Article(id=1308842638615343960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769184000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-24, revisedDate=1780243200000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789982002165, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789982002165, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789982002165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789982002165, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3137, endPage=3149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842638825059161, articleId=1308842638615343960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the material basis of Fufang E jiao Jiang in anti-tumor based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fufang E jiao Jiang (FFEJ), a Chinese patent medicine with the effects of tonifying Qi and nourishing blood, as well as nourishing Yin and moistening dryness, is clinically used as an adjuvant therapy for tumor patients and has been proven to possess certain anti-tumor activity. To identify the material basis for its anti-tumor efficacy, this study employed the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay to screen the anti-tumor active fractions of FFEJ on Lewis cells, and validated their activity through cell cloning, apoptosis, invasion, and migration assays. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS), integrating network pharmacology analysis was used to systematically analyze the chemical components and potential action mechanisms of the active fractions. The results showed that the n-hexane (F2) and ethyl acetate (F3) extracts were the main anti-tumor active fractions of FFEJ. Both fractions dose-dependently inhibited Lewis cell colony formation, induced cell apoptosis, significantly reduced the horizontal and vertical migration abilities of Lewis cells, and suppressed their invasion and distant metastasis. F2 was dominated by primary metabolites such as organic acids and sugars, while F3 was rich in secondary metabolites including ginsenosides and iridoids. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that 60 key active components in F3 act on core targets such as proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), regulating signaling pathways closely related to tumor apoptosis, migration, and invasion, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor protein 53 (p53), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), thereby exerting synergistic anti-tumor effects. This study systematically elucidates the multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway anti-tumor characteristics of FFEJ, identifies its active fractions and potential pharmacodynamic substances, and provides experimental evidence for the clinical application of FFEJ in adjuvant tumor therapy.

, authors=Yu-xin LIU1, 2, 3, Qiu-xia NONG1, 2, 3, Yu-fei HOU1, 2, 3, Fang YUAN4, Shu-mei WANG1, 2, 3, Xiong LI5, Jian-chun MA5, Yuan-yuan XIE1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yu-xin LIU, Qiu-xia NONG, Yu-fei HOU, Fang YUAN, Shu-mei WANG, Xiong LI, Jian-chun MA, Yuan-yuan XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuan-yuan XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842640158847848, articleId=1308842638615343960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS及网络药理学探讨复方阿胶浆抗肿瘤的物质基础, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

