Article(id=1321170596277367265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170520196895605, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1144800, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1724342400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-23, acceptedDate=1732118400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-21, onlineDate=1792921216315, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921216315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921216315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921216315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170520196895605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921198175, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921198175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=292, endPage=297, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170596503859682, articleId=1321170596277367265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Salt intake and its influencing factors among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, columnId=1320427696342020970, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Epidemiological Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the salt intake status and its influencing factors among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, and to provide a reference for developing salt reduction interventions for residents in this area.

Methods

In August 2022, 600 adult residents aged ≥18 years were selected from 11 prefecture-level cities in Hebei province (Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xingtai, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, Hengshui, and Langfang) using a convenience sampling method. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and 24-hour urine collection and testing were conducted. The daily salt intake of the subjects was calculated using the 24-hour urinary sodium method, and a multifactorial unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province.

Results

The daily salt intake of the 597 rural adult residents finally included in the analysis ranged from 1.05 g to 35.54 g, with a mean daily salt intake of [9.66 (6.67, 13.41) g]. The low-salt group (daily salt intake < 9.66 g) and high-salt group (daily salt intake ≥9.66 g) consisted of 298 and 299 individuals, accounting for 49.92% and 50.08%, respectively. Multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that frequent consumption of broad bean paste (OR=1.642, 95%CI: 1.152–2.340) was a risk factor for salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, while age ≥60 years (OR=0.628, 95%CI: 0.430–0.916) and the use of low-sodium salt (OR=0.544, 95%CI: 0.308–0.962) were protective factors.

Conclusions

Salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province is high. Age, frequent consumption of broad bean paste, and current use of low-sodium salt are the main influencing factors of salt intake among rural adult residents in the area.

, authors=Di YANG1, 2, Mengyang LIU1, 2, Yujing ZHANG1, 2, Yujie WANG1, 2, Yuxia MA1, 2, Qingbao TIAN1, 2, authorsList=Di YANG, Mengyang LIU, Yujing ZHANG, Yujie WANG, Yuxia MA, Qingbao TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingbao TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TIAN Qingbao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170598139638245, articleId=1321170596277367265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素分析, columnId=1320427696509793132, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=流行病学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素,为制定该地区居民的减盐干预措施提供参考依据。

方法

于2022年8月采用方便抽样方法在河北省石家庄、邯郸、邢台、保定、张家口、承德、唐山、秦皇岛、沧州、衡水和廊坊11个地级市抽取600名≥18岁成年居民进行问卷调查、体格检查、24 h尿液的采集和检测,采用24 h尿钠法计算调查对象日均盐摄入量,并应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的影响因素。

结果

河北省最终纳入分析的597名农村地区成年居民日均盐摄入量为[9.66(6.67,13.41)]g,低盐组(日均盐摄入量<9.66 g)和高盐组(日均盐摄入量≥9.66 g)分别为298和299人,占比分别为49.92%和50.08%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,经常使用豆瓣酱(OR=1.642,95%CI=1.152~2.340)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的危险因素,年龄≥60岁(OR=0.628,95%CI=0.430~0.916)和低钠盐的使用(OR=0.544,95%CI=0.308~0.962)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的保护因素。

结论

河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入量较高,年龄、是否经常食用豆瓣酱和目前是否使用低钠盐是当地农村地区成年居民盐摄入的主要影响因素。

, authors=杨迪1, 2, 刘梦阳1, 2, 张钰菁1, 2, 王玉洁1, 2, 马玉霞1, 2, 田庆宝1, 2, *, *, authorsList=杨迪, 刘梦阳, 张钰菁, 王玉洁, 马玉霞, 田庆宝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田庆宝, authorNote=

