Article(id=1320166860235059418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1320166565862027513, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=1774454400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681906994, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1789142400000, pubDateStr=2026-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681906994, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681906994, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681906994, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166565862027513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3490', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789142400000', pubDateStr='2026-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681836810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681836810, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3459, endPage=3465, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166860503494875, articleId=1320166860235059418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Discrete element simulation and mesoscopic analysis of a binary mixture system of fermented Cordyceps powder, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study established a discrete element method (DEM) parameter calibration approach for fermented Cordyceps powder and investigated the mechanism by which binary mixture systems affect flowability. The angle of repose, measured via physical experiments, served as the response value. Using the Hertz-Mindlin with JKR V2 contact model, the optimal DEM simulation parameters were identified through a sequential methodology comprising Plackett-Burman design, steepest ascent experiments, and Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Based on this calibrated model, binary angle of repose simulations was constructed with large particles (1.404 mm) as the skeleton and small particles (0.228 mm) as the filling phase, at mass ratios of 85∶15, 90∶10, and 95∶5. A mesoscopic mechanical analysis was subsequently performed. Simulation results indicate that the binary mixing method effectively optimizes the fermented Cordyceps powder's flowability. Furthermore, appropriately reducing the proportion of small particles contributes to enhancing the overall system flowability, with the 95∶5 mass ratio representing the optimal balanced state. From a mesoscopic perspective, the observed macroscopic trend is closely related to the reconstruction of the internal force chain architecture from a "weak connection network" to a "strong force chain skeleton". Concurrently, a decrease in the coordination number suggests a reduction in geometric constraints between particles, while the contact stress ratio (Ft/Fn) remains in a subcritical stable state. These factors collectively contribute to the optimized flowability. This study successfully established a DEM model for the flow behavior of fermented Cordyceps powder, elucidated the mechanism of binary mixture systems from the mesoscopic level, and provided a reference for the binary simulation of other fermented Cordyceps powder systems.

, authors=Xu-long PENG1, Zeng LIU2, Qin XIAO2, Sheng-sheng WANG1, Tian YAO1, Qing-zhao WAN1, Chang-chun PENG3, Chuan-yun DAI2, *, Ya-qi WANG1, 4, *, authorsList=Xu-long PENG, Zeng LIU, Qin XIAO, Sheng-sheng WANG, Tian YAO, Qing-zhao WAN, Chang-chun PENG, Chuan-yun DAI, Ya-qi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuan-yun DAI, Ya-qi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166864383226090, articleId=1320166860235059418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=发酵虫草菌粉二元混合体系离散元模拟与细观分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过建立发酵虫草菌粉的离散元(discrete element method, DEM) 参数标定方法并探究二元混合体系对流动性的影响机制。以物理实验测得休止角作为响应值, 采用Hertz-Mindlin with JKR V2 (JKR V2) 模型并通过Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken响应面法寻找最优的离散元仿真参数。在此基础上, 以大颗粒(1.404 mm) 为骨架、小颗粒(0.228 mm) 为填充相构建质量配比为85∶15、90∶10及95∶5的二元休止角仿真模拟, 并进行细观力学分析。仿真结果表明, 二元混合的方法能够优化发酵虫草菌粉的流动性, 且在一定程度上减少小颗粒的占比, 有助于进一步提升体系的整体流动性。质量配比95∶5为最佳平衡状态。从细观角度来看宏观趋势与体系内部力链结构由“弱连接网络”向“强力链骨架”重构密切相关, 同时配位数下降表明颗粒间几何约束减少, 接触应力比(Ft/Fn) 保持于亚临界稳定状态, 共同促成了流动性的优化。本研究成功构建了发酵虫草菌粉流动行为的离散元模型, 从细观层面阐明了二元混合体系的作用机制, 为其他粉体的二元仿真模拟提供参考。

, authors=彭旭龙1, 刘曾2, 肖琴2, 王生生1, 姚添1, 万倾兆1, 彭常春3, 戴传云2, *, 王雅琪1, 4, *, authorsList=彭旭龙, 刘曾, 肖琴, 王生生, 姚添, 万倾兆, 彭常春, 戴传云, 王雅琪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戴传云, 王雅琪, authorNote=

作者贡献:

