Article(id=1321169863540851115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169839390053177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719244800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-25, revisedDate=1731945600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-19, acceptedDate=1744387200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-12, onlineDate=1792921041617, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921041617, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921041617, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921041617, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169839390053177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921035859, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921035859, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=704, endPage=710, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169863771537836, articleId=1321169863540851115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Latent categories and their influencing factors of frailty change among community-dwelling older adults in Ma′anshan city: a 5-year follow-up study, columnId=1321169853617132462, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – Promoting Older Adult Health Knowledge and Enhancing Health Literacy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the latent categories and influencing factors of frailty change over time among elderly residents in Ma′anshan city, Anhui province, and to provide a reference for the development of prevention and control measures against the onset and progression of frailty in this population.

Methods

A multistage random sampling method was used to recruit 3 476 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years from three districts of Ma′anshan city. Baseline data were collected through face-to-face interviews (December 2016-March 2017) using standardized instruments: a self-developed questionnaire, the Scale of Elderly Self-neglect (SESN), the Psychological Stress Resilience Quotient Scale, the Social Support Scale (both validated by Chinese researchers), and the Frailty Index to assess frailty status. Follow-up surveys were conducted in December 2018 and December 2021. Among the initial cohort, 2 495 participants completed all three surveys and were included in the final analysis. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified distinct trajectories of in frailty over time, while multinomial logistic regression identified key influencing factors.

Results

Among the participants included in the analysis, three latent categories of change in frailty during the observation period were identified: improvement, progression, and early fluctuation, with percentages of 534 (21.4%), 188 (7.5%), and 1 773 (71.1%) participants, respectively. The results of multinomial logistic regression analyses (with the improvement group as the reference) revealed the following significant baseline factors influencing membership in either the progression or early fluctuation groups: increased odds of being in the progression or early fluctuation groups were associated with age ≥ 75 years, annual or occasional physical examinations (occasional examinations significant only for the progression group), occasional or regular physical activity (significant only for the early fluctuation group), history of falls in the past year, self-neglect, and central obesity; whereas decreased odds of being in either group were associated with average monthly income of 2 000 - 4 999 Chinese yuan, living alone (significant only for the progression group), moderate or higher self-rated work intensity, alcohol consumption, and high psychological resilience scores.

Conclusions

The main latent category of frailty status among community-dwelling older adults in Ma′anshan city was early fluctuation. Age, average monthly income, living alone, self-reported work intensity, alcohol consumption, physical examination status, physical activity, falls in the past year, self-neglect, central obesity, and psychological resilience score were the main influencing factors of latent categories of frailty among the elderly.

, authors=Tengfei LI1, Yuting LIANG1, Yeke HE1, Qirong QIN1, 2, Mengmeng WANG1, Fen HUANG1, Yehuan SUN3, Jie LI1, authorsList=Tengfei LI, Yuting LIANG, Yeke HE, Qirong QIN, Mengmeng WANG, Fen HUANG, Yehuan SUN, Jie LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LI Jie, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169864664924593, articleId=1321169863540851115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别及其影响因素分析, columnId=1321169854040757168, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——宣传普及老年健康知识,提高老年人健康素养, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解安徽省马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态随时间变化的潜在类别及其影响因素,为制定老年人虚弱发生和进展的防控措施提供参考依据。

方法

于 2016年 12月—2017年 3月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法在马鞍山市花山区、雨山区和博望区 3个区抽取3 476名 ≥ 60岁社区老年人进行基线调查,分别于 2018年12月和 2021年12月进行了2次随访,应用潜在类别分析方法对2 495名参与全部3次调查社区老年人虚弱状态随时间变化的潜在类别进行分析,并应用多元无序logistic回归模型分析其主要影响因素。

结果

马鞍山市纳入分析的2 495名社区老年人中,虚弱状态潜在类别为健康向好型534人(21.4%),虚弱进展型188人(7.5%),前期波动型1 773人(71.1%)。多元无序logistic回归分析结果显示,虚弱进展型与健康向好型比较,年龄≥75岁、偶尔或每年体检、近1年跌倒、自我忽视和中心型肥胖的社区老年人更倾向于虚弱进展型,月平均收入2 000~4 999元、独居、自评劳动强度中等及以上、饮酒和心理弹性得分较高的社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型;前期波动型与健康向好型比较,年龄≥75岁、每年体检、偶尔或经常体育锻炼、近1年跌倒、自我忽视和中心型肥胖的社区老年人更倾向于前期波动型,月平均收入2 000~4 999元、自评劳动强度中等及以上、饮酒和心理弹性得分较高的社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型。

