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中药多糖调控胶质细胞改善神经炎症损伤的研究进展

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中草药 | 综述 2026,57(17): 7046-7060

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中草药 |综述 2026 , 57 (17) : 7046 -7060

中药多糖调控胶质细胞改善神经炎症损伤的研究进展

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作者信息

通讯作者:

史正刚

作者简介:

魏星: 魏星，博士研究生，研究方向为中医药防治小儿心肝系疾病。E-mail:weixing0219@163.com

Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides for ameliorating neuroinflammatory injury via regulation of glial cells

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doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.17.033

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摘要

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中枢神经系统疾病是导致残疾和死亡的重要原因，神经炎症持续激活及胶质细胞功能失衡是共同病理基础之一。多糖作为中药重要活性成分，具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡及调节自噬等多重生物学活性，在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化、抑郁症及脑缺血再灌注损伤等疾病中表现出潜在神经保护作用。现有证据表明，中药多糖可通过调控小胶质细胞活化与极化、吞噬与病理性清除、自噬-脂滴代谢，维持星形胶质细胞稳态，并促进少突胶质细胞谱系分化及再髓鞘化，从而改善胶质细胞异常反应及其介导的神经炎症损伤。其作用机制涉及核因子-κB（nuclear factor-κB，NF-κB）、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3（nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3，NLRP3）、磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶（phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase，PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B，Akt）等信号通路。总体来看，中药多糖对胶质细胞具有多靶点、多层次调控特征，是改善中枢神经系统疾病的重要机制基础。未来仍需加强多糖结构解析、靶点验证及临床转化研究，为其神经保护作用的机制阐明和应用开发提供依据。

关键词

中药多糖 / 胶质细胞 / 小胶质细胞 / 星形胶质细胞 / 少突胶质细胞 / 神经炎症 / 中枢神经系统疾病

Abstract

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Central nervous system diseases are major causes of disability and death, with persistent activation of neuroinflammation and glial functional imbalance being one of the common pathological features. As important bioactive constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), TCM polysaccharides, possess multiple biological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and autophagy-regulating effects. They have shown potential neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other central nervous system diseases. Current evidence indicates that TCM polysaccharides can ameliorate aberrant glial responses and glia-mediated neuroinflammatory injury by regulating microglial activation and polarization, phagocytosis and pathological clearance, and autophagy-lipid droplet metabolism, maintaining astrocyte homeostasis, and promoting oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation and remyelination. The underlying mechanisms involve multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), etc. Overall, TCM polysaccharides exert multi-target and multi-level regulatory characteristics on glial cells, which constitutes an important mechanistic basis for timproving central nervous system diseases. Future studies should further strengthen polysaccharide structural characterization, target validation, and clinical translational research to provide evidence for elucidating its neuroprotective mechanism and promoting application development.

Key words

traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides / glial cells / microglia / astrocytes / oligodendrocytes / neuroinflammation / central nervous system diseases

引用本文

魏星, 冯鹏, 薛付春, 姚景曦, 孙可馨, 黄爽, 史正刚. 中药多糖调控胶质细胞改善神经炎症损伤的研究进展. 中草药, 2026 , 57 (17) : 7046 -7060 . DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.17.033

WEI Xing, FENG Peng, XUE Fuchun, YAO Jingxi, SUN Kexin, HUANG Shuang, SHI Zhenggang. Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides for ameliorating neuroinflammatory injury via regulation of glial cells[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2026 , 57 (17) : 7046 -7060 . DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.17.033

基金

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国家自然科学基金资助项目 (82460951); 甘肃省科学技术厅 (25JRRA934)

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2026年第57卷第17期

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doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.17.033

接收时间：2026-04-11
首发时间：2026-10-29

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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