Article(id=1308842617501221496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769443200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-27, revisedDate=1775664000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981997132, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981997132, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981997132, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981997132, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3164, endPage=3173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842617702548089, articleId=1308842617501221496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Evaluation of the reproductive/developmental toxicity and toxicokinetic profile of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids as a natural medicine in rats, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study comprehensively evaluated the reproductive safety of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids (SZ-A) in rats, analyzed the toxicokinetics of the main active ingredient 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) during embryo-fetal development, and determined the no-observed-adverse-effect level. Reproductive toxicity assessment was conducted in three stages (this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., ethics numbers: SN22072-DS, SN21288-DS, SN22074-DS). In stage Ⅰ, rats were orally administered SZ-A at doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg·kg-1 (calculated as total alkaloids) to evaluate its effects on fertility and early embryonic development, including sperm count and motility in males, as well as mating and pregnancy rates in females. In stage Ⅱ, pregnant rats were given SZ-A by gavage at 100, 200 and 500 mg·kg-1 to examine its impact on maternal health, embryo-fetal development, and fetal growth, while DNJ concentrations in maternal plasma, placenta and fetus were measured. In stage Ⅲ, pregnant rats were orally administered SZ-A at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg·kg-1. Indicators were examined to evaluate perinatal safety, including maternal reproductive function; offspring growth and development, behavior and learning/memory function, reproductive function; and F2 embryonic development. The results showed that SZ-A had no adverse effects on fertility, early embryonic development in both male and female rats, and on embryo-fetal development in pregnant rats. The plasma exposure of DNJ in pregnant rats showed a linear relationship with the administered dose. However, only limited distribution of DNJ was observed in the placenta, and the drug was undetectable in whole fetal tissues. At all tested doses, SZ-A showed no reproductive toxicity. This was evidenced by normal sex ratio, growth and development, and reproductive function in the F1 generation; embryonic development of the F2 generation was also unaffected. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of SZ-A over the entire reproductive cycle in rats was determined to be 500 mg·kg-1, indicating favorable safety. This finding provides essential reproductive safety data to support the potential clinical application of SZ-A in special populations such as diabetic patients of childbearing age, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

, authors=Wan-fang LI1, 2, 3, Zhi-hua LIU4, Yu FENG4, Yan-min CHEN4, Yuan-yuan LIU4, Ting-ting WANG4, Xue-qing XU4, Yuan-yuan ZU3, Xin-gang WANG4, Hong-tao JIN1, 2, 3, *, Yu-ling LIU5, 6, *, authorsList=Wan-fang LI, Zhi-hua LIU, Yu FENG, Yan-min CHEN, Yuan-yuan LIU, Ting-ting WANG, Xue-qing XU, Yuan-yuan ZU, Xin-gang WANG, Hong-tao JIN, Yu-ling LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-tao JIN, Yu-ling LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842620118467203, articleId=1308842617501221496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=天然药物桑枝总生物碱大鼠生殖发育毒性及其毒代动力学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究全面评价了桑枝总生物碱(SZ-A) 对大鼠的生殖安全性, 并分析了主要活性成分1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin, DNJ) 在胚胎-胎仔发育过程中的毒代动力学, 明确了无毒性反应剂量。生殖毒性评价分为三个阶段(本研究获北京协和建昊医药技术开发有限责任公司实验动物管理和使用委员会的审查批准, 伦理号为SN22072-DS, SN21288-DS和SN22074-DS): Ⅰ段试验中, 大鼠灌胃给予SZ-A 100、200和500 mg·kg-1, 评价精子数量与活力、交配率与受孕率等生育力与早期胚胎发育的影响; Ⅱ段试验中, 孕鼠给予SZ-A 100、200和500 mg·kg-1, 考察对孕鼠、胚胎及胎仔发育的影响, 同步检测孕鼠血浆、胎盘和胎鼠中的DNJ浓度; Ⅲ段试验中, 孕鼠给予SZ-A 250、500和750 mg·kg-1, 以孕鼠生殖功能, 仔鼠生长发育、行为、学习记忆、生殖功能及F2代胚胎发育等为指标, 评价围产期安全性。结果表明: SZ-A对雌雄大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育、对孕鼠的胚胎-胎仔发育, 均未见不良影响。DNJ在孕鼠体内血浆暴露与给药剂量呈线性关系, 但胎盘分布量较少, 胎鼠(全仔) 组织中无药物分布。各剂量下SZ-A对F1代性别比、生长发育和生殖功能及对F2代的胚胎发育, 均未见毒性。SZ-A在大鼠全生育周期的无毒性反应剂量为500 mg·kg-1, 具有良好的安全性。本研究为SZ-A拓展用于育龄期糖尿病患者、妊娠糖尿病患者、多囊卵巢综合征患者等的临床治疗, 提供了生殖安全性数据。

, authors=李万芳1, 2, 3, 刘志华4, 冯遇4, 陈艳敏4, 刘圆圆4, 王婷婷4, 徐雪晴4, 祖媛媛3, 王新刚4, 靳洪涛1, 2, 3, *, 刘玉玲5, 6, *, authorsList=李万芳, 刘志华, 冯遇, 陈艳敏, 刘圆圆, 王婷婷, 徐雪晴, 祖媛媛, 王新刚, 靳洪涛, 刘玉玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=靳洪涛, 刘玉玲, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

刘玉玲、靳洪涛、李万芳和刘志华构思并设计了试验。李万芳进行论文的整体试验和数据分析; 刘志华负责整体试验把控、数据分析和论文修改; 祖媛媛参与体内动物试验; 冯遇参与数据分析和论文初稿; 陈艳敏、刘圆圆、王婷婷、徐雪晴和王新刚参与数据分析和论文修改; 刘玉玲和靳洪涛提供技术指导、文稿框架确定和定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
靳洪涛, E-mail:
刘玉玲, E-mail:
