Article(id=1321169836324012134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169735128043598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145943, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=1732723200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-28, acceptedDate=1744387200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-12, onlineDate=1792921035128, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921035128, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921035128, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921035128, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169735128043598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='7', pageStart='769', pageEnd='896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921011000, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921011000, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=882, endPage=885, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169836533727335, articleId=1321169836324012134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Research progress on organophosphate flame retardant exposure and its effects on skeletal health: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used in building materials, electronics, textiles, and other fields due to their excellent flame-retardant properties. However, their unique physicochemical properties, such as high lipophilicity and persistence, lead to their widespread distribution in the environment and bioaccumulation in organisms. Recent studies have shown that OPFRs can enter the human body through various routes, including inhalation, dietary intake, and dermal contact, potentially causing adverse health effects, with increasing concern regarding their impact on bone health. OPFR exposure has been linked to bone health issues such as reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and increased fracture risk. The underlying mechanisms may involve the activation of PPARγ signaling pathways, disruption of thyroid hormones, and inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the physicochemical properties, environmental distribution, human exposure levels, bone toxicity, and potential mechanisms of OPFRs.

, authors=Yitong GUO1, Tianle YU1, Weijin SHI1, Chao LIU2, authorsList=Yitong GUO, Tianle YU, Weijin SHI, Chao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weijin SHI, Chao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHI Weijin, E-mail:
LIU Chao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169836911214696, articleId=1321169836324012134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=有机磷阻燃剂暴露及其对骨骼健康影响研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)因其优异的阻燃性能而被广泛应用于建筑材料、电子产品、纺织品等领域。然而,其独特的理化性质,如高脂溶性、持久性等,使其在环境中广泛分布并易于在生物体内累积。近年来的研究表明,OPFRs可通过多种途径进入人体,包括空气吸入、饮食摄入、皮肤接触等,可能对人类健康造成负面影响,尤其是对骨骼健康的影响日益受到关注。OPFRs暴露与骨密度降低、骨质疏松症以及骨折风险增加等骨骼健康问题相关,其影响机制可能涉及激活PPARγ信号通路、干扰甲状腺激素以及抑制 Hedgehog 信号通路等。本文拟对有机磷阻燃剂的理化特性、环境分布、人体暴露水平、骨毒性及发生机制等方面作一综述。

, authors=郭奕彤1, 余添乐1, 时维金1, *, *, 柳超2, *, *, authorsList=郭奕彤, 余添乐, 时维金, 柳超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=时维金, 柳超, authorNote=

郭奕彤(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境、运动与健康

, correspAuthorsNote=
时维金,E-mail:
柳超,E-mail:
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有机磷阻燃剂暴露及其对骨骼健康影响研究进展
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郭奕彤 1 , 余添乐 1 , 时维金 1, *, * , 柳超 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2025,41(7): 882-885
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2025 , 41 (7) : 882 -885
有机磷阻燃剂暴露及其对骨骼健康影响研究进展
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郭奕彤1, 余添乐1, 时维金1, *, * , 柳超2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1上海师范大学体育学院,上海 200234
  • 2上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院骨科,上海 201600
通讯作者:
时维金,E-mail:
柳超,E-mail:
作者简介:

郭奕彤(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境、运动与健康

Research progress on organophosphate flame retardant exposure and its effects on skeletal health: a review
Yitong GUO1, Tianle YU1, Weijin SHI1 , Chao LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
  • 2Department of Orthopaedics, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHI Weijin, E-mail:
    LIU Chao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145943
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有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)因其优异的阻燃性能而被广泛应用于建筑材料、电子产品、纺织品等领域。然而,其独特的理化性质,如高脂溶性、持久性等,使其在环境中广泛分布并易于在生物体内累积。近年来的研究表明,OPFRs可通过多种途径进入人体,包括空气吸入、饮食摄入、皮肤接触等,可能对人类健康造成负面影响,尤其是对骨骼健康的影响日益受到关注。OPFRs暴露与骨密度降低、骨质疏松症以及骨折风险增加等骨骼健康问题相关,其影响机制可能涉及激活PPARγ信号通路、干扰甲状腺激素以及抑制 Hedgehog 信号通路等。本文拟对有机磷阻燃剂的理化特性、环境分布、人体暴露水平、骨毒性及发生机制等方面作一综述。

