Article(id=1320166794363519373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1320166565862027513, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=1776873600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681891289, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1789142400000, pubDateStr=2026-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681891289, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681891289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681891289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166565862027513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3490', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789142400000', pubDateStr='2026-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681836810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681836810, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3402, endPage=3412, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166794627760526, articleId=1320166794363519373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanism study of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on melanoma metastasis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDT) is a classic fever-clearing detoxification prescription, with clear clinical evidence to support its anti-tumor activity. However, its effect on melanoma metastasis and its potential molecular mechanism have not been systematically clarified. In this study, network pharmacology is used to predict the potential active components, therapeutic targets and key signaling pathways of HLJDT that may have an anti-melanoma transfer effect. Based on these findings, a mouse melanoma lung metastasis model was established, and in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out to verify the anti-transfer effect of HLJDT and explore its potential mechanism. The results show that network pharmacology analysis indicates that HLJDT contains multiple potential anti-melanoma active ingredients and may exert a synergistic anti-tumor effect by regulating multiple key signaling pathways, including cancer-related pathways and JAK-STAT pathways. In vivo experiments showed that HLJDT significantly inhibited melanoma lung metastasis, reduced the number of lung metastasis nodules, and enhanced the anti-tumor immune response. In vitro experiments further confirmed that HLJDT significantly inhibits the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells and induces cell apoptosis, which is closely related to the enhancement of ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential destruction. Mechanism research shows that HLJDT inhibits the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its phosphorylation, downgrades the expression of PD-L1 and N-cadherin, and upregulates the