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Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2024, 326: E268-E276., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842631359202058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Muller DRP, Stenvers DJ, Malekzadeh A, et al. Effects of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation on offspring outcomes: A systematic review of the evidence [J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1215356., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842631443088139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nuako A, Tu L, Reyes KJC, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of obesity in reproductive aged women [J]. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep, 2023, 12: 138-146., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842631556334348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo LL, Ma J, Tang J, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of metformin, glyburide, and insulin in treating gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis [J]. J Diabetes Res, 2019, 2019: 9804708., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842631648609037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ofili JE, Onyemelikwe NF, Obidoa OO. Effect of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the seeds of Adenanthera pavonina on gonadal weight and function in mice [J]. 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alkaloids (SZ-A) in the fertility and early embryonic development toxicity test. A-C: The body weight of F0 male, female and pregnant rats, n = 17-20; D, E: The food intake of male and female rats, n = 4; F, G: The weight of testis and epididymis in male rats, n = 10; H, I: The organ coefficients of testis and epididymis in male rats, n = 10; J-L: Total sperm count, total motile sperm count and sperm motility rate of the male rats, n = 10; M: The rate of female embryo loss. n = 17-20, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the solvent control (SZ-A 0) group, figureFileSmall=Dc3Tf58LS4bxkS8T7t2fqg==, figureFileBig=UiJnCTcXNW3nLM9I2jDuzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626430894815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nnpKsgS3CljXI6TYa3JW5g==, figureFileBig=5ehQ7gUNpkSYp/S8LM46qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626498003680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=The effects of SZ-A and sodium salicylate (SS) in the embryo-fetal development toxicity test. A: The body weight of pregnant rats, n = 18 or 19; B: The food consumption of pregnant rats, n = 5-7; C: Fetal rat body length, n = 120-143; D: Fetal rat tail length, n = 120-143; E: Litter weight, n = 18 or 19; F: Mean fetal weight. n = 18 or 19, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the solvent control (SZ-A 0) group, figureFileSmall=nnpKsgS3CljXI6TYa3JW5g==, figureFileBig=5ehQ7gUNpkSYp/S8LM46qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626586084065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XOtFCDsmwc2oTW52NPXCSg==, figureFileBig=lZKjgMeXeO4OuzpEOPqVSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626657387234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Toxicokinetic results from the embryo-fetal development toxicity study. A: AUC0-t of DNJ in plasma at GD6 and GD17; B: The content of DNJ in the placenta and fetus at GD20. n = 6 or 7, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. AUC0-t: Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to time t; DNJ: 1-Deoxynojirimycin; GD: Gestational day, figureFileSmall=XOtFCDsmwc2oTW52NPXCSg==, figureFileBig=lZKjgMeXeO4OuzpEOPqVSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626737079011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EtqZ+U1is7zMqzcwokVyfQ==, figureFileBig=mp0wqMF+JNy1EEy9yQnC9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626812576484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The effects of SZ-A during perinatal toxicity study. A, B: Body weight of female rats during gestation and lactation; C, D: Food consumption of female rats during gestation and lactation; E: The physiological development in F1 rats; F: The reflex development in F1 rats; G-J: The autonomous activity route, latency of rotarod test, latency of step down test and number of errors in step down test of F1 rats. n = 16-20, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the solvent control (SZ-A 0) group, figureFileSmall=EtqZ+U1is7zMqzcwokVyfQ==, figureFileBig=mp0wqMF+JNy1EEy9yQnC9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842626879685349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterSZ-A / mg·kg-1
0 (Control)250500750
LittersN20181618.
Born aliveN299262221251.
Born deadN1129.
FemaleN144143111122.
MaleN155119110129.
Appearance deformitiesN0001.
(%)0.00.00.00.4
Birth survival rate(%)99.799.699.196.5**
Survival rate on the 4th day after birth(%)99.7100.0100.099.6
Lactational survival rate(%)100.099.3100.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1308842626950988518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The effect of SZ-A on the growth and development indicators of F1 rats in perinatal toxicity test. n = 16-20. **P < 0.01 vs the solvent control group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterSZ-A / mg·kg-1
0 (Control)250500750
LittersN20181618.
Born aliveN299262221251.
Born deadN1129.
FemaleN144143111122.
MaleN155119110129.
Appearance deformitiesN0001.