杨迪(1994—),硕士在读,研究方向:公众营养与流行病

, correspAuthorsNote=
田庆宝,E-mail:
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Awareness and use of low-sodium salt substitutes and its impact on 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion in China-A cross-sectional study[J]. Nutrients, 2023, 15(13): 3000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170820513255558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aminde L N, Cobiac L, Veerman J L. Cost-effectiveness analysis of population salt reduction interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in Cameroon: mathematical modelling study[J]. 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The availability, price, and characteristics of low sodium salt based on an online salt market survey in China: implications for scaling up its use[J]. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 2023, 25(12): 1079-1085., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170820840411274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han B, Li C C, Zhou Y B, et al. Association of salt-reduction knowledge and behaviors and salt intake in Chinese population[J]. Frontiers in Public Health, 2022, 10: 872299., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170820915908747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du S F, Wang H J, Zhang B, et al. Dietary potassium intake remains low and sodium intake remains high, and most sodium is derived from home food preparation for Chinese adults, 1991-2015 trends[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2020, 150(5): 1230-1239., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170813814951989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170813831729206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, companyId=1321170813814951989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170813840117815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, companyId=1321170813814951989, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北医科大学公共卫生学院,石家庄 050000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170814112747576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170814121136185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, companyId=1321170814112747576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170814129524794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, companyId=1321170814112747576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2河北省环境与人群健康重点实验室,石家庄 050000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170818265108585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of demographic characteristics of adult residents in different groups by gender,age, education, occupation, per capita monthly household income (Yuan), smoking, alcohol consumption, Regular motion condition ,home chef , BMI, central obesity, hypertension in rural areas of Hebei province

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特征分类低盐组(n=298)高盐组(n=299)χ2值P值
调查人数构成比/%调查人数构成比/%
性别男性11237.5813344.482.9350.087
女性18662.4216655.52
年龄/岁18~5920769.4622976.593.8480.049
≥609130.547023.41
文化程度初中及以下20067.1120568.560.1430.705
高中及以上9832.899431.44
职业非农民13444.9712441.470.7430.389
农民16455.0317558.53
家庭人均月收入/元<1 0006722.485317.733.7760.287
1 000~1 9998528.529030.10
2 000~2 9998227.529933.11
≥3 0006421.485719.06
吸烟情况不吸烟24582.2123678.931.0290.310
吸烟5317.796321.07
饮酒情况不饮酒22475.1720267.564.2280.040
饮酒7424.839732.44
规律运动情况不规律运动21973.4920869.571.1290.288
规律运动7926.519130.43
家庭主厨否19465.1020367.890.5220.470
是10434.909632.11
体质量指数偏瘦175.70196.354.7050.195
正常体重14548.6612240.80
超重9632.2110334.45
肥胖4013.425518.39
中心型肥胖否16254.3616354.520.0010.970
是13645.6413645.48
高血压否23478.5222775.920.5750.448
是6421.487224.08
), ArticleFig(id=1321170818332217450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

