Article(id=1321170166487041003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170080579301694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145509, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=1729008000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-16, acceptedDate=1731254400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-11, onlineDate=1792921113844, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921113844, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921113844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921113844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170080579301694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921093363, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921093363, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170166692561900, articleId=1321170166487041003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Progress in research on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and prediction models of brucellosis in China: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Brucellosis incidence has been rising in China in recent years, and its geographical distribution has been expanding, making it a pressing public health issue. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis and establishing reliable prediction models are crucial for effective early warning and forecasting. This review summarizes recent research findings on the spatiotemporal distribution of brucellosis in China and commonly used prediction models, aiming to provide data and technical support for improving the scientific prevention and control of brucellosis.

, authors=Xiaoyan HU1, Chenqionglu FENG2, Chenjing YU1, Huiqun JIA3, Hui WANG3, Xiaoying LI3, Ligui WANG3, authorsList=Xiaoyan HU, Chenqionglu FENG, Chenjing YU, Huiqun JIA, Hui WANG, Xiaoying LI, Ligui WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ligui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Ligui, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170167082632173, articleId=1321170166487041003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国布鲁氏菌病时空分布特征及预测模型研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来布鲁氏菌病(简称“布病”)在中国的发病率有所上升,涉及的地理范围不断扩张,已经成为我国公共卫生安全亟须解决的问题,因此了解布病的流行特征并建立可靠的预测模型对有效开展布病早期预测预警尤为重要。本文通过检索近年研究成果概述我国布病的时空分布特征以及常用的预测模型,旨在为提高布病科学防控水平提供数据和技术支撑。

, authors=胡晓艳1, 冯陈琼潞2, 于晨静1, 贾慧群3, 王辉3, 李笑樱3, 王立贵3, *, *, authorsList=胡晓艳, 冯陈琼潞, 于晨静, 贾慧群, 王辉, 李笑樱, 王立贵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王立贵, authorNote=

胡晓艳(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病流行病学

, correspAuthorsNote=
王立贵,E-mail:
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胡晓艳(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病流行病学

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胡晓艳(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病流行病学

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中国布鲁氏菌病时空分布特征及预测模型研究进展
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胡晓艳 1 , 冯陈琼潞 2 , 于晨静 1 , 贾慧群 3 , 王辉 3 , 李笑樱 3 , 王立贵 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2025,41(1): 100-104
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2025 , 41 (1) : 100 -104
中国布鲁氏菌病时空分布特征及预测模型研究进展
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胡晓艳1, 冯陈琼潞2, 于晨静1, 贾慧群3, 王辉3, 李笑樱3, 王立贵3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学公共卫生学院,郑州 450001
  • 2中国医科大学公共卫生学院,沈阳 110122
  • 3中国人民解放军疾病预防控制中心传染病防控科,北京 100071
通讯作者:
王立贵,E-mail:
作者简介:

胡晓艳(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病流行病学

Progress in research on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and prediction models of brucellosis in China: a review
Xiaoyan HU1, Chenqionglu FENG2, Chenjing YU1, Huiqun JIA3, Hui WANG3, Xiaoying LI3, Ligui WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
  • 3Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Ligui, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145509
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近年来布鲁氏菌病(简称“布病”)在中国的发病率有所上升,涉及的地理范围不断扩张,已经成为我国公共卫生安全亟须解决的问题,因此了解布病的流行特征并建立可靠的预测模型对有效开展布病早期预测预警尤为重要。本文通过检索近年研究成果概述我国布病的时空分布特征以及常用的预测模型,旨在为提高布病科学防控水平提供数据和技术支撑。

布鲁氏菌病  /  时空分布  /  特征  /  预测模型  /  中国

Brucellosis incidence has been rising in China in recent years, and its geographical distribution has been expanding, making it a pressing public health issue. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis and establishing reliable prediction models are crucial for effective early warning and forecasting. This review summarizes recent research findings on the spatiotemporal distribution of brucellosis in China and commonly used prediction models, aiming to provide data and technical support for improving the scientific prevention and control of brucellosis.