(%)0.00.00.00.4
Birth survival rate(%)99.799.699.196.5**
Survival rate on the 4th day after birth(%)99.7100.0100.099.6
Lactational survival rate(%)100.099.3100.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1308842627022291687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Weight / gAge / dSZ-A / mg·kg-1
0 (Control)
(n = 20)
250
(n = 18)
500
(n = 16)
750
(n = 18)
Litter weight0104.1 ± 11.197.0 ± 13.4*96.7 ± 17.3*95.4 ± 12.7**
Average fetal weight07.0 ± 0.46.8 ± 0.97.2 ± 1.16.9 ± 0.5
1439.0 ± 2.937.9 ± 3.036.2 ± 3.0*35.4 ± 3.0**
2163.9 ± 3.361.9 ± 4.060.9 ± 4.059.6 ± 4.2**
Female weight after weaning2898.9 ± 7.0100.5 ± 7.198.2 ± 6.998.3 ± 6.3
49220.1 ± 15.2222.4 ± 12.1218.4 ± 19.1219.6 ± 16.2
70290.6 ± 21.9291.7 ± 23.9285.6 ± 26.8280.8 ± 20.0
Male weight after weaning28113.7 ± 6.4111.3 ± 5.8109.9 ± 10.4107.1 ± 7.1
49322.9 ± 21.3331.6 ± 11.4327.8 ± 29.7321.0 ± 18.3
70460.6 ± 38.3485.4 ± 33.7467.9 ± 44.1461.3 ± 25.0
), ArticleFig(id=1308842627097789160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842617501221496, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The effect of SZ-A on the weight of F1 rats in perinatal toxicity studies. n = 16-20, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the solvent control group

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Weight / gAge / dSZ-A / mg·kg-1
0 (Control)
(n = 20)
250
(n = 18)
500
(n = 16)
750
(n = 18)
Litter weight0104.1 ± 11.197.0 ± 13.4*96.7 ± 17.3*95.4 ± 12.7**
Average fetal weight07.0 ± 0.46.8 ± 0.97.2 ± 1.16.9 ± 0.5
1439.0 ± 2.937.9 ± 3.036.2 ± 3.0*35.4 ± 3.0**
2163.9 ± 3.361.9 ± 4.060.9 ± 4.059.6 ± 4.2**
Female weight after weaning2898.9 ± 7.0100.5 ± 7.198.2 ± 6.998.3 ± 6.3
49220.1 ± 15.2222.4 ± 12.1218.4 ± 19.1219.6 ± 16.2
70290.6 ± 21.9291.7 ± 23.9285.6 ± 26.8280.8 ± 20.0
Male weight after weaning28113.7 ± 6.4111.3 ± 5.8109.9 ± 10.4107.1 ± 7.1
49322.9 ± 21.3331.6 ± 11.4327.8 ± 29.7321.0 ± 18.3
70460.6 ± 38.3485.4 ± 33.7467.9 ± 44.1461.3 ± 25.0
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天然药物桑枝总生物碱大鼠生殖发育毒性及其毒代动力学研究
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李万芳 1, 2, 3 , 刘志华 4 , 冯遇 4 , 陈艳敏 4 , 刘圆圆 4 , 王婷婷 4 , 徐雪晴 4 , 祖媛媛 3 , 王新刚 4 , 靳洪涛 1, 2, 3, * , 刘玉玲 5, 6, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 3164-3173
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 3164 -3173
天然药物桑枝总生物碱大鼠生殖发育毒性及其毒代动力学研究
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李万芳1, 2, 3, 刘志华4, 冯遇4, 陈艳敏4, 刘圆圆4, 王婷婷4, 徐雪晴4, 祖媛媛3, 王新刚4, 靳洪涛1, 2, 3, * , 刘玉玲5, 6, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 新药安全评价研究中心, 北京 100050
  • 2创新药临床前研发药代-药效关键技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 3北京协和建昊医药技术开发有限责任公司, 北京 100176
  • 4北京五和博澳药业股份有限公司, 北京 102600
  • 5中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 6中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物递送关键技术与新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
靳洪涛, E-mail:
刘玉玲, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

刘玉玲、靳洪涛、李万芳和刘志华构思并设计了试验。李万芳进行论文的整体试验和数据分析; 刘志华负责整体试验把控、数据分析和论文修改; 祖媛媛参与体内动物试验; 冯遇参与数据分析和论文初稿; 陈艳敏、刘圆圆、王婷婷、徐雪晴和王新刚参与数据分析和论文修改; 刘玉玲和靳洪涛提供技术指导、文稿框架确定和定稿。