河北省农村地区不同组别成年居民社会人口学特征比较

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特征分类低盐组(n=298)高盐组(n=299)χ2值P值
调查人数构成比/%调查人数构成比/%
性别男性11237.5813344.482.9350.087
女性18662.4216655.52
年龄/岁18~5920769.4622976.593.8480.049
≥609130.547023.41
文化程度初中及以下20067.1120568.560.1430.705
高中及以上9832.899431.44
职业非农民13444.9712441.470.7430.389
农民16455.0317558.53
家庭人均月收入/元<1 0006722.485317.733.7760.287
1 000~1 9998528.529030.10
2 000~2 9998227.529933.11
≥3 0006421.485719.06
吸烟情况不吸烟24582.2123678.931.0290.310
吸烟5317.796321.07
饮酒情况不饮酒22475.1720267.564.2280.040
饮酒7424.839732.44
规律运动情况不规律运动21973.4920869.571.1290.288
规律运动7926.519130.43
家庭主厨否19465.1020367.890.5220.470
是10434.909632.11
体质量指数偏瘦175.70196.354.7050.195
正常体重14548.6612240.80
超重9632.2110334.45
肥胖4013.425518.39
中心型肥胖否16254.3616354.520.0010.970
是13645.6413645.48
高血压否23478.5222775.920.5750.448
是6421.487224.08
), ArticleFig(id=1321170818403520619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of salt-related health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of adult residents in different groups in rural areas of Hebei province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度项目分类低盐组(n=298)高盐组(n=299)χ2值P值
调查人数构成比/%调查人数构成比/%
知识吃盐过多是否对健康有害不知晓237.72175.690.9860.321
知晓27592.2828294.31
推荐成人每日盐摄入量不知晓15552.0114247.491.2210.269
知晓14347.9915752.51
吃盐过多会增加高血压患病风险不知晓4013.423612.040.2570.612
知晓25886.5826387.96
吃盐过多会增加心脑血管疾病患病风险不知晓6421.486321.070.0150.903
知晓23478.5223678.93
吃盐过多会增加骨质疏松患病风险不知晓21271.1421270.900.0040.949
知晓8628.868729.10
酱油含盐量较高不知晓3612.084013.380.2260.634
知晓26287.9225986.62
蚝油含盐量较高不知晓15752.6813344.484.0200.045
知晓14147.3216655.52
豆瓣酱含盐量较高不知晓9732.557926.422.6970.101
知晓20167.4522073.58
味精含盐量较高不知晓20568.7919665.550.7110.399
知晓9331.2110334.45
挂面/方便面含有隐藏盐不知晓4816.115418.060.4020.526
知晓25083.8924581.94
面包含有隐藏盐不知晓17458.3917759.200.0400.841
知晓12441.6112240.80
饼干含有隐藏盐不知晓10133.8911638.801.5510.213
知晓19766.1118361.20
芝士含有隐藏盐不知晓18562.0817157.191.4830.223
知晓11337.9212842.81
冰激凌含有隐藏盐不知晓26087.2526187.29<0.0010.988
知晓3812.753812.71
1 g钠等于多少盐不知晓22274.5022374.580.0010.981
知晓7625.507625.42
高盐食物的钠含量为0.6 g/100 g不知晓24883.2223779.261.5340.216
知晓5016.786220.74
低钠盐不知晓15853.0217558.531.8360.175
知晓14046.9812441.47
态度有无减盐意愿无3812.754214.050.2160.624
有26087.2525785.95
有无应用低钠盐意愿无113.69186.021.7510.186
有28796.3128193.98
行为自报平时饮食口味偏咸8729.1910535.125.8820.053
适中15351.3415652.17
偏淡5819.463812.71
经常使用酱油否103.36175.691.8760.171
是28896.6428294.31
经常使用蚝油否14548.6613043.481.6120.204
是15351.3416956.52
经常使用豆瓣酱否21070.4717056.8611.9550.001
是8829.5312943.14
经常使用味精否18562.0815451.516.8020.009
是11337.9214548.49
日常高盐饮食行为无10535.238127.094.6160.032
有19364.7721872.91
日常减盐行为无4916.444615.380.1250.724
有24983.5625384.62
目前使用低钠盐否26087.2527792.644.8030.028
是3812.75227.36
), ArticleFig(id=1321170818474823788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170596277367265, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

河北省农村地区不同组别成年居民盐相关健康知识、态度和行为情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度项目分类低盐组(n=298)高盐组(n=299)χ2值P值
调查人数构成比/%调查人数构成比/%
知识吃盐过多是否对健康有害不知晓237.72175.690.9860.321
知晓27592.2828294.31
推荐成人每日盐摄入量不知晓15552.0114247.491.2210.269
知晓14347.9915752.51
吃盐过多会增加高血压患病风险不知晓4013.423612.040.2570.612
知晓25886.5826387.96
吃盐过多会增加心脑血管疾病患病风险不知晓6421.486321.070.0150.903
知晓23478.5223678.93
吃盐过多会增加骨质疏松患病风险不知晓21271.1421270.900.0040.949
知晓8628.868729.10
酱油含盐量较高不知晓3612.084013.380.2260.634
知晓26287.9225986.62
蚝油含盐量较高不知晓15752.6813344.484.0200.045
知晓14147.3216655.52
豆瓣酱含盐量较高不知晓9732.557926.422.6970.101
知晓20167.4522073.58
味精含盐量较高不知晓20568.7919665.550.7110.399
知晓9331.2110334.45
挂面/方便面含有隐藏盐不知晓4816.115418.060.4020.526
知晓25083.8924581.94
面包含有隐藏盐不知晓17458.3917759.200.0400.841
知晓12441.6112240.80
饼干含有隐藏盐不知晓10133.8911638.801.5510.213
知晓19766.1118361.20
芝士含有隐藏盐不知晓18562.0817157.191.4830.223
知晓11337.9212842.81
冰激凌含有隐藏盐不知晓26087.2526187.29<0.0010.988
知晓3812.753812.71
1 g钠等于多少盐不知晓22274.5022374.580.0010.981
知晓7625.507625.42
高盐食物的钠含量为0.6 g/100 g不知晓24883.2223779.261.5340.216
知晓5016.786220.74
低钠盐不知晓15853.0217558.531.8360.175
知晓14046.9812441.47
态度有无减盐意愿无3812.754214.050.2160.624
有26087.2525785.95
有无应用低钠盐意愿无113.69186.021.7510.186
有28796.3128193.98
行为自报平时饮食口味偏咸8729.1910535.125.8820.053
适中15351.3415652.17
偏淡5819.463812.71
经常使用酱油否103.36175.691.8760.171
是28896.6428294.31
经常使用蚝油否14548.6613043.481.6120.204
是15351.3416956.52
经常使用豆瓣酱否21070.4717056.8611.9550.001
是8829.5312943.14
经常使用味精否18562.0815451.516.8020.009
是11337.9214548.49
日常高盐饮食行为无10535.238127.094.6160.032
有19364.7721872.91
日常减盐行为无4916.444615.380.1250.724
有24983.5625384.62
目前使用低钠盐否26087.2527792.644.8030.028
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河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素分析
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杨迪 1, 2 , 刘梦阳 1, 2 , 张钰菁 1, 2 , 王玉洁 1, 2 , 马玉霞 1, 2 , 田庆宝 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 流行病学研究 2025,41(3): 292-297
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中国公共卫生 |流行病学研究 2025 , 41 (3) : 292 -297
河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素分析
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杨迪1, 2, 刘梦阳1, 2, 张钰菁1, 2, 王玉洁1, 2, 马玉霞1, 2, 田庆宝1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1河北医科大学公共卫生学院,石家庄 050000
  • 2河北省环境与人群健康重点实验室,石家庄 050000
通讯作者:
田庆宝,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨迪(1994—),硕士在读,研究方向:公众营养与流行病