brucellosis  /  spatiotemporal distribution  /  characteristics  /  prediction model  /  China
胡晓艳, 冯陈琼潞, 于晨静, 贾慧群, 王辉, 李笑樱, 王立贵. 中国布鲁氏菌病时空分布特征及预测模型研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (1) : 100 -104 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145509
Xiaoyan HU, Chenqionglu FENG, Chenjing YU, Huiqun JIA, Hui WANG, Xiaoying LI, Ligui WANG. Progress in research on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and prediction models of brucellosis in China: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (1) : 100 -104 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145509
布鲁氏菌病(简称“布病”)是由布鲁氏菌属引起的一种常见的人兽共患病,人感染布病后会出现一系列的症状,如发热、厌食、头痛、肌肉疼痛、神经系统受累、严重残疾、流产等,可严重影响人们的生存质量[1–5]。我国布病的发展经历了高发期(1950—1960年)、下降期(1970—1980年)、复发期(1990年至今)3个阶段[6],在复发期阶段,布病所涉及的地理区域亦发生了变化,开始从我国西北地区向东南地区发生地理扩张[7],其中南方地区布病发病率呈持续上升趋势,其对南方地区的危害应引起重视[8]。目前,我国各省份均存在布病的发生和流行,且流行区域逐渐扩大,布病疫情防控面临着巨大挑战[6–8]。布病监测系统是我国布病防控工作的主要信息来源,也是有效疫情防控的重要途径[9],然而布病监测技术尚存在一些不足之处,如,信息难以及时利用、存在疫情漏报情况等。研究表明,数学模型在分析传染病传播机制和流行病学特征的复杂性方面具有一定优势[10],应用数学模型对布病发病进行预测可以及时有效地掌握布病的发病趋势并进行早期预警,为提升布病防控能力提供技术支撑,本文对近年我国布病的时空分布特征和常用的预测模型进行如下。
布病发病具有明显的季节性和聚集性特征,且呈周期性上升趋势[11–15]。布病发病高峰期在每年3—8月,研究显示,2014—2015年为布病发病增长最明显的年份,且2014年和2015年为布病的时间聚集区[11–12]。2007—2017年布病的发病周期分别为2008年4月—2010年4月、2010年4月—2012年7月和2012年7月—2015年4月,最后一个周期从2015年4月开始,发病呈现出周期性上升趋势[12]。研究表明,中国布病发病率从2005年的1.41/10万上升到2021年的4.95/10万,总体呈上升趋势;布病在我国处于复发期阶段时经历了增长期、下降期和快速增长期,总体亦呈上升趋势;北方地区的流行趋势与全国一致,但南方地区的流行趋势与全国存在差异,处于持续增长状态[16]。将中国划分为东北部、北部、东部、南部、中部、西北部和西南部7个地理分区进行分地区分析布病发病的时间趋势,结果显示,各地区平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change,AAPC)均>0,即各地区布病发病率总体呈上升趋势;2015年和2018年为我国布病流行的2个转折点,其将布病在我国的发展分为3个阶段:2005—2014年处于稳定增长期,2015—2018年处于下降期,2019—2021年处于快速增长期,2021年达到高峰[16]。北方地区和南方地区2004—2017年布病发病率总体呈上升趋势,但北方地区和南方地区的AAPC值差异较大,南方地区布病发病率的平均增长速度远超过北方地区;南、北方地区布病发病趋势均出现2个转折点,即南方和北方地区布病发病均经历了3个阶段:南方地区2004—2012年为缓慢上升期,2012—2015年为快速上升期,2015—2017年有升高趋势;北方地区2004—2009年为快速上升期,2009—2015年为缓慢上升期,2015—2017年有下降趋势[17]。
