起的ARI聚集性疫情均发生于夏季,3起发生在月子中心、1起发生在托育机构,儿童总体罹患率42.42%(84/198),产妇和场所工作人员总体无症状感染率分别占83.33%(5/6)和82.35%(14/17)。月子中心阳性环境样本主要来源于婴儿公共活动或护理区域。

结论

广州市HRSV流行具有明显的季节性,<5岁儿童,特别是<6月龄婴儿是发生HRSV感染及住院的主要人群。月子中心、托育机构易发生聚集性疫情,及时发现无症状感染者并有效开展环境清洁与消毒对于疫情防控至关重要。

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刘永(1972—),副教授,研究方向:内科及传染病预防与控制

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马蒙蒙,E-mail:
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World Journal of Pediatrics, 2023, 19(11): 1030-1040., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169906356306756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李静静, 黄建英, 刘妙玲, 等. 广州地区2017—2022年儿童呼吸道感染疾病负担及常见病原体流行特征[J]. 中国感染控制杂志, 2023, 22(1): 44-51., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169894805193454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169894813582063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, companyId=1321169894805193454, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169894821970672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, companyId=1321169894805193454, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医药高等专科学校,重庆 401331)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169896302559985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169896310948594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, companyId=1321169896302559985, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169896319337203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, companyId=1321169896302559985, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广州市疾病预防控制中心,广州 510440)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321169901117621032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Monthly distribution of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) detected in influenza-like illness (ILI)/severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance cases in Guangzhou city from August 2023 to July 2024, figureFileSmall=F6yeCZYJ57B/+Bc9bgqT8Q==, figureFileBig=W7Joms+zNG3UrbhSbF3cxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169901360890665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2023年8月—2024年7月广州市哨点监测ILI/SARI病例中HRSV检出时间分布, figureFileSmall=F6yeCZYJ57B/+Bc9bgqT8Q==, figureFileBig=W7Joms+zNG3UrbhSbF3cxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169901927121706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Distribution of HRSV detection in ILI/SARI cases of different ages in sentinel surveillance in Guangzhou city from August 2023 to July 2024

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年龄组/岁ILI+SARIILISARI
检测数/例阳性数/例阳性率/%检测数/例阳性数/例阳性率/%检测数/例阳性数/例阳性率/%
<6月龄68710.295223.8516531.25
6月龄~<1800.00800.00000.00
1~<210787.488977.871815.56
2~<39688.337779.091915.26
3~<414064.2910954.593113.23
4~<512464.848666.983800.00
5~<18684121.75524112.1016010.62
18~<659222.178322.41900.00
≥ 654124.881715.882414.17
合计1 360513.751 045413.92315103.17
), ArticleFig(id=1321169902120059691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2023年8月—2024年7月广州市哨点监测ILI/SARI不同年龄病例HRSV检出分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组/岁ILI+SARIILISARI
检测数/例阳性数/例阳性率/%检测数/例阳性数/例阳性率/%检测数/例阳性数/例阳性率/%
<6月龄68710.295223.8516531.25
6月龄~<1800.00800.00000.00
1~<210787.488977.871815.56
2~<39688.337779.091915.26
3~<414064.2910954.593113.23
4~<512464.848666.983800.00
5~<18684121.75524112.1016010.62
18~<659222.178322.41900.00
≥ 654124.881715.882414.17
合计1 360513.751 045413.92315103.17
), ArticleFig(id=1321169902241694508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic information on clustered outbreaks of HRSV infection in Guangzhou city from 2021 to 2023

