Article(id=1321170657619063581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170520196895605, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1144457, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=1728144000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-06, acceptedDate=1732118400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-21, onlineDate=1792921230939, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921230939, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921230939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921230939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170520196895605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921198175, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921198175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=354, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170657807807262, articleId=1321170657619063581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Assessment of air pollution characteristics and population health risks during heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the characteristics of air pollution and the associated population health risks during the heating season (October 15 to April 15 of the following year) and the non-heating season (April 16 to October 14 of the following year) in Hohhot city, Inner Mongolia, from 2017 to 2022, and to provide a reference for the development of scientific environmental protection policies in this region.

Methods

Data on monitored pollutants during the heating and non-heating seasons from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022, were collected from the Hohhot Ecological Environment Monitoring Station. Time series plots of pollutants were generated, and health risk values were calculated using the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to assess the health risks posed by air pollutants to the population.

Results

From 2017 to 2022, there were 1 099 days in the heating season and 1 092 days in the non-heating season in Hohhot city. The exceedance rates of inhalable particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and 8-hour ozone (O3-8 h) concentrations during the heating and non-heating seasons were 16.7% and 4.0%, 18.4% and 1.1%, 0 and 0, 2.2% and 0.1%, 0.1% and 0, and 0 and 12.5%, respectively. Compared with the non-heating season, the exceedance rates of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were higher during the heating season, while the exceedance rate of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season (all P<0.001). From 2017 to 2022, the annual average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO during both the heating and non-heating seasons showed a downward trend (all P<0.001). The annual average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season for each year, while the annual average mass concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season (all P<0.001). Time series plots showed that the daily average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022 were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season, while the daily average concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season. Comparison of the daily average concentrations of air pollutants between the heating and non-heating seasons also showed that the daily average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season for each year from 2017 to 2022, while the daily average concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season; these differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.001). From 2017 to 2022, the non-carcinogenic risk value of PM10 was > 1×10–6 during both the heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city. The non-carcinogenic risk value of PM2.5 was > 1×10–6 during the heating season and <1×10–6 during the non-heating season. The non-carcinogenic risk values of SO2 and NO2 were <1×10–6 during both the heating and non-heating seasons.

Conclusions

From 2017 to 2022, air pollution in Hohhot city was more severe during the heating season than during the non-heating season. PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was particularly serious in this region, posing potential risks to human health.

, authors=Xinrui JIA1, Nana WEI2, Shengmei YANG2, Wenyu ZHANG1, Huan LI1, Xuanzhi YUE1, Jiake ZHU1, Wenqian ZHANG1, 2, Duoduo WU3, Jianhong HAN4, Yaochun FAN1, 2, 5, authorsList=Xinrui JIA, Nana WEI, Shengmei YANG, Wenyu ZHANG, Huan LI, Xuanzhi YUE, Jiake ZHU, Wenqian ZHANG, Duoduo WU, Jianhong HAN, Yaochun FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianhong HAN, Yaochun FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HAN Jianhong, E-mail:
FAN Yaochun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170661129696039, articleId=1321170657619063581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期大气污染特征及人群健康风险评价, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解2017—2022年内蒙古呼和浩特市采暖期(每年10月15日至次年4月15日)和非采暖期(每年4月16日至次年10月14日)大气污染特征及人群健康风险,为该地区制定科学的环境保护政策提供参考依据。

方法

收集2017年1月1日—2022年12月31日呼和浩特市生态环境监测站采暖期与非采暖期监测污染物资料绘制污染物时间序列图,并采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐模型计算健康风险值评估大气污染物对人群造成的健康风险。

结果

2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期分别为1 099 d和1 092 d,采暖期和非采暖期可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、臭氧日最大8 h平均(O3-8 h)浓度超标率分别为16.7%和4.0%、18.4%和1.1%、0和0、2.2%和0.1%、0.1%和0、0和12.5%;采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期PM10、PM2.5和NO2超标率均高于非采暖期,O3-8 h超标率低于非采暖期(均P<0.001);2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3-8 h年均质量浓度均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),且采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO各年份年均质量浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h各年份年均质量浓度则低于非采暖期(均P<0.001);时间序列图显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度呈现为采暖期浓度高非采暖期浓度低的特征,而O3-8 h日均浓度则呈现为采暖期浓度低非采暖期浓度高的特征;大气污染物采暖期与非采暖期日均浓度对比图结果亦显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市各年份采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h日均浓度低于非采暖期,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10的非致癌风险值在采暖期和非采暖期均>1×10–6,PM2.5的非致癌风险值在采暖期均>1×10–6而在非采暖期均<1×10–6,SO2和NO2的非致癌风险评估值在采暖期和非采暖期均<1×10–6。