彭旭龙完成论文大量数据和论文撰写; 刘曾、肖琴参与部分实验设计; 王生生、姚添、万倾兆协助实验实施; 彭常春提供实验材料与技术支持; 戴传云、王雅琪负责研究方向的指导、论文审阅与修订。

, correspAuthorsNote=
戴传云,Tel: 13638336506,E-mail:
王雅琪,Tel: 18979192877,E-mail:
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A: Number of force chains; B: Tangential force; C: Normal force, figureFileSmall=pa/Hc2YHjB9LUYjQF4EvBw==, figureFileBig=tUiQxYRRjwnmVa/C+Pt9XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166877398151484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166860235059418, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=isM232GpbbeThUr6UdInLw==, figureFileBig=kkogfmxrVxhKfAdNQIp0Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166877469454653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166860235059418, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of particle force chains under different mixing ratios. 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MaterialDensity/kg·m-3Poisson's ratioShear modulus/Pa
Particles1 5000.251×107
Stainless steel7 8000.307×1010
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Material intrinsic parameters

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MaterialDensity/kg·m-3Poisson's ratioShear modulus/Pa
Particles1 5000.251×107
Stainless steel7 8000.307×1010
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IDParameterNumerical range
K1Particle-particle coefficient of restitution0.2-0.5
K2Particle-particle static friction coefficient0.3-0.6
K3Particle-particle rolling friction coefficient0.05-0.4
K4Particle-stainless steel coefficient of restitution0.2-0.5
K5Particle-stainless steel static friction coefficient0.3-0.6
K6Particle-stainless steel rolling friction coefficient0.1-0.4
K7Surface energy0.01-0.06
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Discrete element method (DEM) contact parameters

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IDParameterNumerical range
K1Particle-particle coefficient of restitution0.2-0.5
K2Particle-particle static friction coefficient0.3-0.6
K3Particle-particle rolling friction coefficient0.05-0.4
K4Particle-stainless steel coefficient of restitution0.2-0.5
K5Particle-stainless steel static friction coefficient0.3-0.6
K6Particle-stainless steel rolling friction coefficient0.1-0.4
K7Surface energy0.01-0.06
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IDLow levelHigh level
K10.20.4
K20.20.5
K30.050.2
K40.20.4
K50.250.55
K60.10.3
K70.010.03
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Plackett-Burman experimental parameters

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IDLow levelHigh level
K10.20.4
K20.20.5
K30.050.2
K40.20.4
K50.250.55
K60.10.3
K70.010.03
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No.K1K2K3K4K5K6K7Angle of repose/°
10.20.50.20.20.550.30.0340.56
20.40.50.050.40.550.30.0135.44
30.20.50.20.40.250.10.0134.28
40.20.20.050.20.250.10.0124.17
50.40.50.050.20.250.30.0131.65
60.40.20.050.20.550.10.0325.63
70.40.50.20.20.250.10.0336.57
80.20.50.050.40.550.10.0330.47
90.40.20.20.40.550.10.0131.18
100.20.20.20.20.550.30.0132.19
110.20.20.050.40.250.30.0324.47
120.40.20.20.40.250.30.0328.03
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Plackett-Burman experimental design and results

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No.K1K2K3K4K5K6K7Angle of repose/°
10.20.50.20.20.550.30.0340.56
20.40.50.050.40.550.30.0135.44
30.20.50.20.40.250.10.0134.28
40.20.20.050.20.250.10.0124.17
50.40.50.050.20.250.30.0131.65
60.40.20.050.20.550.10.0325.63
70.40.50.20.20.250.10.0336.57
80.20.50.050.40.550.10.0330.47
90.40.20.20.40.550.10.0131.18
100.20.20.20.20.550.30.0132.19
110.20.20.050.40.250.30.0324.47
120.40.20.20.40.250.30.0328.03
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IDEffectSum of squaresF-valueP-valueRanking of significance
K10.3930.460.200.679 37
K27.217156.2466.680.001 21
K35.16379.9834.130.004 32
K4-1.153.971.690.263 15
K52.71722.149.450.037 23
K61.6738.403.580.131 24
K7-0.530.840.360.581 06
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Significance analysis of parameters from the Plackett-Burman design