复方阿胶浆(Fufang E jiao Jiang, FFEJ) 是具有补气养血、滋阴润燥功效的中成药, 临床常用于肿瘤患者的辅助治疗, 且已证实具有一定抗肿瘤活性。为明确其抗肿瘤药效物质基础, 本研究采用细胞计数法(CCK-8) 筛选FFEJ的抗小鼠Lewis肺癌细胞(LLC) 活性部位, 通过细胞克隆、凋亡、侵袭及迁移实验验证其活性; 运用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) 结合网络药理学, 系统解析活性部位的化学成分及潜在作用机制。结果显示, 正己烷萃取层(F2) 与乙酸乙酯萃取层(F3) 为FFEJ抗肿瘤的主要活性部位, 它们均能剂量依赖性抑制Lewis细胞克隆形成、诱导细胞凋亡, 显著降低Lewis细胞的横向与纵向迁移能力, 并抑制其侵袭和远端转移。F2以有机酸类、糖类等初级代谢产物为主, F3则富含人参皂苷类、环烯醚萜类等次级代谢产物。网络药理学分析结果表明, F3中60个关键活性成分可作用于原癌基因酪氨酸蛋白激酶(SRC)、信号转导和转录激活因子3 (STAT3)、α丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(AKT1) 等核心靶点, 调控磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B (PI3K/AKT)、白细胞介素-17 (IL-17)、肿瘤蛋白53 (p53) 和缺氧诱导因子-1 (HIF-1) 等与肿瘤凋亡、迁移及侵袭密切相关的信号通路, 发挥协同抗肿瘤作用。本研究系统阐释FFEJ多成分、多靶点、多通路的抗肿瘤作用特征, 明确了其活性部位及潜在药效物质, 为FFEJ在肿瘤辅助治疗领域的临床应用提供了实验依据。

, authors=刘雨欣1, 2, 3, 农秋霞1, 2, 3, 侯玉菲1, 2, 3, 袁芳4, 王淑美1, 2, 3, 李雄5, 马建春5, 谢媛媛1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=刘雨欣, 农秋霞, 侯玉菲, 袁芳, 王淑美, 李雄, 马建春, 谢媛媛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢媛媛, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘雨欣和农秋霞负责采用CCK-8法筛选FFEJ的抗肿瘤活性部位、论文撰写与图片绘制; 侯玉菲负责通过细胞克隆、凋亡、侵袭及迁移实验验证其活性; 袁芳负责LC-MS鉴定化学成分; 李雄和马建春负责网络药理学研究; 王淑美和谢媛媛指导本文的选题设计、实验指导、实验数据处理和文章撰写。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
谢媛媛, E-mail:
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Magnification = 200 ×, scale bar = 100 μm; C, E: Representative images and statistical histograms of the effects of F2 and F3 on the vertical migration of Lewis cells. Magnification = 400 ×, scale bar = 100 μm; D, F: The effect of F2 and F3 on the invasion ability of Lewis cells. 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基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS及网络药理学探讨复方阿胶浆抗肿瘤的物质基础
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刘雨欣 1, 2, 3 , 农秋霞 1, 2, 3 , 侯玉菲 1, 2, 3 , 袁芳 4 , 王淑美 1, 2, 3 , 李雄 5 , 马建春 5 , 谢媛媛 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 3137-3149
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 3137 -3149
基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS及网络药理学探讨复方阿胶浆抗肿瘤的物质基础
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刘雨欣1, 2, 3, 农秋霞1, 2, 3, 侯玉菲1, 2, 3, 袁芳4, 王淑美1, 2, 3, 李雄5, 马建春5, 谢媛媛1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1广东药科大学中药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2数智化中药质量控制广东省工程研究中心, 广东 广州 510006
  • 3国家中医药管理局中药数字化质量评价技术重点研究室, 广东 广州 510006
  • 4广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 5广东省常用民族药质量标准评价与标准提升研究重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006
通讯作者:
谢媛媛, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘雨欣和农秋霞负责采用CCK-8法筛选FFEJ的抗肿瘤活性部位、论文撰写与图片绘制; 侯玉菲负责通过细胞克隆、凋亡、侵袭及迁移实验验证其活性; 袁芳负责LC-MS鉴定化学成分; 李雄和马建春负责网络药理学研究; 王淑美和谢媛媛指导本文的选题设计、实验指导、实验数据处理和文章撰写。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

Exploring the material basis of Fufang E jiao Jiang in anti-tumor based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology
Yu-xin LIU1, 2, 3, Qiu-xia NONG1, 2, 3, Yu-fei HOU1, 2, 3, Fang YUAN4, Shu-mei WANG1, 2, 3, Xiong LI5, Jian-chun MA5, Yuan-yuan XIE1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2Digital and Intelligent Quality Control Engineering for Traditional Chinese Medicine Guangdong Provincial Research Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 4School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Standard Improvement of Quality Standards for Traditional Ethnic Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0106
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复方阿胶浆(Fufang E jiao Jiang, FFEJ) 是具有补气养血、滋阴润燥功效的中成药, 临床常用于肿瘤患者的辅助治疗, 且已证实具有一定抗肿瘤活性。为明确其抗肿瘤药效物质基础, 本研究采用细胞计数法(CCK-8) 筛选FFEJ的抗小鼠Lewis肺癌细胞(LLC) 活性部位, 通过细胞克隆、凋亡、侵袭及迁移实验验证其活性; 运用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) 结合网络药理学, 系统解析活性部位的化学成分及潜在作用机制。结果显示, 正己烷萃取层(F2) 与乙酸乙酯萃取层(F3) 为FFEJ抗肿瘤的主要活性部位, 它们均能剂量依赖性抑制Lewis细胞克隆形成、诱导细胞凋亡, 显著降低Lewis细胞的横向与纵向迁移能力, 并抑制其侵袭和远端转移。F2以有机酸类、糖类等初级代谢产物为主, F3则富含人参皂苷类、环烯醚萜类等次级代谢产物。网络药理学分析结果表明, F3中60个关键活性成分可作用于原癌基因酪氨酸蛋白激酶(SRC)、信号转导和转录激活因子3 (STAT3)、α丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(AKT1) 等核心靶点, 调控磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B (PI3K/AKT)、白细胞介素-17 (IL-17)、肿瘤蛋白53 (p53) 和缺氧诱导因子-1 (HIF-1) 等与肿瘤凋亡、迁移及侵袭密切相关的信号通路, 发挥协同抗肿瘤作用。本研究系统阐释FFEJ多成分、多靶点、多通路的抗肿瘤作用特征, 明确了其活性部位及潜在药效物质, 为FFEJ在肿瘤辅助治疗领域的临床应用提供了实验依据。

