Article(id=1308842576501891642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0257, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772985600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-09, revisedDate=1776787200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981987356, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981987356, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981987356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981987356, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2989, endPage=2997, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842576711606843, articleId=1308842576501891642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Establishment and application of a high-content screening system for anti-CVB3 drug discovery, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coxsackievirus B3 is a major pathogen responsible for viral myocarditis and is associated with various severe diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy and pancreatitis. However, no vaccines or specific drugs have been approved for CVB3 infection to date. High content screening technology, which integrates confocal microscopy with multidimensional intelligent image analysis, offers significant advantages for drug screening. In this study, utilizing an EGFP-CVB3 reporter virus, we successfully established a stable and reliable quantitative high-content imaging system for screening anti-CVB3 drugs. This system enables the simultaneous acquisition of multi-parametric data at the single-cell level, including infection rate, cell morphology, and organelle status. The assay was validated using known positive compounds. In conclusion, this system facilitates high-throughput screening of candidate compounds against CVB3 within a single viral life cycle, providing a rapid and sensitive technological tool to accelerate the discovery of anti-CVB3 drugs.

, authors=Wen SHENG1, Hui-qiang WANG1, 2, *, Yu-huan LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Wen SHENG, Hui-qiang WANG, Yu-huan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui-qiang WANG, Yu-huan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842579555344968, articleId=1308842576501891642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于高内涵的抗CVB3病毒药物筛选体系的构建及应用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柯萨奇病毒B3 (Coxsackievirus B3, CVB3) 是引发病毒性心肌炎的主要病原体, 与扩张性心肌病、胰腺炎等多种严重疾病相关。然而, 至今尚无疫苗和特异性药物获批上市。高内涵筛选技术整合了共聚焦显微成像与多维度智能图像分析, 在药物筛选中展现出显著的技术优势。本研究利用EGFP-CVB3报告病毒, 通过在单细胞水平同步获取感染率、细胞形态及细胞器状态等多维参数, 成功建立了稳定、可靠的高内涵成像定量筛选抗CVB3药物体系, 并通过已知的阳性化合物对该体系进行验证。综上, 本研究构建的体系可在CVB3的一个生命周期内实现高通量筛选抗CVB3病毒的候选化合物, 为加速抗CVB3药物发现提供了一个快速、灵敏的技术工具。

, authors=盛雯1, 王辉强1, 2, *, 李玉环1, 2, *, authorsList=盛雯, 王辉强, 李玉环, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王辉强, 李玉环, authorNote=

作者贡献:

盛雯负责病毒学实验、药效学实验、实验结果分析及文章初稿撰写; 李玉环、王辉强负责文献调研、实验设计、实验指导及论文修稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王辉强, Tel: 86-10-63165281, E-mail:
李玉环, Tel: 86-10-63010984, E-mail:
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Antiviral Res, 2020, 183: 104929., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308842579781837385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842579786031690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, companyId=1308842579781837385, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Key Laboratory of Technology and Application for Anti-Infective New Drugs Research and Development, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842579794420299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, companyId=1308842579781837385, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308842579869917772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842579882500685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, companyId=1308842579869917772, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Nanjing 210046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842579890889294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, companyId=1308842579869917772, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏省抗病毒药物研究重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308842581467947626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MXtsMgW2HbLnrSaZv/A5gg==, figureFileBig=PXsQ8XG3wF16RhCma/g0aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842581551833707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Fluorescence signal characterization of EGFP-CVB3 virus. A: Genomic architecture of EGFP-CVB3; B: EGFP and highlight channel signals were captured at 8 h post-infection using a high-content imaging system