Evaluation of the reproductive/developmental toxicity and toxicokinetic profile of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids as a natural medicine in rats
Wan-fang LI1, 2, 3, Zhi-hua LIU4, Yu FENG4, Yan-min CHEN4, Yuan-yuan LIU4, Ting-ting WANG4, Xue-qing XU4, Yuan-yuan ZU3, Xin-gang WANG4, Hong-tao JIN1, 2, 3, * , Yu-ling LIU5, 6, *
Affiliations
  • 1New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Key Technologies for Preclinical Research and Development of Innovative Drugs in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
  • 4Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 6Beijing Key Laboratory of Key Technologies for Natural Drug Delivery and Novel Formulations, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0102
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本研究全面评价了桑枝总生物碱(SZ-A) 对大鼠的生殖安全性, 并分析了主要活性成分1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin, DNJ) 在胚胎-胎仔发育过程中的毒代动力学, 明确了无毒性反应剂量。生殖毒性评价分为三个阶段(本研究获北京协和建昊医药技术开发有限责任公司实验动物管理和使用委员会的审查批准, 伦理号为SN22072-DS, SN21288-DS和SN22074-DS): Ⅰ段试验中, 大鼠灌胃给予SZ-A 100、200和500 mg·kg-1, 评价精子数量与活力、交配率与受孕率等生育力与早期胚胎发育的影响; Ⅱ段试验中, 孕鼠给予SZ-A 100、200和500 mg·kg-1, 考察对孕鼠、胚胎及胎仔发育的影响, 同步检测孕鼠血浆、胎盘和胎鼠中的DNJ浓度; Ⅲ段试验中, 孕鼠给予SZ-A 250、500和750 mg·kg-1, 以孕鼠生殖功能, 仔鼠生长发育、行为、学习记忆、生殖功能及F2代胚胎发育等为指标, 评价围产期安全性。结果表明: SZ-A对雌雄大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育、对孕鼠的胚胎-胎仔发育, 均未见不良影响。DNJ在孕鼠体内血浆暴露与给药剂量呈线性关系, 但胎盘分布量较少, 胎鼠(全仔) 组织中无药物分布。各剂量下SZ-A对F1代性别比、生长发育和生殖功能及对F2代的胚胎发育, 均未见毒性。SZ-A在大鼠全生育周期的无毒性反应剂量为500 mg·kg-1, 具有良好的安全性。本研究为SZ-A拓展用于育龄期糖尿病患者、妊娠糖尿病患者、多囊卵巢综合征患者等的临床治疗, 提供了生殖安全性数据。

降糖天然药物  /  桑枝总生物碱  /  生殖毒性  /  发育毒性  /  无毒性反应剂量

This study comprehensively evaluated the reproductive safety of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids (SZ-A) in rats, analyzed the toxicokinetics of the main active ingredient 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) during embryo-fetal development, and determined the no-observed-adverse-effect level. Reproductive toxicity assessment was conducted in three stages (this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., ethics numbers: SN22072-DS, SN21288-DS, SN22074-DS). In stage Ⅰ, rats were orally administered SZ-A at doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg·kg-1 (calculated as total alkaloids) to evaluate its effects on fertility and early embryonic development, including sperm count and motility in males, as well as mating and pregnancy rates in females. In stage Ⅱ, pregnant rats were given SZ-A by gavage at 100, 200 and 500 mg·kg-1 to examine its impact on maternal health, embryo-fetal development, and fetal growth, while DNJ concentrations in maternal plasma, placenta and fetus were measured. In stage Ⅲ, pregnant rats were orally administered SZ-A at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg·kg-1. Indicators were examined to evaluate perinatal safety, including maternal reproductive function; offspring growth and development, behavior and learning/memory function, reproductive function; and F2 embryonic development. The results showed that SZ-A had no adverse effects on fertility, early embryonic development in both