复方阿胶浆  /  UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS  /  网络药理学  /  抗肿瘤活性  /  化学成分

Fufang E jiao Jiang (FFEJ), a Chinese patent medicine with the effects of tonifying Qi and nourishing blood, as well as nourishing Yin and moistening dryness, is clinically used as an adjuvant therapy for tumor patients and has been proven to possess certain anti-tumor activity. To identify the material basis for its anti-tumor efficacy, this study employed the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay to screen the anti-tumor active fractions of FFEJ on Lewis cells, and validated their activity through cell cloning, apoptosis, invasion, and migration assays. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS), integrating network pharmacology analysis was used to systematically analyze the chemical components and potential action mechanisms of the active fractions. The results showed that the n-hexane (F2) and ethyl acetate (F3) extracts were the main anti-tumor active fractions of FFEJ. Both fractions dose-dependently inhibited Lewis cell colony formation, induced cell apoptosis, significantly reduced the horizontal and vertical migration abilities of Lewis cells, and suppressed their invasion and distant metastasis. F2 was dominated by primary metabolites such as organic acids and sugars, while F3 was rich in secondary metabolites including ginsenosides and iridoids. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that 60 key active components in F3 act on core targets such as proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), regulating signaling pathways closely related to tumor apoptosis, migration, and invasion, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor protein 53 (p53), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), thereby exerting synergistic anti-tumor effects. This study systematically elucidates the multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway anti-tumor characteristics of FFEJ, identifies its active fractions and potential pharmacodynamic substances, and provides experimental evidence for the clinical application of FFEJ in adjuvant tumor therapy.

Fufang E jiao Jiang  /  UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS  /  network pharmacology  /  anti-tumor  /  chemical component
刘雨欣, 农秋霞, 侯玉菲, 袁芳, 王淑美, 李雄, 马建春, 谢媛媛. 基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS及网络药理学探讨复方阿胶浆抗肿瘤的物质基础. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3137 -3149 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0106
Yu-xin LIU, Qiu-xia NONG, Yu-fei HOU, Fang YUAN, Shu-mei WANG, Xiong LI, Jian-chun MA, Yuan-yuan XIE. Exploring the material basis of Fufang E jiao Jiang in anti-tumor based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3137 -3149 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0106
2022年全球癌症统计数据显示, 肺癌是全球发病率最高的癌症, 其中非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 约占全部肺癌的85%[1]。除手术外, 非小细胞肺癌的治疗主要包括靶向、免疫、化疗、放疗、抗血管生成以及局部干预等[2, 3]。多数癌症患者在放化疗过程中会出现白细胞、血小板、红细胞水平降低及骨髓抑制等不良反应[4], 常需联合辅助药物, 以降低剂量限制性毒性、保障足疗程治疗, 提升整体疗效和患者生活质量。
中医药在恶性肿瘤辅助治疗中的应用日益广泛, 在调节机体免疫功能、改善肿瘤免疫微环境、抑制肿瘤增殖、延缓转移、改善生活质量及延长无进展生存期等方面均显示出独特优势, 且对常规放化疗和免疫治疗具有协同增效的作用。如复方阿胶浆可缓解顺铂类药物治疗NSCLC引起的骨髓抑制[5]; 桂枝茯苓丸可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[6]; 加味阳和汤通过增强NSCLC瘤内CD8+ T细胞浸润, 提升放疗疗效[7]; 黄芪四君子汤[8]、益气除痰方[9]和金复安汤[10]等可通过抑制肺癌细胞生长发挥抗肿瘤作用。