in cells infected with EGFP-CVB3 (MOI = 2). Scale bar: 200 μm, magnification: 20×; C: Effects of gradient concentrations of EGFP-CVB3 on the expression of EGFP and VP1 proteins; D: Immunofluorescence staining of EGFP and CVB3 VP1 in cells at 8 h post-infection, with nuclei counterstained by Hoechst. Mock-infected (control) and CVB3-infected cells are shown, with merged images overlaying nuclear (blue), EGFP (green), and VP1 (orange) signals. Scale bar: 200 μm, magnification: 20×. CVB3: Coxsackievirus B3; MOI: Multiplicity of infection, figureFileSmall=MXtsMgW2HbLnrSaZv/A5gg==, figureFileBig=PXsQ8XG3wF16RhCma/g0aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842581753160300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lvW16nqBOwvziJusuxB+vg==, figureFileBig=FhsS8vNHbMolgdRD9rF1Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842581828657773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Establishment of a high-content quantitative detection system for EGFP-CVB3 infection rate. A: Analysis workflow for quantitative detection of EGFP-CVB3 infection rate using high-content imaging systems. In the input image, the blue signal represents Hoechst-stained nuclei for cell counting, and the green EGFP signal is used to identify infected cells. In the output image, the red signal indicates the cells that have been identified as infected; B: EGFP fluorescence, highlight, and merged images of HeLa cells at 8 h post-infection with EGFP-CVB3 at the indicated MOIs (0.2, 2, 20). Scale bar: 200 μm, magnification: 20×; C: Infection rates of EGFP-CVB3 at different concentrations; D: Robustness validation of the system via Z' factor. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs Mock group, figureFileSmall=lvW16nqBOwvziJusuxB+vg==, figureFileBig=FhsS8vNHbMolgdRD9rF1Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842581912543854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uHsuZDg/7mhtW4ax6s4ZLw==, figureFileBig=C6vgKRWu1xtUb7O4gf4OUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842581979652719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dynamic validation of the EGFP-CVB3 replication cycle. A: Time-course analysis of EGFP-CVB3 infection in HeLa cells, showing EGFP fluorescence, highlight, and merged images at 0, 5, and 8 h post-infection. Scale bar: 200 μm, magnification: 20×; B: The infection rate of EGFP-CVB3 gradually increased over 8 h post-infection, reaching more than 80% at 8 h; C: Temporal changes in CVB3 VP1 RNA levels; D: The protein band of CVB3 VP1 became progressively distinct at 5 h post-infection; E: Intracellular progeny virus titer. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs 0 h. ns: Not significant, figureFileSmall=uHsuZDg/7mhtW4ax6s4ZLw==, figureFileBig=C6vgKRWu1xtUb7O4gf4OUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842582046761584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2/KEzUKbhZmtk5lggYmbTw==, figureFileBig=5URzfV5xrYQfKVopD3xMwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842583707705969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cytotoxicity of the four positive compounds. HeLa cells were treated with increasing concentrations of pleconaril (A), rupintrivir (B), azvudine (C), and dibucaine (D) for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed to determine the cytotoxic effects of each compound, with the TC50 values indicated for each agent. TC50 = 50% toxicity concentration. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=2/KEzUKbhZmtk5lggYmbTw==, figureFileBig=5URzfV5xrYQfKVopD3xMwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842583804174962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LsnI3umQyrWHb5Pap095vQ==, figureFileBig=qG6JPvUR1w3ihP46oa739Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842583896449651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Validation of the screening system using positive compounds. To validate the reliability of the screening system, HeLa cells were infected with EGFP-CVB3 at a MOI of 2 and simultaneously treated with different concentrations of pleconaril (A), rupintrivir (B), azvudine (C), and dibucaine (D) for 8 h. The infection rate was assessed via EGFP signaling, and the inhibition rate was calculated by the formula: [(Virus group infection rate - Drug-treated group infection rate) × 100%]/Virus group infection rate. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=LsnI3umQyrWHb5Pap095vQ==, figureFileBig=qG6JPvUR1w3ihP46oa739Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842583984530036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wlSrm8axQna3FWfsacbmuQ==, figureFileBig=Oadtrutb+Kz7Bgnc1sSvSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842584072610421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Direct-acting antiviral compounds protect cells from EGFP-CVB3-induced damage at 8 h post-infection. A: Nuclei (blue, Hoechst) and cytoplasmic F-actin (green, Alexa-488) staining in mock-infected, EGFP-CVB3-infected (control), and compound-treated (jasplakinolide 100 nmol·L-1, pleconaril 6.25 μmol·L-1) cells; B: Nuclei (blue, Hoechst), mitochondria (orange, MitoTracker), and EGFP-CVB3 (green) staining in mock-infected, EGFP-CVB3-infected (control), and compound-treated (mitoquinone mesylate 1 μmol·L-1, Mdivi-1 30 μmol·L-1, 3-methyladenine 10 mmol·L-1, pleconaril 6.25 μmol·L-1) cells. Scale bar: 100 μm, magnification: 40×, figureFileSmall=wlSrm8axQna3FWfsacbmuQ==, figureFileBig=Oadtrutb+Kz7Bgnc1sSvSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842584131330678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IC50/μmol·L-1PleconarilRupintrivirAzvudineDibucaine
CPE 48 h0.006 ± 0.000.04 ± 0.030.03 ± 0.023.21 ± 0.00
CPE 8 h3.07 ± 2.810.10 ± 0.020.03 ± 0.013.21 ± 0.00
HCS 8 h0.84 ± 0.410.13 ± 0.020.06 ± 0.035.41 ± 2.64
), ArticleFig(id=1308842584202633847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842576501891642, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

IC50 values of compounds determined by the cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and high-content screening (HCS) assay. For the CPE assay at 48 h post-infection, HeLa cells were infected with EGFP-CVB3 at a MOI of 2×10-4. For the CPE assay at 8 h post-infection and the HCS assay at 8 h post-infection, cells were infected with EGFP-CVB3 at a MOI of 2. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. IC50 = 50% inhibitory concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IC50/μmol·L-1PleconarilRupintrivirAzvudineDibucaine
CPE 48 h0.006 ± 0.000.04 ± 0.030.03 ± 0.023.21 ± 0.00
CPE 8 h3.07 ± 2.810.10 ± 0.020.03 ± 0.013.21 ± 0.00
HCS 8 h0.84 ± 0.410.13 ± 0.020.06 ± 0.035.41 ± 2.64
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基于高内涵的抗CVB3病毒药物筛选体系的构建及应用
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盛雯 1 , 王辉强 1, 2, * , 李玉环 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 2989-2997
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 2989 -2997
基于高内涵的抗CVB3病毒药物筛选体系的构建及应用
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盛雯1, 王辉强1, 2, * , 李玉环1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2江苏省抗病毒药物研究重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210046
通讯作者:
王辉强, Tel: 86-10-63165281, E-mail:
李玉环, Tel: 86-10-63010984, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

盛雯负责病毒学实验、药效学实验、实验结果分析及文章初稿撰写; 李玉环、王辉强负责文献调研、实验设计、实验指导及论文修稿。

Establishment and application of a high-content screening system for anti-CVB3 drug discovery
Wen SHENG1, Hui-qiang WANG1, 2, * , Yu-huan LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Technology and Application for Anti-Infective New Drugs Research and Development, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Nanjing 210046, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0257
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柯萨奇病毒B3 (Coxsackievirus B3, CVB3) 是引发病毒性心肌炎的主要病原体, 与扩张性心肌病、胰腺炎等多种严重疾病相关。然而, 至今尚无疫苗和特异性药物获批上市。高内涵筛选技术整合了共聚焦显微成像与多维度智能图像分析, 在药物筛选中展现出显著的技术优势。本研究利用EGFP-CVB3报告病毒, 通过在单细胞水平同步获取感染率、细胞形态及细胞器状态等多维参数, 成功建立了稳定、可靠的高内涵成像定量筛选抗CVB3药物体系, 并通过已知的阳性化合物对该体系进行验证。综上, 本研究构建的体系可在CVB3的一个生命周期内实现高通量筛选抗CVB3病毒的候选化合物, 为加速抗CVB3药物发现提供了一个快速、灵敏的技术工具。

高内涵筛选技术  /  EGFP-CVB3  /  药物筛选  /  线粒体  /  细胞质骨架

Coxsackievirus B3 is a major pathogen responsible for viral myocarditis and is associated with various severe diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy and pancreatitis. However, no vaccines or specific drugs have been approved for CVB3 infection to date. High content screening technology, which integrates confocal microscopy with multidimensional intelligent image analysis, offers significant advantages for drug screening. In this study, utilizing an EGFP-CVB3 reporter virus, we successfully established a stable and reliable quantitative high-content imaging system for screening anti-CVB3 drugs. This system enables the simultaneous acquisition of multi-parametric data at the single-cell level, including infection rate, cell morphology, and organelle status. The assay was validated using known positive compounds. In conclusion, this system facilitates high-throughput screening of candidate compounds against CVB3 within a single viral life cycle, providing a rapid and sensitive technological tool to accelerate the discovery of anti-CVB3 drugs.