male and female rats, and on embryo-fetal development in pregnant rats. The plasma exposure of DNJ in pregnant rats showed a linear relationship with the administered dose. However, only limited distribution of DNJ was observed in the placenta, and the drug was undetectable in whole fetal tissues. At all tested doses, SZ-A showed no reproductive toxicity. This was evidenced by normal sex ratio, growth and development, and reproductive function in the F1 generation; embryonic development of the F2 generation was also unaffected. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of SZ-A over the entire reproductive cycle in rats was determined to be 500 mg·kg-1, indicating favorable safety. This finding provides essential reproductive safety data to support the potential clinical application of SZ-A in special populations such as diabetic patients of childbearing age, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

hypoglycemic natural medicine  /  Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids  /  reproductive toxicity  /  developmental toxicity  /  no-observed-adverse-effect level
李万芳, 刘志华, 冯遇, 陈艳敏, 刘圆圆, 王婷婷, 徐雪晴, 祖媛媛, 王新刚, 靳洪涛, 刘玉玲. 天然药物桑枝总生物碱大鼠生殖发育毒性及其毒代动力学研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3164 -3173 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0102
Wan-fang LI, Zhi-hua LIU, Yu FENG, Yan-min CHEN, Yuan-yuan LIU, Ting-ting WANG, Xue-qing XU, Yuan-yuan ZU, Xin-gang WANG, Hong-tao JIN, Yu-ling LIU. Evaluation of the reproductive/developmental toxicity and toxicokinetic profile of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids as a natural medicine in rats[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3164 -3173 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0102
患者用药安全是医疗安全的核心, 尤其对于有生育需求的人群, 药物的生殖安全性更是不容忽视[1]。在众多需要长期使用的药物中, 降糖药的生殖安全一直是热议的话题[2]。这一方面会涉及育龄期男性或女性糖尿病患者、妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) 患者等特殊人群, 另一方面, 随着糖尿病治疗药物不断拓展至成人减重、多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS) 等生殖内分泌疾病领域[3], 导致此类药物的生殖安全性备受关注。然而, 目前常用降糖药物如二甲双胍(metformin, MET)、GLP-1RA、SGLT-2i等的生殖安全性仍缺乏统一定论。
桑枝总生物碱(SZ-A) 2020年获批上市, 用于2型糖尿病治疗[4, 5]。作为一种物质基础明确, 作用机制清晰的天然药物, 临床使用中, 整体安全性良好。随着治疗糖尿病的多重药理作用机制的阐释[6], SZ-A用于PCOS、GDM、肥胖等代谢疾病的治疗潜力被不断发掘[7-9]。这使得SZ-A的临床使用人群涉及了许多育龄期等有生育计划的代谢紊乱人群, 这相应也带来了新的临床挑战和安全性考量。如果缺乏生殖安全性数据作为支撑, 这些患者在SZ-A治疗期间, 将不得不进行控制代谢紊乱与计划妊娠的权衡和选择。那么尽快评价SZ-A的生殖安全性, 具有迫切的临床意义和现实的必要性。系统评价SZ-A生殖安全性, 将为SZ-A拓展用于生育相关特殊人群提供安全性支持, 为医生临床合理用药提供判断依据, 为患者生育选择和长期代谢健康助力。
在生殖毒性评价中, 雄性生殖能力的损伤是重点关注的核心指标之一[10]。此外, 早期暴露是否能显著增加畸形的风险, 也是临床上极为关注的问题。为此, 本研究在前期急毒、长毒和遗传毒研究基础上, 进一步开展了SZ-A对大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育、胚胎-胎仔发育、围产期等生殖毒性试验, 并对胚胎-胎仔发育过程的毒代动力学进行分析, 全面评估其生殖毒性特征, 以期为SZ-A用于有生育需求患者的安全等级判定提供科学支撑。
药物与试剂  桑枝总生物碱[SZ-A, 批号: RJ202103024、J202212003, 含量: 55.4%、60.7%, 以1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin, DNJ) 计, 广西五和博澳药业有限公司]; 水杨酸钠(批号: SLCC7389)、精氨酸(定位用对照品, 纯度: ≥ 99.5%, 批号: BCBR6240V) 购自Sigma公司; 1-脱氧野尻霉素(批号: 20161109, 含量: 98.58%, 北京五和博澳药业股份有限公司); 乙腈(色谱级, 批号: V55A1H, Honeywell); 其他试剂均为分析纯。