复方阿胶浆(Fufang E jiao Jiang, FFEJ) 源于明代《景岳全书》所载名方“两仪膏”, 由阿胶、红参、熟地黄、党参和山楂五味药组成, 具有补气养血、滋阴润燥的功效。现代药理研究表明, FFEJ具有抗骨髓抑制、补血、免疫调节、抗疲劳、抗肿瘤、改善子宫内膜及促进卵泡发育等作用[11], 临床上广泛应用于肿瘤患者的辅助治疗, 在缓解化疗和放疗引起的不良反应方面疗效显著。FFEJ能有效改善癌性贫血, 提升血红蛋白和红细胞水平, 提高患者生活质量[4]。也有研究表明, FFEJ可调节肿瘤细胞分化、生长、增殖及凋亡, 发挥直接抗肿瘤作用[12], 与化疗药物联用时, 还可升高白细胞数量, 减轻骨髓抑制, 从而降低感染风险并延长患者生存期, 通过多成分、多靶点、多途径的调节作用缓解癌因性疲乏[13]。此外, FFEJ还用于改善一般性贫血和增强免疫功能, 通过补气养血作用提升机体耐受力, 如提升造血功能和抗氧化应激等[11]。课题组前期研究表明, FFEJ可抑制Lewis荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长, 改善肺癌肿瘤免疫微环境, 增强肿瘤内CD8+ T细胞浸润及干扰素-γ (IFN-γ) 分泌, 激活机体对肿瘤的免疫应答, 并对PD-1抑制剂具有协同增敏的作用[14]。然而, FFEJ发挥抗肿瘤作用的药效物质基础却尚未明晰。
为此, 本研究采用细胞计数(CCK-8) 法考察FFEJ不同极性部位在体外对小鼠Lewis肺癌细胞(LLC) 的抑制作用, 筛选其抗肿瘤活性部位; 进而通过细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭与迁移实验对活性部位的作用进行验证。在此基础上, 利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) 鉴定活性部位的主要化学成分, 明确其化学物质基础; 结合网络药理学, 构建“成分-靶点-通路”网络, 探究FFEJ发挥抗肿瘤作用的药效物质基础及其潜在机制, 旨在为FFEJ辅助肿瘤治疗提供实验依据和数据基础。
仪器  Thermo Ulti Mate 3000超高效液相色谱系统(配有LPG-3400SD二元液相泵、二极管阵列检测器、WPS-3000TRS自动进样器、在线脱气机、TCC-3200柱温箱), Q-Exactive Focus四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱仪(配有电喷雾离子源), Heraguard ECO超净工作台, Forma Steri-Cycle i160二氧化碳培养箱和Attune NxT流式细胞仪均为美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司产品; BMBFree-17台式高速冷冻离心机(广州博美科学仪器有限公司); KQ-300DE型台式数控超声波清洗机(昆山舒美超声仪器有限公司); 101-0AS电热鼓风干燥箱(北京市永光明医疗仪器厂); 荧光显微镜(日本奥林巴斯公司); 10M Spark多功能酶标仪(瑞士TECAN公司); -80 ℃超低温冰箱(海尔集团公司); IMS-20雪花制冰机(常熟市雪科电器有限公司)。
细胞  Lewis细胞(CAT iCell-m027) 购自赛百慷生物技术股份有限公司。
药物与试剂  复方阿胶浆(批号: 2310031, 东阿阿胶药业股份有限公司, 市售); 吉非替尼(批号: CHB210114, 美国ChromaBio公司); DMEM培养基(批号: 6124513, 美国Gibco公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, 批号: P160240109, 佛山思华诺科技有限公司); 优级胎牛血清(批号: CH815042, 全新世生物科技有限公司); 二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 批号: EZ7890A453, 德国Biofroxx公司); CCK-8试剂盒(批号: CAT GK10001, 美国Glpbio公司); Matrigel基质胶(批号: 2278001)、Transwell小室(批号: 15422055) 均购自美国CORNING公司; 结晶紫(批号: 240010004, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 4%多聚甲醛(批号: 24152607, 北京兰杰柯科技有限公司); 细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(批号: A045241122, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司); 乙腈(LC-MS级, 批号: 224288)、甲醇(LC-MS级, 批号: 220844) 和甲酸(LC-MS级, 批号: 220622) 均购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; 正己烷(分析纯, 批号: C14155340)、乙酸乙酯(分析纯, 批号: 20214082054) 和正丁醇(分析纯, 批号: 20214082054) 均购自天津市致远化学试剂有限公司; Watsons屈臣氏蒸馏水(批号: 20241214, 广州屈臣氏食品饮料有限公司)。
FFEJ不同极性部位提取物制备  取复方阿胶浆原液180 mL, 冷冻干燥, 得复方阿胶浆冻干粉(FEJ)。另取复方阿胶浆原液800 mL, 减压浓缩至200 mL, 加入4倍量无水乙醇定容至1 000 mL (乙醇浓度80%), 室温静置24 h, 取沉淀冷冻干燥为F1组分; 上清液于40 ℃减压浓缩除去乙醇后, 依次用等体积正己烷、乙酸乙酯和水饱和正丁醇进行梯度萃取, 萃取3次, 分别合并不同极性萃取液。各萃取部位减压浓缩至干燥, 依次得到正己烷(F2)、乙酸乙酯(F3)、水饱和正丁醇(F4) 萃取层和水层(F5) 等不同极性部位提取物。
FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位筛选  
供试品溶液的制备  精密称取各极性部位提取物(F1~F5) 以DMSO配制成200 mg·mL-1储备液, FEJ配制成100 mg·mL-1储备液, 阳性药吉非替尼配制成终浓度为25 mmol·L-1的母液, 经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后于-20 ℃避光保存。
细胞分组与干预  取对数生长期的LLC细胞, 胰酶消化, 以每孔1×104个的密度接种于96孔板, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。将细胞分为FEJ组、FFEJ不同极性部位提取物(F1~F5) 的不同剂量组、阳性药吉非替尼组和空白对照组(加入不含细胞的培养基DMEM), 每组设3个复孔。细胞贴壁后, 吸除原培养液, 药物组分别加入150 μL不同浓度(12.5、25、50、100、200、400 μg·mL-1) 的FEJ、F1~F5供试品溶液(DMSO终浓度均小于0.5%) 和阳性药吉非替尼(浓度为10 μmol·L-1), 空白对照组加入等量DMEM培养基, 并置于恒温细胞培养箱中培养。
FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位筛选  药物干预48 h后, 每孔加入10% CCK-8溶液100 μL, 避光孵育1 h后, 用酶标仪检测450 nm波长处的吸光度(A) 值。计算细胞存活率: 存活率% = (A药物-A空白) / (A对照-A空白) × 100%, 并计算IC50值, 确定FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位。
FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位验证  
平板克隆实验  将LLC细胞以每孔1×103的密度接种于6孔板内, 培养48 h使其贴壁。分别将每孔培养液更换为含F2 (10、20 μg·mL-1)、F3 (37.5、75 μg·mL-1) 及不含药物的新鲜培养液3 mL, 在恒温箱内培养48 h。取出6孔板, 吸弃上清液, 每孔加入完全培养基, 隔2天换一次液, 于37 ℃培养8天。吸弃培养基, PBS清洗1次, 加入1 mL预冷的4%多聚甲醛, 固定细胞15 min。吸弃甲醛固定液, PBS洗涤1次, 吸弃。避光条件下, 每孔加入1 mL的0.1%结晶紫, 室温染色10 min。PBS清洗后, 自然晾干并拍照保存, 使用ImageJ观察并进行阳性克隆计数(每个克隆集落数 > 50个细胞)。