有机磷阻燃剂  /  骨骼健康  /  生物累积  /  人体暴露水平  /  骨代谢

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used in building materials, electronics, textiles, and other fields due to their excellent flame-retardant properties. However, their unique physicochemical properties, such as high lipophilicity and persistence, lead to their widespread distribution in the environment and bioaccumulation in organisms. Recent studies have shown that OPFRs can enter the human body through various routes, including inhalation, dietary intake, and dermal contact, potentially causing adverse health effects, with increasing concern regarding their impact on bone health. OPFR exposure has been linked to bone health issues such as reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and increased fracture risk. The underlying mechanisms may involve the activation of PPARγ signaling pathways, disruption of thyroid hormones, and inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the physicochemical properties, environmental distribution, human exposure levels, bone toxicity, and potential mechanisms of OPFRs.

organophosphate flame retardants  /  bone health  /  bioaccumulation  /  human exposure levels  /  bone metabolism
郭奕彤, 余添乐, 时维金, 柳超. 有机磷阻燃剂暴露及其对骨骼健康影响研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (7) : 882 -885 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145943
Yitong GUO, Tianle YU, Weijin SHI, Chao LIU. Research progress on organophosphate flame retardant exposure and its effects on skeletal health: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (7) : 882 -885 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145943
随着现代工业的发展以及对材料性能要求的日益提升,有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphate flame retardants, OPFRs)作为一种高效的防火材料添加剂,其生产和应用在全球范围内呈现出快速增长的态势。近年来,OPFRs的使用已逐步取代部分传统溴化阻燃剂,成为防火材料领域的重要选择[1]。然而,OPFRs的大量应用也导致了其在环境中的广泛分布和富集。为了深入了解OPFRs的环境行为,研究人员对全球范围内的水体和沉积物样品进行了详细调查。例如,在中国黄河流域的沉积物中,研究人员检测到了多种OPFRs[2],针对室内环境的监测则显示,中国不同微环境中室内灰尘中的OPFRs浓度相对较低,平均值为8.81 μg/g[3];在欧洲和北美地区的河流、湖泊以及海洋沉积物中,也广泛检测到OPFRs的存在[4]。这些研究结果表明,OPFRs不仅在自然环境中广泛存在,还可能通过多种途径进入人类生活空间。有多项研究在人体血液、尿液和母乳样本中检测到了OPFRs的存在,表明人类可能通过饮食、呼吸和皮肤接触等多种途径暴露于这些化合物,进而对健康产生潜在影响[5]。其中,OPFRs对骨骼系统的影响逐渐成为研究的焦点,包括骨密度降低和骨折风险增加等。本文拟对有机磷阻燃剂的理化特性、环境分布、人体暴露水平、骨毒性及发生机制等方面作一综述。
OPFRs是一种含磷化合物,通常为无色或浅色液体,具有较高的热稳定性和较低的挥发性,它们在高温下不易分解,具有较好的热稳定性,并且能够保持其结构的完整性,通过在材料表面形成炭层,从而阻止氧气和热量的传递,达到阻燃的效果[6];OPFRs在有机溶剂中通常具有良好的溶解性,但在水中的溶解度较低,这些特性也就使得OPFRs能够在环境中持久地存在[7]。