实验动物  SPF级SD大鼠(Sprague-Dawley rats), 由北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司提供, 动物生产许可证号为SCXK (京) 2021-0011。饲养于SPF级环境。本试验符合动物福利的要求, 经过北京协和建昊医药技术开发有限责任公司实验动物管理和使用委员会的审查批准, 批准编号分别为SN22072-DS、SN21288-DS、SN22074-DS。
生育力与早期胚胎发育毒性试验(Ⅰ段)
SD大鼠雌雄各80只(雌, 7~8周龄; 雄, 5~6周龄)。随机分为4组, 雌雄各半, 分别为溶媒对照组, 100、200和500 mg·kg-1的SZ-A组。观察动物的临床症状, 测定动物体重及摄食量。
动物处理  雄鼠交配前4周开始给药, 每天1次, 至交配成功或检测精子功能当天。雌鼠从交配前2周开始给药一直到妊娠期第6天(gestational day 6, GD6)。同一组动物雌雄按1∶1同笼交配。交配成功后对雄鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、睾丸、附睾、脑等进行解剖检查, 计算脏器系数, 检查精子数目和精子活动度。孕鼠于妊娠第15天称重安乐死, 暴露两侧子宫和内脏器官, 分别计数两侧卵巢黄体数、活胎数、死胎数和吸收胎数、着床数。
胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验(Ⅱ段) 及伴随毒代动力学研究
SD大鼠雌性(7~9周龄) 120只, 雄性(9~11周龄) 34只。雌鼠交配成功后随机分为5组, 分别为溶媒对照组、100、200和500 mg·kg-1的SZ-A组和水杨酸钠250 mg·kg-1组(阳性对照)。SZ-A组于GD6开始灌胃给药, 每天1次, 共12天。阳性对照组于GD8 (gestational day 8) 开始灌胃给水杨酸钠, 每天1次, 共3天。试验期间观察动物的临床症状, 测定动物体重及摄食量。
孕鼠处理  孕鼠于GD20 (gestational day 20) 称重后安乐死, 观察子宫和其他内脏器官形态, 将两侧子宫切下, 称子宫与胎仔重量。分别计数两侧卵巢黄体数、死胎数、活胎数和吸收胎数, 计算着床数并称量活胎和胎盘的重量。
胎鼠分析  外观检查: 查看胎鼠是否畸形。内脏检查: 将每窝1/2胎鼠放入Bouin's液固定, 检查身长、尾长、头部结构和性别。骨骼检查: 将每窝1/2胎鼠放入95%酒精中固定, 用茜素红对骨骼进行染色以显示骨化, 检查胎鼠头骨、胸部骨骼、四肢骨和脊椎发育情况。
伴随毒代动力学研究  100、200和500 mg·kg-1 SZ-A组每组不少于5只孕鼠, 首次给药(GD6) 和末次给药(GD17, gestational day 17) 时, 分别于给药前, 给药后15、30 min和1、3、6、24 h从眼眶静脉丛采集孕鼠血样, 于4 ℃、2 000 ×g, 离心10 min, 取血浆, LC-MS/MS法进行DNJ浓度分析。解剖GD20孕鼠, 分别取胎鼠和胎盘, 立即冻存, LC-MS/MS法进行DNJ浓度分析。
围产期毒性试验(Ⅲ段)
SD大鼠雄性30只(8~9周龄), 雌性90只(7~8周龄)。雌鼠交配成功后随机分为4组, 分别为溶媒对照组, 250、500和750 mg·kg-1的SZ-A组。各组雌鼠的给药时间为从胚胎着床到仔鼠离乳, 即从GD6至仔鼠出生后第21天(postnatal day 21, PND21), 每天给药1次。试验期间观察动物的临床症状, 测定动物体重及摄食量。
雌鼠妊娠情况观察   对给药后雌鼠的一般状态、分娩状况、哺乳等进行观察。记录各组孕鼠自然分娩的时间, 观察供试品对孕鼠妊娠期有无影响。记录每只孕鼠的产仔数。计算各组妊娠母鼠的出产率。统计各组孕鼠的死亡数, 计算死亡率。雌鼠于哺乳期PND21~PND27安乐死作解剖检查, 对心脏、肝脏、脾、肺、肾、胃肠道等主要脏器作肉眼观察。
F1大鼠生长发育分析  每天观察仔鼠存活情况, 计数出生当天活仔数及出生后4天内活仔数。检查新生仔鼠有无外观畸形、鉴别性别、称量体重等。记录仔鼠耳廓分离时间、出毛时间、门齿萌出时间、张耳时间、睁眼时间、平面翻正反射、负向趋地性反射、听觉惊愕反射、视觉定向反射, 考察F1大鼠体格发育情况。
仔鼠离乳后, 每周测定一次体重, 监测性成熟时间, 通过转棒试验、自主活动测定和跳台试验考察F1大鼠行为和学习记忆功能。随机选取雌雄各10只仔鼠出生6~8周后麻醉处死, 解剖检查内脏。另取仔鼠出生10周后, 与同组中不同窝的动物以1∶1的比例同笼交配, 计算交配率及受孕率, 考察F1雌鼠生育力。
统计学分析  所有数据采用Shapiro-Wilks test和Levene's test对数据进行正态性及方差齐性检验, 满足正态和方差齐性则进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA); 不满足则用Dunnett's test (参数法) 进行多重比较检验。交配率、受孕率、吸收胎率等计数指标用百分率表示, 采用Chi-square test检验方法进行显著性分析。P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
试验期间, 溶媒对照组及SZ-A各剂量组雄鼠、雌鼠及孕鼠笼旁观察均未见异常, 体重变化均无统计学差异。摄食量除500 mg·kg-1剂量组雄鼠第3周摄食量明显增加(P < 0.001), 其他组与同期溶媒对照组相比均无统计学差异(图1A~E)。
各剂量组的交配率、受孕率及交配成功时间与溶媒对照组相比均无统计学差异。
交配结束后, 对雄鼠进行内脏检查, 均未发现明显异常。各剂量组睾丸、附睾的重量及脏器系数与对照相比均无统计学差异(图1F~I)。SZ-A中、低剂量组雄鼠精子数量和活动精子总数有增加趋势, 但差异无统计学意义; 而高剂量组精子数量则显著增加, 虽然活动率有所降低, 但活动精子总数显著增加, 统计学差异显著(图1J~L)。
与溶媒对照组比较, SZ-A各剂量组着床后丢失率、窝平均活胎数和死胎率均无统计学差异, 提示SZ-A对雌鼠的生殖功能没有明显影响。但高剂量组着床前丢失率明显降低(P < 0.05), 窝平均活胎数无明显变化(图1M), 提示高剂量可能有利于改善着床。
各剂量组动物均未见异常, 体重及摄食量均无统计学差异(图2A、B)。
水杨酸钠阳性对照导致了胚胎明显异常。与溶媒对照组相比, SZ-A低剂量组的吸收胎率明显降低, 中剂量组的平均子宫连胎重明显升高, 具有统计学差异但无毒理学意义。各剂量组的窝平均黄体数、平均着床数、窝平均活胎数、外观异常数、内脏异常数和死胎率均无统计学差异。
阳性对照水杨酸钠组可见明显胚胎-胎仔发育异常, 包括身长、尾长、窝重、平均胎重、吸收胎、外观异常数、内脏异常数等, 具有毒理学意义, 表明本次试验所选动物种属对致畸物反应敏感(图2C~F)。
SZ-A高剂量组的胎鼠尾长与溶媒对照组相比具有统计学差异(P < 0.05), 但数值相差极小, 分析认为并无毒理学意义。SZ-A低、中剂量组的窝重明显升高(P < 0.05), 此升高无毒理学意义(图2C~F)。SZ-A各剂量组胎鼠枕骨0级骨化率均在98%以上, 与对照组相比无显著性差异。同时, SZ-A低、中剂量组的胸骨缺失发生率(34.0%和39.4%) 明显低于溶媒对照组(56.6%), 综合分析认为无毒理学意义。