中国布病的地理分布范围呈现出由牧区向半牧区和农区扩张、由北方地区向南方地区扩张的趋势[5,11,18–20]。受布病影响的地区从西北牧区向邻近的草原、农区扩张,并进一步蔓延至我国沿海省份和东南地区[7,19]。目前有研究发现我国南部、中部和西南部地区布病发病率增长速度较快[16],2014—2020年中国南方地区布病发病率总体呈上升趋势,平均发病率上升了近100%[21],南方地区布病发病增长速度不容忽视。与此同时,中国南方地区受布病影响的省份亦逐年增加,受影响的区县比例从2004年的1.1%增加到2014年的20.5%,南方地区受布病影响的地理范围不断扩张;与北方地区相比,尽管南方地区布病发病例数较少,但其发病率仍处于持续上升状态[19]。随着布病在全国范围内的蔓延,布病对南方地区的危害亦应引起人们的重视[8]。此外,布病的发病重心也呈现出由北方地区向西南方地区迁移的趋势[16,22]。Zhang M等[16]建立重心迁移模型研究中国布病发病重心的变化情况结果显示,布病的发病重心由北方地区向西南方地区迁移,累积移动距离为752.35 km;郭珂宇等[22]研究我国布病发病重心移动轨迹亦得出相似结论,发现布病发病重心向西南方向迁移。
近年来多项研究[8,11,14–15,18,23–24]采用空间自相关分析、冷热点分析、时空扫描分析等方法分析中国布病空间分布的聚集性特征,发现布病在我国的空间分布存在一定的聚集性,其主要聚集区集中在北方大部分地区,且该聚集区位置相对稳定[11]。其中,北方地区的内蒙古自治区始终为高–高聚集区,内蒙古自治区及其邻近地区为布病高发地区;南方地区的浙江省、江西省、湖南省、广东省、贵州省始终为低–低聚集区[18]。此外,布病高发区呈现出扩张趋势,我国布病高发病率聚集区由2004年的2个省/自治区(内蒙古和山西)扩张到2017年的6个省/自治区(新疆、西藏、青海、宁夏、内蒙古和甘肃)[8]。
易感–感染–易感(susceptible-infected-susceptible,SIS)模型和易感–感染–恢复(susceptible-infected-removed,SIR)模型是经典的传播动力学模型,其中S代表易感者类,I代表感染者类,R代表康复者类[25–26]。在SIS模型中,易感个体靠近感染个体会以一定的感染率系数被感染,感染个体会以一定的概率康复后变得易感;在SIR模型中,被感染的个体因为康复获得终身免疫力或者死亡进而被移出人群,该个体将变得不再易感[26]。疾病传播机理复杂,如,易感染人群一般具有潜伏期(E),因康复而获得免疫力的群体也有可能丧失免疫力等,进而衍生出易感–暴露–感染–恢复(susceptible-exposed-infected-removed,SEIR)、易感–感染–恢复–易感(susceptible-infected-removed-susceptible,SIRS)、易感–暴露–感染–无症状–恢复(susceptible-exposed-infected-asymptomatic-removed,SEIAR)等诸多模型[27–28]。在实际应用中,依据实际情况增添相应参数建立合适的动力学模型也可达到不同的研究目的。Zhang J等[29]建立易感–暴露–感染–环境中布鲁氏菌数量(susceptible-exposed-infected-the quantity of brucella in environment,SEIV)动力学模型对浙江省奶牛布病的发病进行了预测,其中,S代表易感奶牛,E代表暴露奶牛,I代表感染奶牛,V代表环境中布鲁氏菌的数量;该研究建立了确定性动力学模型和随机性动力学模型,应用确定性模型可以预测布病发病的一般趋势,由于感染奶牛和易感奶牛从外部的输入是随机的,因此会导致预测结果出现较大差异,但当系统达到稳定时,感染布病的奶牛数量将稳定在1500~2 000头;此外,应用随机性模型亦可预测布病发病的病例范围,即未来17年感染布病的奶牛数量呈增长趋势且达到一个高峰值(约2 700头),随后降至1 500头,最终稳定在1 700头左右[29]。