expression of E-cadherin, thus inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells and improving the immune microenvironment of tumors. Overall, these findings show that HLJDT has potential in inhibiting melanoma metastasis and reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment, providing a systematic experimental basis for its application as an auxiliary treatment of malignant tumors. This experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No.: SDUTCM20220302025).

, authors=Ya-jing LI1, Hao-lin YANG1, Zhai-dong LIU2, Jie-wei HE1, Zi-qi SUN1, Zi-chao CHEN3, *, Zhen ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Ya-jing LI, Hao-lin YANG, Zhai-dong LIU, Jie-wei HE, Zi-qi SUN, Zi-chao CHEN, Zhen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zi-chao CHEN, Zhen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166797928677785, articleId=1320166794363519373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黄连解毒汤干预黑色素瘤转移的药效评价及机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄连解毒汤(Huanglian Jiedu Decoction, HLJDT) 作为经典清热解毒方剂, 在抗肿瘤方面具有明确的临床基础, 但其抑制黑色素瘤转移的作用及分子机制尚未系统阐明。本研究基于网络药理学预测HLJDT抗黑色素瘤转移的潜在活性成分、作用靶点及关键信号通路; 在此基础上, 构建小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移模型, 并结合体内外实验对其抗转移效应及作用机制进行验证。结果显示, 网络药理学分析表明, HLJDT含有多种潜在抗黑色素瘤活性成分, 可通过调控癌症通路及JAK-STAT等多条关键信号通路发挥协同抗肿瘤作用。体内实验表明, HLJDT显著抑制黑色素瘤肺转移, 减少肺转移灶数量, 同时增强机体抗肿瘤免疫反应。体外实验进一步证实, HLJDT可明显抑制黑色素瘤细胞的增殖与迁移, 诱导细胞凋亡, 其机制与促进活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 生成、破坏线粒体膜电位密切相关。分子机制研究表明, HLJDT通过抑制信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 及其磷酸化水平, 下调程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1) 和神经型钙黏蛋白(neural cadherin, N-cadherin) 表达, 同时上调上皮型钙黏蛋白(epithelial cadherin, E-cadherin) 表达, 从而抑制B16F10细胞的侵袭转移并改善免疫微环境。综上, HLJDT在抑制黑色素瘤转移及重塑肿瘤免疫微环境方面展现出一定潜力, 为其在恶性肿瘤辅助治疗中的应用提供了系统的实验依据。本研究获得山东中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: SDUTCM20220302025)。

, authors=李雅婧1, 杨浩林1, 刘寨东2, 贺杰伟1, 孙子祺1, 陈子超3, *, 张振1, *, authorsList=李雅婧, 杨浩林, 刘寨东, 贺杰伟, 孙子祺, 陈子超, 张振, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈子超, 张振, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李雅婧、杨浩林负责整体实验、分析数据和撰写手稿; 刘寨东、贺杰伟和孙子祺协助手稿修改; 张振和陈子超负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改及提供研究经费。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈子超,Tel: 15689716672,E-mail:
张振,Tel: 15662712278,E-mail:
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A-C: The survival rate of B16F10 cells treated with HLJDT for 24 h (A), 48 h (B), 72 h (C); D-F: The survival rate of A375 cells treated with HLJDT for 24 h (D), 48 h (E), 72 h (F); G: Cell scratch test of HLJDT (50×); H: Crystal violet staining experiment of HLJDT; I: Cell scratch area quantification; J: Cell survival rate quantitative analysis; K: The relative fluorescence intensity of intracellular