结论

马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态的主要潜在类别为前期波动型,年龄、月平均收入、是否独居、自评劳动强度、饮酒情况、体检情况、体育锻炼情况、近1年有无跌倒、有无自我忽视、是否中心型肥胖和心理弹性得分是当地社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别的主要影响因素。

, authors=李腾飞1, 梁雨婷1, 贺业珂1, 秦其荣1, 2, 王蒙蒙1, 黄芬1, 孙业桓3, 李杰1, *, *, authorsList=李腾飞, 梁雨婷, 贺业珂, 秦其荣, 王蒙蒙, 黄芬, 孙业桓, 李杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李杰, authorNote=

李腾飞(2000—),初级,硕士,研究方向:健康促进与行为科学

, correspAuthorsNote=
李杰,E-mail:
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李腾飞(2000—),初级,硕士,研究方向:健康促进与行为科学

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李腾飞(2000—),初级,硕士,研究方向:健康促进与行为科学

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Alcohol, drinking pattern, and chronic disease[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(9): 1954., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169864903999922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169864912388531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, companyId=1321169864903999922, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169864924971444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, companyId=1321169864903999922, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1安徽医科大学公共卫生学院,合肥 230032)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169865004663221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169865017246134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, companyId=1321169865004663221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Ma′anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ma′anshan 243011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169865025634743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, companyId=1321169865004663221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心,马鞍山 243011)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169865101132216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169865109520825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, companyId=1321169865101132216, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Chaohu 238000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169865122103738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, companyId=1321169865101132216, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院,巢湖 238000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321169867709989358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Stacked bar chart showing the proportions of participants classified as healthy (green), frail (yellow), and pre-frail (purple) at baseline, 2-year, and 5-year follow-up among 2 495 community-dwelling older adults (≥ 60 years) in Ma′anshan city, classifiedinto three latent frailty change categories:improvement, progression, and early stage fluctuation, figureFileSmall=pSu3Kk6T8JWRDqpX6AQMRw==, figureFileBig=iL6G+lMYNgrG5c8L4xMcCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169867768709615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, language=CN, label=图1, caption=马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态3个潜在类别堆叠图

注:A 健康向好型;B 虚弱进展型;C 前期波动型

, figureFileSmall=pSu3Kk6T8JWRDqpX6AQMRw==, figureFileBig=iL6G+lMYNgrG5c8L4xMcCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169867928093168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Number and proportion of participants by latent frailty change group (improvement, progression, or early-stage fluctuation) among 2 495 community-dwelling older adults (≥ 60 years) in Ma′anshan city , stratified by baseline demographics, living alone, self-rated work intensity, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, physical examination, falls in the past year, and self-neglect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查人数健康向好型虚弱进展型前期波动型χ2值P值
人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%
性别男性1 09427024.7756.974968.512.8210.002
女性1 40126418.81138.11 02473.1
年龄/岁<751 92544523.11055.51 37571.460.131<0.001
≥755908915.68314.639868.8
文化程度小学及以下71312217.18511.950671.035.071<0.001
初中65615323.3436.646070.1
高中及以上1 12625923.0605.380771.7
婚姻状况非在婚3855313.84010.429275.818.792<0.001
在婚2 11048122.81487.01 48170.2
宗教信仰无2 16748222.21597.31 52670.47.2450.027
有3285215.9298.824775.3
月平均收入/元<200070812117.18411.950371.041.746<0.001
2000~49991 50733021.9916.01 08672.1
≥50002808329.6134.618465.7
独居否2 25649221.81787.91 58670.37.6680.022
是2394217.6104.218778.2
自评劳动强度小3504111.78624.622363.7178.993<0.001
中等1 79140422.6874.91 30072.6
大3548925.1154.225070.6
吸烟情况不吸烟2 21746020.71737.81 58471.46.2940.043
吸烟2787426.6155.418968.0
饮酒情况不饮酒2 25146220.51828.11 60771.417.899<0.001
饮酒2447229.562.516668.0
体育锻炼情况不体育锻炼50912123.88316.330559.985.070<0.001
偶尔体育锻炼4518418.6368.033173.4
经常体育锻炼1 53532921.4694.51 13774.1
体检情况不体检32010432.5134.120363.437.129<0.001
偶尔体检52312523.9428.035668.1
每年体检1 65230518.51338.11 21473.5
近1年跌倒无2 27650822.31466.41 62271.353.530<0.001
有2192611.94219.215168.9
自我忽视无2 16649222.71396.41 53570.940.529<0.001
有3294212.84914.923872.3
中心型肥胖否1 08432029.5686.369664.275.741<0.001
是1 41121415.21208.51 07776.3
), ArticleFig(id=1321169867995202033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