细胞凋亡实验  细胞培养及给药处理同上, 恒温箱内培养48 h后收集各处理组的细胞悬液。用PBS洗涤细胞1或2次, 加入195 μL膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素(Annexin V-FITC) 结合液重悬细胞, 加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC和10 μL碘化丙啶(PI) 染色液, 混匀。室温避光孵育10~20 min, 置于冰浴中避光, 上机检测。流式细胞仪检测参数设置如下: Annexin V-FITC激发波长488 nm, 蓝色激光通道1 (BL1, 530 nm); PI激发波长为488 nm, 蓝色激光通道2 (BL2, 585 nm)。使用FlowJo V10软件进行流式数据分析, 设门策略如下: 在前向散射光(FSC) /侧向散射光(SSC) 散点图中圈定完整细胞群, 通过FSC-H/FSC-A排除黏连细胞, 分析Annexin V/PI双染结果中Q2象限(Annexin V+/PI+, 即晚期凋亡细胞) 的阳性率。
细胞划痕实验  将对数生长期、生长状态良好的LLC细胞, 以每孔2×105个的密度接种于6孔板中(每毫升细胞数1×105个, 每孔加入2 mL)。待细胞贴壁后, 用无菌移液枪头在孔底垂直划一直线, PBS洗涤1次。随后将各孔培养液更换为含不同浓度的F2 (10、20 μg·mL-1)、F3 (37.5、75 μg·mL-1) 及不含药物的新鲜培养液, 体积均为2 mL, 标记后在恒温箱内培养48 h。取出6孔板, 于倒置显微镜下观察划痕区域的愈合情况并拍照。使用ImageJ软件分别测量0和48 h的划痕间隙面积。细胞迁移率(%) 按照此公式计算: 细胞迁移率(%) = [(0 h细胞划痕面积-48 h后划痕面积) / 0 h划痕面积] × 100%。
Transwell迁移实验  取对数生长期的LLC细胞, 以每孔2×105个的密度接种于6孔板中(每毫升细胞数1×105个, 每孔2 mL)。待细胞贴壁后, 更换为含不同浓度F2 (10、20 μg·mL-1) 或F3 (37.5、75 μg·mL-1) 的药物溶液, 继续干预培养48 h。收集细胞, 以每毫升1×106个细胞重悬于预冷的不含胎牛血清(FBS) 的DMEM培养基中。在Transwell小室下层加入600 μL含青霉素-链霉素双抗溶液(P/S) 的DMEM培养基, 上室接种100 μL上述细胞悬液, 置于细胞培养箱中继续培养24 h。取出小室, 完全浸入4%多聚甲醛中固定15 min; 随后用0.1%结晶紫染色液避光染色30 min。取出小室, 以PBS洗涤上室, 于倒置显微镜下观察小室底层细胞的染色情况并拍照记录, 使用ImageJ软件统计迁移细胞数量。
Transwell侵袭实验  收集经药物处理后的LLC细胞, 制备成单细胞悬液。将基质胶提前置于4 ℃冰箱中过夜融化, 所有后续操作均在冰上进行。使用预冷的DMEM培养基按1∶5比例稀释基质胶, 取50 μL稀释后的基质胶均匀铺于Transwell小室的上室, 置于细胞培养箱中过夜固化。在Transwell小室的下室加入600 μL含FBS的DMEM培养基, 上室接种100 μL上述细胞悬液(细胞密度预先调整至合适浓度), 置于细胞培养箱中培养24 h。取出小室, 完全浸入4%多聚甲醛中固定15 min, 加入0.1%结晶紫染色液避光染色30 min, 以PBS洗涤上室, 于倒置显微镜下观察并拍照记录小室下膜面的细胞染色情况。使用ImageJ软件统计侵袭细胞数量, 并进行统计分析与绘图。
统计学分析  实验结果以平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 每组独立重复3次(n = 3)。采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据统计分析。对于满足正态分布的数据, 两组间比较使用t检验, 多组间比较使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
FFEJ不同抗肿瘤活性部位化学成分分析  
供试品溶液制备  精密称取F2冻干粉1.3 mg (相当于FFEJ原液100 mL) 及F3冻干粉47.9 mg (相当于FFEJ原液100 mL), 分别加入50 mL甲醇溶解并定容, 涡旋振荡混匀, 备用。进样前, 将上述样品溶液以12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液进行分析。
色谱条件  采用ACQUITY BEH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) 色谱柱; 流动相组成: 0.1%甲酸-乙腈溶液(A相) 和0.1%甲酸-水溶液(B相), 流速: 0.4 mL·min-1, 进样量2 μL, 柱温: 30 ℃。洗脱程序: 0~2 min, 5% A; 2~15 min, 5%~7% A; 15~22 min, 7%~20% A; 22~35 min, 20%~40% A; 35~40 min, 40%~60% A; 40~43 min, 60%~65% A; 43~50 min, 65%~90% A; 50~55 min, 90% A; 55~55.1 min, 90%~5% A。
质谱条件  加热电喷雾离子源(HESI), 正、负离子模式检测扫描, 喷雾电压分别为3.5和-2.8 kV, 离子源温度350 ℃, 鞘气流速35 arb, 辅助气流速10 arb, 毛细管温度320 ℃。采用Full mass/dd-MS (TopN) 采集一级质谱数据, 质量范围m/z 100~1 500, 分辨率分别为一级质谱70 000和二级质谱17 500, AGC (auto gain control) 分别设为100 000 (一级) 和20 000 (二级), 最大注入时间分别设为150和80 ms。采用高能诱导裂解(HCD) 方式裂解, 碰撞能量分别为20/40/60 eV, 归一化碰撞能量30%, 二级质谱采用动态数据依赖性扫描(dd-MS2), 采用“top-speed”算法进行数据依赖扫描, 离子强度高于2.0×105的离子进行二级碎裂, 动态排除时间为6 s, 数据采集和处理均使用Xcalibur 4.0软件。
FFEJ抗肿瘤活性网络药理学分析  
靶点预测及疾病靶点筛选  在PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 中查询各成分的Canonical SMILES号; 对于未查询到的成分, 使用ChemDraw绘制其结构式并保存为SDF格式, 再通过OpenBabel转换为Canonical SMILES号。将所有化学成分的SMILES号上传至SwissTargetPrediction数据库(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/), 获取对应的作用靶点。对获取的靶点进行合并去重, 得到成分候选靶点。以“lung adenocarcinoma”为关键词, 在GeneCards数据库(https://www.genecards.org) 中检索疾病相关靶点, 按相关性分数(Relevance score) 降序排列, 以中位数为阈值进行两次筛选, 去重后获得疾病候选靶点。
KEGG富集分析  利用DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行通路富集分析。筛选P < 0.05且与细胞凋亡、迁移及侵袭密切相关的通路, 将最终筛选所得通路导入微生信平台进行可视化。
PPI网络构建  基于上述分析结果, 将与肿瘤细胞凋亡、迁移及侵袭相关通路中的靶基因进行合并去重, 导入STRING数据库(https://string-db.org), 设定物种为“Homo sapiens”, 最小相互作用阈值设置为“最高置信度(highest confidence, 0.9)”, 并隐藏游离节点, 获得潜在作用靶点的PPI网络。采用Cytoscape软件的拓扑分析功能, 筛选出度中心性(degree)、中介中心性(BC) 和接近中心性(CC) 值均大于中位数的蛋白作为核心靶点。
“药材-成分-靶点-机制”网络  将候选活性成分、核心靶点及相关通路等数据导入Cytoscape软件, 构建“成分-靶点”相互作用网络图; 利用拓扑分析功能进一步筛选潜在药效物质, 并绘制“药材-成分-靶点-机制”网络桑基图(Sankey diagram)。