ROS; L: The effect of HLJDT on intracellular ROS (100×); M: HLJDT on mitochondrial membrane potential (100×). n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the control group, figureFileSmall=7sk2NBAdnfY7WmRGHEjduA==, figureFileBig=yDYHg0JRU5DE0dES6IHYlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166806636052954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166794363519373, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SIEs0KJm8WCWnKe0wWXD8g==, figureFileBig=Qe/B7IYyH+gBGal+qAN3ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166806711550427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166794363519373, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=HLJDT regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune evasion-related molecular expression via suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. 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黄连解毒汤干预黑色素瘤转移的药效评价及机制研究
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李雅婧 1 , 杨浩林 1 , 刘寨东 2 , 贺杰伟 1 , 孙子祺 1 , 陈子超 3, * , 张振 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(9): 3402-3412
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (9) : 3402 -3412
黄连解毒汤干预黑色素瘤转移的药效评价及机制研究
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李雅婧1, 杨浩林1, 刘寨东2, 贺杰伟1, 孙子祺1, 陈子超3, * , 张振1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 2山东中医药大学附属医院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 3山东中医药大学实验中心, 山东 济南 250355
通讯作者:
陈子超,Tel: 15689716672,E-mail:
张振,Tel: 15662712278,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李雅婧、杨浩林负责整体实验、分析数据和撰写手稿; 刘寨东、贺杰伟和孙子祺协助手稿修改; 张振和陈子超负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改及提供研究经费。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。

Pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanism study of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on melanoma metastasis
Ya-jing LI1, Hao-lin YANG1, Zhai-dong LIU2, Jie-wei HE1, Zi-qi SUN1, Zi-chao CHEN3, * , Zhen ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 2Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 3Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
出版时间: 2026-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0061
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黄连解毒汤(Huanglian Jiedu Decoction, HLJDT) 作为经典清热解毒方剂, 在抗肿瘤方面具有明确的临床基础, 但其抑制黑色素瘤转移的作用及分子机制尚未系统阐明。本研究基于网络药理学预测HLJDT抗黑色素瘤转移的潜在活性成分、作用靶点及关键信号通路; 在此基础上, 构建小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移模型, 并结合体内外实验对其抗转移效应及作用机制进行验证。结果显示, 网络药理学分析表明, HLJDT含有多种潜在抗黑色素瘤活性成分, 可通过调控癌症通路及JAK-STAT等多条关键信号通路发挥协同抗肿瘤作用。体内实验表明, HLJDT显著抑制黑色素瘤肺转移, 减少肺转移灶数量, 同时增强机体抗肿瘤免疫反应。体外实验进一步证实, HLJDT可明显抑制黑色素瘤细胞的增殖与迁移, 诱导细胞凋亡, 其机制与促进活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 生成、破坏线粒体膜电位密切相关。分子机制研究表明, HLJDT通过抑制信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 及其磷酸化水平, 下调程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1) 和神经型钙黏蛋白(neural cadherin, N-cadherin) 表达, 同时上调上皮型钙黏蛋白(epithelial cadherin, E-cadherin) 表达, 从而抑制B16F10细胞的侵袭转移并改善免疫微环境。综上, HLJDT在抑制黑色素瘤转移及重塑肿瘤免疫微环境方面展现出一定潜力, 为其在恶性肿瘤辅助治疗中的应用提供了系统的实验依据。本研究获得山东中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: SDUTCM20220302025)。