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发生年月报告地区发生场所儿童(n=84)产妇及工作人员(n=110)环境样本(n=105)
发病
数/例
波及总
人数
罹患率/%产妇工作人员检测
数/份
检出率/%来源
检测
数/例
检出率/%无症状感染
者占比/%
检测
数/例
检出/%无症状感染
者占比/%
2021—07番禺区月子中心176825.00650.00100.0000.000.002114.29婴儿室配奶间、婴儿室
托管室、产妇房间
2021—07黄埔区托育机构192286.3600.000.00944.4425.0090.00
2022—08增城区月子中心438848.8600.000.00702.86100.00660.00
2023—08番禺区月子中心52025.00475.0066.672152.38100.00922.22游泳室消毒柜把手、
护理区沙发及抱枕
合计8419842.421060.0083.3310017.0082.351054.76
), ArticleFig(id=1321169902598210349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169893857280745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021—2023年广州市HRSV感染聚集性疫情基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发生年月报告地区发生场所儿童(n=84)产妇及工作人员(n=110)环境样本(n=105)
发病
数/例
波及总
人数
罹患率/%产妇工作人员检测
数/份
检出率/%来源
检测
数/例
检出率/%无症状感染
者占比/%
检测
数/例
检出/%无症状感染
者占比/%
2021—07番禺区月子中心176825.00650.00100.0000.000.002114.29婴儿室配奶间、婴儿室
托管室、产妇房间
2021—07黄埔区托育机构192286.3600.000.00944.4425.0090.00
2022—08增城区月子中心438848.8600.000.00702.86100.00660.00
2023—08番禺区月子中心52025.00475.0066.672152.38100.00922.22游泳室消毒柜把手、
护理区沙发及抱枕
合计8419842.421060.0083.3310017.0082.351054.76
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2021—2024年广州市人呼吸道合胞病毒感染流行病学特征分析
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刘永 1 , 严明明 2 , 刘艳慧 2 , 曹蓝 2 , 王疆荣 2 , 周腾飞 2 , 罗雷 2 , 马蒙蒙 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(6): 744-749
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (6) : 744 -749
2021—2024年广州市人呼吸道合胞病毒感染流行病学特征分析
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刘永1, 严明明2, 刘艳慧2, 曹蓝2, 王疆荣2, 周腾飞2, 罗雷2, 马蒙蒙2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医药高等专科学校,重庆 401331
  • 2广州市疾病预防控制中心,广州 510440
通讯作者:
马蒙蒙,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘永(1972—),副教授,研究方向:内科及传染病预防与控制

Epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in Guangzhou city from 2021 to 2024: a surveillance data analysis
Yong LIU1, Mingming YAN2, Yanhui LIU2, Lan CAO2, Jiangrong WANG2, Tengfei ZHOU2, Lei LUO2, Mengmeng MA2
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
  • 2Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    MA Mengmeng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146166
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目的

了解广州市人呼吸道合胞病毒(HRSV)感染流行病学特征。

方法

资料来源于国家流感哨点监测和广州市急性呼吸道感染聚集性疫情监测两部分数据,其中哨点监测病例来自2023年8月—2024年7月,广州市4家国家级流感哨点医院纳入的门急诊流感样病例(ILI)及住院严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)监测病例;聚集性疫情为2021—2023年广州市监测到的、由HRSV感染引起的急性呼吸道感染(ARI)聚集性疫情。采集病例的呼吸道标本进行呼吸道多病原核酸检测,并计算哨点医院监测病例HRSV阳性检出率并对聚集性疫情发生场所儿童HRSV感染罹患率等指标进行比较分析。

结果

纳入的哨点医院监测病例中,HRSV总阳性检出率3.75%(51/1 360),其中68.63%(35/51)阳性病例集中在<5岁的儿童,阳性检出率以<6月龄组最高(10.29%,7/68),且该年龄组住院SARI病例中HRSV阳性检出率高达31.25%(5/16)。2023年夏秋季(8—9月)和2024年春季(2—4月)广州市各出现了一次HRSV流行,优势亚型分别为A亚型和B亚型。监测到的4起由HRSV感染引起的ARI聚集性疫情均发生于夏季,3起发生在月子中心、1起发生在托育机构,儿童总体罹患率42.42%(84/198),产妇和场所工作人员总体无症状感染率分别占83.33%(5/6)和82.35%(14/17)。月子中心阳性环境样本主要来源于婴儿公共活动或护理区域。

结论

广州市HRSV流行具有明显的季节性,<5岁儿童,特别是<6月龄婴儿是发生HRSV感染及住院的主要人群。月子中心、托育机构易发生聚集性疫情,及时发现无症状感染者并有效开展环境清洁与消毒对于疫情防控至关重要。

人呼吸道合胞病毒(HRSV)  /  流感样病例  /  哨点监测  /  聚集性疫情  /  流行病学特征  /  广州市
Objective

To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection in Guangzhou city.