ARIMA模型是时间序列分析中常用的模型,既可以预测疾病的发生,也可以分析疾病与可能影响因素之间的关系[30]。ARIMA模型是在自回归移动平均(autoregressive moving average,ARMA)模型的基础上,通过对非平稳时间序列进行差分来消除非平稳性从而使模型能够更好地描述时间序列的动态变化。ARMA模型是自回归(autoregressive,AR)模型和移动平均(moving average,MA)模型的综合,AR模型表示观测值与过去值有关,即过去值会影响现在的观测值;MA模型表示误差之间的相关性和随机项的加权平均值;ARIMA模型可以捕捉时间序列的长期趋势和周期变化[31]。季节性差分自回归移动平均(seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average,SARIMA)模型是ARIMA的拓展,其包含了时间序列的季节特征,可以充分解释季节自相关性和趋势性[30]。多变量差分自回归移动平均(multivariable version ARIMA,ARIMAX)模型可以将其他时间序列信息作为外部变量,是多变量的模型,X既可以是某些可能的影响变量,也可以是通过某种模型或算法筛选出的变量,从而实现该模型与ARIMA模型的组合,提高模型的预测性能[32]。Wang L L等[33]利用2004—2013年辽宁省锦州市布病的发病率数据构建ARIMA模型预测了2005—2014年布病的发病情况,该地区2014年布病发病率的实际值在预测值95%CI内,平均绝对误差百分比(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)值为19.83%,模型预测效果较好。Zhao C H等[32]利用2011—2018年布病发病率构建ARIMA模型,纳入与布病相关的百度搜索索引数据为协变量构建ARIMAX模型,预测2019年1—5月布病的发病率,通过比较均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)值比较2个模型的预测效果,结果显示ARIMAX模型的预测效果优于ARIMA模型。Cao L T等[30]利用河北省2004—2014年布病发病数据构建了SARIMA模型,然后将气象数据纳入SARIMA模型进一步构建多变量季节性差分自回归移动平均模型(multivariable version SARIMA,SARIMAX)进而预测2015年河北省布病的发病率,结果显示实际值在预测值95%CI内,MAPE值为22.28%,模型预测效果较好。
RF模型是非参数统计方法,可以处理分类和回归问题[34–35],其基本单元是决策树,通过构建若干个决策树的集合对样本进行训练并预测,RF模型通过对每棵树的预测结果进行平均(回归问题)或投票(分类问题)从而得到最终预测结果[36–37]。此外,RF模型还可以捕捉非线性关系以提升预测模型的准确性。张睿等[37]构RF和SARIMA模型预测中国布病的发病情况,其中RF模型拟合结果的R2值高于SARIMA模型的R2值,RMSE值低于SARIMA模型,即随机森林的预测效果优于SARIMA模型。Shirmohammadi-Khorram N等[35]构建支持向量机(support vector machine,SCV)模型、RF模型和多元自适应样条回归(multivariate adaptive regression splines,MARS)模型预测布病的发病数,通过对比3种模型的RMSE、均方误差(mean absolute error,MAE)和R2值发现,RF模型对布病的预测效果最优。
XGBoost模型在分析非线性数据方面具有一定优势,且具有较高的预测性能[38]。其预测性能的提高主要体现在以下三方面:XGBoost模型是分阶段进行构建的,可通过生成树进而减小目标函数的值;在目标函数中加入正则项降低模型过拟合程度;XGBoost模型可提取数据集中的特征变量并纳入模型以提升模型的预测准确性[38–40]。XGBoost模型的优点体现在不需要对数据进行预处理、运算速度快、特征提取完整、较好的拟合效果和预测精度高等优点[38]。Alim M等[38]构建XGBoost模型和ARIMA模型对布病发病情况进行短期预测,通过比较MAE值、RMSE值和MAPE值可知,XGBoost模型的预测效果优于ARIMA模型。Wen X H等[41]构建XGBoost模型预测布病的空间分布格局结果显示,最终模型的灵敏度为0.94、特异度为0.55、受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值为0.85,模型的预测效能较好。