采用CCK-8法评价不同浓度FFEJ及其不同极性部位(F1~F5) 对LLC细胞存活率的影响。如图1A所示, FFEJ干预48 h后, 在31.25~2 000 μg·mL-1浓度范围内可浓度依赖性抑制LLC细胞增殖。在最大检测浓度(400 μg·mL-1) 时, F1、F4和F5组的细胞存活率分别为77.2% ± 8.5%、62.0% ± 1.90%和71.2% ± 4.06%, IC50均大于400 μg·mL-1。F2和F3的抑制作用优于FFEJ及其他极性部位, 其IC50值分别为42.0和149.1 μg·mL-1, 由此确定F2和F3为FFEJ抗肿瘤的活性部位。依据植物提取物体外抗肿瘤活性评价标准(IC50 > 500 μg·mL-1, 即认为无显著活性), F1、F4和F5在各自最大检测浓度下均未达到50%的抑制率, 其IC50高于相应最高浓度, 提示这些样品对Lewis细胞仅具有极微弱的抑制作用, 不具备进一步药效研究价值。
为检测单个细胞是否具备独立增殖并形成细胞团(克隆) 的能力, 本研究通过平板克隆形成试验评估细胞长期增殖能力和无限增殖潜能。Lewis细胞经药物处理48 h后, 继续培养8天进行克隆形成分析。如图2A、B所示, 与对照组相比, FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位F2 (10、20 μg·mL-1) 和F3 (37.5、75 μg·mL-1) 给药组细胞克隆形成数量均显著减少(P < 0.05), 说明F2和F3可明显抑制LLC细胞的克隆形成能力, 有效抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。
进一步采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位F2和F3对LLC细胞凋亡的调控作用, 结果如图3A、B所示。与对照组(细胞凋亡率为4.8% ± 1.20%) 相比, 不同浓度的F2和F3干预Lewis细胞48 h后, 细胞凋亡率均显著升高(P < 0.001)。其中, 阳性药吉非替尼组的凋亡率为32.2% ± 5.13%; F2组在10、20 μg·mL-1浓度下的凋亡率分别为21.1% ± 2.31%和27.4% ± 0.99%; F3组在37.5、75 μg·mL-1浓度下的凋亡率分别为32.3% ± 1.52%和40.6% ± 3.11%, 说明F2和F3均诱导LLC细胞凋亡。
细胞划痕实验结果表明(图4A、B), 不同浓度的F2和F3干预LLC细胞48 h后, 与对照组相比, 细胞迁移率显著降低(P < 0.001)。其中, 对照组的迁移率为59.09% ± 3.57%, 阳性药吉非替尼组的迁移率为27.15% ± 4.99%; F2组在10、20 μg·mL-1浓度下的迁移率分别为35.16% ± 0.87%和22.78% ± 4.99%; F3组在37.5、75 μg·mL-1浓度下的迁移率分别为32.21% ± 3.01%和21.78% ± 2.46%, 表明F2和F3均可显著抑制Lewis细胞平行运动能力。
在不加基质胶的Transwell迁移实验(图4C、E) 中, Lewis细胞经不同药物干预48 h后, 阳性药吉非替尼组的迁移细胞数为106.8 ± 30.9; F2组在10、20 μg·mL-1浓度下的迁移细胞数分别为147.2 ± 16.3和57.0 ± 12.1; F3组在37.5、75 μg·mL-1浓度下的迁移细胞数分别为157.7 ± 18.9和31.58 ± 17.1。与对照组(295.9 ± 70.0) 相比, 各给药组穿膜细胞数量均显著减少(P < 0.01)。结果表明, F2和F3均可显著抑制LLC细胞的迁移, 是FFEJ中抗肺癌细胞迁移的活性部位。
在铺有基质胶的Transwell侵袭实验(图4D、F) 中, Lewis细胞经不同药物干预48 h后, 阳性药吉非替尼组的侵袭细胞数为311.0 ± 11.7; F2组在10、20 μg·mL-1浓度下的侵袭细胞数分别为433.8 ± 45.6和102.7 ± 89.3; F3组在37.5、75 μg·mL-1浓度下的侵袭细胞数分别为445.3 ± 101和187.8 ± 66.6。与对照组(686.5 ± 52.9) 相比, 各给药组穿过基质胶的细胞数量均显著减少(P < 0.01)。结果表明, F2和F3均可明显抑制LLC细胞的侵袭, 提示FFEJ的活性部位可能通过阻断肿瘤细胞的趋化运动, 抑制其远端转移。
采用UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS技术对FFEJ及其抗肿瘤活性部位F2和F3的主要化学成分进行鉴定。负离子模式下FFEJ供试品溶液的基峰离子流图(BPI) 如图5所示。根据各化学成分的保留时间(tR)、相对分子质量、特征质谱碎片信息, 并结合对照品比对、相关文献及数据库检索, 共鉴定出148个化合物, 包括人参皂苷类、环烯醚萜类、苯乙醇类、紫罗兰酮类、炔苷类、黄酮类、木脂素类及生物碱类等多种结构类型。
从FFEJ中共鉴定了26个人参皂苷类成分, 其中在F3中鉴定出16个, 均来源于红参。该类成分依据苷元骨架可分为3类亚型, 且各亚型具有特征诊断离子, 达玛烷型有人参三醇(PPT) 型(m/z 475.352 2)、人参二醇(PPD) 型(m/z 459.357 3), 齐墩果烷(OA) 型(m/z 455.315 4); 在负离子模式下主要产生[M-H]-或[M+HCOO]-准分子离子峰, 主要裂解方式为连续脱除葡萄糖(Glc)、鼠李糖(Rha) 等糖基。
PPT型人参皂苷主要以C6/C20位糖苷键断裂为主, 以化合物112、114、145为例, 分子式为C42H72O14, 在负离子模式下加合离子峰为m/z 799.483 6 [M-H]-、m/z 799.484 7 [M-H]-、m/z 799.483 6 [M-H]-。化合物145丢失1分子葡萄糖后生成m/z 637.432 3, 脱除2分子葡萄糖后产生特征碎片m/z 475.378 5 [M-H-2Glc]-, 其中m/z 475.378 5继续丢失1分子C6H12, 生成m/z 391.284 8, 结合保留时间, 并与文献[15]比对, 确定其结构为人参皂苷Rg1 (145)。同样, 化合物112和114对比文献[16]可推测为人参皂苷Rf (112) 及其同分异构体ginsenoside Rf isomer (114)。化合物139和147分子式为C42H70O12, 互为同分异构体, 负离子模式下的加合离子峰分别为m/z 811.485 2 [M+HCOO]-、m/z 811.485 1 [M+HCOO]-, 脱掉1个鼠李糖产生的碎片离子m/z 619.422 4 [M-COOH-Rha]-, 根据两者极性, 结合文献[17]推测其分别为人参皂苷F4 (139)、人参皂苷Rg6 (147)。
PPD型人参皂苷优先断裂C3/C20位糖基, 以化合物143和144为例, 二者分子式均为C42H72O13, 互为同分异构体, 在负离子模式下加合离子分别为m/z 829.496 0 [M+HCOO]-、m/z 829.496 2 [M+HCOO]-, 依次脱掉1个葡萄糖残基分别产生碎片离子m/z 621.436 8 [M-HCOO-Glc]-、m/z 459.384 2 [M-HCOO-2Glc]-, 随后脱去1分子C6H12产生碎片离子m/z 375.290 1 [M-HCOO-2Glc-C6H12]-, 根据反相色谱保留行为, 可推测其分别为人参皂苷F2 (143) 和20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3 (144)。
OA型人参皂苷通常在m/z 455.315 4处产生特殊的苷元母核离子。以化合物123为例, 其分子式为C48H76O19, 在负离子模式下加合离子峰为m/z 955.490 5 [M-H]-, 脱掉1分子葡萄糖后生成碎片离子m/z 793.442 3 [M-H-Glc]-, 再脱掉2分子葡萄糖与1分子葡萄糖醛酸残基后产生母核碎片离子m/z 455.353 0 [M-H-2Glc-GlcA]-, 或生成m/z 569.384 2 [M-H-Glc-CO2-H2O]-的碎片离子。结合文献和对照品比对[18], 将其鉴定为人参皂苷Ro (123)。