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IDEffectSum of squaresF-valueP-valueRanking of significance
K10.3930.460.200.679 37
K27.217156.2466.680.001 21
K35.16379.9834.130.004 32
K4-1.153.971.690.263 15
K52.71722.149.450.037 23
K61.6738.403.580.131 24
K7-0.530.840.360.581 06
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No.K2K3K5Angle of repose/°Relative error/%
10.20.050.2524.7935.12
20.30.100.3528.2126.17
30.40.150.4532.7614.26
40.50.200.5538.781.49
50.60.250.6541.638.95
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Design and results of the steepest ascent experiment

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No.K2K3K5Angle of repose/°Relative error/%
10.20.050.2524.7935.12
20.30.100.3528.2126.17
30.40.150.4532.7614.26
40.50.200.5538.781.49
50.60.250.6541.638.95
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No.K2K3K5Angle of repose/°
10.40.150.5534.84
20.40.20.6539.53
30.50.150.6537.41
40.50.150.4536.69
50.60.150.5538.95
60.40.20.4536.12
70.40.250.5538.72
80.50.250.6542.09
90.50.20.5539.16
100.50.20.5539.13
110.50.20.5538.84
120.60.250.5540.17
130.60.20.6540.66
140.50.250.4537.89
150.60.20.4538.54
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Box-Behnken experimental design and results

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No.K2K3K5Angle of repose/°
10.40.150.5534.84
20.40.20.6539.53
30.50.150.6537.41
40.50.150.4536.69
50.60.150.5538.95
60.40.20.4536.12
70.40.250.5538.72
80.50.250.6542.09
90.50.20.5539.16
100.50.20.5539.13
110.50.20.5538.84
120.60.250.5540.17
130.60.20.6540.66
140.50.250.4537.89
150.60.20.4538.54
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Source of variationSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-value
Model45.7195.0836.800.000 5
K210.37110.3775.170.000 3
K315.07115.07109.200.000 1
K513.65113.6598.910.000 2
K2K31.7711.7712.820.015 9
K2K50.416 010.416 03.010.143 0
K3K53.0313.0321.940.005 4
K220.427 910.427 93.100.138 6
K321.0511.057.600.040 0
K520.000 310.000 30.002 50.962 4
Residual0.690 050.138 0
Lack of fit0.627 630.209 26.700.132 7
Pure error0.062 520.031 2
Total46.4014
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ANOVA of the regression model from the Box-Behnken design

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Source of variationSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-value
Model45.7195.0836.800.000 5
K210.37110.3775.170.000 3
K315.07115.07109.200.000 1
K513.65113.6598.910.000 2
K2K31.7711.7712.820.015 9
K2K50.416 010.416 03.010.143 0
K3K53.0313.0321.940.005 4
K220.427 910.427 93.100.138 6
K321.0511.057.600.040 0
K520.000 310.000 30.002 50.962 4
Residual0.690 050.138 0
Lack of fit0.627 630.209 26.700.132 7
Pure error0.062 520.031 2
Total46.4014
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Source of variationSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-value
Model44.8667.4838.87< 0.000 1
K210.37110.3753.94< 0.000 1
K315.07115.0778.35< 0.000 1
K513.65113.6570.97< 0.000 1
K2K31.7711.779.200.016 2
K3K53.0313.0315.740.004 1
K320.968 310.968 35.030.055 1
Residual1.5480.192 3
Lack of fit1.4860.246 07.880.116 9
Pure error0.062 520.031 2
Total46.4014
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ANOVA of the optimized regression model from the Box-Behnken design

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Source of variationSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-value
Model44.8667.4838.87< 0.000 1
K210.37110.3753.94< 0.000 1
K315.07115.0778.35< 0.000 1
K513.65113.6570.97< 0.000 1
K2K31.7711.779.200.016 2
K3K53.0313.0315.740.004 1
K320.968 310.968 35.030.055 1
Residual1.5480.192 3
Lack of fit1.4860.246 07.880.116 9
Pure error0.062 520.031 2
Total46.4014
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GroupAngle of repose/°
24 mesh38.21 ± 0.35
80 mesh41.78 ± 0.03
85∶1540.68 ± 0.26
90∶1040.02 ± 0.3
95∶539.2 ± 0.18
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Results of the angle of repose from physical experiments