Salt intake and its influencing factors among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province
Di YANG1, 2, Mengyang LIU1, 2, Yujing ZHANG1, 2, Yujie WANG1, 2, Yuxia MA1, 2, Qingbao TIAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • 2Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    TIAN Qingbao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144800
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目的

了解河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素,为制定该地区居民的减盐干预措施提供参考依据。

方法

于2022年8月采用方便抽样方法在河北省石家庄、邯郸、邢台、保定、张家口、承德、唐山、秦皇岛、沧州、衡水和廊坊11个地级市抽取600名≥18岁成年居民进行问卷调查、体格检查、24 h尿液的采集和检测,采用24 h尿钠法计算调查对象日均盐摄入量,并应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的影响因素。

结果

河北省最终纳入分析的597名农村地区成年居民日均盐摄入量为[9.66(6.67,13.41)]g,低盐组(日均盐摄入量<9.66 g)和高盐组(日均盐摄入量≥9.66 g)分别为298和299人,占比分别为49.92%和50.08%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,经常使用豆瓣酱(OR=1.642,95%CI=1.152~2.340)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的危险因素,年龄≥60岁(OR=0.628,95%CI=0.430~0.916)和低钠盐的使用(OR=0.544,95%CI=0.308~0.962)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的保护因素。

结论

河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入量较高,年龄、是否经常食用豆瓣酱和目前是否使用低钠盐是当地农村地区成年居民盐摄入的主要影响因素。

盐摄入  /  影响因素  /  农村地区  /  成年居民  /  河北省
Objective

To investigate the salt intake status and its influencing factors among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, and to provide a reference for developing salt reduction interventions for residents in this area.

Methods

In August 2022, 600 adult residents aged ≥18 years were selected from 11 prefecture-level cities in Hebei province (Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xingtai, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, Hengshui, and Langfang) using a convenience sampling method. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and 24-hour urine collection and testing were conducted. The daily salt intake of the subjects was calculated using the 24-hour urinary sodium method, and a multifactorial unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province.

Results

The daily salt intake of the 597 rural adult residents finally included in the analysis ranged from 1.05 g to 35.54 g, with a mean daily salt intake of [9.66 (6.67, 13.41) g]. The low-salt group (daily salt intake < 9.66 g) and high-salt group (daily salt intake ≥9.66 g) consisted of 298 and 299 individuals, accounting for 49.92% and 50.08%, respectively. Multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that frequent consumption of broad bean paste (OR=1.642, 95%CI: 1.152–2.340) was a risk factor for salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, while age ≥60 years (OR=0.628, 95%CI: 0.430–0.916) and the use of low-sodium salt (OR=0.544, 95%CI: 0.308–0.962) were protective factors.