OPFRs根据其化学结构可以大致分为3种类型,包括氯化OPFRs、烷基OPFRs和芳基OPFRs[8]。氯化OPFRs,如三(2–氯乙基)磷酸酯(TCEP)、三(1–氯–2–丙基)磷酸酯(TCIPP)和三(1,3–二氯–2–丙基)磷酸酯(TDCPP),这类OPFRs具有较高的水溶性和持久性,对水生生态系统有一定潜在的危险;烷基OPFRs,如三乙基磷酸酯(TEP)和三正丁基磷酸酯(TnBP),更亲脂,可以积累在沉积物和土壤中;而芳基OPFRs,包括磷酸三苯酯(TPHP),通常与更高的分子量相关,由于其稳定性,被用于多种途径[9]。
OPFRs因其优良的阻燃性能而被广泛使用,它们可以被添加到各种建筑材料中,例如聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl chloride, PVC)、聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene, PS)等塑料材料,OPFRs可以有效降低这些材料的可燃性,防止火灾的发生;在家居装饰、窗帘和地毯等纺织品中加入有机磷阻燃剂,可以显著提高其阻燃性能,减少火灾风险;将OPFRs涂覆或注入木材,可以使木材在火灾中更具耐火性,延长其燃烧时间[10]。此外,在电子产品、汽车工业及家居产品等行业中也多有应用[11]。
OPFRs是水体中最常检测到的化合物之一,OPFRs在水体中的浓度相对较高,主要通过工业排放、农业径流和城市污水进入水体中,其中废水是地表水中OPFRs的一个重要来源[7,12];饮用水和大气中的OPFRs分布特征及健康风险评价的研究显示,自来水中的OPFRs范围在85.1~325 ng/L,平均值为165 ng/L。瓶装水中OPFRs的浓度水平是自来水的10%~25%,室内室外大气样品中的气相和颗粒物中均检出OPFRs,其中家庭和办公室样品气相中总浓度平均值分别为63.5和65.3 ng/m3[13];在另一项针对中国钦州湾北部海域的海水和沉积物的研究中发现,OPFRs在工业化和港口区域的浓度较高,特别是三正丁基磷酸酯(Tri-n-butyl phosphate, TNBP)和三苯基磷酸酯(Triphenyl phosphate, TPHP),近年来表现出明显的上升趋势[14];随着大气的流动,这些化合物可以在相对较远的地方沉降,形成较广泛的分布,某些OPFRs在空气中具有较长的半衰期,这也使得它们在空气中的存在时间延长;OPFRs在生物体内的积累具有结构特异性和物种特异性,它们的代谢产物和代谢途径在动物和植物中也有所不同,这也为它们在生物体内的长久积累奠定了基础[15–17]。
OPFRs的人体暴露可以通过多种途径发生,包括空气吸入、灰尘摄入、饮食摄入和皮肤吸附等[8,18]。作为一种新兴的环境污染物,OPFRs已在水、灰尘、空气和沉积物等多种环境介质中被广泛检测到,这就导致了不同途径的人体暴露。研究发现,中国台湾391名志愿者体内OPFRs及其代谢物水平存在显著差异[19],在另一项针对孕妇早期暴露于OPFRs与妊娠糖尿病关系的巢式病例对照研究发现,妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)患者中的OPFRs水平显著升高[20],这表明OPFRs能在不同年龄段人群中积累,尤其在孕妇和儿童中暴露水平较高,可能对健康产生负面影响;对中国成都市居民血液中13种OPFRs和尿液中7种磷酸二酯代谢物的水平进行研究发现,城市居民血液中的TPHP和三(2–乙基己基)磷酸酯[Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, TEHP]水平高于农村居民,年轻人群的TPHP和2–乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, EHDPP)暴露水平高于年长人群[21]。这些数据表明,OPFRs在人体中的暴露水平与多种环境因素有关,OPFRs可以通过多种途径分布在环境中并在生物体内累积,从而导致不同程度的人体暴露。
根据OPFRs的结构特性和生物活性可以分为3大类,即氯化OPFRs(Cl-OPFRs)、烷基OPFRs(Alkyl-OPFRs)和芳基OPFRs。氯化OPFRs含有氯原子,通常具有较强的生物活性,这类化合物可以在环境和生物样本中频繁检测到[22],其毒性在生物体的不同发育阶段有所差异,代谢产物和代谢途径在不同类型的生物体中也有所不同。一项研究指出,三(2–氯乙基)磷酸酯[tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, TCEP]和三(1–氯–2–丙基)磷酸酯[tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, TCPP]这2种氯化OPFRs可以诱导氧化应激、线粒体损伤和DNA损伤,从而对骨骼健康造成一定的影响[23];烷基有机磷阻燃剂(Alkyl-OPFRs)和在生物体内的积累和代谢具有结构特异性和物种特异性,生物活性相对较弱,这意味着它们对骨骼的影响也因生物种类和暴露条件而异,Alkyl-OPFRs可能通过多种机制影响骨骼健康。例如,它们可能干扰正常的骨骼生长和矿化过程,影响骨骼的强度和密度[8]。芳基OPFRs的生物活性最低,如TPHP,由于其较低的水溶性和较高的脂溶性,它们更容易在生物体内积累。
一项动物实验中,研究结果显示三(1–氯–2–丙基)磷酸酯[tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, TDCIPP]和TPHP的暴露显著影响了黑斑点尾鲇的生长发育,具体表现为体长和胸鳍长度的缩短,这两种化合物还导致了第一代鱼苗胸鳍的畸形以及成鱼脊柱的弯曲[24],TPHP作为 OPFRs的主要成分,能够与PPARγ受体结合并激活其信号通路,PPARγ激活后,可以快速促进脂肪细胞分化并抑制成骨细胞分化,从而导致骨量减少和骨质疏松症的发生。PPARγ激活还会导致骨保护素(osteoprotegerin, OPG) 表达下调,进一步促进破骨细胞分化,增加骨吸收,加剧骨量丢失[25–26]。有相关动物实验发现,暴露于TPHP的大鼠表现出骨密度降低、骨小梁变薄和成骨细胞数量减少等现象,这与 PPARγ 激活导致骨量减少的机制相符[27]。
