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Methods Taking 32 batches of dried mature seeds of Prunus armeniaca as the research objects, Their morphological parameters (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, thickness diameter, kernel shape index), kernel dry weight, hardness, color values (L*a*b*E*ab), odor response values, and amygdalin content were determined. Grade classification was performed using the quality constant method,and the correlations between various indicators and quality grades were investigated through correlation analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and regression analysis. Results The quality constant A of the 32 batches of ASA kernels ranged from 1.04 to 3.15, Based on the A value, they could be classified into selected grade (six batches) and mixed grade (26 batches). Amygdalin content was significantly positively correlated with hardness and b* value (P < 0.05), and the quality constant A was extremely significantly positively correlated with dry kernel weight, transverse diameter, hardness, and amygdalin content (P < 0.01). The PLS-DA model could effectively distinguish ASA of different grades, and amygdalin content and quality constant A were identified as the key variables for grading. Regression analysis showed that hardness could explain 20.0% of the variation in amygdalin content, while hardness and transverse diameter together explained 60.10% of the variation in the quality constant. Conclusion The evaluation system constructed in this study based on appearance characteristics, intrinsic components, and quality constant, which helps standardize the market order of ASA, ensure the safety and efficacy of clinical medication. It is of great significance for promoting the standardized development of ASA industry and can provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and market grading of ASA., authors=LIU Lixuan, ZHANG Ran, XU Chao, CHEN Haiyan, ZHANG Hongxuan, LI Jun, authorsList=LIU Lixuan, ZHANG Ran, XU Chao, CHEN Haiyan, ZHANG Hongxuan, LI Jun, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304415041206375058, articleId=1304415040988271249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1302319053441957962, language=CN, title=基于“辨状论质”与质量常数的苦杏仁等级评价研究, columnId=1304140203967410414, journalTitle=中草药, columnName=药材与资源, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=目的 建立科学合理的苦杏仁质量评价与分级标准。方法 以采集的32批山杏Prunus armeniaca干燥成熟种子为研究对象,测定其形态参数(纵径、横径、厚径、仁形指数)、仁质量、硬度、色度值(L*a*b*E*ab)、气味响应值及苦杏仁苷含量,采用质量常数法进行等级划分,并通过相关性分析、偏最小二乘法-判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)及回归分析探究各指标与质量等级的关联性。结果 32批苦杏仁质量常数范围为1.04~3.15,依据质量常数值可分为选货(6批)和统货(26批);苦杏仁苷含量与硬度、b*值显著正相关(P<0.05),质量常数与仁质量、横径、硬度、苦杏仁苷含量等指标极显著正相关(P<0.01);PLS-DA模型可有效区分不同等级苦杏仁,苦杏仁苷含量和质量常数是分级的关键变量;回归分析表明硬度可解释20.0%的苦杏仁苷含量变异,硬度与横径共同解释60.10%的质量常数变异。结论 构建的基于外观性状、内在成分及质量常数的评价体系,有助于规范苦杏仁市场秩序,可为苦杏仁品质评价与市场分级提供科学依据。, authors=刘立轩1, 张燃1, 徐超1, 陈海燕1, 张宏宣2, 李军1, authorsList=刘立轩, 张燃, 徐超, 陈海燕, 张宏宣, 李军, authorCompany=1 宁夏职业技术大学/宁夏中药材开发与利用工程技术研究中心, 宁夏 银川 750021;
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马斌, 温学萍, 李明, 等. 2016-2021年宁夏回族自治区中药材种植及种子种苗生产现状[J]. 中国现代中药, 2023, 25(11):2408-2416.
肖玉洁, 赵祥升, 魏建和. 中药"辨状论质"理论的发展与应用[J]. 药学前沿, 2024, 28(9):155-169.
薛紫鲸, 张丹, 郭龙, 等. 经典名方中苦杏仁的本草考证[J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2022, 28(10):207-214.
钱淼华, 张晓勇, 朱斐, 等. 中药饮片等级量化评价方法研究进展与趋势[J]. 中草药, 2025, 56(2):667-679.
陈芳芳, 邸继鹏, 赵桉熠, 等. 基于质量常数的覆盆子等级评价[J]. 中成药, 2025, 47(4):1259-1262.
朱傲, 马安录, 王峥涛, 等. 基于"辨状论质"理论的秦艽饮片等级标准研究[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2025, 50(19):5393-5400.
吕兰, 刘立权, 王鑫昱, 等. 基于质量常数法结合色度原理的前胡饮片等级评价[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2025, 21(10):57-61.
杨建成, 王增, 吉帆帆, 等. 中药当归质量等级评价研究[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2025, 21(3):73-77.
梁如, 冯婧, 胡泉, 等. 基于质量常数结合颜色精准识别的酒女贞子质量快速评价研究[J]. 中国医药导报, 2024, 21(26):35-39.