Conclusions

Salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province is high. Age, frequent consumption of broad bean paste, and current use of low-sodium salt are the main influencing factors of salt intake among rural adult residents in the area.

salt intake  /  influencing factors  /  rural areas  /  adult residents  /  Hebei province
杨迪, 刘梦阳, 张钰菁, 王玉洁, 马玉霞, 田庆宝. 河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (3) : 292 -297 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144800
Di YANG, Mengyang LIU, Yujing ZHANG, Yujie WANG, Yuxia MA, Qingbao TIAN. Salt intake and its influencing factors among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (3) : 292 -297 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144800
高盐饮食是全球高危饮食风险因素之一[1],研究表明,高盐摄入会增加高血压、心脑血管疾病、胃癌、骨质疏松和肥胖等多种疾病的发病和死亡风险[2–8]。全球疾病负担数据亦显示,2019年高盐饮食约导致全球180万人死亡和4 400万残疾调整生命年[1]。然而,中国居民的盐摄入量却普遍偏高,2020年中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告显示我国居民人均每日烹调用盐为9.3 g[9],在北方的一些农村地区,居民日均盐摄入量甚至达12~14 g[10],远高于我国2022年新版膳食指南推荐限值的5 g[11]。为了解河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况及其影响因素,为制定该地区居民的减盐干预措施提供参考依据,本研究于2022年8月采用方便抽样方法在河北省石家庄、邯郸、邢台、保定、张家口、承德、唐山、秦皇岛、沧州、衡水和廊坊11个地级市抽取600名≥18岁成年居民进行问卷调查、体格检查、24 h尿液的采集和检测,采用24 h尿钠法计算调查对象日均盐摄入量,并应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的影响因素。结果报告如下。
采用方便抽样方法,依托河北医科大学在校本科生2022年暑期社会实践平台随机招募50名河北省农村地区大学生志愿者,由各志愿者分别在其家乡所在村招募4个家庭人口数≥3人的家庭,每个家庭随机抽取3名在家就餐≥5天/周且可以配合完成问卷调查和尿液收集的≥18岁成年居民作为调查对象进行问卷调查、体格检查、24 h尿液的采集和检测。本研究经河北医科大学伦理委员会审查批准(批号:2022010),且所有调查对象均签署了知情同意。本次应调查600人,实际调查597人,应答率为99.50%。
采用自行设计调查问卷,由经过统一培训的大学生志愿者作为调查员在现场发布线上调查问卷进行调查,在调查中调查员不可对调查对象进行任何问题的回答或有指导性和暗示性的帮助。问卷内容包括性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭人均月收入、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、规律运动情况、是否为家庭主厨、是否患高血压以及盐相关健康知识、态度、行为等。其中,吸烟指吸烟≥1支/天且连续或累计≥6个月[12];饮酒指过去1年中饮酒≥1次,包括但不限于白酒、啤酒、葡萄酒或黄酒等[13];规律运动指进行中等强度有氧体力活动(如快走、慢跑、羽毛球、健身操、太极拳等)150~300分/周[14];盐相关健康知识包括对“吃盐过多是否对健康有害” “推荐成人每日盐摄入量为5 g” “吃盐过多会增加高血压/心脑血管疾病/骨质疏松等疾病患病风险” “酱油/蚝油/豆瓣酱/味精等调味品含盐量较高”“挂面/方便面/面包/饼干/芝士/冰激凌等食物含有隐藏盐”“1 g钠等于2.5 g盐”“高盐食物的钠含量为0.6 g/100 g”和“低钠盐”的知晓情况;盐相关健康态度包括“有无减盐意愿”和“有无使用低钠盐愿意”;盐相关健康行为包括“自报平时饮食口味”“是否经常使用酱油/蚝油/豆瓣酱/味精等调味品” “日常有无高盐饮食行为” “日常有无减盐行为”“目前是否使用低钠盐”,其中,日常高盐饮食行为指有经常食用榨菜/咸菜等腌制品以及酱制品、经常使用含盐调味品和经常食用加工食品及罐头食品等饮食行为,日常减盐行为指做饭时尽量减少用盐和含盐调味品、炒菜最后放盐、用醋/葱/姜/蒜等调味品提味、使用定量盐勺、选择低盐食品、买食品时阅读营养标签查看食盐含量和外出就餐让餐馆少放食盐等行为。