结论

2017—2022年呼和浩特市大气污染情况在采暖期均较非采暖期严重,该地区PM10和PM2.5超标较重,对人群健康具有潜在风险。

, authors=贾芯芮1, 魏娜娜2, 杨升美2, 张雯宇1, 李欢1, 岳宣志1, 朱佳珂1, 张文倩1, 2, 武多多3, 韩见弘4, *, *, 范耀春1, 2, 5, *, *, authorsList=贾芯芮, 魏娜娜, 杨升美, 张雯宇, 李欢, 岳宣志, 朱佳珂, 张文倩, 武多多, 韩见弘, 范耀春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩见弘, 范耀春, authorNote=

贾芯芮(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩见弘,E-mail:
范耀春,E-mail:
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figureFileBig=gMGDKzKg7a2KSTqKh4AnfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170967670408187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657619063581, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Annual average mass concentrations and trend test [M (P25, P75)] of six air pollutants during the heating and non-heating periods in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期大气污染物2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年rs值P值
采暖期PM10/(μg/m3)107.44(67.11,147.11)111.13(69.38,154.38)89.00(49.86,121.29)83.19(49.84,126.34)78.25(46.25,116.54)55.19(33.72,81.38)–0.297<0.001
PM2.5/(μg/m3)54.33(29.33,87.78)48.38(28.25,69.00)45.14(24.86,70.29)40.81(22.31,73.50)36.19(19.72,54.25)27.06(14.75,39.38)–0.268<0.001
SO2/(μg/m3)41.89(27.67,54.11)26.63(19.75,34.25)19.00(13.86,24.86)16.50(11.94,22.44)13.81(9.38,18.50)12.75(9.88,15.84)–0.680<0.001
NO2/(μg/m3)55.22(39.33,68.33)47.63(36.88,61.25)47.29(32.71,60.00)38.56(27.88,51.47)33.75(23.25,46.00)30.92(19.78,42.35)–0.386<0.001
CO/(mg/m3)1.69(1.12,2.21)1.40(1.07,1.80)1.29(0.87,1.73)1.12(0.74,1.68)0.81(0.60,1.20)0.64(0.48,0.83)–0.574<0.001
O3-8 h/(μg/m3)63.56(49.67,87.67)65.38(48.5,81.38)61.14(41.57,82.43)68.25(48.25,84.44)66.88(49.72,81.91)70.46(47.59,87.22)–0.0020.941
非采暖期PM10/(μg/m3)77.78(52.86,103.42)a64.25(44.84,94.19)b47.00(31.96,64.43)b42.69(31.97,61.66)b40.81(27.35,60.24)b41.19(26.83,57.66)b–0.401<0.001
PM2.5/(μg/m3)26.39(17.67,35.36)b23.75(14.72,36.38)b18.86(13.39,27.29)b16.81(12.38,24.06)b16.61(11.97,24.19)b16.25(9.63,24.13)b–0.308<0.001
SO2/(μg/m3)13.33(11.00,15.67)b10.50(9.09,12.50)b8.14(7.14,9.86)b7.13(6.13,8.69)b7.38(6.47,8.63)b7.20(6.00,8.45)b–0.639<0.001
NO2/(μg/m3)37.89(31.14,46.64)b33.56(24.5,41.00)b31.71(23.39,39.79)b23.88(18.34,29.28)b21.81(16.31,27.06)b23.56(17.88,30.63)b–0.422<0.001
CO/(mg/m3)0.74(0.66,0.87)b0.89(0.80,1.00)b0.64(0.56,0.74)b0.63(0.54,0.71)b0.49(0.40,0.59)b0.44(0.36,0.52)b–0.676<0.001