Methods

Data were sourced from two parts: national influenza sentinel surveillance and Guangzhou city′s acute respiratory infection cluster surveillance. Sentinel surveillance data, collected from August 2023 to July 2024, included outpatient and emergency department influenza-like illness (ILI) cases and hospitalized severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases from four national-level influenza sentinel hospitals in Guangzhou. Cluster surveillance data, from 2021 to 2023, included acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters caused by HRSV in Guangzhou. Respiratory specimens were collected from cases for multiple respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing. The HRSV positive detection rate among sentinel surveillance cases was calculated, and indicators such as the HRSV infection attack rate among children in cluster settings were comparatively analyzed.

Results

The overall HRSV positive detection rate among the included sentinel surveillance cases was 3.75% (51/1 360). Among the positive cases, 68.63% (35/51) were children under 5 years old, with the highest positive detection rate observed in the < 6 months age group (10.29%, 7/68). The HRSV positive detection rate among hospitalized SARI cases in this age group was as high as 31.25% (5/16). Two HRSV epidemics occurred in Guangzhou, one in the summer and autumn of 2023 (August - September) with subtype A as the dominant strain, and the other in the spring of 2024 (February-April) with subtype B. All four monitored HRSV-induced ARI clusters occurred in summer; three in postpartum care centers and one in a childcare facility. The overall attack rate among children was 42.42% (84/198). The overall asymptomatic infection rates among mothers and staff in these facilities were 83.33% (5/6) and 82.35% (14/17), respectively. Positive environmental samples from postpartum care centers were mainly from infant common areas or nursing areas.

Conclusions

HRSV epidemics in Guangzhou show clear seasonality. Children under 5 years old, especially infants under 6 months, are the main population affected by HRSV infection and hospitalization. Postpartum care centers and childcare facilities are prone to HRSV clusters. Timely detection of asymptomatic infections and effective environmental cleaning and disinfection are crucial for epidemic control.