陈芳芳, 刘艳, 倪凤燕, 等. 基于质量常数评价方法的艾叶饮片等级评价研究[J]. 中国中医基础医学杂志, 2023, 29(10):1721-1725.
韦花花, 常丽静, 李明月, 等. 基于相对质量常数的黄芪饮片等级评价[J]. 中药材, 2022, 45(4):890-897.
丁杰, 李佳龙, 罗晓雨, 等. 新疆帕米尔高原杏资源果实特征研究[J]. 植物遗传资源学报, 2024, 25(8):1297-1308.
陈庆梅, 邹奕璋, 徐华君, 等. 基于"辨色论质"的中药色泽识别技术研究进展[J]. 现代信息科技, 2025, 9(22):144-149.
刘立轩, 李吉宁, 陈海燕, 等. 基于HPLC法及电子鼻技术的苦杏仁药材不同炮制方法研究[J]. 沈阳药科大学学报, 2023, 40(4):494-500.
赵露颖, 施梦瑶, 张巧艳, 等. 道地药材品质特征及形成机制研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2022, 53(21):6931-6947.
李春玉, 马晓霞, 刘小莉. 当归"辨状论质"品质评价及道地性品质形成研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2025, 56(3):1104-1114.
周巧, 吕佳, 朱娟娟, 等. 不同炮制时间制吴茱萸色、味与成分的变化表征及相关性研究[J]. 中草药, 2025, 56(22):8153-8161.
李明, 张新慧. 宁夏栽培中药材[M]. 银川:阳光出版社, 2019.)
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中草药 |药材与资源 2026 , 57 (8) : 3154 -3162
基于“辨状论质”与质量常数的苦杏仁等级评价研究
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刘立轩1, 张燃1, 徐超1, 陈海燕1, 张宏宣2, 李军1
作者信息
    1 宁夏职业技术大学/宁夏中药材开发与利用工程技术研究中心, 宁夏 银川 750021;
    2 陕西本萃生物科技有限公司, 陕西 西安 710000
通讯作者:
李军
作者简介:
刘立轩: 刘立轩,男,副教授。从事中药鉴别及炮制方面研究。E-mail:llx322@sohu.com
Study on grade evaluation of Armeniacae Semen Amarum based on “quality evaluation through morphological identification” and quality constants
  • LIU Lixuan, ZHANG Ran, XU Chao, CHEN Haiyan, ZHANG Hongxuan, LI Jun
  • Affiliations
    doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.08.026
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    目的 建立科学合理的苦杏仁质量评价与分级标准。方法 以采集的32批山杏Prunus armeniaca干燥成熟种子为研究对象,测定其形态参数(纵径、横径、厚径、仁形指数)、仁质量、硬度、色度值(L*a*b*E*ab)、气味响应值及苦杏仁苷含量,采用质量常数法进行等级划分,并通过相关性分析、偏最小二乘法-判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)及回归分析探究各指标与质量等级的关联性。结果 32批苦杏仁质量常数范围为1.04~3.15,依据质量常数值可分为选货(6批)和统货(26批);苦杏仁苷含量与硬度、b*值显著正相关(P<0.05),质量常数与仁质量、横径、硬度、苦杏仁苷含量等指标极显著正相关(P<0.01);PLS-DA模型可有效区分不同等级苦杏仁,苦杏仁苷含量和质量常数是分级的关键变量;回归分析表明硬度可解释20.0%的苦杏仁苷含量变异,硬度与横径共同解释60.10%的质量常数变异。结论 构建的基于外观性状、内在成分及质量常数的评价体系,有助于规范苦杏仁市场秩序,可为苦杏仁品质评价与市场分级提供科学依据。
    苦杏仁  /  辨状论质  /  外观性状  /  苦杏仁苷  /  质量常数  /  质量评价  /  等级划分
    Objective Toestablish a scientific and reasonable quality evaluation and grading standard for Armeniacae Semen Amarum (ASA). Methods Taking 32 batches of dried mature seeds of Prunus armeniaca as the research objects, Their morphological parameters (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, thickness diameter, kernel shape index), kernel dry weight, hardness, color values (L*a*b*E*ab), odor response values, and amygdalin content were determined. Grade classification was performed using the quality constant method,and the correlations between various indicators and quality grades were investigated through correlation analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and regression analysis. Results The quality constant A of the 32 batches of ASA kernels ranged from 1.04 to 3.15, Based on the A value, they could be classified into selected grade (six batches) and mixed grade (26 batches). Amygdalin content was significantly positively correlated with hardness and b* value (P < 0.05), and the quality constant A was extremely significantly positively correlated with dry kernel weight, transverse diameter, hardness, and amygdalin content (P < 0.01). The PLS-DA model could effectively distinguish ASA of different grades, and amygdalin content and quality constant A were identified as the key variables for grading. Regression analysis showed that hardness could explain 20.0% of the variation in amygdalin content, while hardness and transverse diameter together explained 60.10% of the variation in the quality constant. Conclusion The evaluation system constructed in this study based on appearance characteristics, intrinsic components, and quality constant, which helps standardize the market order of ASA, ensure the safety and efficacy of clinical medication. It is of great significance for promoting the standardized development of ASA industry and can provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and market grading of ASA.