SD大鼠GD6连续12天灌胃给予100、200和500 mg·kg-1 SZ-A至GD17, 首次给药和末次给药DNJ在孕鼠体内血浆暴露量与给药剂量呈线性关系, 且DNJ在SD大鼠体内GD17暴露量与GD6给药后相比明显增加。给药结束后, DNJ在GD20孕鼠的胎盘有少量分布, 无明显剂量依赖性, 在胎鼠(全仔) 组织中无分布(图3)。
各组孕鼠孕期无阴道流血、流产等异常现象, 各组均无动物死亡。各组雌鼠妊娠期和哺乳期体重和摄食量无显著差异(图4A~D)。
各组受孕率差异无统计学意义, 出产率均为100.0%, 孕鼠死亡率均为0%。孕鼠妊娠时间和平均活仔数均无显著性差异。对未分娩雌鼠进行剖检, 心、肝、脾、肺、肾、子宫等主要脏器未见异常。哺乳期结束后处死母鼠并进行解剖检查, 各组母鼠均未见明显大体病理改变。
各剂量组F1大鼠出生后外观畸形率、四日存活率、哺乳存活率与溶媒对照组相比无统计学差异。SZ-A 750 mg·kg-1剂量组F1大鼠出生后存活率与溶媒对照组相比有统计学差异(P < 0.01), 结果见表1。
试验期间, SZ-A各剂量组仔鼠的第0天窝重低于溶媒对照组(P < 0.05), 平均体重无明显差异, 窝重差异是仔鼠总数差异导致。与溶媒对照组相比, 750 mg·kg-1剂量组仔鼠第14~21天平均体重降低(P < 0.01), 但在第28~70天, 平均体重差异不显著。所以, SZ-A 750 mg·kg-1剂量对F1仔鼠离乳前的体重可能有显著影响, 结果见表2。
在生理发育指标中, 500、750 mg·kg-1剂量组F1仔鼠张耳达标时间早于溶媒对照组(图4E), 有统计学差异(P < 0.05), 无毒理学意义。其他指标均无差异, 表明SZ-A对仔鼠的生理发育没有不良影响。
在反射发育指标中, 250 mg·kg-1剂量组仔鼠平面翻正反射天数晚于溶媒对照组(P < 0.01), 但各剂量组之间无明显剂量效应关系, 其他反射发育指标均无明显差异, 判断该差异无明确毒理学意义。表明SZ-A对仔鼠的反射发育无不良影响(图4F)。
F1大鼠剖检发现各组动物脏器色泽、质感均正常。脏器重量及脏器系数均无差异。
仔鼠出生6周后, 通过自主活动测试、转棒试验、跳台试验测试了仔鼠的自主活动、运动协调及学习记忆能力。各剂量组仔鼠自主活动总路程无统计学差异(图4G)。750 mg·kg-1剂量组雄仔鼠转棒试验潜伏期缩短(P < 0.05), 为个体差异导致, 无毒理学意义(图4H)。500 mg·kg-1组雄仔鼠跳台试验潜伏期延长, 错误次数减少(P < 0.05), 各剂量组之间无明确剂量效应关系, 认为该指标变化无毒理学意义(图4I、J)。可见, SZ-A对仔鼠的自主活动、运动协调及学习记忆能力无明显影响。
各剂量组F1大鼠的交配率、受孕率及交配天数均无统计学差异。F1雌鼠孕期未见早产、流产等异常现象, 各组均无死胎。SZ-A 500、750 mg·kg-1剂量组平均着床数升高, 具有统计学差异, 但无毒理学意义。各剂量组的窝平均黄体数、平均活胎数、吸收胎率、死胎率等指标均无统计学差异。综上, SZ-A对F1雌鼠的生殖功能及F2胎鼠的发育没有影响。
生殖安全性主要依赖于流行病学研究证据, 动物试验结果虽不能直接外推至人类, 但在识别潜在风险方面, 仍具有重要的参考价值。鉴于SZ-A在妊娠期安全性人类数据的匮乏, 以及平衡肥胖/糖尿病/PCOS治疗与妊娠规划的实际需求, 作者全面进行了SZ-A的生殖毒性研究。前期大鼠急性毒性试验证明SZ-A的半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50) 大于10.0 g·kg-1, 大鼠连续26周灌胃给予SZ-A最大耐受剂量为500 mg·kg-1, 比格犬安全剂量为300 mg·kg-1。因此, 开展Ⅰ段和Ⅱ段试验的剂量参照大鼠长期毒性试验的最大耐受剂量500 mg·kg-1, 设置了100、200、500 mg·kg-1 3个剂量组, 结果表明Ⅰ段和Ⅱ段试验均未显示出生殖毒性, 因此, Ⅲ段试验为探索更高剂量的安全性, 设置了250、500、750 mg·kg-1 3个剂量组。国内外现行生殖与发育毒性研究相关技术指导原则, 通常不要求设置同期阳性对照组。体系的敏感性可通过历史对照数据和经过验证的实验体系予以保证。因此, 本研究Ⅰ段和Ⅲ段试验仅设置溶媒对照组。对于Ⅱ段胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验, 为进一步验证试验体系的敏感性, 设置了阳性对照组。本研究首次报告了SZ-A的生殖毒性研究数据, 结果证明SZ-A在大鼠生殖毒性研究中表现出良好的安全性, 无毒性反应剂量(no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL) 为500 mg·kg-1, 以生物碱计约为277.0 mg·kg-1。本研究结果对在生殖系统可能出现的风险和获益提供了重要参考信息。
生育力与早期胚胎发育毒性试验(Ⅰ段) 观察了SZ-A对F0代大鼠配子形成、交配行为、生育力、胚胎着床前及着床后发育的影响[11]。在Ⅰ段试验中, SZ-A在500 mg·kg-1内, 对雌性和雄性大鼠的生育力和早期胚胎无毒性影响。在雄性中, 虽然在500 mg·kg-1剂量时, 精子活动率略有下降, 但精子总量显著增加, 故活动精子总数呈上升趋势, 提示高剂量可能有助于提高精子总体活力。精子的发生受到下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的精密调控, GnRH、LH、FSH及睾酮在该过程中发挥协同作用, 是提升精子产生能力的关键, 增强该轴的功能可促进精子生成[12]。此外, 氧化应激与细胞凋亡增加是导致精子数量下降的另一个重要原因。通过抗氧化保护睾丸微环境, 减轻氧化应激, 有助于减少生精细胞的DNA损伤, 从而维持精子数量[13]。已有研究[14]表明: SZ-A具有良好的抗氧化活性, 这可能是其增加精子数量的关键机制之一。然而, SZ-A是否具有调节下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的功能、从根本上促进精子发生作用, 尚需要专门研究予以阐明。在雌性中, 500 mg·kg-1剂量组着床前丢失率显著降低, 其中窝平均黄体数无差异, 平均着床数有升高趋势。此变化没有毒理学意义, 但提示SZ-A可能会对大鼠着床有正向作用。着床丢失率主要与胚胎的质量, 染色体异常或者母体因素如子宫内膜容受性等因素有关[15]。有研究[16]认为, 在体外受精-胚胎移植中, 着床失败由胚胎因素导致者仅占约三分之一, 更多与子宫内膜容受性不良或母胎互作异常有关。胰岛素抵抗患者代谢紊乱, 能量代谢失衡会阻碍子宫内膜容受性建立, 引起胚胎着床障碍和着床失败[17]。SZ-A作为降糖药物, 对代谢的调节和胰岛素抵抗的缓解均有显著效果[8, 9]。在此试验中, 着床丢失率的减少是否与子宫内膜容受性的增加相关, 需要进一步研究确认。