human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)  /  influenza-like illness  /  sentinel surveillance  /  cluster outbreak  /  epidemiological characteristics  /  Guangzhou city
刘永, 严明明, 刘艳慧, 曹蓝, 王疆荣, 周腾飞, 罗雷, 马蒙蒙. 2021—2024年广州市人呼吸道合胞病毒感染流行病学特征分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (6) : 744 -749 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146166
Yong LIU, Mingming YAN, Yanhui LIU, Lan CAO, Jiangrong WANG, Tengfei ZHOU, Lei LUO, Mengmeng MA. Epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in Guangzhou city from 2021 to 2024: a surveillance data analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (6) : 744 -749 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146166
人呼吸道合胞病毒(human respiratory syncytial virus,HRSV)是一种常见的呼吸道病毒,各年龄段人群均可感染,婴幼儿、老年人和免疫功能低下者均是HRSV感染的高危人群,感染后易发生住院、重症及死亡等严重结局[1]。同时,生命早期的HRSV感染与复发性下呼吸道感染、反复出现的喘息、哮喘和肺功能损害等长期后遗症有关[2],严重危害儿童健康。此外,由于HRSV传染性较强[3],可在医疗机构(儿科病房、ICU、移植病房等)和产后母婴康复机构(月子中心)及养老院等人群聚集的场所引起聚集或暴发流行[4–9],造成上述脆弱人群疾病负担的进一步加重。最新研究显示,2019年全球<5岁儿童中有3 300万例HRSV相关急性下呼吸道感染,其中有360万例住院,有约10万例可归因于HRSV的死亡[10],在该年龄组人群中HRSV感染造成的疾病负担远高于流感[11]。中国是全球HRSV疾病负担较重的5个国家之一,估计发病数占全球10%以上[12]。在全球不同地区HRSV流行呈现不同的季节性和周期性,在我国南方、北方地区亦存在明显的季节性差异[1],但新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)大流行后随着非药物干预(non-pharmaceutical interventions,NPIs)措施的逐步解除,全球多地区观察到不同程度的RSV非季节性流行 [13–15],给HRSV的监测与防控带来新的挑战。与此同时,2023年12月,一种长效单克隆抗体产品在我国获批上市,使我国婴幼儿在HRSV流行季获得特异性被动免疫预防保护成为可能[16]。在此背景下,通过公共卫生监测确定HRSV感染的流行趋势、高危人群以及发生聚集性疫情的风险点等流行特征,对于提升HRSV感染的防控水平具有重要意义。由于HRSV感染非法定报告传染病,在我国尚未建立专门的监测体系,相关流行病学研究较少,且国内鲜有HRSV感染引起的聚集性疫情的报道,本研究通过回顾性调查收集广州市2021—2024年HRSV感染监测数据,从哨点监测和聚集性疫情监测两部分综合分析广州市HRSV感染流行病学特征,为今后开展HRSV感染的系统性监测、有效控制疫情以及制定地区特异性的人群免疫策略提供参考。
自2023年8月起广州市开始在流感监测哨点试点开展急性呼吸道传染病多病原监测工作,本研究哨点监测病例来自4家国家级哨点医院(广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心儿童医院院区、广州市第一人民医院、广州市红十字会医院和广州市荔湾中心医院),其中流感样病例(influenza-like illness,ILI)定义为急性起病,发热(体温≥38 ℃),伴咳嗽或咽痛之一的门急诊患者;住院严重急性呼吸道感染(severe acute respiratory infection, SARI)病例定义为在收入院时或者收入院后48 h内急性起病,起病有发热史(体温≥38 ℃),伴有咳嗽,且本次发病不超过10 d的住院患者。哨点医院每周采集至少20份ILI病例和5份SARI病例咽拭子、鼻咽拭子、呼吸道分泌物等呼吸道样本,送至广州市疾病预防控制中心实验室检测,同时收集病例相关信息录入中国流感监测信息系统。