马鞍山市不同特征社区老年人3种虚弱状态潜在类别基本特征分布情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查人数健康向好型虚弱进展型前期波动型χ2值P值
人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%
性别男性1 09427024.7756.974968.512.8210.002
女性1 40126418.81138.11 02473.1
年龄/岁<751 92544523.11055.51 37571.460.131<0.001
≥755908915.68314.639868.8
文化程度小学及以下71312217.18511.950671.035.071<0.001
初中65615323.3436.646070.1
高中及以上1 12625923.0605.380771.7
婚姻状况非在婚3855313.84010.429275.818.792<0.001
在婚2 11048122.81487.01 48170.2
宗教信仰无2 16748222.21597.31 52670.47.2450.027
有3285215.9298.824775.3
月平均收入/元<200070812117.18411.950371.041.746<0.001
2000~49991 50733021.9916.01 08672.1
≥50002808329.6134.618465.7
独居否2 25649221.81787.91 58670.37.6680.022
是2394217.6104.218778.2
自评劳动强度小3504111.78624.622363.7178.993<0.001
中等1 79140422.6874.91 30072.6
大3548925.1154.225070.6
吸烟情况不吸烟2 21746020.71737.81 58471.46.2940.043
吸烟2787426.6155.418968.0
饮酒情况不饮酒2 25146220.51828.11 60771.417.899<0.001
饮酒2447229.562.516668.0
体育锻炼情况不体育锻炼50912123.88316.330559.985.070<0.001
偶尔体育锻炼4518418.6368.033173.4
经常体育锻炼1 53532921.4694.51 13774.1
体检情况不体检32010432.5134.120363.437.129<0.001
偶尔体检52312523.9428.035668.1
每年体检1 65230518.51338.11 21473.5
近1年跌倒无2 27650822.31466.41 62271.353.530<0.001
有2192611.94219.215168.9
自我忽视无2 16649222.71396.41 53570.940.529<0.001
有3294212.84914.923872.3
中心型肥胖否1 08432029.5686.369664.275.741<0.001
是1 41121415.21208.51 07776.3
), ArticleFig(id=1321169868095865330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Associations of age, average monthly income, living alone, self-rated work intensity, alcohol consumption, physical examination, physical activity (early stage fluctuation only), falls in the past year, self-neglect, central obesity, and psychological resilience with latent frailty change categories (progression/early stage fluctuation versus improvement) among community-dwelling older adults in Ma′anshan city: a multinomial logistic regression analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目因素比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
虚弱进展型/健康向好型年龄/岁≥75<751.0730.20926.331<0.0012.2941.941~4.404
月平均收入/元2000~4999<2000−0.6160.2098.7160.0030.5400.359~0.813
≥5000−0.6700.3643.3950.0650.5120.251~1.044
独居是否−1.3270.40110.9500.0010.2650.121~0.582
自评劳动强度中等小−1.5910.36718.768<0.0010.2040.099~0.418
大−1.7570.24850.119<0.0010.1730.106~0.281
饮酒情况饮酒不饮酒−1.3560.4548.9280.0030.2580.106~0.627
体检情况偶尔体检不体检0.7790.3744.3420.0372.1791.047~4.534
每年体检1.1150.33710.9410.0013.0491.575~5.902
近1年跌倒有无1.5410.29327.704<0.0014.6712.631~8.293
自我忽视有无0.7150.2687.1420.0082.0441.210~3.454
中心型肥胖是否1.0210.19427.567<0.0012.7751.896~4.062
心理弹性得分较高是否−0.0510.00931.698<0.0010.9510.934~0.968
前期波动型/健康向好型年龄/岁≥75<750.3010.1364.9200.0271.3511.036~1.762
月平均收入/元2000~4999<2000−0.4450.1776.2860.0120.6410.453~0.907
≥5000−0.1640.1261.6940.1930.8490.664~1.086
自评劳动强度中等小−0.4980.1887.0020.0080.6080.420~0.879
大−0.4880.2244.7670.0290.6140.396~0.951
饮酒情况是否−0.3160.1584.0070.0450.7290.535~0.993
体检情况偶尔体检不体检0.2940.1683.0830.0791.3420.966~1.864
每年体检0.6290.14319.320<0.0011.8751.417~2.482
体育锻炼情况偶尔体育锻炼不体育锻炼0.5280.1729.4180.0021.6961.210~2.376
经常体育锻炼0.5750.13717.553<0.0011.7771.358~2.326
近1年跌倒有无0.4790.2244.5660.0331.6151.040~2.507
自我忽视有无0.4090.1874.7850.0291.5061.043~2.173
中心型肥胖是否0.8620.10468.560<0.0012.3671.931~2.903
心理弹性得分较高是否−0.0180.00514.067<0.0010.9820.972~0.991
), ArticleFig(id=1321169868188140019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169863540851115, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别影响因素多元无序logistic回归分析