high-content screening technology  /  EGFP-CVB3  /  drug screening  /  mitochondria  /  cytoskeleton
盛雯, 王辉强, 李玉环. 基于高内涵的抗CVB3病毒药物筛选体系的构建及应用. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2989 -2997 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0257
Wen SHENG, Hui-qiang WANG, Yu-huan LI. Establishment and application of a high-content screening system for anti-CVB3 drug discovery[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2989 -2997 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0257
柯萨奇病毒B3 (Coxsackievirus B3, CVB3) 属于小核糖核酸病毒科肠道病毒属, 其感染多引发自限性疾病, 但该病毒具有显著的嗜心性, 是导致急慢性病毒性心肌炎的主要病原体[1]。CVB3可在体内建立持续感染状态引起慢性心肌炎, 部分患者由心肌炎可逐步进展为扩张性心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM), 最终诱发心力衰竭, 严重时需进行心脏移植[2-4]。此外, CVB3感染还与急慢性胰腺炎、脑膜炎等疾病的发生发展密切相关[5-7]。然而, 目前临床上既无疫苗也无有效的特异性抗CVB3药物[8, 9]。因此, 迫切需要开发新的抗病毒药物以应对CVB3感染。
细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE) 法是抗病毒药物筛选的经典方法, 但CPE结果受到一定的主观判断影响, 且通量低、耗时长[10, 11]。而高效的筛选策略对于加速药物发现至关重要。近年来一系列基于荧光信号的抗CVB3病毒筛药方法被开发出来, 为更客观、定量地筛选抗病毒药物奠定了基础。如通过检测dsRNA荧光强度可间接评估病毒复制水平[12]; 在表达CFP-YFP的细胞中可筛选抑制CVB3 2A蛋白酶的化合物, 2A蛋白酶通过切割CFP-YFP使荧光信号发生变化, 从而发现潜在的针对病毒蛋白的抗病毒化合物[13]; 而基于CVB3-luc的荧光素酶报告系统, 则能直接、灵敏地量化病毒载量[14]。这些方法通过可测量的光信号追踪病毒的复制过程, 可实现高通量、自动化的抗病毒药物筛选。
高内涵筛选技术(high content screening, HCS) 是一种结合高分辨率荧光成像、自动化图像分析和多参数定量检测的前沿技术平台, 目前已广泛应用于药物发现领域。与传统高通量药物筛选仅关注单一终点指标不同, HCS能够在维持细胞结构和功能完整性的前提下, 同步评估化合物对细胞形态、增殖、凋亡、迁移、信号转导、代谢及毒性等多维度的生物学效应, 从而获取细胞水平的动态、多维信息。这一技术优势显著提高了早期药物筛选的深度与预测价值, 不仅提升了筛选速度和准确性, 更有助于揭示化合物对病毒生命周期及宿主细胞反应的综合影响, 为高效、低毒抗病毒候选药物的发现与机制研究提供了有力支撑[15]。基于此, 本研究借助EGFP-CVB3感染HeLa细胞, 成功建立了一种稳定、可靠的高内涵成像定量筛选体系, 用于抗CVB3病毒药效的评价, 并采用已知阳性化合物对该体系进行了验证。