急性呼吸道感染(acute respiratory infections,ARI)定义为急性起病(10 d内发病)伴呼吸道感染症状(至少有一种症状:咳嗽、咽痛、呼吸急促或流涕)者。针对经由常规流感、新冠病毒检测仍不能明确性质的疫情,区级疾病预防控制中心、社区卫生服务中心可采集现症病例咽拭子、鼻咽拭子及疫情发生场所环境拭子等样本,送至广州市疾病预防控制中心实验室进一步进行呼吸道多病原检测。参照有关专家共识[1],HRSV感染聚集性疫情定义为一周内在小范围,如一个病区、班级、集体单位等出现异常增多的ARI者,其中至少2例为HRSV感染确诊病例,或发生≥2例因HRSV感染住院的病例。本研究纳入的聚集性疫情为2021—2023年经广州市疾病预防控制中心实验室检测明确的由HRSV感染引起的ARI聚集性疫情。本研究通过收集整理每起疫情的流行病学调查报告、病例一览表、重点病例访谈记录、调查问卷、临床化验单、样本检测记录、相关因素调查情况等资料,分析疫情特征。
采用EZ1VirusMiniKitv2.0试剂盒(德国Qiagen公司)提取病毒总RNA,运用Luminex® MAGPIX®检测系统和NxTAG® Respiratory Pathogen Panel+SARSCoV-2试剂盒检测呼吸道多病原。检测的病毒包括:人呼吸道合胞病毒A和B型(HRSV-A和HRSV-B)、人副流感病毒(human parainfluenza1-4,HPIV/1-4)、人鼻病毒(human rhinovirus,HRV)、人偏肺病毒(human metapneumovirus,HMPV)、腺病毒(adenovirus,ADV)、人博卡病毒(human bocavirus,HBoV)、肠道病毒(entero-virus,EV)、冠状病毒229E(coronavirus 229E)、冠状病毒NL63(coronavirus NL63)、冠状病毒OC43(coronavirus OC43)、冠状病毒HKU1(coronavirus HKU1)、新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARSCoV-2)开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)1ab基因(SARS-CoV-2ORF1ab)、新型冠状病毒基质蛋白M基因
采用WPS Excel 2024软件建立数据库并整理数据,计算哨点医院监测病例HRSV阳性检出率[(HRSV阳性病例数/检测病例数)×100%]、聚集性疫情发生场所儿童HRSV感染罹患率[(某疫情发生场所在观察期间的新HRSV感染者数/同期暴露人口数)×100%]等指标;年龄不符合正态分布,采用M(Q1,Q3)表示,采用非参数检验Wilcoxon rank sum test比较中位年龄,同时根据HRSV感染的高危人群特点,将病例年龄划分如下:<6月龄,6月龄~<1岁,1~<2岁,2~<3岁,3~<4岁,4~<5岁,5~<18岁,18~<65岁,≥65岁;根据中国气象网划分四季:3—5月为春季,6—8月为夏季,9—11月为秋季,11—次年2月为冬季。使用SPSS 22.0软件统计分析,采用χ2检验、Fisher′s确切概率法或Mann-Whitney U秩和检验比较率,双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2023年8月—2024年7月在广州市4家哨点医院送检的共计1 360例监测病例的呼吸道样本进行呼吸道多病原检测,包括门急诊ILI病例1 045例、住院SARI病例315例。其中,1 045例ILI病例中,男性596例、女性449例,年龄介于1月龄~94岁,中位年龄6(3,9)岁;315例SARI病例中,男性189例、女性126例,年龄介于1月龄~93岁,中位年龄6(3,8)岁。
HRSV阳性总检出率3.75%(51/1360),ILI[3.92%(41/1045)]与SARI[3.17%(10/315)]病例阳性检出率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.197,P=0.657)。男性[3.95%(31/785)]与女性[3.48%(20/575)]病例HRSV阳性检出率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.204,P=0.652)。