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项目因素比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
虚弱进展型/健康向好型年龄/岁≥75<751.0730.20926.331<0.0012.2941.941~4.404
月平均收入/元2000~4999<2000−0.6160.2098.7160.0030.5400.359~0.813
≥5000−0.6700.3643.3950.0650.5120.251~1.044
独居是否−1.3270.40110.9500.0010.2650.121~0.582
自评劳动强度中等小−1.5910.36718.768<0.0010.2040.099~0.418
大−1.7570.24850.119<0.0010.1730.106~0.281
饮酒情况饮酒不饮酒−1.3560.4548.9280.0030.2580.106~0.627
体检情况偶尔体检不体检0.7790.3744.3420.0372.1791.047~4.534
每年体检1.1150.33710.9410.0013.0491.575~5.902
近1年跌倒有无1.5410.29327.704<0.0014.6712.631~8.293
自我忽视有无0.7150.2687.1420.0082.0441.210~3.454
中心型肥胖是否1.0210.19427.567<0.0012.7751.896~4.062
心理弹性得分较高是否−0.0510.00931.698<0.0010.9510.934~0.968
前期波动型/健康向好型年龄/岁≥75<750.3010.1364.9200.0271.3511.036~1.762
月平均收入/元2000~4999<2000−0.4450.1776.2860.0120.6410.453~0.907
≥5000−0.1640.1261.6940.1930.8490.664~1.086
自评劳动强度中等小−0.4980.1887.0020.0080.6080.420~0.879
大−0.4880.2244.7670.0290.6140.396~0.951
饮酒情况是否−0.3160.1584.0070.0450.7290.535~0.993
体检情况偶尔体检不体检0.2940.1683.0830.0791.3420.966~1.864
每年体检0.6290.14319.320<0.0011.8751.417~2.482
体育锻炼情况偶尔体育锻炼不体育锻炼0.5280.1729.4180.0021.6961.210~2.376
经常体育锻炼0.5750.13717.553<0.0011.7771.358~2.326
近1年跌倒有无0.4790.2244.5660.0331.6151.040~2.507
自我忽视有无0.4090.1874.7850.0291.5061.043~2.173
中心型肥胖是否0.8620.10468.560<0.0012.3671.931~2.903
心理弹性得分较高是否−0.0180.00514.067<0.0010.9820.972~0.991
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马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别及其影响因素分析
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李腾飞 1 , 梁雨婷 1 , 贺业珂 1 , 秦其荣 1, 2 , 王蒙蒙 1 , 黄芬 1 , 孙业桓 3 , 李杰 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——宣传普及老年健康知识,提高老年人健康素养 2025,41(6): 704-710
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——宣传普及老年健康知识,提高老年人健康素养 2025 , 41 (6) : 704 -710
马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别及其影响因素分析
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李腾飞1, 梁雨婷1, 贺业珂1, 秦其荣1, 2, 王蒙蒙1, 黄芬1, 孙业桓3, 李杰1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽医科大学公共卫生学院,合肥 230032
  • 2马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心,马鞍山 243011
  • 3安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院,巢湖 238000
通讯作者:
李杰,E-mail:
作者简介:

李腾飞(2000—),初级,硕士,研究方向:健康促进与行为科学

Latent categories and their influencing factors of frailty change among community-dwelling older adults in Ma′anshan city: a 5-year follow-up study
Tengfei LI1, Yuting LIANG1, Yeke HE1, Qirong QIN1, 2, Mengmeng WANG1, Fen HUANG1, Yehuan SUN3, Jie LI1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
  • 2Ma′anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ma′anshan 243011, China
  • 3Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Chaohu 238000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LI Jie, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145283
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目的

了解安徽省马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态随时间变化的潜在类别及其影响因素,为制定老年人虚弱发生和进展的防控措施提供参考依据。

方法

于 2016年 12月—2017年 3月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法在马鞍山市花山区、雨山区和博望区 3个区抽取3 476名 ≥ 60岁社区老年人进行基线调查,分别于 2018年12月和 2021年12月进行了2次随访,应用潜在类别分析方法对2 495名参与全部3次调查社区老年人虚弱状态随时间变化的潜在类别进行分析,并应用多元无序logistic回归模型分析其主要影响因素。