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GroupAngle of repose/°
24 mesh38.21 ± 0.35
80 mesh41.78 ± 0.03
85∶1540.68 ± 0.26
90∶1040.02 ± 0.3
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发酵虫草菌粉二元混合体系离散元模拟与细观分析
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彭旭龙 1 , 刘曾 2 , 肖琴 2 , 王生生 1 , 姚添 1 , 万倾兆 1 , 彭常春 3 , 戴传云 2, * , 王雅琪 1, 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(9): 3459-3465
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (9) : 3459 -3465
发酵虫草菌粉二元混合体系离散元模拟与细观分析
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彭旭龙1, 刘曾2, 肖琴2, 王生生1, 姚添1, 万倾兆1, 彭常春3, 戴传云2, * , 王雅琪1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学经典名方现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2重庆中医药学院中药学院制药过程数字化重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 402760
  • 3江西济民可信集团有限公司, 江西 南昌 330224
  • 4江西中医药大学中药制药技术协同创新研究院, 江西 南昌 330004
通讯作者:
戴传云,Tel: 13638336506,E-mail:
王雅琪,Tel: 18979192877,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

彭旭龙完成论文大量数据和论文撰写; 刘曾、肖琴参与部分实验设计; 王生生、姚添、万倾兆协助实验实施; 彭常春提供实验材料与技术支持; 戴传云、王雅琪负责研究方向的指导、论文审阅与修订。

Discrete element simulation and mesoscopic analysis of a binary mixture system of fermented Cordyceps powder
Xu-long PENG1, Zeng LIU2, Qin XIAO2, Sheng-sheng WANG1, Tian YAO1, Qing-zhao WAN1, Chang-chun PENG3, Chuan-yun DAI2, * , Ya-qi WANG1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory for Modern Chinese Medicine Innovation Based on Classic Formulas, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digitalization of Pharmaceutical Processes, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing University of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, China
  • 3Jiangxi JeMinCare Group Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330224, China
  • 4Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Technology Collaborative Innovation Institute, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2026-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0008
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本研究通过建立发酵虫草菌粉的离散元(discrete element method, DEM) 参数标定方法并探究二元混合体系对流动性的影响机制。以物理实验测得休止角作为响应值, 采用Hertz-Mindlin with JKR V2 (JKR V2) 模型并通过Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken响应面法寻找最优的离散元仿真参数。在此基础上, 以大颗粒(1.404 mm) 为骨架、小颗粒(0.228 mm) 为填充相构建质量配比为85∶15、90∶10及95∶5的二元休止角仿真模拟, 并进行细观力学分析。仿真结果表明, 二元混合的方法能够优化发酵虫草菌粉的流动性, 且在一定程度上减少小颗粒的占比, 有助于进一步提升体系的整体流动性。质量配比95∶5为最佳平衡状态。从细观角度来看宏观趋势与体系内部力链结构由“弱连接网络”向“强力链骨架”重构密切相关, 同时配位数下降表明颗粒间几何约束减少, 接触应力比(Ft/Fn) 保持于亚临界稳定状态, 共同促成了流动性的优化。本研究成功构建了发酵虫草菌粉流动行为的离散元模型, 从细观层面阐明了二元混合体系的作用机制, 为其他粉体的二元仿真模拟提供参考。

发酵虫草菌粉  /  离散元  /  参数标定  /  粒径  /  休止角

This study established a discrete element method (DEM) parameter calibration approach for fermented Cordyceps powder and investigated the mechanism by which binary mixture systems affect flowability. The angle of repose, measured via physical experiments, served as the response value. Using the Hertz-Mindlin with JKR V2 contact model, the optimal DEM simulation parameters were identified through a sequential methodology comprising Plackett-Burman design, steepest ascent experiments, and Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Based on this calibrated model, binary angle of repose simulations was constructed with large particles (1.404 mm) as the skeleton and small particles (0.228 mm) as the filling phase, at mass ratios of 85∶15, 90∶10, and 95∶5. A mesoscopic mechanical analysis was subsequently performed. Simulation results indicate that the binary mixing method effectively optimizes the fermented Cordyceps powder's flowability. Furthermore, appropriately reducing the proportion of small particles contributes to enhancing the overall system flowability, with the 95∶5 mass ratio representing the optimal balanced state. From a mesoscopic perspective, the observed macroscopic trend is closely related to the reconstruction of the internal force chain architecture from a "weak connection network" to a "strong force chain skeleton". Concurrently, a decrease in the coordination number suggests a reduction in geometric constraints between particles, while the contact stress ratio (Ft/Fn) remains in a subcritical stable state. These factors collectively contribute to the optimized flowability. This study successfully established a DEM model for the flow behavior of fermented Cordyceps powder, elucidated the mechanism of binary mixture systems from the mesoscopic level, and provided a reference for the binary simulation of other fermented Cordyceps powder systems.