细胞和病毒  HeLa细胞为本室保存, 使用含10%灭活胎牛血清(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)、1%青霉素-链霉素(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司) 的MEM培养基(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司) 进行传代, 在含5% CO2的37 ℃孵箱中培养。报告病毒EGFP-CVB3 Woodruff株由哈尔滨医科大学钟照华教授惠赠, 在HeLa细胞中传代, 经毒力测定后保存。感染病毒时使用病毒稀释液(含1%青霉素-链霉素的MEM培养基) 稀释病毒, 感染1 h后弃病毒液, 加入维持液(含2%灭活胎牛血清、1%青霉素-链霉素的MEM培养基)。
化合物  化合物pleconaril、rupintrivir、azvudine、dibucaine、jasplakinolide均购自美国MedChemExpress (MCE) 公司, 所有化合物均溶解于DMSO, 配置成10 mmol·L-1的储备浓度保存于-20 ℃, 临用前用维持液稀释成工作浓度。
试剂及耗材  细胞核染料Hoechst 33342、免疫荧光固定液、透化液、封闭液、抗体稀释液均购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; 线粒体染料MitoTracker Red CMXRos、细胞质染料Alexa Fluor 488、蛋白裂解液、免疫荧光二抗均购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; CVB3 VP1抗体由深圳华大基因股份有限公司制备; EGFP抗体、β-actin抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; RNA提取试剂盒、一步法qRT-PCR试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 96孔板、6孔板、3.5 mm细胞皿均购自美国Corning公司; 高内涵成像所用96孔板(PerkinElmer CellCarrier Ultra) 购自美国PerkinElmer公司。
仪器  Operetta CLS高内涵成像系统购自美国PerkinElmer公司; ABI 7500 fast PCR仪器购自美国Applied Biosystems公司; ChemiDoc化学发光成像系统购自美国Bio-Rad公司。
感染实验  将HeLa细胞以每孔3×104个细胞接种于96孔板(美国PerkinElmer公司), 过夜培养至细胞生长汇合度达到70%~80%。将EGFP-CVB3以感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI) 为2的感染量感染细胞, 置于含5% CO2的37 ℃孵箱中继续培养8 h, 之后进行免疫荧光染色及高内涵成像分析实验。将HeLa细胞以每孔6×105个细胞接种于6孔板或3.5 mm细胞皿中, 过夜培养至细胞生长汇合度达到70%~80%。将EGFP-CVB3以不同感染量感染细胞, 在对应时间收取细胞, 分别进行Western blot、qRT-PCR及滴度实验。
免疫荧光染色实验  将HeLa细胞以每孔3×104个细胞接种于96孔板, 过夜培养至细胞生长汇合度达到70%~80%。EGFP-CVB3感染细胞8 h后, 弃感染液, PBS洗涤1次。用固定液室温固定20 min, PBS洗涤1次; 加入透化液室温通透20 min, PBS洗涤后加封闭液室温封闭1 h; 弃封闭液, 加入1∶1 000稀释的CVB3 VP1抗体4 ℃孵育过夜, 漂洗液洗涤3次后, 加入Cy3偶联的山羊抗兔二抗(1∶500) 室温避光孵育1 h, 再次PBS洗涤; 加入Hoechst染核10 min, 而后进行高内涵成像。
高内涵成像及分析实验  在高内涵成像中, 采用Hoechst (细胞核标记)、EGFP (CVB3信号标记) 及明场三通道同步成像模式, 先优化并确定适宜的曝光参数, 通过Z轴层扫筛选最佳聚焦平面; 随后每孔随机选取10个视野, 启动成像程序完成图像采集。随后进行高内涵图像分析, 基于Hoechst荧光信号, 采用高内涵算法圈选定位到每个细胞核, 并以此统计每幅图像中的总细胞数(即所有被标记Hoechst信号细胞核的数量)。在此基础上, 依据EGFP荧光信号圈选整个细胞的范围, 并定量计算每个细胞内EGFP的荧光强度。为区分感染与未感染细胞, 首先以未感染病毒组所有细胞的EGFP荧光强度平均值作为背景阈值。随后, 将待测样本图像中EGFP荧光强度大于该阈值的细胞判定为EGFP阳性细胞, 即成功感染的细胞。分别统计每幅图像中的EGFP阳性细胞数与总细胞数, 最终按以下公式计算该视野下的病毒感染率: 感染率(%) = EGFP阳性细胞数× 100%/总细胞数。每孔根据采集的10个视野求平均值作为最终的感染率, 以确保统计结果的代表性。