结果

马鞍山市纳入分析的2 495名社区老年人中,虚弱状态潜在类别为健康向好型534人(21.4%),虚弱进展型188人(7.5%),前期波动型1 773人(71.1%)。多元无序logistic回归分析结果显示,虚弱进展型与健康向好型比较,年龄≥75岁、偶尔或每年体检、近1年跌倒、自我忽视和中心型肥胖的社区老年人更倾向于虚弱进展型,月平均收入2 000~4 999元、独居、自评劳动强度中等及以上、饮酒和心理弹性得分较高的社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型;前期波动型与健康向好型比较,年龄≥75岁、每年体检、偶尔或经常体育锻炼、近1年跌倒、自我忽视和中心型肥胖的社区老年人更倾向于前期波动型,月平均收入2 000~4 999元、自评劳动强度中等及以上、饮酒和心理弹性得分较高的社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型。

结论

马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态的主要潜在类别为前期波动型,年龄、月平均收入、是否独居、自评劳动强度、饮酒情况、体检情况、体育锻炼情况、近1年有无跌倒、有无自我忽视、是否中心型肥胖和心理弹性得分是当地社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别的主要影响因素。

虚弱状态  /  潜在类别  /  影响因素  /  社区老年人  /  马鞍山市
Objective

To investigate the latent categories and influencing factors of frailty change over time among elderly residents in Ma′anshan city, Anhui province, and to provide a reference for the development of prevention and control measures against the onset and progression of frailty in this population.

Methods

A multistage random sampling method was used to recruit 3 476 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years from three districts of Ma′anshan city. Baseline data were collected through face-to-face interviews (December 2016-March 2017) using standardized instruments: a self-developed questionnaire, the Scale of Elderly Self-neglect (SESN), the Psychological Stress Resilience Quotient Scale, the Social Support Scale (both validated by Chinese researchers), and the Frailty Index to assess frailty status. Follow-up surveys were conducted in December 2018 and December 2021. Among the initial cohort, 2 495 participants completed all three surveys and were included in the final analysis. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified distinct trajectories of in frailty over time, while multinomial logistic regression identified key influencing factors.

Results

Among the participants included in the analysis, three latent categories of change in frailty during the observation period were identified: improvement, progression, and early fluctuation, with percentages of 534 (21.4%), 188 (7.5%), and 1 773 (71.1%) participants, respectively. The results of multinomial logistic regression analyses (with the improvement group as the reference) revealed the following significant baseline factors influencing membership in either the progression or early fluctuation groups: increased odds of being in the progression or early fluctuation groups were associated with age ≥ 75 years, annual or occasional physical examinations (occasional examinations significant only for the progression group), occasional or regular physical activity (significant only for the early fluctuation group), history of falls in the past year, self-neglect, and central obesity; whereas decreased odds of being in either group were associated with average monthly income of 2 000 - 4 999 Chinese yuan, living alone (significant only for the progression group), moderate or higher self-rated work intensity, alcohol consumption, and high psychological resilience scores.

Conclusions

The main latent category of frailty status among community-dwelling older adults in Ma′anshan city was early fluctuation. Age, average monthly income, living alone, self-reported work intensity, alcohol consumption, physical examination status, physical activity, falls in the past year, self-neglect, central obesity, and psychological resilience score were the main influencing factors of latent categories of frailty among the elderly.