从FFEJ中分离鉴定了15个环烯醚萜类成分, 其中在F3中鉴定出13个, 均来源于熟地黄。该类化合物在负离子模式下为先断裂糖苷键脱去1分子葡萄糖, 再脱去1分子的CO2和H2O, 高阶裂解脱去甲基/甲氧基。以化合物35、53为例, 分子式均为C16H24O10, 负离子模式下准分子离子峰分别为m/z 375.130 0 [M-H]-、m/z 375.129 9 [M-H]-, 脱掉1分子葡萄糖基产生碎片离子m/z 213.077 0 [M-H-Glc]-, 随后羧基和羟基依次断裂, 产生碎片离子m/z 151.076 4 [M-H-Glc-CO2-H2O]-, 结合文献[19]和保留时间, 推断其分别为8-表马钱子酸(35) 和玉叶金花苷酸(53)。
从FFEJ中共鉴定出20个苯乙醇类成分, 其中在F3中鉴定出11个, 均来源于熟地黄。这类化合物多为咖啡酰基取代的苯乙醇苷类, 在负离子模式下呈现特征性多级裂解, 初级裂解途径主要为酰氧基糖苷键断裂导致咖啡酰基(caffeoyl) 中性丢失, 生成脱咖啡酰基离子碎片m/z 461.162 6; 次级裂解途径主要为葡萄糖-鼠李糖苷键断裂丢失鼠李糖残基产生m/z 315.072 8的碎片, 脱鼠李糖离子经逆羟醛缩合反应丢失脱水葡萄糖后形成苯乙醇苷元特征离子碎片m/z 135.040 8; 此外, 咖啡酸氧苷键断裂释放咖啡酸阴离子m/z 179.039 6, 该离子经McLafferty重排脱水后形成脱羟基咖啡酸碎片m/z 161.029 0。以化合物77和80为例, 分子式均为C29H36O15, 在负离子模式下加合离子峰均为m/z 623.198 2 [M-H]-, 脱掉1分子咖啡酰基生成碎片离子m/z 461.167 3 [M-H-caffeoyl]-, 后脱掉1分子鼠李糖残基产生碎片离子m/z 315.107 4 [M-H-caffeoyl-Rha]-, 此外由咖啡酸部分脱水形成的碎片离子m/z 161.024 3 [caffeic acid-H-H2O]-, 结合参考文献[20]和保留时间, 可推断2个化合物为毛蕊花糖苷(77) 和异毛蕊花糖苷(80)。
从FFEJ中共鉴定出12个紫罗兰酮类成分, 其中在F3中鉴定出9个, 均来源于熟地黄。以化合物79为例, 其分子式为C16H26O8, 准分子离子峰为m/z 345.154 6 [M-H]-, 脱去1分子CO₂后产生m/z 301.108 6 [M-H-CO2]-, 再脱去1分子C9H14生成m/z 179.070 4 [M-H-CO2-C9H14]-; 脱去1分子葡萄糖生成m/z 183.102 3, 再脱去1分子H2O生成m/z 179.070 4 [M-H-Glc-H2O]-, 结合文献[21]推测其为地黄苦苷(79)。
从FFEJ中共鉴定了32个有机酸类成分, 其中在F3中鉴定出29个, 该类成分是山楂、党参和熟地黄的共有成分, 主要包括酚酸类(绿原酸、阿魏酸等) 和非酚酸类(柠檬酸、琥珀酸等), 这类化合物以脱CO2、H2O等裂解方式为主。以化合物30、43、48为例, 分子式均为C16H18O9, 互为同分异构体, 在负离子模式下加合离子峰分别为m/z 353.088 2 [M-H]-、m/z 353.087 4 [M-H]-和m/z 353.088 1 [M-H]-, 脱掉1分子咖啡酰基后生成碎片离子m/z 191.056 2 [M-H-caffeoyl]-, 同时产生特征碎片离子m/z 179.035 0和m/z 135.045 2, 结合色谱保留行为[22], 推测其分别为3-咖啡酰奎宁酸(30)、绿原酸(43)、4-咖啡酰奎宁酸(48)。
从FFEJ中鉴定的2个炔苷类成分均为党参特征成分。以化合物92为例, 分子式为C20H228O8, 准分子离子峰为m/z 395.173 6 [M-H]-, 脱去1分子葡萄糖后产生m/z 233.118 1的碎片离子, 进一步脱去1分子H2O生成m/z 215.108 0的碎片离子, 或脱掉1分子炔基产生碎片离子m/z 143.071 3 [M-H-Glc-C7H6]-, 结合文献[23]鉴定为党参炔苷(92)。
2个木脂素类化合物81和94分别来源于熟地黄和山楂, 均在F3中鉴定。化合物81的分子式为C26H34O11, 准分子离子峰为m/z 521.203 4 [M-H]-, 脱去1分子葡萄糖后产生m/z 359.150 0的碎片离子, 呋喃环母核裂解生成特征碎片m/z 151.040 1, 经鉴定为落叶松脂素-4′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(81); 化合物94的分子式为C17H18O6, 准分子离子峰为m/z 317.103 1 [M-H]-, 呋喃环裂解产生m/z 151.040 4的碎片离子, 经推测为pinnatifidanin CVIII (94)。
从FFEJ中鉴定出2个生物碱类化合物, 均在F3中检出。其中, 化合物67来源于熟地黄, 分子式为C9H7NO, 在负离子模式下产生准分子离子峰m/z 144.045 5 [M-H]-, 脱1分子的H2O生成m/z 126.034 9的碎片离子, 经鉴定为7-异喹啉酚(67); 化合物96的分子式为C12H17NO4, 在负离子模式下产生准分子离子峰m/z 238.108 5 [M-H]-, 裂解产生苯酚碎片离子m/z 94.029 8, 经鉴定为codonopsinol C (96)。
此外, 还鉴定出18个其他类化合物, 包括来源于熟地黄的L-丝氨酸(1) 等氨基酸; 来源于熟地黄和党参的吡喃半乳糖(2)、蔗糖(3) 和果糖(4) 等糖类化合物; 来源于山楂的nuzhenal B (72) 及其同分异构体(73); 以及来源于熟地黄的尿苷(17)。
进一步解析FFEJ抗肿瘤活性组分F2、F3的化学物质基础, 通过与已鉴定化合物色谱峰的保留时间和二级质谱碎片进行比对, 在F2中共鉴定了48个化合物, 包括29个有机酸类、6个糖类、2个萜类和11个其他类化合物, 主要为来源于熟地黄、党参和山楂等的初级代谢产物。F3中共鉴定了59个化合物, 主要为来源于熟地黄、红参和党参的次级代谢产物, 包括16个人参皂苷类、13个环烯醚萜类、11个苯乙醇类、9个紫罗兰酮类、1个炔苷类、2个木脂素类、2个生物碱类、1个黄酮类和4个其他类化合物, 如图6所示, 这些成分可能是FFEJ发挥抗肿瘤作用的主要物质基础。为此, 进一步采用网络药理学预测其发挥效应的潜在机制。
采用SwissTargetPrediction数据库预测复方阿胶浆乙酸乙酯层(F3) 化学成分的潜在作用靶点, 对检索结果进行去重汇总, 共获得F3候选靶点749个。以“lung adenocarcinoma”为关键词在GeneCards数据库中检索疾病相关靶点, 去重后得到肺腺癌相关靶点1 403个; 将疾病靶点与F3候选靶点取交集, 共获得F3作用于肺腺癌的潜在靶点230个。
采用DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行KEGG通路富集分析, 按P值由小到大排序, 并结合文献筛选与肿瘤细胞凋亡、迁移及侵袭相关的通路, 包括磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B (PI3K/AKT)、白细胞介素-17 (IL-17)、肿瘤蛋白53 (p53)、凋亡(apoptosis) 和缺氧诱导因子-1 (HIF-1) 等信号通路。
将F3所获取的与肿瘤凋亡、迁移和侵袭相关通路上的基因合并去重, 利用STRING数据库构建PPI网络并采用Cytoscape进行结果可视化及拓扑分析。选取degree值、BC值和CC值等均大于中位数的作用蛋白为核心靶点, 类固醇受体辅激活因子(SRC)、信号转导和转录激活因子3 (STAT3)、丝氨酸和苏氨酸激酶1 (AKT1)、磷脂酰肌醇4, 5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基α (PIK3CA)、表皮生长因素(EGFR) 等基因靶点为复方阿胶浆活性组分发挥抗肿瘤作用的核心靶点。
将获取的F3化学成分与核心靶点数据导入Cytoscape软件, 构建“成分-靶点”相互作用网络图。经拓扑分析, 筛选度值(degree) 大于中位数的成分作为F3的潜在药效物质, 并构建“药材-成分-靶点-通路-机制”桑基图, 结果如图7所示。