黄连解毒汤  /  黑色素瘤转移  /  信号转导和转录激活因子3  /  免疫检查点  /  神经型钙黏蛋白  /  上皮型钙黏蛋白

Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDT) is a classic fever-clearing detoxification prescription, with clear clinical evidence to support its anti-tumor activity. However, its effect on melanoma metastasis and its potential molecular mechanism have not been systematically clarified. In this study, network pharmacology is used to predict the potential active components, therapeutic targets and key signaling pathways of HLJDT that may have an anti-melanoma transfer effect. Based on these findings, a mouse melanoma lung metastasis model was established, and in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out to verify the anti-transfer effect of HLJDT and explore its potential mechanism. The results show that network pharmacology analysis indicates that HLJDT contains multiple potential anti-melanoma active ingredients and may exert a synergistic anti-tumor effect by regulating multiple key signaling pathways, including cancer-related pathways and JAK-STAT pathways. In vivo experiments showed that HLJDT significantly inhibited melanoma lung metastasis, reduced the number of lung metastasis nodules, and enhanced the anti-tumor immune response. In vitro experiments further confirmed that HLJDT significantly inhibits the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells and induces cell apoptosis, which is closely related to the enhancement of ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential destruction. Mechanism research shows that HLJDT inhibits the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its phosphorylation, downgrades the expression of PD-L1 and N-cadherin, and upregulates the expression of E-cadherin, thus inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells and improving the immune microenvironment of tumors. Overall, these findings show that HLJDT has potential in inhibiting melanoma metastasis and reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment, providing a systematic experimental basis for its application as an auxiliary treatment of malignant tumors. This experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No.: SDUTCM20220302025).

Huanglian Jiedu Decoction  /  melanoma metastasis  /  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3  /  immunization checkpoint  /  neural cadherin  /  epithelial cadherin