fermented Cordyceps powder  /  discrete element method  /  parameter calibration  /  particle size  /  angle of repose
彭旭龙, 刘曾, 肖琴, 王生生, 姚添, 万倾兆, 彭常春, 戴传云, 王雅琪. 发酵虫草菌粉二元混合体系离散元模拟与细观分析. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3459 -3465 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0008
Xu-long PENG, Zeng LIU, Qin XIAO, Sheng-sheng WANG, Tian YAO, Qing-zhao WAN, Chang-chun PENG, Chuan-yun DAI, Ya-qi WANG. Discrete element simulation and mesoscopic analysis of a binary mixture system of fermented Cordyceps powder[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3459 -3465 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0008
粉体流动性是影响混合均匀度、填充准确性及压片成型性等核心工序的关键因素[1]。休止角作为表征粉体流动性的经典指标对实现工艺的精准设计与调控具有重要意义。离散元法(discrete element method, DEM) 是一种能够揭示颗粒体系微观力学行为的数值模拟技术, 其优势是能够解析一些物理实验无法直接获取的细观力学特征与结构信息[2-4]。
近年来, 已有研究针对单一物料或常见药用辅料, 建立了基于试验设计的离散元参数标定方法, 并逐步从细观力学角度阐释其宏观流动行为机制[5-7]。但中药制剂实际生产过程中的粉体, 并非理想状态下的均一分布, 多为二元或多元混合体系, 导致其流动行为复杂, 批间均一性差, 影响后续制剂的品质控制。发酵虫草菌粉作为冬虫夏草的现代生物技术替代产物, 其粒径分布范围较广、流动性较差[8]。本研究以发酵虫草菌粉为研究对象, 构建大、小两种特征粒径的二元混合模型, 以DEM模拟了不同质量配比下粉体的休止角形成过程。通过模拟其休止角形成过程并结合力链结构、接触力变化及配位数等细观参量的系统分析, 揭示二元混合体系下发酵虫草菌粉流动性的微观机理, 为相关粉体工艺的数字化设计与智能调控提供参考。
仪器与药品  FT-2000A粉体特性测试仪(宁波瑞柯微智能科技有限公司); BZS-200标准振动筛分机(宁波瑞科微智能科技有限公司); 马尔文帕纳科激光粒度仪2000 (英国马尔文公司); DE-200多功能高速粉碎机(浙江红景天工贸有限公司); VH-5V型混合器(吉首市中诚制药机械厂); 标准药典筛(长沙市思科仪器纱筛厂)。发酵虫草菌粉: 江西济民可信集团有限公司提供。
物理实验  将发酵虫草菌粉置于多功能粉碎机中粉碎, 依次分级过筛得到24目和80目2组不同粒径粉末并将二者按质量85∶15、90∶10、95∶5进行混合。采用FT2000粉体特性测试仪测定粉体的休止角。
休止角仿真模型的构建  以24目的发酵虫草菌粉(中值粒径0.702 mm) 作为颗粒原尺寸进行建模会导致模拟时间长, 可在保证颗粒系统的密度量纲ρ不变的前提下进行放大处理[6, 9]。为有效缩短模拟时间, 本研究将粒子半径放大1倍至1.404 mm, 并以单球形颗粒建模, 颗粒采用“Dynamic模式”生成, 生成方式选择总质量, 质量100 g, 生产颗粒速率100 g·s-1待颗粒占满下方圆盘, 并达到稳态后测量休止角见图 1, 测量时使用仿真软件自带的“Clipping”工具选取截面, 并分别测量左侧与右侧休止角各3次, 取6个休止角的均值作为该仿真粉体的休止角。在模拟中设置瑞利时间步长为20%, 网格尺寸设置为最小颗粒半径的3倍, 以保证模拟的稳定进行。仿真模具按实际模具尺寸建模。
