中草药

木通、川木通与关木通：品种混淆、毒性机制及鉴定技术研究进展

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杨露, 马文哲

中草药 | 综述 2026,57(3): 1158-1166

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中草药 |综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 1158 -1166

木通、川木通与关木通：品种混淆、毒性机制及鉴定技术研究进展

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杨露, 马文哲

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马文哲

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杨露: 杨露，博士研究生，研究方向为中药鉴定。E-mail:3240008140@student.must.edu.mo

Akebiae Caulis, Clematidis Armandii Caulis, and Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis: Advances in species confusion, toxicity mechanisms, and identification techniques

YANG Lu, MA Wenzhe

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doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.03.031

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摘要

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草药“木通”在传统中药中长期存在严重的品种混淆问题，涉及无毒的木通Akebiae Caulis、川木通Clematidis Armandii Caulis及具有强肾毒性和致癌性的关木通Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis。通过系统综述此类混淆的历史根源，包括名称变更、资源短缺和监管漏洞，并重点分析了马兜铃酸的毒性机制，涵盖代谢活化、DNA加合物形成及由此导致的A:T至T:A突变进而引发尿路上皮癌。尽管《中国药典》2005年版恢复了木通的使用并禁用关木通，但市场上掺假现象依然存在，凸显了传统鉴定方法的局限性。通过进一步全面评估从形态学、显微学到现代分子生物学和光谱学的多种鉴定技术，讨论了各自的优缺点。提出构建一个整合“现场-实验室-监管”的三位一体鉴定体系，融合便携式近红外光谱法联合聚合酶链式反应设备、人工智能辅助的液相色谱-质谱联合法数据库和基于区块链的药物追溯系统。最后，呼吁建立“功效-化学-毒性”三维评价模型，以科学重新诠释传统经验知识，从而提升中药的安全性和全球接受度。

关键词

木通 / 川木通 / 关木通 / 马兜铃酸 / 品种掺假 / DNA条形码 / 中药鉴定

Abstract

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The herb “Mutong” has long been plagued by significant species confusion in traditional Chinese medicine, involving non-toxic Mutong (Akebiae Caulis), Chuanmutong (Clematidis Armandii Caulis), and the highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic Guuanmutong (Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis). This paper provides a systematic review of the historical origins of such confusion, including changes in nomenclature, resource shortages, and regulatory gaps, with a focused analysis of the toxicity mechanisms of aristolochic acids (AAs), encompassing metabolic activation, DNA adduct formation, and the resultant A:T to T:A mutations leading to urothelial carcinoma. Although the Chinese Pharmacopoeia reinstated the use of genuine Akebiae Caulis and prohibited Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis in 2005, widespread adulteration persists in the market, highlighting the limitations of conventional identification methods. This study further comprehensively evaluates various identification techniques ranging from morphology and microscopy to modern molecular biology and spectroscopy, discussing their respective strengths and weaknesses. It proposes the development of an integrated “field-laboratory-regulatory” tripartite identification system, incorporating portable NIR-PCR devices, AI-assisted LC-MS databases, and blockchain-based drug traceability systems. Finally, the paper calls for establishing a three-dimensional “efficacy-chemistry-toxicity” evaluation model to scientifically reinterpret traditional empirical knowledge, thereby enhancing the safety and global acceptance of traditional Chinese medicine.

Key words

Akebiae Caulis / Clematidis Armandii Cauli / Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis / aristolochic acids / species adulteration / DNA barcoding / identification of traditional Chinese medicine

引用本文

杨露, 马文哲. 木通、川木通与关木通：品种混淆、毒性机制及鉴定技术研究进展. 中草药, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1158 -1166 . DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.03.031

YANG Lu, MA Wenzhe. Akebiae Caulis, Clematidis Armandii Caulis, and Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis: Advances in species confusion, toxicity mechanisms, and identification techniques[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1158 -1166 . DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.03.031

基金

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澳门特别行政区科学技术发展基金资助项目(0075/2024/RIB2);澳门特别行政区科学技术发展基金资助项目(0105/2022/A2);澳门特别行政区科学技术发展基金资助项目(006/2023/SKL)

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2026年第57卷第3期

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doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.03.031

接收时间：2025-09-09
首发时间：2026-09-08

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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