李雅婧, 杨浩林, 刘寨东, 贺杰伟, 孙子祺, 陈子超, 张振. 黄连解毒汤干预黑色素瘤转移的药效评价及机制研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3402 -3412 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0061
Ya-jing LI, Hao-lin YANG, Zhai-dong LIU, Jie-wei HE, Zi-qi SUN, Zi-chao CHEN, Zhen ZHANG. Pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanism study of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on melanoma metastasis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3402 -3412 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0061
黑色素瘤是一种起源于黑色素细胞恶性分化的高度侵袭性皮肤癌[1], 主要发生于皮肤、眼及胃肠道黏膜, 多数转移灶来源于皮肤原发病灶, 常见转移部位包括脑、肝、淋巴结和肺[2]。尽管其仅约占皮肤癌病例的1%, 却是致死率最高的皮肤恶性肿瘤之一, 其发生与紫外线暴露密切相关, 并受宿主色素表型、痣形成倾向等多因素共同影响[3]。目前黑色素瘤的治疗早期以手术切除为主, 晚期主要依赖靶向治疗和免疫治疗, 如B-Raf原癌基因抑制剂及免疫检查点抑制剂[4]。但受个体异质性、耐药性及免疫相关不良反应等因素限制, 疗效和安全性仍存在不足, 亟需探索更加安全有效的辅助干预策略。
中医理论以“整体观念”和“辨证论治”为核心, 认为黑色素瘤多属“热毒壅盛”“痰瘀互结”等范畴。中医方剂凭借多成分、多靶点、多通路协同作用的特点, 可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡、调节肿瘤微环境及增强机体免疫功能等多层面干预肿瘤进程, 在黑色素瘤辅助治疗中显示出一定优势[5, 6]。临床研究亦表明, 中医药与化疗、靶向治疗或免疫治疗联合应用, 可减轻毒副反应、延缓耐药发生并增强免疫疗效[7, 8]。基于上述理论与证据, 并遵循“清热解毒、泻火凉血”的治则, 本文选取黄连解毒汤(Huanglian Jiedu Decoction, HLJDT) 作为研究对象。该方源自《肘后备急方》, 由黄连、黄芩、黄柏和栀子组成[9], 具有清热泻火、解毒燥湿、调节炎症与免疫反应等作用[10]。现代研究表明, HLJDT可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡及调控肿瘤微环境等多途径发挥抗肿瘤效应, 并减轻放化疗相关毒副反应, 改善患者生活质量[11]。
鉴于黑色素瘤高度转移的生物学特性, 结合既往研究及课题组前期基础, 本研究重点关注肿瘤转移过程中信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 信号通路异常激活、上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) 发生及肿瘤免疫逃逸之间的内在联系[12, 13]。STAT3作为关键转录因子, 其磷酸化激活不仅可诱导EMT程序的启动, 还可通过调控细胞黏附分子和免疫检查点分子的表达, 协同促进肿瘤转移和免疫逃逸[14, 15], 在肿瘤进展中发挥枢纽性调控作用。在EMT过程中, 细胞黏附分子上皮型钙黏蛋白(epithelial cadherin, E-cadherin) 表达下调而神经型钙黏蛋白(neural cadherin, N-cadherin) 表达上调, 导致细胞间黏附减弱并伴随迁移和侵袭能力增强[16-18]; 同时, STAT3介导的程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1) 上调可抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应, 从而进一步促进肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸[19, 20]。因此, STAT3、E-cadherin、N-cadherin及PD-L1构成了一个相互关联的调控网络, 共同驱动黑色素瘤的侵袭转移与免疫逃逸进程。基于此, 本研究通过体内外实验系统阐明HLJDT干预黑色素瘤转移的作用机制, 为中医药防治黑色素瘤提供实验依据和理论支持。
细胞与动物  小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10 (目录号SCSP-5233)、人恶性黑色素瘤细胞A375 (目录号SCSP-533) 购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库, 分别在RPMI-1640培养基、DMEM培养基中加入10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素, 放置于5% CO2的37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养。SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠(5周龄, 约18 g) 购自济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司[许可证号: SYXK [鲁] 2017-0022], 饲养于山东中医药大学实验动物研究中心, 适应性饲养1周后用于实验。本研究获得山东中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: SDUTCM20220302025)。