frailty  /  latent category  /  influencing factor  /  community-dwelling older adults  /  Ma′anshan city
李腾飞, 梁雨婷, 贺业珂, 秦其荣, 王蒙蒙, 黄芬, 孙业桓, 李杰. 马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别及其影响因素分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (6) : 704 -710 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145283
Tengfei LI, Yuting LIANG, Yeke HE, Qirong QIN, Mengmeng WANG, Fen HUANG, Yehuan SUN, Jie LI. Latent categories and their influencing factors of frailty change among community-dwelling older adults in Ma′anshan city: a 5-year follow-up study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (6) : 704 -710 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145283
近年来,随着人口老龄化进程的加快,人口结构的快速转变将对社会各个方面产生影响,2020年5月,联合国大会宣布将2021—2030年作为健康老龄化十年,强调各国决策者应将政策重点放在老年人生活的改善方面[1]。健康老龄化的理想目标是在不增加虚弱的情况下延长预期寿命[2],而虚弱是由于身体多系统中的储备和功能下降而导致对压力源脆弱性增加的老年综合征[3],可以发生于成年人的所有年龄段,但由于与衰老密切相关,其在老年人群中的发生率更高,研究表明虚弱可导致老年人多种不良结局的发生,包括抑郁、认知障碍、住院和死亡等[4–6],并增加对长期护理与医疗支出的需求,因此延缓老年人虚弱的发生具有重要的公共卫生意义。Gill T M等[7]研究表明,虚弱具有动态性,针对虚弱的不同状态施加干预措施可以减缓其发展。为了解安徽省马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态随时间变化的潜在类别及其影响因素,为制定老年人虚弱发生和进展的防控措施提供参考依据,本研究于 2016年 12月—2017年 3月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法在马鞍山市花山区、雨山区和博望区 3个区抽取3 476名 ≥ 60岁社区老年人进行基线调查,分别于 2018年12月和 2021年12月进行了2次随访,应用潜在类别分析方法对2 495名参与全部3次调查社区老年人虚弱状态随时间变化的潜在类别进行分析,并应用多元无序logistic回归模型分析其主要影响因素。结果报告如下。
于 2016年 12月—2017年 3月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,首先在马鞍山市随机抽取花山区、雨山区和博望区 3个区作为样本地区,然后在每个样本地区分别随机抽取8个小区作为样本小区,最后在每个样本小区整群抽取全部 3 476名≥ 60岁社区老年人作为调查对象进行基线调查。本研究经安徽医科大学生物医学伦理委员会审查批准(批号:81220341),且所有调查对象均签署了知情同意书。
(1)问卷调查:采用自行设计调查问卷,由经过统一培训的调查员进行面访调查,内容包括性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、有无宗教信仰、月平均收入、是否独居、自评劳动强度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、体育锻炼情况、体检情况、近1年有无跌倒、有无自我忽视、心理弹性、社会支持和虚弱状态等。其中,吸烟指吸烟≥1支/天且持续≥1年[8];饮酒指饮酒≥2次/月且持续≥1年[9];体育锻炼指主动参加体育活动(如早操、广场舞、步行锻炼、跑步等)≥1次/周[10];自我忽视采用老年自我忽视量表[11],该量表包括医疗自我忽视(3个条目)、健康自我忽视(3个条目)、情感自我忽视(3个条目)、安全自我忽视(3个条目)和社会交往自我忽视(2个条目)5个维度共14个条目,每个条目按0~3分4级评分,0分为无自我忽视、1分为轻度自我忽视、2分为中度自我忽视、3分为严重自我忽视,量表总分为0~42分,本研究采用5个维度中有≥3个维度得分≥1分评定为有自我忽视;心理弹性采用压力弹性商数量表[12],该量表用于评估个人在生活压力下的弹性生活方式和应对资源,共包括19个条目,每个条目采用1~5级评分,1、2、3、4和5分分别代表从不、偶然、有时、常常和总是,总分为19~95分,总分越高说明对压力的调整或适应能力越强;社会支持评估采用社会支持量表[13],该量表包括客观支持(3个条目)、主观支持(4个条目)和支持利用度(3个条目)3个维度共 10个条目,每个条目从“无”到“全力支持”分别计1~4分,总分为10~40分,总分越高说明社会支持程度越好;虚弱采修订后的虚弱指数(frail index,FI)版本[14–15]进行测量,通过计算包括日常生活能力、慢性病、心理健康、认知状况、疼痛、睡眠状况等40项健康缺陷进行评估,每项按0分(无缺陷)~1分(最大缺陷)计分,总分为0~40分,FI的计算方法是将缺陷总分除以缺陷总数,FI 值为 0~1,值越大代表健康缺陷累积越多,≤0.08表示非虚弱,≥0.25表示虚弱,介于两者之间的值表示虚弱前期[16]。(2)腰围和臀围测量:由经过统一培训的调查人员使用卷尺和标准的测量方法进行腰围和臀围的测量,并计算腰臀比=腰围(cm)/臀围(cm)。其中,男性腰臀比≥0.9、女性腰臀比≥0.85即可定义为中心型肥胖[17]。(3)随访调查:分别于2018年12月和2021年12月进行了2次随访调查,随访内容同基线调查。排除死亡458例和因搬迁或其他原因失访者523人后,完成全部3次调查社区老年人共2 495人。