O3-8 h/(μg/m3)129.39(106.00,155.44)b122.75(100.31,143.20)b121.29(101.04,142.43)b115.06(92.50,136.41)b115.19(95.16,138.17)b116.75(98.44,138.13)b–0.154<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170967762682876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657619063581, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期6种大气污染物年均质量浓度及趋势性检验[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期大气污染物2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年rs值P值
采暖期PM10/(μg/m3)107.44(67.11,147.11)111.13(69.38,154.38)89.00(49.86,121.29)83.19(49.84,126.34)78.25(46.25,116.54)55.19(33.72,81.38)–0.297<0.001
PM2.5/(μg/m3)54.33(29.33,87.78)48.38(28.25,69.00)45.14(24.86,70.29)40.81(22.31,73.50)36.19(19.72,54.25)27.06(14.75,39.38)–0.268<0.001
SO2/(μg/m3)41.89(27.67,54.11)26.63(19.75,34.25)19.00(13.86,24.86)16.50(11.94,22.44)13.81(9.38,18.50)12.75(9.88,15.84)–0.680<0.001
NO2/(μg/m3)55.22(39.33,68.33)47.63(36.88,61.25)47.29(32.71,60.00)38.56(27.88,51.47)33.75(23.25,46.00)30.92(19.78,42.35)–0.386<0.001
CO/(mg/m3)1.69(1.12,2.21)1.40(1.07,1.80)1.29(0.87,1.73)1.12(0.74,1.68)0.81(0.60,1.20)0.64(0.48,0.83)–0.574<0.001
O3-8 h/(μg/m3)63.56(49.67,87.67)65.38(48.5,81.38)61.14(41.57,82.43)68.25(48.25,84.44)66.88(49.72,81.91)70.46(47.59,87.22)–0.0020.941
非采暖期PM10/(μg/m3)77.78(52.86,103.42)a64.25(44.84,94.19)b47.00(31.96,64.43)b42.69(31.97,61.66)b40.81(27.35,60.24)b41.19(26.83,57.66)b–0.401<0.001
PM2.5/(μg/m3)26.39(17.67,35.36)b23.75(14.72,36.38)b18.86(13.39,27.29)b16.81(12.38,24.06)b16.61(11.97,24.19)b16.25(9.63,24.13)b–0.308<0.001
SO2/(μg/m3)13.33(11.00,15.67)b10.50(9.09,12.50)b8.14(7.14,9.86)b7.13(6.13,8.69)b7.38(6.47,8.63)b7.20(6.00,8.45)b–0.639<0.001
NO2/(μg/m3)37.89(31.14,46.64)b33.56(24.5,41.00)b31.71(23.39,39.79)b23.88(18.34,29.28)b21.81(16.31,27.06)b23.56(17.88,30.63)b–0.422<0.001
CO/(mg/m3)0.74(0.66,0.87)b0.89(0.80,1.00)b0.64(0.56,0.74)b0.63(0.54,0.71)b0.49(0.40,0.59)b0.44(0.36,0.52)b–0.676<0.001
O3-8 h/(μg/m3)129.39(106.00,155.44)b122.75(100.31,143.20)b121.29(101.04,142.43)b115.06(92.50,136.41)b115.19(95.16,138.17)b116.75(98.44,138.13)b–0.154<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170967838180349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657619063581, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Non-carcinogenic risk assessment values and trend test of four air pollutants during the heating and non-heating periods in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022