Western blot 实验  提取样品总蛋白后, 配制SDS-PAGE凝胶进行蛋白电泳分离, 随后进行转膜, 将蛋白转移至PVDF膜; 用封闭液(上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司) 室温封闭1 h, 弃封闭液后加入1∶1 000稀释的CVB3 VP1抗体4 ℃孵育过夜, TBST洗涤3次后加入HRP标记的山羊抗兔二抗(北京博奥龙免疫技术有限公司, 1∶5 000) 室温孵育1 h, 再次洗涤后通过化学发光底物显影液(德国Merck公司) 检测目标蛋白条带。
qRT-PCR 实验  提取样本总RNA后, 将RNA模板、一步法RT-qPCR预混液(含逆转录酶、Taq酶、优化缓冲液)、特异性引物(CVB3 RNA表达通过上游引物5'-ACATGGTGCGAAGAGTCTATTGAG-3'和下游引物5'-TGCTCCGCAGTTAGGATTAGC-3'检测, GAPDH RNA表达通过上游引物5'-CTCTGGAAAGCTGTGGCGTGATG-3'和下游引物5'-ATGCCAGTGAGCTTC-CCGTTCAG-3'检测)、荧光染料及无酶水按比例混合配制反应体系。以管家基因GAPDH作为内参照对目的基因阈值循环数进行归一化处理, 采用2-∆∆Ct法分析目的基因表达差异。
病毒滴度测定实验  将HeLa细胞以每孔3×104个接种于96孔板(美国Corning公司), 过夜培养至细胞生长汇合度达到70%~80%。将3.5 mm培养皿中细胞内病毒经三冻三融后用病毒稀释液进行10倍梯度浓度稀释, 感染细胞, 1 h后弃病毒液, 加入维持液, 置于含5% CO2的37 ℃孵箱中继续培养。48 h后观察并记录细胞出现的CPE, 通过Reed & Muench法计算病毒的半数细胞培养感染剂量(50% tissue culture infectious dose, TCID50)。
细胞毒性实验  将HeLa细胞以每孔3×104个接种于96孔板(美国Corning公司), 过夜培养至细胞生长汇合度达到70%~80%。化合物用维持液稀释至100 μmol·L-1作为起始浓度, 并进行3倍梯度浓度稀释, 加入96孔板, 置于含5% CO2的37 ℃孵箱中继续培养。48 h后向96孔板中加入CCK试剂(北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司), 反应1 h后在酶标仪(美国PerkinElmer公司) 测定450 nm下的吸光度, 计算化合物的半数有毒浓度(50% toxicity concentration, TC50)。
抗病毒活性测定实验  将HeLa细胞以每孔3×104个接种于96孔板(美国PerkinElmer公司), 过夜培养至细胞生长汇合度达到70%~80%。将EGFP-CVB3以MOI = 2或0.000 2的感染量来感染细胞, 同时加入对应无毒浓度的化合物, 8或48 h后在倒置显微镜下观察CPE并记录, 同时也在高内涵成像系统中测定感染率, 计算化合物的半数抑制浓度(50% inhibitory concentration, IC50)。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 7.0软件作图, 并对数据进行统计分析, 所有数据以x ± s表示, 多组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 进行组间的多重比较。P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