由经过统一培训的大学生志愿者进行身高、体重、腰围和血压的测量,并计算体质量指数=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。血压的测量采用U16欧姆龙电子血压计[大连欧姆龙(大连)有限公司],在调查对象休息≥5 min后处于坐姿测量右侧上臂血压,共测量3次,每次测量间隔1~2 min,最后取3次测量的平均值作为最终的血压结果。其中, 体质量指数<18.5为偏瘦、18.5~23.9为正常体重、24.0~27.9为超重、≥28.0为肥胖[15];男性腰围>90 cm、女性腰围>85 cm为中心型肥胖[15];高血压指在未使用降压药的情况下,血压测量结果收缩压≥140 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 3 kPa)和(或)舒张压≥90 mm Hg以及既往诊断患有高血压者[16]。
在保持日常生活习惯不变的情况下,要求调查对象第1天早晨8点左右排空膀胱,丢弃此次尿液并记录开始时间,随后的24 h内尿液全部收集;在第2天早晨8点左右再次排空膀胱,收集此次尿液并记录结束时间。测量24 h尿液体积后混匀,使用无菌注射器收集10 mL样本置于尿液标本管封闭保存,24 h内送至河北医科大学附属第一医院国家公共检测实验室进行尿钠、尿钾和尿肌酐浓度的检测。在收集24 h尿液当天,大学生志愿者应分早上、上午、中午、下午和晚上至少5次提醒本人所负责的12名调查对象注意收集24 h尿液以提高24 h尿液样本的合格率,24 h尿液合格标准为收集时间22~26 h的尿液体积>500 mL,且尿肌酐值分别在$\bar x \pm 2s $之间[17];日均盐摄入量(g/d)=24 h尿Na+浓度(mmol/L)×24 h尿量(L)×58.5(g/mol)/1 000[18]。
采用Excel 2021建立数据库进行数据的收集和清洗,应用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行一般描述性分析、χ2检验和多因素非条件logistic回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
河北省最终纳入的597名农村地区成年居民中,男性245人(41.04%),女性352人(58.96%);年龄18~59岁436人(73.03%),≥60岁161人(26.97%);文化程度初中及以下405人(67.84%),高中及以上192人(32.16%);职业为非农民258人(43.22%),农民339人(56.78%);家庭人均月收入<1 000元120人(20.10%),1 000~1 999元175人(29.31%),2 000~2 999元181人(30.32%),≥3 000元121人(20.27%);不吸烟481人(80.57%),吸烟116人(19.43%);不饮酒426人(71.36%),饮酒171人(28.64%);不规律运动427人(71.52%),规律运动170人(28.48%);非家庭主厨397人(66.50%),家庭主厨200人(33.50%);偏瘦36人(6.03%),正常体重267人(44.72%),超重199人(33.33%),肥胖95人(15.92%);非中心型肥胖325人(54.44%),中心型肥胖272人(45.56%);未患高血压461人(77.22%),患高血压136例(22.78%)。
河北省最终纳入的597名农村地区成年居民的日均盐摄入量为[9.66(6.67,13.41)]g;其中,低盐组(日均盐摄入量<9.66 g)298人(49.92%),高盐组(日均盐摄入量≥9.66 g)299人(50.08%)。河北省不同组别农村地区成年居民比较,2组成年居民在年龄和饮酒情况分布不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
河北省农村地区成年居民在盐相关健康知识方面,知晓“吃盐过多对健康有害”[93.30%(557/597)]的比例最高,而“吃盐过多会增加骨质疏松患病风险”[28.98%(173/597)]的比例最低;在盐相关健康态度方面,“有使用低钠盐意愿”[95.14%(568/597)]的比例最高,而“有减盐意愿”[86.60%(517/597)]的比例最低;在盐相关健康行为方面,“经常使用酱油”[95.48%(570/597)]的比例最高,而“目前使用低钠盐”[10.05%(60/597)]的比例最低。河北省不同组别农村地区成年居民比较,2组成年居民知晓“蚝油含盐量较高”盐相关健康知识的比例不同,“经常使用豆瓣酱” “经常使用味精” “日常高盐饮食行为”和“目前使用低钠盐”盐相关健康行为的比例不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
以河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入状况(0=低盐组,1=高盐组)为因变量,以年龄、饮酒情况、是否知晓蚝油含盐量较高、是否经常使用豆瓣酱、是否经常使用味精、有无日常高盐饮食行为和是否目前使用低钠盐共7个因素为自变量进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果显示,经常使用豆瓣酱(OR=1.642,95%CI=1.152~2.340)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的危险因素,年龄≥60岁(OR=0.628,95%CI=0.430~0.916)和低钠盐的使用(OR=0.544,95%CI=0.308~0.962)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的保护因素。