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时期大气污染物2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年rs值P值
采暖期PM102.20×10–62.65×10–61.87×10–61.97×10–62.23×10–62.20×10–6–0.287<0.001
PM2.51.21×10–61.03×10–61.03×10–61.21×10–69.14×10–71.21×10–6–0.260<0.001
SO26.99×10–94.49×10–93.26×10–92.72×10–92.30×10–92.11×10–9–0.686<0.001
NO26.66×10–96.09×10–95.82×10–95.03×10–94.31×10–96.66×10–9–0.396<0.001
非采暖期PM101.86×10–61.59×10–61.17×10–61.17×10–61.08×10–61.86×10–6–0.393<0.001
PM2.55.97×10–75.32×10–74.55×10–74.14×10–74.25×10–75.97×10–7–0.295<0.001
SO22.14×10–91.79×10–91.37×10–91.20×10–91.20×10–91.18×10–9–0.647<0.001
NO24.87×10–94.27×10–94.01×10–93.09×10–92.79×10–94.87×10–9–0.416<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170967901094910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170657619063581, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期4种大气污染物非致癌风险评估值及趋势性检验

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时期大气污染物2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年rs值P值
采暖期PM102.20×10–62.65×10–61.87×10–61.97×10–62.23×10–62.20×10–6–0.287<0.001
PM2.51.21×10–61.03×10–61.03×10–61.21×10–69.14×10–71.21×10–6–0.260<0.001
SO26.99×10–94.49×10–93.26×10–92.72×10–92.30×10–92.11×10–9–0.686<0.001
NO26.66×10–96.09×10–95.82×10–95.03×10–94.31×10–96.66×10–9–0.396<0.001
非采暖期PM101.86×10–61.59×10–61.17×10–61.17×10–61.08×10–61.86×10–6–0.393<0.001
PM2.55.97×10–75.32×10–74.55×10–74.14×10–74.25×10–75.97×10–7–0.295<0.001
SO22.14×10–91.79×10–91.37×10–91.20×10–91.20×10–91.18×10–9–0.647<0.001
NO24.87×10–94.27×10–94.01×10–93.09×10–92.79×10–94.87×10–9–0.416<0.001
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2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期大气污染特征及人群健康风险评价
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贾芯芮 1 , 魏娜娜 2 , 杨升美 2 , 张雯宇 1 , 李欢 1 , 岳宣志 1 , 朱佳珂 1 , 张文倩 1, 2 , 武多多 3 , 韩见弘 4, *, * , 范耀春 1, 2, 5, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(3): 354-359
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (3) : 354 -359
2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期大气污染特征及人群健康风险评价
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贾芯芮1, 魏娜娜2, 杨升美2, 张雯宇1, 李欢1, 岳宣志1, 朱佳珂1, 张文倩1, 2, 武多多3, 韩见弘4, *, * , 范耀春1, 2, 5, *, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古医科大学公共卫生学院,呼和浩特 010059
  • 2内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心,呼和浩特 010080
  • 3内蒙古科技大学包头医学院公共卫生学院,包头 014040
  • 4内蒙古自治区环境监测总站呼和浩特分站,呼和浩特 010011
  • 5内蒙古自治区个体化用药工程技术研究中心,通辽 028000
通讯作者:
韩见弘,E-mail:
范耀春,E-mail:
作者简介:

贾芯芮(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生

Assessment of air pollution characteristics and population health risks during heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022
Xinrui JIA1, Nana WEI2, Shengmei YANG2, Wenyu ZHANG1, Huan LI1, Xuanzhi YUE1, Jiake ZHU1, Wenqian ZHANG1, 2, Duoduo WU3, Jianhong HAN4 , Yaochun FAN1, 2, 5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
  • 2Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot 010080, China
  • 3School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, China
  • 4Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Station Hohhot Branch Station, Hohhot 010011, China
  • 5Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technical Research Center of Personzlized Medicine, Tongliao 028000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HAN Jianhong, E-mail:
    FAN Yaochun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144457
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目的

了解2017—2022年内蒙古呼和浩特市采暖期(每年10月15日至次年4月15日)和非采暖期(每年4月16日至次年10月14日)大气污染特征及人群健康风险,为该地区制定科学的环境保护政策提供参考依据。

方法

收集2017年1月1日—2022年12月31日呼和浩特市生态环境监测站采暖期与非采暖期监测污染物资料绘制污染物时间序列图,并采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐模型计算健康风险值评估大气污染物对人群造成的健康风险。

结果

2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期分别为1 099 d和1 092 d,采暖期和非采暖期可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、臭氧日最大8 h平均(O3-8 h)浓度超标率分别为16.7%和4.0%、18.4%和1.1%、0和0、2.2%和0.1%、0.1%和0、0和12.5%;采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期PM10、PM2.5和NO2超标率均高于非采暖期,O3-8 h超标率低于非采暖期(均P<0.001);2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3-8 h年均质量浓度均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001),且采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO各年份年均质量浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h各年份年均质量浓度则低于非采暖期(均P<0.001);时间序列图显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度呈现为采暖期浓度高非采暖期浓度低的特征,而O3-8 h日均浓度则呈现为采暖期浓度低非采暖期浓度高的特征;大气污染物采暖期与非采暖期日均浓度对比图结果亦显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市各年份采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h日均浓度低于非采暖期,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10的非致癌风险值在采暖期和非采暖期均>1×10–6,PM2.5的非致癌风险值在采暖期均>1×10–6而在非采暖期均<1×10–6,SO2和NO2的非致癌风险评估值在采暖期和非采暖期均<1×10–6。

结论

2017—2022年呼和浩特市大气污染情况在采暖期均较非采暖期严重,该地区PM10和PM2.5超标较重,对人群健康具有潜在风险。

大气污染特征  /  人群健康风险评价  /  采暖期  /  非采暖期  /  呼和浩特市
Objective

To understand the characteristics of air pollution and the associated population health risks during the heating season (October 15 to April 15 of the following year) and the non-heating season (April 16 to October 14 of the following year) in Hohhot city, Inner Mongolia, from 2017 to 2022, and to provide a reference for the development of scientific environmental protection policies in this region.