药品与试剂  黄连(批号: 2023051727)、黄芩(批号: 2023052316)、黄柏(批号: 2023070819)、栀子(批号: 2023030911) 购自建联中药房, 经山东中医药大学中药教研室鉴定为正品。活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测试剂盒(批号: S0033S) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司。线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(批号: M8650) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。β-肌动蛋白(beta-actin, β-actin) 抗体(批号: 81115-1-RR)、STAT3抗体(批号: 10253-2-AP) 购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司。磷酸化STAT3第705位酪氨酸(phospho-STAT3-tyrosine 705, phospho-STAT3-Y705) 抗体(批号: AP0070) 购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 抗体(批号: GB11002)、辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔二抗(horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-goat anti-rabbit IgG) (批号: GB23303)、细胞增殖核抗原67 (marker of proliferation Ki-67, Ki-67) 抗体(批号: GB111141-100) 购自武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司。E-cadherin抗体(批号: AF0131)、N-cadherin抗体(批号: AF5239) 购自江苏亲科生物研究中心有限公司。RPMI-1640培养基(批号: G4531-500ML) 购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) ELISA试剂盒(批号: EK282/4-96)、小鼠白细胞介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10) ELISA试剂盒(批号: EK210/4-96)、小鼠转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-β) ELISA试剂盒(批号: EK981-96)、小鼠γ-干扰素(interferon-gamma, IFN-γ) ELISA试剂盒(批号: EK280/3-96) 购自杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司。
仪器  Axio Imager.A2型高级正置荧光显微镜(德国卡尔·蔡司股份公司); LT 7035型NanoDrop Lite、Multiskan SkyHigh型酶标仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); PowerPac HC型蛋白质垂直电泳仪、ChemiDoc XRS+型凝胶成像仪(美国伯乐实验室公司)。
黄连解毒汤提取物制备  45 g黄连、30 g黄芩、30 g黄柏及45 g栀子在10倍量水中浸泡0.5 h, 回流提取0.5 h, 趁热过滤, 再加8倍量水, 回流提取0.5 h, 合并药液并旋转蒸发浓缩后, 放入冻干机, 冻干72 h后, 收集放入4 ℃冰箱保存[21]。
动物分组、黑色素瘤肺转移模型的建立及给药  小鼠随机分为空白组(C)、模型组(M)、黄连解毒汤低(HLJDT-L)、中(HLJDT-M)、高剂量组(HLJDT-H) 及环磷酰胺组(CTX) (n = 5)。通过尾静脉注射B16F10细胞(每毫升2×105个, 每只0.2 mL) 建立黑色素瘤肺转移模型。建模3 d后开始给药, HLJDT剂量为1.5、3和6 g·kg-1·d-1灌胃给药, CTX组剂量为20 mg·kg-1腹腔注射给药, 每3天1次, 连续2周, 模型组用等量蒸馏水喂养, 每日一次[22]。
网络药理学分析流程  基于网络药理学方法, 首先在TCMSP数据库中以黄连、黄芩、黄柏和栀子为关键词, 设置口服生物利用度(OB) ≥ 30%、类药性(DL) ≥ 0.18筛选活性成分及其作用靶点; 对TCMSP未收录的成分, 通过PubChem获取Isomeric SMILES信息, 利用Swiss Target Prediction预测作用靶点, 将所有成分的靶点整合并去重后得到HLJDT的作用靶点。以“melanoma metastasis”为关键词在GeneCards数据库中筛选黑色素瘤转移相关靶点, 利用Venny 2.1工具获取药物-疾病交集靶点作为潜在作用靶点。将其导入STRING数据库(Homo sapiens, confidence ≥ 0.9) 构建PPI网络, 通过Cytoscape 3.9.1软件进行可视化, 并利用Network Analyzer与CytoNCA插件进行拓扑分析筛选出核心靶点。通过DAVID数据库和Bioinformatics Online Tool对靶点进行GO功能与KEGG通路富集分析及可视化[23]。
组织病理学与免疫染色  小鼠主要脏器及肺组织取材后, 经4%多聚甲醛固定, 常规脱水、石蜡包埋并切片。采用苏木素-伊红(HE) 染色对组织形态学改变及肿瘤转移灶进行观察, 以评估各组小鼠组织学损伤及治疗安全性。肺组织切片进一步进行Ki-67免疫染色, 用于检测肿瘤组织中细胞增殖水平。染色完成后在光学或荧光显微镜下观察并采集图像, 采用ImageJ软件对Ki-67阳性面积进行定量分析。
血清细胞因子检测  采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-10和TGF-β水平, 实验步骤严格按试剂盒说明书进行。
体外细胞毒性实验(MTT法)  采用MTT法评估HLJDT对B16F10细胞及A375细胞增殖的影响。对数生长期细胞以每毫升5×104个接种于96孔板(每孔100 μL), 培养至约80%融合后, 分别给予HLJDT 6.25、12.5、25、50和100 μg·mL-1处理, 空白组加入等体积完全培养基, 每组设5个复孔。处理24、48和72 h后加入MTT孵育4 h, 随后以DMSO溶解甲瓒结晶, 在490 nm波长处测定吸光度值, 并计算细胞抑制率。