肿瘤的发生与发展是一个涉及多阶段、多通路的复杂生物学过程, 其核心特征包括细胞异常增殖、凋亡逃逸、迁移能力增强以及侵袭活化等[24]。这些过程共同推动肿瘤的局部生长与远端转移, 成为临床治疗中的关键挑战。其中, 细胞增殖活跃度表现为Ki67等标志蛋白表达提高[25], 凋亡失衡常与细胞周期蛋白D1/BCL2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2/Bax) 信号轴异常相关[26], 激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(MAPK/PI3K) 信号通路和增加基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs) 表达可促进细胞迁移与侵袭[27]。本课题组前期研究发现, FFEJ可显著降低Lewis荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织Ki67的表达, 提示其具有抗肿瘤细胞增殖的作用[14]。本研究基于Lewis肺癌细胞模型, 通过CCK-8法筛选抗肿瘤活性部位, 从增殖抑制、凋亡诱导、迁移与侵袭阻断等多方面评价不同活性部位的抗肿瘤活性, 旨在揭示FFEJ抗肿瘤药效物质基础, 并为后续机制研究提供依据。
研究发现, F2和F3对LLC细胞具有显著的增殖抑制活性, 其IC50值分别为42与149.1 μg·mL-1, 显著优于全方及其他极性部位, 提示F2与F3可能为FFEJ发挥抗肿瘤作用的活性部位, 并通过系列细胞功能实验进行验证。平板克隆实验显示, 经F2 (10、20 μg·mL-1) 与F3 (37.5、75 μg·mL-1) 处理的LLC细胞克隆形成数目显著减少(P < 0.05), 表明二者可有效抑制肿瘤细胞长期增殖和自我更新能力。细胞凋亡检测结果进一步揭示, F2与F3均能显著提高Lewis细胞的凋亡率(P < 0.001), 其中F3高剂量组凋亡率达40.58% ± 3.11%, 与阳性药吉非替尼效果相当, 提示其具有较强的促凋亡潜力。在抑制肿瘤转移方面, F2与F3可显著抑制Lewis细胞的横向迁移(P < 0.001), 有效减少穿过基底膜的细胞数量(P < 0.001), 表明其不仅抑制细胞的自由运动, 还能阻断细胞在基质降解辅助下的侵袭过程, 具有抑制肿瘤远处转移的潜力。
采用LC-MS技术对FFEJ及F2与F3的化学成分进行分析。F2中共鉴定了48个化合物, 包括有机酸类、糖类、萜类和其他类化合物, 主要是来源于熟地黄、党参和山楂的初级代谢产物。这些化合物通过为细胞提供能量支持或调节微环境pH值等发挥辅助抗肿瘤作用。有研究发现有机酸类成分主要通过下调IL-17A介导的信号通路, 恢复被破坏的氧化还原平衡[28], 阻断促炎微环境的形成; 阿魏酸可通过介导p53[29]等信号通路, 增加肿瘤抑制因子p53的表达, 降低细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1) 的表达, 阻断抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达, 并可下调HIF-1α、cyclin D1、STAT3表达[30], 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 促进凋亡, 抑制肿瘤的生长。
F3中共鉴定出59个化合物, 包括人参皂苷类、环烯醚萜类、苯乙醇类和紫罗兰酮类, 以及若干生物碱类、黄酮类、糖苷类和木脂素类等, 主要是来源于熟地黄、红参、山楂和党参的次级代谢产物。这些化合物通常具有显著的生物活性和种属特异性, 可能为FFEJ发挥抗肿瘤药效的主要物质基础。网络药理学分析结果表明, F3的潜在作用靶点富集于PI3K/AKT、IL-17、p53、Apoptosis及HIF-1等多条信号通路, 提示其通过调控这些通路影响炎症因子表达、肿瘤细胞增殖与凋亡和免疫细胞浸润等多种生物学过程, 进而发挥抗肿瘤作用。研究发现, 人参皂苷Rg3可通过介导PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭迁移与增殖[31]; 人参皂苷Rk1增强Bax、Caspase-3、聚(ADP-核糖) 聚合酶(PARP) 等关键蛋白表达, 降低Bcl-2的表达, 并阻断NF-κB信号通路, 从而诱导肺腺癌细胞凋亡[32]; 20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2通过调控Wnt/β-catenin信号通路使癌细胞周期停滞在G0/G1期并诱导凋亡[33]。环烯醚萜类化合物梓醇可抑制血管生成标志物血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、血管内皮生长因子受体2 (VEGFR2)、HIF-1α、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF) 的表达, 通过抑制肿瘤血管生成来抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭[34]。苯乙醇类化合物通过抑制癌细胞MMP-9表达[35] (MMP-9是MMPs家族中被最广泛研究的成员之一), 在肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥重要作用; 党参炔苷可降低vimentin和MMP-9表达, 上调E-cadherin表达, 抑制上皮-间充质转化提高抗肺癌疗效[36]。
本研究通过网络药理学预测了F3活性成分作用于肺腺癌的核心靶点(如SRC、STAT3、AKT1、PIK3CA、EGFR等) 及关键通路(PI3K/AKT、IL-17、p53等), 但由于时间和条件限制, 上述预测结果尚未通过“湿法实验”进行直接验证, 这是本研究的主要局限性之一。网络药理学作为一种基于数据挖掘和生物信息学的预测工具, 其结果仅提供“成分-靶点-通路”之间的潜在关联假设, 并不能替代实验验证。因此, 本研究中关于F3通过调控PI3K/AKT、STAT3等通路发挥抗肿瘤作用的结论, 尚需后续分子生物学实验加以证实。
从化学成分组成来看, F2以初级代谢产物(有机酸、糖类等) 为主, F3则富含次级代谢产物(人参皂苷、环烯醚萜、苯乙醇等)。二者在抗肿瘤活性上表现出一定的互补性。F2的IC50值更低(42 μg·mL-1), 提示其对LLC细胞增殖的直接抑制作用更强; 而F3在诱导凋亡(高剂量组凋亡率达40.58%) 和抑制迁移侵袭方面效果更优。这种差异可能与两类成分的作用模式不同有关, 初级代谢产物可能通过调节细胞能量代谢和微环境pH值, 间接抑制肿瘤细胞生长; 而次级代谢产物则能直接作用于多个信号通路(如PI3K/AKT、NF-κB、EMT相关通路), 干预肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡和转移。因此, FFEJ全方中, F2与F3共存, 可能构成了“辅助代谢调节”与“靶向信号干预”相结合的协同抗肿瘤网络。这一“多成分-多靶点”协同作用模式, 正是中药复方整体药效的重要体现。
综上所述, 本研究通过CCK-8法考察FFEJ不同极性部位在体外对小鼠LLC细胞的抑制作用, 筛选其抗肿瘤活性部位; 进一步通过细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭与迁移实验进行活性验证, 确定F2和F3为FFEJ的抗肿瘤活性部位。采用UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS技术鉴定FFEJ抗肿瘤活性部位的主要化学成分, 发现具有种属特异性的次生代谢产物主要富集于F3部位, 而F2部位则主要富集初级代谢产物。上述两类成分与F3中的活性成分共同构成了FFEJ“多成分、多靶点”协同作用网络。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0106
  • 接收时间:2026-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-24
  • 修回日期:2026-06-01
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    1广东药科大学中药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2数智化中药质量控制广东省工程研究中心, 广东 广州 510006
    3国家中医药管理局中药数字化质量评价技术重点研究室, 广东 广州 510006
    4广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    5广东省常用民族药质量标准评价与标准提升研究重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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