本次调查结果显示,河北省农村地区成年居民的日均盐摄入量为[9.66(6.67,13.41)]g,远超过《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》[11]推荐的“成人每日盐摄入量<5 g”的标准,与2021年针对南亚人群盐摄入量调查结果的9.7 g[19]相近,高于2018—2020年福建省居民日均盐摄入量的7.42 g[20]和2019年安徽省成年居民日均盐摄入量的9.14 g[21],提示在河北省农村地区开展减盐干预具有必要性与紧迫性。
河北省高盐组农村地区成年居民18~59岁年龄组比例高于≥60岁年龄组,提示18~59岁年龄组居民的盐摄入量较高,与2018年江西省开展的一项调查结论一致[22];针对湖北省居民的一项调查结果同样表明18~60岁人群的盐消费量更容易超过推荐摄入量[23]。这可能与老年人因食欲下降和消化能力减弱导致摄入食物的总量下降,从而食盐摄入总量亦减少有关[11];还可能与老年人群中慢性病患者所占比例增加,因患病对自身饮食习惯的控制或可引起盐摄入量的减少有关[24]。
本研究多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,河北省农村地区成年居民盐相关健康行为与日均盐摄入量关联较强,经常使用豆瓣酱(OR=1.642,95%CI=1.152~2.340)是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的危险因素,而低钠盐的使用(OR=0.544,95%CI=0.308~0.962)则是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的保护因素。研究表明,低钠盐可以降低钠摄入量,且安全、便利和经济[25–26]。研究表明,河北省农村地区成年居民低钠盐的使用率仅为10.05%,低于2018年开展的中国六省18~75岁人群33.30%的低钠盐使用率[27],亦低于2019年安徽省居民低钠盐使用率的22.10%[28],提示河北省农村地区成年居民低钠盐使用率较低。有研究表明,低钠盐的低市场保有量及相对于普通盐较高的价格可能是低钠盐使用率较低的原因[29],因此针对河北省农村地区现状,使居民更易获得低钠盐或对低钠盐价格进行适当的补贴可推进该地区低钠盐的推广并取得相应的减盐效果。本研究中,经常使用豆瓣酱是河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入的主要危险因素。Han B等[30]在2017—2019年进行的一项横断面调查结果显示,最重要的减盐行为是“做饭时少放盐”与“吃饭时不额外添加盐”;Du S F等[31]研究亦表明,中国居民大约68%的盐摄入来源于烹饪时的添加盐,而河北省农村地区成年居民日常烹饪和饮食对酱油、蚝油、豆瓣酱、味精等高盐调味品以及腌制品的明显偏好,做饭以及佐餐的超量添加盐可能是其盐摄入量超标的关键性原因之一,因此对当地居民宣传和提供使用低盐调味品或者替代品可在一定程度上降低当地居民的盐摄入量。
综上所述,河北省农村地区成年居民盐摄入量较高,年龄、是否经常食用豆瓣酱和目前是否使用低钠盐是当地农村地区成年居民盐摄入的主要影响因素,建议根据重点人群开展减盐健康教育,推广和普及低钠盐,采取为当地居民提供低盐调味品或者调味替代品等措施进一步减少当地居民的盐摄入量,从而缓解其高盐饮食现状。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,如,采用方便抽样方法开展项目研究可能会影响调查结果外推,同时大学生志愿者在其家乡所在地招募调查家庭时可能受到人际关系限制,选择与自己相熟的家庭参与调查,造成研究结果的偏倚;此外,在24 h尿液样本的采集过程中要求大学生志愿者在24 h尿液收集当天分5个时间段提醒调查对象注意收集尿液且记录24 h尿液样本的总量,但并未要求调查对象记录24 h尿液的丢失次数,这在一定程度上可能会影响调查对象尿液样本的真实性。因此,今后可采取随机抽样方法抽取调查对象并细化尿液的收集流程以对本研究结果加以验证。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144800
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-08-23
  • 录用日期:2024-11-21
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    1河北医科大学公共卫生学院,石家庄 050000
    2河北省环境与人群健康重点实验室,石家庄 050000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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