结晶紫染色实验  对数生长期B16F10细胞接种于12孔板(4×105个/孔), 培养至约80%融合后, 分别给予HLJDT 20、40和80 μg·mL-1处理24 h, 每组设3个复孔。细胞经固定后进行结晶紫染色, 在倒置显微镜下观察并拍照, 采用ImageJ软件进行定量分析, 实验重复3次。
细胞划痕实验  B16F10细胞接种于6孔板并培养至约90%融合后, 用移液枪头划痕并拍摄0 h图像。随后给予HLJDT 20、40和80 μg·mL-1处理, 24 h后再次拍照。采用ImageJ软件测量划痕面积, 并计算细胞迁移率。
细胞内ROS水平检测  采用DCFH-DA荧光探针检测细胞内ROS水平。B16F10细胞经HLJDT (20、40、80 μg·mL-1) 处理24 h后, 加入DCFH-DA探针孵育并清洗, Hoechst 33342复染细胞核后在荧光显微镜下观察。采用ImageJ软件分析荧光强度。
线粒体膜电位检测  采用JC-1荧光探针检测线粒体膜电位变化。B16F10细胞经HLJDT (20、40、80 μg·mL-1) 处理24 h后进行JC-1染色, 在荧光显微镜下采集红、绿通道图像, 并通过红/绿荧光评估线粒体膜电位变化。
E-cadherin与N-cadherin免疫荧光染色  B16F10细胞经HLJDT (20、40、80 μg·mL-1) 处理24 h后固定并封闭, 分别孵育E-cadherin和N-cadherin一抗及相应荧光二抗。染色完成后在荧光显微镜下观察并拍照, 采用ImageJ软件进行定量分析。
Western blot分析  B16F10细胞经HLJDT (40、80 μg·mL-1) 处理24 h后提取总蛋白, 经SDS-PAGE电泳并转膜。分别孵育STAT3、p-STAT3、PD-L1、E-cadherin、N-cadherin及内参抗体, 采用ECL显影并用ImageJ软件进行灰度值分析。
血管生成(成管) 实验  采用Matrigel成管实验评估血管生成能力。HUVEC细胞以HLJDT处理后的B16F10细胞条件培养基重悬, 接种于Matrigel包被的96孔板中培养。于适当时间点染色并在显微镜下观察血管样结构形成情况。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行数据分析。结果用x±s表示。根据数据的适合性, 采用单因素方差分析或双因素方差分析进行统计评估。当P < 0.05时, 数据具有统计学意义。
在整体机制探索的基础上, 首先通过网络药理学方法系统解析HLJDT抗黑色素瘤转移的潜在分子基础。基于TCMSP、GeneCards等相关数据库共筛选出HLJDT的91个活性成分、660个预测靶点, 与黑色素瘤转移相关靶点取交集后, 得到531个潜在作用靶点(图 1A)。通过PPI网络筛选出12个核心靶点, 其中STAT3在网络中处于关键枢纽位置(图 1B)。GO与KEGG富集分析表明, 这些靶点主要涉及细胞迁移、增殖及免疫调控相关生物过程, 并显著富集于JAK-STAT、MAPK等肿瘤相关信号通路(图 1C、D)。
基于网络药理学预测结果, 进一步在体内水平验证HLJDT对黑色素瘤肺转移的影响。在B16F10黑色素瘤肺转移小鼠模型中连续给药两周后, 处死小鼠并取肺组织进行分析(图 2A)。肺组织观察结果显示, 与模型组相比, CTX组及HLJDT低、中、高剂量组小鼠肺部转移灶数量和生长程度均降低, 且随给药剂量升高呈现剂量依赖性下降趋势。肺组织称重结果显示, HLJDT各剂量组肺重低于模型组, 并逐渐接近空白组水平(图 2C), 提示其可能有效减轻肺转移负荷。体重监测结果显示, 实验期间各组小鼠体重未见明显异常下降, HLJDT各剂量组体重变化趋势与空白组接近(图 2B)。进一步对小鼠免疫器官指数进行分析发现(图 2D~H), HLJDT中、高剂量组脾指数和胸腺指数显著升高, 而心、肝、肾等主要脏器指数与空白组相比差异无统计学意义。提示HLJDT可在一定程度上改善荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能状态, 且在本实验剂量范围内未引起明显脏器毒性。
在肺转移负荷显著降低的基础上, 进一步从组织学及免疫调控层面评估HLJDT对黑色素瘤肺转移的干预作用。HE染色结果显示(图 3A、B), 各给药组小鼠心、肝、脾、肾等主要脏器组织结构完整, 细胞排列规则, 未见明显炎症浸润或组织损伤, 提示HLJDT具有较好的组织安全性。对肺组织观察发现, 模型组小鼠肺内转移灶肿瘤细胞排列致密, 占据较大空间, 正常肺泡结构受到明显破坏。经HLJDT处理后, 肺组织结构明显改善, 其中中、高剂量组肿瘤占位及病理损伤显著减轻, 形态趋于正常, 表明HLJDT能够有效抑制黑色素瘤在肺部的生长与转移。进一步通过Ki-67免疫组化分析肿瘤细胞增殖情况(图 3C、D), 结果显示模型组肺转移灶中Ki-67表达显著升高, 而HLJDT各剂量组Ki-67表达明显下降, 并呈随剂量增加而递减的趋势, 提示HLJDT可有效抑制黑色素瘤细胞增殖活性。
为探讨其可能机制, 采用ELISA检测荷瘤小鼠血清免疫相关细胞因子水平(图 3E~H)。结果表明, 与空白组相比, 模型组小鼠血清IL-10和TGF-β水平明显升高, 而IFN-γ和TNF-α水平差异无统计学意义。HLJDT处理后, 血清IFN-γ和TNF-α水平总体呈剂量依赖性升高; IL-10和TGF-β水平则随给药剂量增加呈逐渐下降趋势。上述结果提示, HLJDT可调节荷瘤小鼠血清免疫相关细胞因子水平, 使其总体向有利于抗肿瘤免疫的方向变化, 可能参与其抑制黑色素瘤肺转移的作用。
在体内实验明确HLJDT具有抑制黑色素瘤肺转移并改善免疫微环境的基础上, 进一步通过体外实验探讨其对黑色素瘤细胞生物学行为及相关作用机制的影响。MTT实验结果显示(图 4A~C), HLJDT对鼠源黑色素瘤B16F10细胞的增殖具有明显的时间和剂量依赖性抑制作用。24、48和72 h处理后的IC50分别为84.25、33.61和7.95 μg·mL-1, 表明随处理时间延长, 其细胞毒性显著增强。进一步采用人源黑色素瘤A375细胞进行验证, 结果显示(图 4D~F), HLJDT对A375细胞同样具有抑制作用, 24、48和72 h处理后的IC50分别为82.82、28.07和9.698 μg·mL-1。结果提示, HLJDT对不同来源的黑色素瘤细胞均具有一定的抗增殖活性。细胞划痕实验观察发现(图 4G、I), 对照组在24 h内划痕区域明显缩小, 而HLJDT处理组划痕愈合明显受阻, 说明其可显著抑制B16F10细胞的迁移能力。结晶紫染色结果(图 4H、J) 进一步证实, 与对照组相比, HLJDT各剂量组B16F10细胞数量明显减少, 细胞密度显著降低, 与MTT结果一致, 进一步验证其抑制细胞生长的作用。细胞内氧化应激状态评估结果表明(图 4K、L), HLJDT处理后B16F10细胞内绿色荧光强度明显增强, 且随药物浓度升高呈递增趋势, 提示细胞内ROS水平显著升高。JC-1染色显示(图 4M), 随着HLJDT浓度增加, 细胞红色荧光逐渐减弱而绿色荧光增强, 表明线粒体膜电位发生明显去极化。综合上述结果, HLJDT可能通过诱导ROS过度积累、破坏线粒体功能, 从而促进黑色素瘤细胞凋亡。