Methods

Data on monitored pollutants during the heating and non-heating seasons from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022, were collected from the Hohhot Ecological Environment Monitoring Station. Time series plots of pollutants were generated, and health risk values were calculated using the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to assess the health risks posed by air pollutants to the population.

Results

From 2017 to 2022, there were 1 099 days in the heating season and 1 092 days in the non-heating season in Hohhot city. The exceedance rates of inhalable particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and 8-hour ozone (O3-8 h) concentrations during the heating and non-heating seasons were 16.7% and 4.0%, 18.4% and 1.1%, 0 and 0, 2.2% and 0.1%, 0.1% and 0, and 0 and 12.5%, respectively. Compared with the non-heating season, the exceedance rates of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were higher during the heating season, while the exceedance rate of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season (all P<0.001). From 2017 to 2022, the annual average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO during both the heating and non-heating seasons showed a downward trend (all P<0.001). The annual average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season for each year, while the annual average mass concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season (all P<0.001). Time series plots showed that the daily average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022 were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season, while the daily average concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season. Comparison of the daily average concentrations of air pollutants between the heating and non-heating seasons also showed that the daily average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season for each year from 2017 to 2022, while the daily average concentration of O3-8 h was lower during the heating season; these differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.001). From 2017 to 2022, the non-carcinogenic risk value of PM10 was > 1×10–6 during both the heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city. The non-carcinogenic risk value of PM2.5 was > 1×10–6 during the heating season and <1×10–6 during the non-heating season. The non-carcinogenic risk values of SO2 and NO2 were <1×10–6 during both the heating and non-heating seasons.

Conclusions

From 2017 to 2022, air pollution in Hohhot city was more severe during the heating season than during the non-heating season. PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was particularly serious in this region, posing potential risks to human health.