动物胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验(Ⅱ段) 于妊娠动物的器官发生期给药, 直至硬腭闭合期, 旨在综合评价药物对妊娠动物、胚胎和胎仔发育的影响[18]。在本Ⅱ段研究中, 阳性对照水杨酸钠表现出明确的对大鼠胚胎及胎仔的发育毒性, SZ-A各剂量组对大鼠胚胎及胎仔发育未见毒性, 伴随毒代动力学数据提示本生物碱在胚胎-胎仔系统中无分布或基本清除, 无蓄积风险。在低剂量组, 吸收胎率明显降低。吸收胎即早期胚胎停止发育或死亡, 相当于早期流产[19]。尽管认为此变化无毒理意义, 但是其潜在的生理意义仍值得进一步探讨。SZ-A低剂量展现出的正向效果, 表明对早期胚胎发育无不良影响, 甚至可能有一定保护趋势。另一个值得关注的变化是骨骼发育。骨骼畸形通常是因为遗传因素或者环境因素, 本批次动物中胸骨缺失的背景发生率较高, 推测可能与遗传背景有关。胸骨骨化延迟或表观缺失在啮齿类动物胚胎-胎仔骨骼检查中较为常见, 通常被认为属于骨骼发育变异(skeletal variations), 而非结构性畸形。由于啮齿类动物胸骨骨化在妊娠后期仍持续进行, 并可能延续至围产期, 因此在胎仔骨骼检查时部分胸骨节仍可能处于骨化过程中。此外, 该类变化的发生率还可能受到动物品系、窝仔数、母体生理状态及剖宫取胎时间等因素的影响[20]。SZ-A低、中剂量组的胸骨缺失发生率明显更低, SZ-A对骨骼发育的影响可能具有重要意义, 值得后续研究进一步深入探讨。
本研究在Ⅲ段研究中调整低、中、高剂量组为250、500和750 mg·kg-1, 进一步探索SZ-A对SD大鼠的围产期生殖毒性。评价自硬腭闭合至子代断乳期间给药, 对妊娠/哺乳及子代的发育影响, 重点关注母体毒性、子代死亡、生长发育异常与功能缺陷等关键重点。为捕捉潜在的延迟发育毒性, Ⅲ段还需包含对子代从出生后至性成熟阶段的全程观察[21]。结果显示, 在250、500 mg·kg-1剂量下, 未观察到生殖毒性。而750 mg·kg-1剂量对F1和F2代整体无明显影响。但F1仔鼠出生存活率、窝重和平均体重出现降低。其中第14~21天的体重下降具有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。值得注意的是, 这种生长缓慢是暂时的, 自第28~70天, 该组仔鼠体重与对照组相比已无显著差异。这表明, SZ-A在750 mg·kg-1剂量下主要影响F1代仔鼠的离乳前体重, 但该效应可随其生长发育而得到代偿, 最终实现“追赶生长”[22]。因此, SD大鼠围产期SZ-A口服的NOAEL也为500 mg·kg-1。在NOAEL剂量下, SZ-A在妊娠及哺乳期用药的安全性较好, 对后代的长期生长发育及生殖功能无不良影响。
随着降糖药适应证在代谢相关疾病中的扩展, 其影响的人群日益庞大。经典药物的生殖安全争议性及新兴降糖药的数据滞后性, 也引发了医学界的讨论。以二甲双胍(MET) 为例, 尽管其临床应用已数十年, 安全性总体良好[23], 但近年来一些研究对其在男性生育方面的影响提出了新的思考。有研究提示: MET可能引起雄性精子细胞数量显著减少[24], 后代的雌性占比增加[25], 影响胚胎和仔鼠大脑皮质和生殖器发育[26-29]; 雌雄后代雄激素水平升高且患PCOS的风险增加等[30, 31]。GLP-1RA也有增加了勃起功能障碍[32], 导致胎仔体重降低、骨骼变异[33, 34]风险。SGLT-2i会导致后代肾损伤[35]、增加流产和先天畸形的风险[34]。指南推荐GDM的一线用药为胰岛素, 不建议口服降糖药作为一线用药, 但胰岛素可能增加先兆子痫风险[36]。由此可见, 尚无一种降糖药在生殖方面被证实是绝对安全的, 临床决策需考虑患者的个体差异和药物的药理学特征, 进行个体化治疗方案的制定。本研究中的SZ-A主要通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性, 保护胰岛β细胞功能和缓解胰岛素抵抗发挥降糖作用。相较其他机制的降糖药, α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(如阿卡波糖、米格列醇和伏格列波糖) 对生殖系统不良影响的报道较罕见。综合现有证据可推测, 该机制的降糖药在实现药效的同时, 未观察到明显的生殖毒性。值得注意的是, 并非所有的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂都无相应风险, 一项从海红豆种子中分离的具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用的提取物体现出了对小鼠睾丸与卵巢重量、生精过程及卵泡活性等的影响, 提示其可能存在潜在生殖风险[37]。桑枝总生物碱目前已获得批准进行肥胖和PCOS的适应证拓展的临床试验。在此背景下, 完成全面的生殖毒性试验至关重要。这不仅关乎对药物潜在风险的深入识别, 更关乎对临床合理用药的有效指导。鉴于该药已上市, 规范的试验数据将为罹患糖尿病的育龄人群提供一种明确的安全用药选择, 具有重要的临床与公共卫生意义。
综上所述, 本研究经过全面的大鼠生殖毒性研究, SZ-A未表现出生殖毒性的NOAEL为500 mg·kg-1, 以生物碱计约为277.0 mg·kg-1 (相当于60 kg成人用药剂量2 680 mg)。该研究提示SZ-A具有良好的生殖安全性, 这为其在未来应用于有生育需求的妊娠糖尿病、PCOS等患者人群提供了初步的研究基础, 也为后续的临床转化研究奠定了重要基础。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0102
  • 接收时间:2026-01-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-27
  • 修回日期:2026-04-09
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    1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 新药安全评价研究中心, 北京 100050
    2创新药临床前研发药代-药效关键技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
    3北京协和建昊医药技术开发有限责任公司, 北京 100176
    4北京五和博澳药业股份有限公司, 北京 102600
    5中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
    6中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物递送关键技术与新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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靳洪涛, E-mail:
刘玉玲, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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