    Armeniacae Semen Amarum  /  quality evaluation through morphological identification  /  appearance traits  /  amygdalin  /  quality constant  /  quality evaluation  /  grade classification
    刘立轩, 张燃, 徐超, 陈海燕, 张宏宣, 李军. 基于“辨状论质”与质量常数的苦杏仁等级评价研究. 中草药, 2026 , 57 (8) : 3154 -3162 . DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.08.026
    LIU Lixuan, ZHANG Ran, XU Chao, CHEN Haiyan, ZHANG Hongxuan, LI Jun. Study on grade evaluation of Armeniacae Semen Amarum based on “quality evaluation through morphological identification” and quality constants[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2026 , 57 (8) : 3154 -3162 . DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.08.026

      宁夏自然科学基金项目 (2024AAC03358); 2023年宁夏回族自治区青年拔尖人才培养项目 (宁人社函〔2024〕106号); 宁夏重点研发计划项目 (2024BEG03016)

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    徐博, 吴翠, 李卓俊, 等. 苦杏仁采后的现状调研和质控建议[J]. 西部中医药, 2023, 36(10):45-48.
    马斌, 温学萍, 李明, 等. 2016-2021年宁夏回族自治区中药材种植及种子种苗生产现状[J]. 中国现代中药, 2023, 25(11):2408-2416.
    肖玉洁, 赵祥升, 魏建和. 中药"辨状论质"理论的发展与应用[J]. 药学前沿, 2024, 28(9):155-169.
    薛紫鲸, 张丹, 郭龙, 等. 经典名方中苦杏仁的本草考证[J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2022, 28(10):207-214.
    钱淼华, 张晓勇, 朱斐, 等. 中药饮片等级量化评价方法研究进展与趋势[J]. 中草药, 2025, 56(2):667-679.
    陈芳芳, 邸继鹏, 赵桉熠, 等. 基于质量常数的覆盆子等级评价[J]. 中成药, 2025, 47(4):1259-1262.
    朱傲, 马安录, 王峥涛, 等. 基于"辨状论质"理论的秦艽饮片等级标准研究[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2025, 50(19):5393-5400.
    吕兰, 刘立权, 王鑫昱, 等. 基于质量常数法结合色度原理的前胡饮片等级评价[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2025, 21(10):57-61.
    杨建成, 王增, 吉帆帆, 等. 中药当归质量等级评价研究[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2025, 21(3):73-77.
    梁如, 冯婧, 胡泉, 等. 基于质量常数结合颜色精准识别的酒女贞子质量快速评价研究[J]. 中国医药导报, 2024, 21(26):35-39.
    陈芳芳, 刘艳, 倪凤燕, 等. 基于质量常数评价方法的艾叶饮片等级评价研究[J]. 中国中医基础医学杂志, 2023, 29(10):1721-1725.
    韦花花, 常丽静, 李明月, 等. 基于相对质量常数的黄芪饮片等级评价[J]. 中药材, 2022, 45(4):890-897.
    丁杰, 李佳龙, 罗晓雨, 等. 新疆帕米尔高原杏资源果实特征研究[J]. 植物遗传资源学报, 2024, 25(8):1297-1308.
    陈庆梅, 邹奕璋, 徐华君, 等. 基于"辨色论质"的中药色泽识别技术研究进展[J]. 现代信息科技, 2025, 9(22):144-149.
    刘立轩, 李吉宁, 陈海燕, 等. 基于HPLC法及电子鼻技术的苦杏仁药材不同炮制方法研究[J]. 沈阳药科大学学报, 2023, 40(4):494-500.
    赵露颖, 施梦瑶, 张巧艳, 等. 道地药材品质特征及形成机制研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2022, 53(21):6931-6947.
    李春玉, 马晓霞, 刘小莉. 当归"辨状论质"品质评价及道地性品质形成研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2025, 56(3):1104-1114.
    周巧, 吕佳, 朱娟娟, 等. 不同炮制时间制吴茱萸色、味与成分的变化表征及相关性研究[J]. 中草药, 2025, 56(22):8153-8161.
    李明, 张新慧. 宁夏栽培中药材[M]. 银川:阳光出版社, 2019.
    2026年第57卷第8期
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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
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    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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