除2023年11月外,2023年8月—2024年7月各月均有HRSV检出,其中阳性检出率较高的月份依次为2023年9月(10.83%,13/120)、2024年4月(7.59%,6/79)、2024年3月(7.50%,9/120)、2024年2月(7.37%,7/95)和2023年8月(6.41%,5/78),表明2023年下半年和2024年上半年广州市各出现了一次HRSV流行,分别为2023年夏末秋初(8—9月)和2024年春季(2—4月)。
51例HRSV阳性病例中,年龄最小1月龄、最大75岁,中位年龄3(1,5.5)岁,68.63%(35/51)阳性病例集中在5岁以下的儿童。不同年龄组病例中HRSV阳性检出率以<6月龄组最高(10.29%,7/68),其次为2~<3岁组(8.33%,8/96),阳性检出率随着年龄的增长呈现逐渐下降趋势(趋势χ2=4.396,P<0.001),5~<18岁组最低(1.75%,12/684),≥65岁老年人组中阳性检出率回升(4.88%,2/41)。6月龄~<1岁组无HRSV阳性检出(0/8)。SARI病例的HRSV阳性病例中位年龄为0.92(0.39,2.75)岁,低于ILI病例的3(2,6)岁,差异有统计学意义(W=291,P=0.041)。其中,SARI病例中80.00%(8/10)HRSV阳性集中在<5岁的儿童,阳性检出率较高的年龄组依次为<6月龄(31.25%,5/16)、1~<2岁(5.56%,1/18)和2~<3岁(5.26%,1/19),其次为≥65岁老年人(4.17%,1/24)。
51份HRSV阳性样本中25份(49.02%)为A亚型,26份(50.98%)为B亚型。除某些低流行月份(月阳性检出数≤2)外,2种亚型大部分监测月份均有检出,并伴随优势流行亚型的转换,2023年8月—2024年2月总体以A亚型为主(67.74%,21/31),其中9月高峰期A亚型占比达76.92%(10/13);2024年3—7月转变为以B亚型为主(80.00%,16/20),其中3月高峰期B亚型占比达77.78%(7/9)。
2021—2023年广州市共监测到4起由HRSV感染引起的急性呼吸道感染聚集性疫情,包括2021年2起、2022年1起、2023年1起,均发生于夏季,7月和8月各2起。3起发生在月子中心,病例均为新生儿;1起发生在托育机构,波及儿童均为2~3岁幼儿;番禺区2起,黄埔区和增城区各1起。每起疫情儿童发病5~43例,儿童罹患率25.00%~86.36%,总体为42.42%(84/198)。月子中心产妇阳性检出率50.00%~75.00%,其中无症状感染者占83.33%(5/6);场所工作人员阳性检出率2.86%~52.38%,其中无症状感染者占82.35%(14/17)。场所环境样本阳性检出率0.00~22.22%,月子中心阳性样本主要来源为配奶间、托管室、游泳室和护理区等婴儿公共活动或护理区域。
月子中心的新生儿病例临床症状主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰/咳痰困难、气促、流涕、鼻塞等,10.77%(7/65)的病例有发热(体温≥38 ℃),主要诊断为支气管炎、新生儿肺炎,大部分为轻症,2例发展为重症肺炎(3.08%,2/65),全部病例经治疗后均好转,未出现死亡病例。托育机构的幼儿病例均有咳嗽,大部分有发热(89.47%,17/19),体温为38~40 ℃,其他表现为流涕、打喷嚏、鼻塞、乏力、咽痛、呕吐等症状,其中1例因肺炎住院(5.26%,1/19),未出现重症及死亡病例。
本研究对广州市4家国家级流感监测哨点医院1 360例患者(中位年龄6岁)的呼吸道样本进行呼吸道多病原检测发现,2023年8月—2024年7月广州市ILI及SARI病例HRSV阳性检出率无明显差异,总体为3.75%,低于2009—2023年中国16省份ARI病例的10.83%和2018—2022年广州市ARI住院患者的6.11%[14,17],与深圳市2019—2023年ILI病例的4.77%接近[18]。分析原因,可能与监测病例的选取有关。既往多项研究显示,HRSV感染的主要症状为咳嗽、咳痰、喘息等,半数以上<2岁的婴幼儿病例可能无发热表现[19–20]。本研究分析4起由HRSV感染引起的ARI聚集性疫情病例临床表现亦发现,新生儿病例中仅有10.77%有发热症状,2~3岁幼儿病例发热比例较高,但相较于咳嗽,发热不是最常见的症状,而依托流感监测系统纳入的ILI及SARI病例定义均要求患者具有发热症状,导致HRSV检出率低于未纳入发热症状的ARI病例,这也表明今后依托流感监测系统开展HRSV感染哨点监测时,有必要调整监测病例的定义,以提高监测敏感性。