参数设置  在离散元模拟中, 接触参数(如恢复系数、静摩擦系数、滚动摩擦系数) 和表面能直接决定了颗粒间的相互作用力, 是影响粉体堆积行为的关键因素。基于预试验结果和文献报道[6, 9], 分别确定发酵虫草菌粉与不锈钢的本征参数(表 1) 和接触参数的取值范围(表 2)。
颗粒接触模型选择  发酵虫草菌粉作为生物发酵产物, 颗粒间存在显著的范德华力等短程引力, 粉体表现出一定的黏聚性, 这与理想干爽、无黏性的球形颗粒存在本质区别。标准的Hertz-Mindlin (no slip) 等非黏性接触模型无法模拟颗粒间的黏附效应, 不能有效预测其实际流动性[10, 11]。
本研究选用仿真软件中的Hertz-Mindlin with JKR V2接触模型。该模型在Hertz-Mindlin基础接触力学框架上, 引入了JKR黏聚理论, 通过设置“JKR表面能”来量化颗粒间的黏附功[12]。该模型的适用性与可靠性已在中药粉体及相关辅料的参数标定研究中得到充分验证。Wang等[5]在健胃消食颗粒的离散元研究中使用JKR V2接触模型成功实现了休止角的高精度标定。Zhao等[6]在标定预胶化淀粉参数时也采用了JKR模型, 并指出该模型“适用于模拟细小颗粒或潮湿材料颗粒间的黏聚作用”。
“Hertz-Mindlin with JKR V2模型”与“Hertz-Mindlin模型”的核心差异在于接触力法向分量的计算方式, FJKR的法向分量由颗粒间弹性位移δ和表面能γ共同决定, 见公式(1), 式中α为接触半径, E*为等效杨氏模量, R*为等效半径。同时表面能可以用来解释颗粒间的黏聚作用, 见公式(2), 式中P0为表面引力, R1、R2分别为2个颗粒的半径。JKR V2模型能够更好地模拟发酵虫
$ \begin{gathered}F_{J K R}=-4 \sqrt{\pi \gamma E^*} \alpha^{\frac{3}{2}}+\frac{4 E^*}{3 R^*} \alpha^3 ; \\\delta=-\sqrt{\frac{4 \pi \gamma \alpha}{E^*}}+\frac{\alpha^2}{R^*}\end{gathered} $
$ P_0 \approx \frac{\pi R_1 R_2 \gamma}{\left(R_1+R_2\right)} $
草菌粉固有的黏聚特性, 准确地描述其颗粒间的相互作用, 是确保本研究所构建的离散元模型具有可靠性与准确性的理论基础。
DoE参数优化  试验设计(design of experiments, DoE) 是一种基于数理统计的系统性试验方法, 能够从多因素中高效筛选关键参数, 并建立输入与响应之间的数学模型, 实现对目标响应的预测与优化。为了确定离散元模拟的关键接触参数, 使仿真结果能够准确反映实际粉体的流动行为, 本研究采用DoE方法, 通过Plackett-Burman设计筛选显著参数, 利用最陡爬坡试验逼近这些参数的近似最优范围, 最后通过Box-Behnken响应面法建立数学模型以寻找最优的参数组合。
二元混合仿真模拟  为探究粒径分布对粉体流动性的影响规律, 以单一粒径发酵虫草菌粉离散元参数标定为基础, 在一定的物理实验数据支撑下(暂未发表) 开展了二元混合体系的休止角仿真研究。基于团队前期的物理实验探索, 发现发酵虫草菌粉(24目) 与发酵虫草菌粉(80目) 的配比在85∶15、90∶10和95∶5时, 综合性能优于单一粒度组。因此选取上述三种质量配比, 构建以大颗粒(粒径1.404 mm) 为骨架、小颗粒(粒径0.228 mm) 为填充相的二元混合体系。通过模拟其堆积过程, 从细观角度揭示该混合体系流动性变化的微观机制。
本研究应用Design Expert 13软件从参数K1、K2、K3、K4、K5、K6、K7中筛选出对仿真休止角影响显著的因子, 各参数的水平见表 3。