应用SPSS 23.0和Mplus 7.8软件进行统计分析。采用潜在类别分析方法对社区老年人虚弱的异质性进行建模以确定潜在类别模式,并使用标准拟合统计量比较拟合优度指数以确定最佳类别数量;组间差异使用χ2检验和方差分析,并以虚弱潜在类别为因变量进行多元无序logistic回归分析。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
马鞍山市最终纳入分析的2 495名社区老年人中,男性1 094人(43.8%),女性1 401人(56.2%);年龄<75岁1 925人(77.15%),≥75岁590人(23.65%);文化程度小学及以下713人(28.6%),初中656人(26.3%),高中及以上1 126人(45.1%);婚姻状况非在婚385人(15.4%),在婚2 110人(84.6%);无宗教信仰2 167人(86.9%),有宗教信仰328人(13.1%);月平均收入<2 000元708人(28.4%),2 000~4 999元1 507人(60.4%),≥5 000元280人(11.2%);非独居2 256人(90.4%),独居239人(9.6%);自评劳动强度小350人(14.0%),中等1 791人(71.8%),大354人(14.2%);不吸烟2 217人(88.9%),吸烟278人(11.1%);不饮酒2 251人(90.2%),饮酒244人(9.8%);不体育锻炼509人(20.4%),偶尔体育锻炼451人(18.1%),经常体育锻炼1 535人(61.5%);不体检320人(12.8%),偶尔体检523人(21.0%),每年体检1 652人(66.2%);近1年未跌倒2 276人(91.2%),跌倒219人(8.8%);无自我忽视2 166人(86.8%),有自我忽视329人(13.2%);无中心型肥胖1 084人(43.4%),有中心型肥胖1 411人(56.6%)。心理弹性得分为19~95分,平均分为(68.87±12.08)分;社会支持得分为17~56分,平均分为(34.35±5.86)分。
采用潜类别分析对社区老年人虚弱状态进行纵向分析,根据模型评价指标和专业可解释性,识别出3个潜在最佳类别,概率分别为0.075、0.214、0.711。类别1中,虚弱前期与健康状态概率最高,但虚弱前期概率逐次降低,健康状态概率依次升高,命名为“健康向好型”;类别2中,虚弱状态概率均>0.50,并逐次升高,命名为“虚弱进展型”;类别3中,虚弱前期概率最高均>0.75,且先升后降,命名为“前期波动型”。
马鞍山市纳入分析的2 495名社区老年人中,虚弱状态潜在类别为健康向好型534人(21.4%),虚弱进展型188人(7.5%),前期波动型1 773人(71.1%);马鞍山市不同特征社区老年人比较,不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、月平均收入、自评劳动强度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、体育锻炼情况、体检情况以及有无宗教信仰、是否独居、近1年有无跌倒、是否自我忽视和是否中心型肥胖社区老年人虚弱状态潜在类别分布情况不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。健康向好型、虚弱进展型和前期波动型社区老年人心理弹性平均分分别为(71.65±11.95)、(61.09±11.85)和(68.86±11.78)分,社会支持平均分分别为(35.40±5.79)、(32.41±5.89)和(34.24±5.81)分,3种虚弱状态潜在类型社区老年人心理弹性和社会支持平均分差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。
以马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态的潜类别为因变量(1=健康向好型,2=虚弱进展型,3=前期波动型),以性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、有无宗教信仰、月平均收入、是否独居、自评劳动强度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、体育锻炼情况、体检情况、近1年有无跌倒、有无自我忽视、是否中心型肥胖、心理弹性得分和社会支持得分共17个因素为自变量进行多元无序logistic回归分析。结果显示,虚弱进展型与健康向好型比较,年龄≥75岁、偶尔或每年体检、近1年跌倒、自我忽视和中心型肥胖的社区老年人更倾向于虚弱进展型,月平均收入2000~4 999元、独居、自评劳动强度中等及以上、饮酒和心理弹性得分较高的社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型;前期波动型与健康向好型比较,年龄≥75岁、每年体检、偶尔或经常体育锻炼、近1年跌倒、自我忽视和中心型肥胖的社区老年人更倾向于前期波动型,月平均收入2000~4 999元、自评劳动强度中等及以上、饮酒和心理弹性得分较高的社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型。