在明确HLJDT可诱导氧化应激并抑制黑色素瘤细胞生长与迁移的基础上, 进一步从肿瘤侵袭转移相关表型及免疫逃逸机制层面探讨其分子调控作用。细胞免疫荧光分析(图 5A~D) 表明, 与对照组相比, HLJDT处理后B16F10细胞中E-cadherin荧光信号显著增强, 而N-cadherin荧光信号明显减弱, 且呈剂量依赖性变化, 说明HLJDT可增强细胞间黏附能力。Western blot结果进一步证实(图 5E~J), HLJDT可显著下调p-STAT3 (Tyr705) 水平, 同时上调E-cadherin表达, 下调N-cadherin表达。此外, 随着药物浓度增加, PD-L1蛋白表达水平明显降低。进一步通过体外成管实验评估其对肿瘤相关血管生成的影响(图 5K~N), 与对照组相比, 40和80 μg·mL-1 HLJDT处理组显著抑制HUVEC成管能力, 其管状结构数量、分支点数和总管长均明显减少, 提示HLJDT可抑制肿瘤相关血管生成。综上, HLJDT可能通过抑制STAT3信号通路, 一方面调控EMT相关分子表达, 抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭迁移; 另一方面降低PD-L1表达并抑制血管生成, 从而发挥抗黑色素瘤转移作用。
黑色素瘤因其高度侵袭性和强转移能力, 始终是实体瘤治疗中的重大挑战[24]。尽管靶向治疗和免疫检查点抑制剂在一定程度上改善了患者生存率, 但耐药性、免疫相关毒副作用及治疗成本等问题, 仍限制了其长期应用价值[25]。因此, 开发安全性高、可多层次干预肿瘤转移过程的辅助治疗策略, 具有重要临床意义。中医药以整体调控和多靶点协同作用为特征, 在肿瘤转移干预及免疫稳态重塑方面展现出独特优势, 为黑色素瘤综合防治提供了新的研究思路。
HLJDT作为经典清热解毒方剂, 长期用于“热毒内蕴”相关疾病的治疗。既往研究表明, 其具有抗炎、抗氧化及抗肿瘤等多重药理活性[26], 但其是否能够干预黑色素瘤的转移仍有待深入探究。作为经典复方, HLJDT含有小檗碱、黄芩苷、黄芩素、巴马汀及栀子苷等多种代表性活性成分。已有研究表明, 这些成分具有不同程度的抗肿瘤活性, 并参与肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭及转移等过程的调控[10]。基于此, 本研究对HLJDT的抗黑色素瘤转移作用及其潜在机制进行了系统研究。
网络药理学分析显示, HLJDT抗黑色素瘤转移的潜在作用涉及多种活性成分、靶点及信号通路, 主要与细胞凋亡、免疫调控及JAK-STAT等肿瘤相关通路有关。结合前期调研, 本研究聚焦STAT3蛋白。结果显示, HLJDT处理后可见STAT3信号活化受到抑制, 并伴随EMT分子重塑、PD-L1表达下降及血管生成抑制等多项转移相关表型改善。结合相关研究, STAT3异常激活与黑色素瘤进展密切相关[27], 而EMT相关分子重塑, 尤其是E-cadherin/N-cadherin蛋白含量的改变, 是黑色素瘤获得迁移和侵袭能力的重要分子基础。与此同时, STAT3还可调控PD-L1的表达, 提示其可能通过免疫逃逸促进黑色素瘤恶性进展[28]。进一步地, 肿瘤细胞内在的PD-L1也可以通过EMT相关信号网络介导对E-cadherin/N-cadherin的调控, 从而引起肿瘤细胞表面黏附性改变[29]。结合本研究结果, 说明HLJDT可能通过调节STAT3来影响PD-L1信号及EMT相关过程降低黑色素瘤细胞的侵袭和转移潜能。此外, HLJDT在抑制黑色素瘤肺转移的过程中改善脾指数和胸腺指数, 并上调IFN-γ、TNF-α等促抗肿瘤免疫相关细胞因子, 下调IL-10、TGF-β等免疫抑制性细胞因子, 提示其还可能通过增强机体抗肿瘤免疫活性、缓解免疫抑制状态, 调控肿瘤免疫微环境, 从而参与抑制黑色素瘤转移过程[30]。在肿瘤细胞水平, HLJDT可抑制迁移能力并诱导程序性细胞死亡, 该过程伴随ROS过度积累和线粒体膜电位下降, 说明氧化应激及线粒体功能损伤在其抗肿瘤效应中发挥重要作用。
综上所述, 本研究从肿瘤细胞生物学行为和免疫微环境调控的双重角度, 系统揭示了黄连解毒汤抑制黑色素瘤转移的潜在机制。其可能通过调节与STAT3相关的转移及免疫调控网络, 干预肿瘤细胞侵袭性、程序性死亡及免疫逃逸等关键过程, 为中医药参与高度侵袭性肿瘤转移防治提供了新的实验依据和理论支持。
需要指出的是, 本研究仍存在一定局限性。黄连解毒汤为多成分复方, 其关键物质基础及成分间可能存在的协同作用模式仍有待进一步解析。此外, 本研究主要基于细胞和动物模型, 未来仍需结合人源模型及临床样本加以验证。与此同时, 本研究未来将通过STAT3敲低、敲除或特异性抑制等功能性干预手段, 直接验证STAT3在HLJDT调控EMT相关蛋白及PD-L1表达过程中的因果作用。

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2026年第61卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0061
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-14
  • 修回日期:2026-04-23
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    1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
    2山东中医药大学附属医院, 山东 济南 250355
    3山东中医药大学实验中心, 山东 济南 250355

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