Plackett-Burman试验结果见表 4。对该结果进行显著性分析结果见表 5回归模型方程P = 0.008 3 (P < 0.05), R2 = 0.966 7, 说明模型能够较好地预测参数变化, 与实际情况较为相符。不同参数对休止角的效应不同, 除K4、K7外系数均大于0, 故对休止角的影响均为正效应。参数K2、K3、K5影响显著(P < 0.05), 而参数K1、K4、K6、K7的P = 0.679 3、0.263 1、0.131 2、0.581 0 > 0.1, 对休止角的影响极小。K1和K4分别与颗粒间及颗粒-壁面碰撞的能量耗散相关, 但堆积过程碰撞速度低, 能量耗散以摩擦为主, 因此对休止角影响极小, 本研究参数筛选也证实了二者无显著影响; K6与颗粒在底盘上的滚动阻力有关, 但因底盘光滑且休止角形成过程中颗粒滚动受限, 故影响较小; K7与颗粒间黏附力相关, 但在所选范围内与摩擦参数存在耦合, 其影响被后者掩盖, 因而未表现出显著影响。为方便后续试验, 选取影响显著的参数, 即K2、K3、K5进行后续试验。其余参数取值为K1 = 0.3、K4 = 0.3、K6 = 0.2、K7 = 0.02。
根据Plackett-Burman试验结果, 对影响显著的参数进行最陡爬坡试验。根据各参数的效应方向设定爬坡步长, 正效应参数步长设定偏向高水平; 负效应参数步长则偏向低水平。计算仿真休止角与实测休止角的相对误差。试验方案及结果见表 6。
根据爬坡结果见表, 选择表中相对误差最小的第4组试验及其上下2组试验, 以其试验参数分别作为低中高水平, 休止角为响应值进行Box-Behnken试验。建立三者之间的回归方程, 其余参数取值与最陡爬坡取值相同。Box-Behnken试验方案及结果见表 7。
方差分析结果见表 8, 参数K2、K3、K5、K2K3、K3K5及K32会影响显著(P < 0.05) 仿真休止角; 回归模型的P < 0.001; 决定系数R2 = 0.985 1、失拟项数值0.627 6; 变异系数CV = 0.96%及信噪比(Adeq precision) = 23.324 9 > 4, 表明回归方程可靠度高、精确度良好。
剔除影响不显著参数(P > 0.05) 可进一步优化模型, 其回归模型方差分析结果见表 9, 回归模型的P < 0.000 1; 决定系数R2 = 0.966 8、失拟项数值1.48; 变异系数CV = 1.14%及信噪比= 22.447 0 (> 4), 结果表明剔除K2K5、K22和K52后无明显差异, 说明模型优化可行, 故回归方程为: 休止角(θ) = 18.177 6 + 37.987 5K2 + 79.735 7K3 - 21.737 5K5 - 133.000 0K2K3 + 174.000 0K3K5 - 203.714 3K32。
优化后的模型中存在交互项K2K3与K3K5见图 2, 表明K2、K3、K5对休止角的影响存在耦合效应。K2控制颗粒间滑动阻力, K3影响颗粒转动难易程度, K5调控颗粒与边界的摩擦约束。三者共同决定颗粒重排能力与力链网络稳定性。且在两个交互项中参数K3曲面陡峭程度都更大。表明K3在交互项中对休止角的影响更显著。
根据预设目标值, 采用Design Expert 13软件进行参数解析, 获得最优组合为K2 = 0.513、K3 = 0.170、K5 = 0.567, 以此参数组合进行3次休止角仿真模拟, 其余参数设置与最陡爬坡试验保持一致。得到仿真休止角为38.18°、38.15°、38.11°, 实测休止角为38.21°, 相对误差分别为0.08%、0.16%、0.26%, 三次仿真模拟所得粉体及物理实验实测发酵虫草菌粉的堆积形态见图 3。表明标定结果可靠, 能够有效反映实际颗粒体系的堆积特性。
采用标定的离散元参数进行3种不同配比的休止角仿真模拟(图 4), 得到配比为85∶15的仿真休止角为29.21°, 得到配比为90∶10的仿真休止角为28.58°, 得到配比为95∶5的仿真休止角为28.12°, 在这3种配比关系中, 随着大颗粒粒子的增加休止角逐渐减小, 表明在所研究的二元混合体系中, 减少细颗粒的占比有助于进一步提升体系的整体流动性, 该趋势与团队前期物理实验结果相一致(表 10)。
力链是粉体颗粒在接触网络中传递力学作用的微观结构, 本质是颗粒间接触力的集合体现。休止角的形成过程可通过力链变化进行解释。在重力作用下, 颗粒间相互挤压, 沿主要压力方向形成以法向力为主的力链网络, 传递荷载。颗粒在接触点处发生弹性变形, 能够承受一定范围内的剪向力。当局部剪切应力超过由法向力与摩擦系数所决定的最大静摩擦抗力时, 力链发生断裂, 位于堆积体表面的力链末端颗粒首先产生滑动。随后颗粒重排产生新接触力重建力链网络, 直至内部剪切应力处处低于临界阈值, 体系达到平衡状态, 休止角保持恒定[13]。