报告病毒EGFP-CVB3的基因组如图1A所示, EGFP开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF) 被插入5'UTR下游, 且通过CVB3 3C蛋白酶(3Cpro) 的切割位点与CVB3 ORF连接, 该设计可确保EGFP随病毒蛋白的表达与加工同步释放, 且不影响子代病毒的组装。已有研究表明, EGFP的引入并未显著改变CVB3的感染与复制能力, 仅小幅降低病毒滴度, 比未插入EGFP的CVB3低约1个对数单位[16]。EGFP-CVB3已经被成功应用于抗CVB3病毒药物的评价研究[17]。在本研究中, 将EGFP-CVB3以MOI = 2的浓度感染细胞后, EGFP荧光可清晰标记感染细胞(图1B)。蛋白结果显示(图1C), 随EGFP-CVB3感染量的降低, EGFP蛋白和CVB3 VP1蛋白的条带强度均逐渐减弱, EGFP表达量与CVB3感染量呈剂量依赖关系且与VP1的表达水平一致。进一步通过免疫荧光染色证实, 感染组中EGFP信号与CVB3衣壳蛋白VP1的信号完全共定位(图1D), 而未感染对照组无EGFP及VP1信号。上述结果表明, EGFP信号可以作为CVB3感染的可靠指标。
高内涵成像系统定量检测EGFP-CVB3感染率的分析流程如图2A所示。首先, 利用Hoechst信号通道对细胞核进行标记, 以实现细胞计数与空间定位; 在此基础上, 基于EGFP信号勾画单细胞的大致轮廓, 并定量分析每个细胞内的EGFP荧光强度。通过设定适当的荧光强度阈值, 将EGFP信号呈阳性的细胞判定为被CVB3感染的细胞。最终, 通过统计感染细胞数占视野内总细胞数的比例, 计算得到CVB3的感染率。采用不同感染量的EGFP-CVB3感染HeLa细胞(图2B), 未感染的Mock组仅检测到微弱的EGFP信号, 而CVB3感染组(MOI = 20、2、0.2) 均呈现清晰的EGFP阳性细胞群。这一结果表明, 该方法可特异性区分感染与未感染细胞, 排除非特异性信号干扰。进一步量化发现, 随EGFP-CVB3感染量下降, 细胞感染率呈梯度下降趋势(图2C), 说明该技术可准确反映病毒感染的强度变化。Z'因子分析结果显示(图2D), EGFP-CVB3在不同感染量下(MOI = 20、2、0.2), Z'因子均大于0.5, 表明筛选体系稳定性良好。其中, MOI = 2在保持较高感染率的同时, 对细胞状态影响较小, 且能更清晰地反映药效差异, 因此选取该病毒感染量用于后续实验。
已有研究报道CVB3完成一个生命周期的时间约为8 h[18]。本研究观察到, 感染EGFP-CVB3的细胞5 h后逐渐开始皱缩, 并开始表达EGFP荧光, 8 h细胞完全圆化, 出现明显的CPE病变(图3A)。而后, 本研究在病毒感染细胞后8 h即病毒的一个生命周期内检测了EGFP-CVB3 (MOI = 2) 在感染率、RNA、蛋白、滴度水平上随时间的变化。感染后4 h, 检测到明显的荧光信号(图3B), 说明病毒已完成入胞并开始复制。随后的时间进程显示, 感染率在5 h显著上升至30%~40% (图3B), 此时VP1蛋白的RNA水平增加(图3C), 并同步检测到VP1蛋白的明显上调(图3D), 表明病毒的快速复制。感染后8 h, 感染率超过80%, 此时子代病毒颗粒已大量组装并释放, 体现为病毒滴度的持续上升(图3E)。综上, 高内涵体系量化的EGFP-CVB3感染率, 与病毒RNA复制、蛋白表达及子代病毒释放的时间节点高度吻合, 验证了该感染率能够作为一个整合性指标, 反映病毒的整个复制生命周期。
基于上述实验结果, 本研究将筛选体系的感染条件优化为感染时间8 h、感染浓度MOI = 2。为验证该体系的有效性, 本研究选用了4种已报道的、作用于CVB3不同靶点的阳性化合物进行测试。其中, pleconaril通过结合衣壳蛋白VP1抑制病毒早期复制[19]; rupintrivir靶向3C蛋白酶, 阻断病毒复制阶段[20]; azvudine作用于3D聚合酶, 抑制病毒基因组复制[21]; dibucaine则通过结合2C蛋白发挥抑制作用[22]。首先, 采用CCK法评估了4种化合物的细胞毒性。根据前期实验经验, 以100 μmol·L-1为起始浓度进行测定, 计算得到各化合物的TC50值(图4A~D)。随后在低于最大无毒浓度的剂量范围内, 分别采用CPE法和高内涵法评估了4种化合物的抗病毒活性。