HRSV是全球范围内引起<5岁儿童急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原体之一,也是引起老年人急性呼吸道感染的重要病原体,造成较重的疾病负担[1]。本研究中HRSV阳性病例的中位年龄为3岁,<5岁儿童为感染的主要人群,不同年龄组中以<6月龄组患儿的HRSV检出率最高,并在<65岁年龄范围内呈现出随着年龄增加检出率降低的趋势,而≥65岁老年人组检出率仅次于<5岁儿童组,与之前研究结果基本一致[14,17–18]。全球不同地区的监测数据支持<2岁儿童HRSV感染风险最高,其中<6月龄婴儿,特别是新生儿流行率最高,且感染后住院率高,疾病负担重[1]。本研究亦显示,<6月龄住院SARI病例中,HRSV阳性检出率高达31.25%,远高于其他年龄组;聚集性疫情分析发现,月子中心的部分新生儿病例因出现支气管炎、肺炎等下呼吸道感染住院治疗,有2例发展为重症。上述结果提示,<5岁儿童不同年龄组感染风险不尽相同,在开展HRSV感染监测时应考虑细分该年龄组监测对象,特别应优先监测<6月龄和新生儿组,以进一步明确HRSV感染的高危人群以及感染的流行病学特征,有助于制定更有针对性的公共卫生干预措施,以尽可能预防感染,包括强化对月子中心等重点场所聚集性疫情的监测与防控、加强重点人群健康宣传教育、推广婴幼儿免疫预防并开展效果评价等。
在我国北方地区,HRSV流行高峰通常在10月中旬—次年5月中旬;部分南方地区,冬季或潮湿的雨季是感染高峰季节[1]。尽管本研究监测时间较短,但仍观察到2023年8月—2024年7月广州市出现了2次流行高峰,首先为2023年夏秋季,与既往广州、深圳等南方城市的研究一致[17–18,21],即HRSV在夏秋季高发,2021—2023年监测到的4起聚集性疫情也均发生于夏季。其次,本研究在2024年春季亦观察到一次HRSV流行,推测一方面与COVID-19疫情后HRSV的季节性流行特征发生改变有关,另一方面可能与优势流行亚型的转换有关。
月子中心是HRSV感染聚集性疫情的高风险场所,新生儿罹患率较高。本研究中3起发生在月子中心的疫情新生儿罹患率为25.00%~48.86%,此前韩国、我国沈阳地区均报道了发生在月子中心的疫情,罹患率分别高达58.32%和76.19%[7–8]。每起疫情均在产妇和(或)场所工作人员中检出一定比例的HRSV阳性结果,且大部分为无症状感染,同时在婴儿公共护理及活动区域检测到阳性样本,提示月子中心可能存在病毒的隐匿传播,且场所内环境日常清洁与消毒工作不到位。针对HRSV的传播特征[3],在流行季节通过采取加强病例管理、做好个人防护、强化通风换气与环境清洁消毒等非药物干预措施,可降低病毒在家庭及重点场所内的传播风险。此外,疫情期间开展疑似病例、密切接触者和共同暴露者的应急监测,以及时发现家属和护理人员中的无症状感染者,同时采取暂时关停机构以实施彻底的环境清洁与消毒的措施,对于月子中心和托幼机构等重点场所聚集性疫情的控制具有重要意义。
综上所述,本研究从流感监测系统的哨点监测病例和聚集性疫情监测两方面,分析了广州市近年来HRSV感染的年龄分布、季节性流行特征以及在月子中心等高风险场所发生聚集性疫情的特点,探讨了开展系统性监测需要考虑的监测病例定义拓展、重点监测人群等因素以及聚集性疫情的防控重点,为今后制定HRSV综合防控策略了提供了重要的基础信息。本研究尚存在一定的局限性:首先,哨点监测的研究周期较短,无法对比分析COVID-19疫情以前广州市HRSV流行情况;其次,纳入监测病例的中位年龄是6岁,且在个别年龄组例数较少,可能存在一定的偏倚,研究结果更多反映的是儿童群体中HRSV的流行情况,对全人群的代表性不足,同时由于哨点监测较难采集到新生儿(0~28 d)病例的样本,使得本研究无法对此重点年龄组的流行情况进行更深入的探讨;最后,由于HRSV感染聚集性疫情尚缺乏统一的处置指南,不同年份疫情调查处置标准不一、部分资料缺失,导致无法深入分析疫情的传播过程及相关因素。建议加快建立统一、规范的HRSV感染监测系统,进一步提高我国HRSV感染监测防控水平。

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2025年第41卷第6期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146166
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2025-01-16
  • 录用日期:2025-04-19
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    1重庆医药高等专科学校,重庆 401331
    2广州市疾病预防控制中心,广州 510440

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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