air pollution characteristics  /  population health risk assessment  /  heating season  /  non-heating season  /  Hohhot city
贾芯芮, 魏娜娜, 杨升美, 张雯宇, 李欢, 岳宣志, 朱佳珂, 张文倩, 武多多, 韩见弘, 范耀春. 2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期大气污染特征及人群健康风险评价. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (3) : 354 -359 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144457
Xinrui JIA, Nana WEI, Shengmei YANG, Wenyu ZHANG, Huan LI, Xuanzhi YUE, Jiake ZHU, Wenqian ZHANG, Duoduo WU, Jianhong HAN, Yaochun FAN. Assessment of air pollution characteristics and population health risks during heating and non-heating seasons in Hohhot city from 2017 to 2022[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (3) : 354 -359 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144457
随着社会的发展和城市化进程的加快,环境污染问题日益突出,2019年世界卫生组织已将气候变化和大气污染列为威胁人类健康的十大问题之首[1]。研究表明,大气污染具有明显的季节性波动,冬季的污染水平普遍高于夏季[2–3],采暖期的大气污染特征与非采暖期明显不同,且各时期的大气成分差异明显[4–5]。在采暖期间,污染物排放量激增[6],包括可吸入颗粒物(particulate matter 10,PM10)、细颗粒物(particulate matter 2.5,PM2.5)、二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide,SO2)和氮氧化物(nitrogen oxide,NOX)等,可直接影响空气质量并对人类健康带来风险[7–8]。即使在非采暖季节,工业排放和交通运输工具尾气等污染源依旧对空气质量造成影响,且其影响程度受气象条件的调节[9],从而影响居民的日常生活和工作环境。内蒙古呼和浩特市具有典型的温带大陆季风性气候[10],不仅是中国北方城市的代表之一,也是干旱半干旱地区的典型代表之一。为了解2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期(每年10月15日至次年4月15日)和非采暖期(每年4月16日至次年10月14日)大气污染特征及人群健康风险,为该地区制定科学的环境保护政策和人群健康策略提供参考依据,本研究收集2017年1月1日—2022年12月31日呼和浩特市生态环境监测站采暖期与非采暖期监测污染物资料绘制污染物时间序列图,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐模型计算健康风险值评估大气污染物对人群造成的健康风险。结果报告如下。
呼和浩特市生态环境监测站采暖期与非采暖期监测污染物资料来源于呼和浩特市生态环境监测站2017年1月1日—2022年12月31日大气污染物监测数据,污染物指标包括PM10、PM2.5、SO2、二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide,NO2)、一氧化碳(carbonic oxide,CO)和臭氧(ozone,O3)日最大8 h平均(O3-8 h)浓度资料。
大气污染物PM10、PM2.5、SO2和NO2主要经呼吸途径暴露[11],经呼吸途径暴露剂量的计算公式为:
$ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{D}=\dfrac{\mathrm{C}\times\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}\times\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}\times\mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{W}\times\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}}^{[12]}$
式中,ADD为非致癌物经呼吸道的日均暴露剂量[mg/(kg·d)];C为某环境介质中污染物的质量浓度(mg/m3);IR为摄入量,即呼吸速率(m3/d);EF为暴露频率(天/年);ED为暴露持续时间;BW为体重;AT为平均暴露时间。参考暴露参数采用《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)》[12],呼吸速率为15.8 m3/d,暴露频率为365 天/年,暴露持续时间为70 年体重62 kg平均暴露时间为25 550 d。
本研究采用USEPA推荐的非致癌物通过呼吸途径最终进入人体的非致癌风险评价模型[13]评估人群暴露于大气污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO2和NO2)的非致癌健康风险,由于USEPA等机构并未公布CO和O3-8 h的健康风险参考剂量,因此本研究对此2种污染物暂不进行评价。
NO2和SO2所致的健康风险计算公式为:
$\mathrm{R}=\mathrm{A}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{D}\times10^{-6}/(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{D}\times70)^{[11]}$
式中,R为人体暴露某污染物的健康风险,无量纲;ADD为污染物的日均暴露剂量[mg/(kg·d)];10–6指非致癌性污染物的可接受风险水平;RfD为污染物在呼吸暴露途径下的参考剂量[mg/(kg·d)];70为平均寿命(年)。SO2的RfD(呼吸途径)为0.023 mg/(kg·d),NO2的RfD(呼吸途径)为0.029 mg/(kg·d)[14]。采用USEPA推荐的可接受风险值为1×10–6[15]作为健康风险评价依据。
采用非致癌效应污染物健康风险评估模型对PM10和PM2.5进行健康风险评价,其计算公式为:
$ \mathrm{R}=\left(\dfrac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{D}}\right)\times10^{-6[16]}$
式中,R为污染物产生的健康风险,无量纲;C为终生日均暴露计量(μg/m3);RfD为待评价污染物的参考浓度(μg/m3)。PM10和PM2.5的RfD值分别为50 μg/m3和25 μg/m3[17–18]。采用USEPA推荐的可接受风险值为1×10–6作为健康风险评价依据[15]。
对2017—2022年呼和浩特市大气污染物资料进行描述性分析,分析采暖期和非采暖期大气污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3-8 h)的污染特征与健康风险。本研究数据均不符合正态分布,故采用M(P25, P75)进行统计描述。采用Excel 2024绘制污染物时间序列图。应用SPSS 26.0软件对采暖期与非采暖期的大气污染物超标率差异进行χ2检验,超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》[19]中PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3-8 h的标准即为超标;对采暖期和非采暖期大气污染物的浓度差异进行Kruskal-Wallis检验和Mann-Whitney U检验,采用Spearman等级相关性分析方法对2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期与非采暖期的PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3-8h浓度以及PM10、PM2.5、SO2和NO2的健康风险值进行趋势性检验,检验水准为双侧检验α = 0.05。