某些溴代 OPFRs[如2–乙基己基–四溴苯甲酸(2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate,TBB)和双(2–乙基己基)–2,3,4,5–四溴邻苯二甲酸酯( Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate, TBPH)]可能通过干扰甲状腺激素受体或其信号通路,影响甲状腺激素的正常功能,而甲状腺激素在骨骼生长和发育中起着重要作用,其信号通路干扰会导致骨量减少和骨密度降低。影响骨形成和骨重塑的过程[28]。相关实验证实,暴露于TBB的大鼠表现出骨密度降低和骨小梁变薄的现象,这与甲状腺激素信号通路干扰导致骨量减少的机制相符,另一项动物实验观察到成年雄性大鼠出现骨小梁变薄和骨矿密度降低的情况,这表明OPFRs对骨骼发育的影响可能延续至成年期[29–30]。
OPFRs可能通过抑制Hedgehog信号通路中的关键基因(如 Gli1和 Runx3)的表达,干扰软骨发育,进而影响骨骼形成。Hedgehog 信号通路在软骨细胞分化和骨形成中发挥着重要作用,其抑制可能导致软骨细胞增殖和分化受损,影响软骨内骨化过程,进而影响骨骼形成。实验发现,暴露于TDCIPP和TPHP环境中的斑马鱼会出现软骨发育异常和骨骼畸形现象,这一实验结果与Hedgehog信号通路受抑制后导致的骨骼发育异常机制相吻合[22,24]。
某些有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)可诱发氧化应激与炎症反应,从而促使活性氧(ROS)水平上升及炎症因子的表达增多[30]。氧化应激和炎症反应的加剧会导致骨细胞受损、骨量减少以及骨微结构的退化。这两种病理过程在多种骨骼疾病的发生与发展中扮演关键角色,例如骨质疏松症和骨关节炎。相关研究指出,暴露于三(2–氯乙基)磷酸酯(TCEP)和三(1,3–二氯异丙基)磷酸酯(TCPP)的大鼠呈现出氧化应激与炎症反应加剧的现象,同时伴有骨密度下降和骨小梁结构变薄等表现,这符合氧化应激和炎症反应导致骨量减少的病理机制[23]。
近年来,越来越多的流行病学研究表明,OPFRs暴露与多种骨骼健康问题存在关联。中国的一项队列研究对30 000名25~80岁男性血液中的OPFRs水平进行了检测。结果显示,OPFRs水平最高的男性,其髋部和腰椎骨密度分别比最低水平的男性低1.5%和1.3%,结果表明暴露于OPFRs与中年男性骨密度降低和骨质疏松症风险增加相关[31]。
OPFRs及其代谢物在孕妇、儿童和成人尿液中普遍存在,并且浓度较高[32]。例如,广州地区的一项研究发现,尿液中OPFRs的平均浓度为6.59 mg/L,其中2-ethylhexylβ–氯乙基磷酸酯(Di-β-chloroethyl phosphate)占总量的68.5%,是唯一检出率超过50%的OPFRs代谢物[33]。OPFRs的浓度在不同人群中也有显著差异,一项针对中国台湾省学龄前儿童的研究发现,二苯基乙基磷酸酯(Dimethylphenylphosphonate)、二苯基磷酸酯(Diphenyl phosphate)、三(2–乙基己基)磷酸酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate]等OPFRs代谢物在儿童尿液中的浓度较高[19],OPFRs暴露可能通过影响骨骼发育的关键时期(如胎儿期和儿童早期),增加成年后患骨质疏松症的风险[34]。虽然OPFRs被认为是对环境友好的替代品,但它们可能对健康产生不利影响,这些研究结果表明,OPFRs可能不是理想的替代品,需要进一步研究以确定其对骨骼健康的潜在影响[35–36]。
OPFRs因其广泛应用而备受关注,但它们对骨骼健康的潜在危害尤其是可能导致骨密度降低、骨质疏松症以及增加骨折风险引发了公众的广泛关注。研究显示,OPFRs可能通过激活PPARγ信号通路、干扰甲状腺激素信号通路以及抑制Hedgehog信号通路等多种机制来影响骨代谢。尽管OPFRs被视为环境友好型替代品,但仍不可忽视其对骨骼健康的潜在威胁。因此,有必要进行更深入的研究并制定相应的风险评估与管理措施,以降低OPFRs对公众健康的影响。

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2025年第41卷第7期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145943
  • 接收时间:2024-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-12
  • 修回日期:2024-11-28
  • 录用日期:2025-04-12
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    1上海师范大学体育学院,上海 200234
    2上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院骨科,上海 201600

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时维金,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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