广义线性模型(generalized linear model,GLM)在拟合非线性关系和非单调关系方面存在一定的局限性,广义相加模型(generalized additive model,GAM)可通过平滑函数分析变量之间的非线性关系[42],但这2种模型应用的前提条件均为因变量是独立的[43],然而具有时间序列特征的传染病数据之间存在一定的自相关性,因此GLM和GAM不满足模型应用的前提条件,不适用于传染病的时间序列研究。GAMM在GAM的基础上增添了随机效应,在广义线性混合模型(generalized linear mixed model,GLMM)的基础上增添了平滑函数项,且GAMM能够较好地控制残差自相关性,因此,GAMM既可以分析非线性关系也可以分析随机效应,且对于因变量的分布不作严格要求[42–43]。Yang Z R等[44]利用陕西省2005—2018年布病发病数据和气象数据构建GAMM预测陕北高原和关中盆地布病的发病情况,其预测效果较好。
单一的预测模型在疾病预测方面会存在一些无法避免的缺陷,从而导致无法达到研究目的。此时,可以综合考虑数据类型和研究目的,选择≥2种模型构建组合模型,进而提高模型的预测精度。
在构建布病的预测模型时可以考虑增加数据的纬度,数据可不局限于发病信息如病例数、发病率,还可以纳入气候因素、畜牧业因素和社会经济因素等[45]。此外,还可以考虑纳入互联网搜索引擎数据和社交媒体数据等[46],融合多方面数据构建预测模型以提升预测模型的早期预警能力。
研究表明,仅使用时间数据构建预测模型无法确定疾病发病的高风险地区,仅使用空间数据构建预测模型不能提供疾病的时间动力学分析[45]。时空预测模型同时包含时间信息和空间信息,可以对中国各地区疾病的时间动态变化做出早期预警,今后可考虑构建贝叶斯时空预测模型等对我国各地区布病发病的动态变化做出早期预警,以加强我国对布病的综合防控能力。
布病影响范围广泛,处置不及时会严重危害人体健康且造成巨大的社会经济损失,因此应了解布病的时空流行特征并在发病高峰期对布病重点地区加强防控以减轻布病可能造成的危害。此外,中国南方地区布病发病率持续上升,主要原因为:一是外地布病病例的输入以及从北方牧区输入的受污染农畜产品和受布病感染的牲畜,从而导致南方地区布病发病率的增加;二是随着经济的发展,人们对于农畜产品的需求量增加,这在一定程度上促进了农畜产品从外部输入,进而增加了布病感染的风险;三是随着南方地区近年来畜牧业的发展,南方本地散养户养殖畜牧业的数量增加、缺乏检疫免疫相关的知识和技术和传染源未及时处理等均会导致南方地区布病发病风险的增加[47]。因此,南方地区应当采取相应的措施以加强对布病的防控。
应用数学模型预测布病的流行情况可以有效掌握布病的发病趋势,有助于作出早期预警,将布病造成的危害降到最低,因此布病预测模型可作为传统布病监测的重要补充以提升我国对布病的防控能力。随着人工智能的快速发展,使得疾病预测的智能化成为可能。大数据具有实时性高和数据量丰富等特点,未来可考虑在布病的预测中纳入搜索引擎中的搜索数据如社交媒体数据、气候数据和人口流动等多源数据,同时纳入医疗系统中的电子病例等相关信息,结合互联网数据和传统数据采用多种人工智能算法的组合对布病流行情况进行实时预测,进一步提升预测模型的准确性[48]。

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2025年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145509
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
  • 修回日期:2024-10-16
  • 录用日期:2024-11-11
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    1郑州大学公共卫生学院,郑州 450001
    2中国医科大学公共卫生学院,沈阳 110122
    3中国人民解放军疾病预防控制中心传染病防控科,北京 100071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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