2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期分别为1 099 d和1 092 d,采暖期和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3-8 h浓度超标率分别为16.7%(184/1 099)和4.0%(44/1 092)、18.4%(202/1 099)和1.1%(12/1 092)、0(0/1 099)和0(0/1 092)、2.2%(24/1 099)和0.1%(1/1 092)、0.1%(1/1 099)和0(0/1 092)、0(0/1 099)和12.5%(136/1 092);采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期PM10、PM2.5和NO2超标率均高于非采暖期,O3-8h超标率低于非采暖期(均P<0.001)。
2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3-8h年均质量浓度均呈下降趋势(均P<0.001);采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO各年份年均质量浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h各年份年均质量浓度则低于非采暖期(均P<0.001)。时间序列图显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度呈采暖期浓度高非采暖期浓度低的特征,而O3-8h日均浓度则呈采暖期浓度低非采暖期浓度高的特征(见图1);大气污染物采暖期和非采暖期日均浓度对比图结果亦显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市各年份采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h日均浓度低于非采暖期,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。
采用USEPA推荐的可接受风险值为1×10–6作为健康风险评价依据,结果显示,2017—2022年采暖期和非采暖期PM10的非致癌风险评估值均>1×10–6,PM2.5的非致癌风险评估值在采暖期均>1×10–6,在非采暖期均<1×10–6;SO2和NO2的非致癌风险评估值均<1×10–6,均处于可接受水平,且非致癌风险均呈逐年下降趋势(rs= –0.647和–0.416,均P<0.001)。
本研究结果显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市大气污染物存在超标现象,且采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO各年份年均质量浓度均高于非采暖期,而O3-8 h各年份年均质量浓度则低于非采暖期(均P<0.001)。结合2017—2022年采暖期和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3-8 h 6种大气污染物日均浓度的对比图,可得出结论,2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期的大气污染情况较非采暖期严重,此结果与国内多地区研究结果一致[20–22]。时间序列图显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO日均浓度呈采暖期浓度高非采暖期浓度低的特征,而O3-8 h日均浓度则呈采暖期浓度低非采暖期浓度高的特征,与其他相关研究[23–27]结果一致,这可能与O3的形成有关。有研究表明,O3的形成与来源较其他污染物不同,挥发性有机化合物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是形成O3的前体物质[28],且大气中的O3是由许多化合物经过化学反应形成,而PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO则主要来源于污染源的排放[29–31]。此外,结合6种大气污染物的时间序列图和年均浓度可以看出,2017—2022年呼和浩特市大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)污染情况较其他污染物更为严重,且PM10和PM2.5的日均浓度极值出现在采暖期,与其他学者研究结果一致[32–34]。
本研究中,2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期和非采暖期SO2、NO2的风险评估值均<1×10–6,均处于可接受水平,且非致癌风险均呈逐年下降趋势(rs= –0.647和–0.416,均P<0.001),提示在该时间段SO2和NO2对人群健康的潜在风险较低。然而,在相同时间段采暖期和非采暖期PM10的风险评估值均>1×10–6,提示不论是在采暖期还是非采暖期,PM10对人群健康均存在潜在风险。但研究结果还显示,各年份采暖期的PM10风险评估值均高于非采暖期,提示人群在采暖期面临的PM10潜在风险更高。此外,PM2.5的风险评估值在采暖期均>1×10–6,在非采暖期间均<1×10–6,提示PM2.5在采暖季节内对人群健康存在潜在风险。以上结果显示,2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期的PM10和PM2.5对人群健康存在潜在风险,且采暖期的风险较非采暖期更高。这可能是因为采暖期通常需要大量燃烧煤炭和天然气等燃料,会释放出大量的空气污染物,如颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)、SO2和NO2等[4, 35–36],这些污染物均会对人体呼吸系统产生不良影响,尤其是对敏感人群(如儿童、老年人和有呼吸系统疾病者)的健康造成潜在的风险[37–39]。
综上所述,2017—2022年呼和浩特市采暖期大气污染情况较非采暖期严重,该地区PM10和PM2.5超标较重,对人群健康具有潜在风险。因此,采暖季节应加强个人防护,特别是敏感人群要注意空气质量变化、减少户外活动时间并采取适当的防护措施,以降低接触有害空气污染物的风险。

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2025年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144457
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-10-06
  • 录用日期:2024-11-21
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作者信息
    1内蒙古医科大学公共卫生学院,呼和浩特 010059
    2内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心,呼和浩特 010080
    3内蒙古科技大学包头医学院公共卫生学院,包头 014040
    4内蒙古自治区环境监测总站呼和浩特分站,呼和浩特 010011
    5内蒙古自治区个体化用药工程技术研究中心,通辽 028000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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