仿真休止角形成过程中的力链数目变化(图 5A)、接触力变化(图 5B、C), 以及力链分布情况(图 6) 分别如图所示。在颗粒堆形成初期接触力迅速攀升后急剧下降, 力链数目总体呈现上升趋势, 体系由“单点高载”向“多点均载”过渡; 4~8 s时, 法向力(Fn) 和切向力(Ft) 仍处于不稳定状态且力链数量仍在增加, 此时休止角的宏观形态已初步确定, 但微观力链网络仍在进行持续的优化与平衡; 8 s后力链数目和Ft/Fn比值趋于稳定, 且稳定值小于静摩擦系数(μ ≈ 0.5), 此时休止角状态稳固具有较高安全裕度, 表明发酵虫草菌粉具有独特的流动稳定机制。
在所选配比范围内, 随着小颗粒占比的减少, 体系内强力链总数增加、底部力链密度降低(图 6), 平均法向力与切向力均有所上升。表明适当减少小颗粒含量可促进力链网络骨架化, 降低底部约束, 提高接触点的应力水平, 在结构稳定与流动易化之间取得更优平衡, 最终体现为休止角降低、流动性增强。说明通过调控粒度配比优化力链结构, 是实现粉体流动性精准调控的有效途径。
配位数(coordination number) 指颗粒体系中每个颗粒的平均接触数, 该参数直接反映颗粒间的几何连接程度与力学约束状态: 较高的配位数对应更致密、强互连的微观结构, 较低的配位数则通常意味着更开放、骨架化的堆积形态[14]。
配位数随小粒径占比增加而呈上升趋势(图 7), 表明少量细颗粒填充可适度增强结构稳定性, 避免过度致密化; 过量细颗粒则会导致结构僵化、弱连接程度加剧, 从而损害其流动性。
通过集成物理实验与DEM模拟, 阐释了发酵虫草菌粉的流动性随粒度配比变化的规律及其调控机制。JKR黏聚模型和系统的参数标定方法[15], 可以为发酵虫草菌粉这类具有复杂表面特性的粉体构建高精度的仿真模型。通过参数标定和颗粒缩放理论[16, 17]来研究微米级粉体的宏观堆积行为是可行的。
在特定的粒径组合中, 适当减少细颗粒占比反而提升了流动性。力链结构分析说明了随着细颗粒减少, 体系从“弱连接网络”向“强力链骨架”演变。强力链总数增加而底部力链密度降低, 荷载传递更为高效集中, 同时基底约束减弱, 进而降低了颗粒开始整体滑动的阈值。最优配比(95∶5) 在结构连接性(配位数)、力链传力效率和接触应力状态之间取得了最佳平衡, 实现了宏观流动性的最优化。
细颗粒的增加直接提高了体系的平均配位数, 颗粒间的几何约束与机械互锁增强, 结构趋于致密与僵化。结合力链分析可知, 新增的接触多为承载较低的“弱连接”。弱连接虽提升了体系的连接密度(高配位数), 但未能有效增强核心传力路径(强力链), 反而引入了额外的摩擦耗散。表明最优流动性对应的并非最高的结构连接性, 而是在结构连接性(配位数)、荷载传递效率(力链强度与分布) 和接触应力状态三者间取得的最佳平衡。
本研究初步证实离散元模拟可以在设计阶段预测二元配比粉体的流动变化趋势, 从而减少实验试错成本。模拟模型采用球形颗粒简化假设, 而实际发酵虫草菌粉的不规则纤维形态可能对黏附、互锁及流动产生影响, 后续研究可探索非球形颗粒模型或复合颗粒方法。

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2026年第61卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0008
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
  • 修回日期:2026-03-26
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    1江西中医药大学经典名方现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
    2重庆中医药学院中药学院制药过程数字化重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 402760
    3江西济民可信集团有限公司, 江西 南昌 330224
    4江西中医药大学中药制药技术协同创新研究院, 江西 南昌 330004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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