社区老年人的虚弱状态呈动态变化,这与虚弱动态性[18]的观点相一致。本研究采用潜在类别分析对马鞍山市社区老年人虚弱状态的变化进行分类,得到健康向好型、虚弱进展型和前期波动型3种潜在类别。多元无序logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、月平均收入、是否独居、自评劳动强度、饮酒情况、体检情况、体育锻炼情况、近1年有无跌倒、有无自我忽视、是否中心型肥胖和心理弹性得分均与社区老年人虚弱类别存在关联。
既往研究表明,自我忽视会影响老年人身心健康和生活质量[11],且在低龄和高龄2个年龄组中,自我忽视均会增加虚弱的风险[16]。本研究对自我忽视与虚弱状态类别进行分析发现,自我忽视是虚弱进展型的危险因素,自我忽视的老年人可能会有意或无意地通过忽视与健康相关的行为和不能执行基本的自我护理任务而导致虚弱的发生或进展。因此,在社区中进行自我忽视早期筛查,并开展多种形式的自我忽视健康教育和干预计划,如通过自媒体科普、健康讲座和发放知识手册等以降低其健康状况下降和虚弱发生的风险。
关于心理弹性与虚弱之间关系的研究较为有限,但一项针对210名德国社区老年人[19]和另一项针对10 209名中国社区老年人[20]的研究均表明,心理弹性与虚弱呈负相关,与本研究中心理弹性得分较高社区老年人更倾向于健康向好型的结果一致。这可能与高水平的心理弹性可以帮助老年人更好地应对压力源并更好地促进心理健康有关[21–22],还可能与心理弹性可以促进个人进行体育锻炼、健康膳食、医疗保健和健康体检等有关[23]。此外,高水平的心理弹性与高水平社会支持、积极应对策略、健康衰老和低炎症标志物水平亦有关,这些都是防止虚弱的重要保护因素[24–26]。因此针对心理弹性这一可改变因素,通过正念和/或认知行为疗法等采取有针对性的干预措施来提高老年人的心理弹性水平可促进健康老化[27–28]。
本研究结果显示,年龄是虚弱最为重要的影响因素。在横断面研究中,老年人的虚弱程度随年龄的增长而有所增高[29–30],但在纵向研究中,这种关联方向并不一致。一项针对荷兰老年人的17年纵向研究结果显示,尽管基线年龄较大者的FI绝对变化更高,但随访中FI的变化率在不同年龄组人群之间相对稳定[31]。Peek M K等[32]应用混合模型拟合3种不同的衰弱轨迹发现,年龄较大会增加衰弱进展的风险,此结论与本研究结果相似,其原因可能是年龄较大会导致多种生理功能减退和躯体多病的增加,并增加不良事件(如住院和跌倒)的风险,从而导致虚弱的发生[33]。
中心型肥胖作为老年人健康和存在重大健康风险的指标,也是社区老年人虚弱的影响因素,研究结果显示中心型肥胖增加了虚弱进展型和前期波动型的风险。这可能是因为中心型肥胖反映了老年人高腰部脂肪和低臀围脂肪为特征的身体状况,能间接反映肌肉量和脂肪量,而脂肪堆积可能造成老年人心血管疾病,肌肉量减少则会导致跌倒的风险。因此提示在社区健康管理中应加强老年人的体育锻炼,提倡均衡膳食,从而维持老年人健康体态,减少虚弱的发生风险。
跌倒在老年人中较为常见,研究表明过去1年有跌倒史的老年人较无跌倒史的老年人更加虚弱[34–35]。老年人跌倒通常会造成身体损伤,导致活动受限和抑郁等心理问题[36],研究表明活动受限造成的肌肉含量减少和日常生活活动依赖性增加是虚弱发生的危险因素[37]。此外,还有研究报道恐惧跌倒也与虚弱发生相关[38],这可能是因为恐惧跌倒会影响老年人的活动范围和活动能力,给老年人心理状态造成负面影响,从而进一步导致了老年人身体衰弱的发生和进展。
本研究结果还显示,独居和饮酒的老年人更倾向于健康向好型。Trevisan C等[39]研究亦表明独居对虚弱有积极影响,但原因尚不清楚,可能与独居者的自我照顾能力更高,对于家庭与社会关系网络要求较低,从而较易获得积极情绪有关。饮酒对于虚弱的保护效应在既往研究[40–41]中也有报告,这可能与饮酒者认为饮酒可以消缓白天的疲惫而放松身心,使得睡眠质量更佳、生命质量更高,从而降低了虚弱的发生风险[42–43]。但不能忽略的是,饮酒是多种慢性病的危险因素,对老年人的晚年健康会造成影响[44]。这也提示,在老年人的健康宣教过程中,对于坚持长期饮酒的老年人,应倡导其不高频、不过量的饮酒模式,从而提高生命质量,减缓虚弱的发展。
综上所述,本研究利用纵向数据识别出马鞍山市社区老年人3种虚弱状态的潜在类别,并探讨了其主要影响因素,提示要积极预防老年人虚弱并应针对其危险因素采取综合干预措施以减少社区老年人虚弱状态的发生,从而促进老年人健康衰老。由于虚弱的影响因素较多,本研究无法对所有因素进行探讨,得到的结果可能不够全面,且本研究人群仅来自马鞍山市社区,因此结果外推时需要谨慎。在今后的研究中,可结合不同地区人群样本纳入更为全面的危险因素进一步进行探索。

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2025年第41卷第6期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145283
  • 接收时间:2024-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-25
  • 修回日期:2024-11-19
  • 录用日期:2025-04-12
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    1安徽医科大学公共卫生学院,合肥 230032
    2马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心,马鞍山 243011
    3安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院,巢湖 238000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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