结果显示, 这4种化合物对CVB3均表现出显著的抑制作用(图5A~D)。其中, 3C蛋白酶抑制剂rupintrivir、3D聚合酶抑制剂azvudine及2C蛋白抑制剂dibucaine在两种方法中测得的IC50值基本一致(表1)。而衣壳蛋白抑制剂pleconaril在不同感染条件下表现出差异化的抗病毒活性。在102 TCID50 CVB3感染48 h的条件下, pleconaril的抗病毒活性显著高于106 TCID50 (MOI = 2) CVB3作用8 h的条件。这可能是因为pleconaril通过结合病毒衣壳抑制病毒脱壳及吸附在病毒多轮复制中得以累积放大, 而在单轮复制条件下作用时间有限, 难以充分体现抑制效果。但在8 h的处理条件下, CPE法和高内涵法所测得pleconaril的药效结果相差并不大。以上结果共同验证了本筛选体系能够可靠检测不同机制的抗病毒化合物, 适用于抗CVB3药物的高通量筛选。
已有研究表明, CVB3感染细胞后能引起细胞骨架分布改变, 特异性影响F-肌动蛋白, 并诱导细胞间突起形成, 从而协助病毒逃逸[23]。在该体系中, 本研究采用Alexa Fluor-488标记HeLa细胞中的F-肌动蛋白, 测定CVB3对F-肌动蛋白的作用[24, 25]。结果发现, CVB3感染后HeLa细胞发生明显的细胞骨架重排, 表现为细胞间突起形成及细胞质皱缩(图6A)。进一步, 本研究利用F-肌动蛋白稳定剂jasplakinolide处理细胞, 发现虽可减缓骨架重排进程, 但无法阻止病毒介导的细胞死亡。而衣壳蛋白结合剂pleconaril直接靶向病毒, 通过有效抑制病毒复制阻断细胞骨架的重排。此外, 线粒体是CVB3感染破坏的主要细胞器, 可造成线粒体发生裂变并诱导线粒体自噬, 利于病毒复制[26]。本研究使用MitoTracker活细胞染料标记线粒体, 并分别以线粒体抗氧化剂mitoquinone mesylate、线粒体分裂抑制剂Mdivi-1和自噬抑制剂3-methyladenine进行干预。结果显示, Mdivi-1对CVB3感染所致的线粒体损伤有微弱的保护作用, 但对CVB3复制无显著抑制, mitoquinone mesylate和3-methyladenine对CVB3感染所致的线粒体损伤无保护作用, 对CVB3复制无抑制作用, 而pleconaril对CVB3感染所致的线粒体损伤具有明确的保护作用(图6B)。这表明pleconaril对感染细胞中细胞骨架与线粒体的保护作用是通过其直接的抗病毒作用实现的。
高内涵技术作为现代抗病毒药物发现的新兴平台, 凭借其高通量、高信息量的成像与分析能力, 在加速候选药物识别与机制解析中发挥着不可替代的作用。该技术能够对病毒感染的全生命周期进行药物发现, 也能筛选出干预不同阶段的抑制剂[27-29]。在腺病毒药物研发中, 该技术助力发现了覆盖病毒全生命周期、具有临床开发潜力的新型抑制剂[28]; 而针对人类巨细胞病毒的研究中, 高内涵筛选成功鉴别出特异性阻断病毒进入及早期感染事件的化合物[29]。高内涵筛选技术还进一步与干细胞技术结合, 在人类胚胎干细胞来源的皮层神经元中筛选抗寨卡病毒化合物, 评估潜在化合物的抗病毒效力与对宿主细胞的潜在影响, 实现了在药物发现早期兼顾疗效与特异性安全性的高效筛选[30]。另外, 该技术平台也被应用于识别针对猴痘病毒的特异性单克隆抗体, 展示了其在抗体药物筛选中的强大适用性[31]。
基于报告荧光蛋白的病毒构建是高内涵抗病毒药物筛选体系中的核心技术策略。其核心作用在于, 将病毒复制过程转化为可直接观测、自动定量的荧光信号, 从而实现从大量化合物库中发现潜在的具有抗病毒活性的化合物。在肠道病毒71的研究中, 基于EV-A71-EGFP报告病毒的系统能够高效筛选并鉴别出具有广谱抑制潜力的候选化合物[32]。同样, 利用表达mCherry的登革热2型报告病毒所搭建的平台, 能筛选出具有不同作用机制的活性化合物[33]。报告荧光蛋白的引入使得高内涵筛选升级为一个高效率与高信息度的强大发现工具。
本研究通过将高内涵筛选技术与报告病毒EGFP-CVB3相结合, 以EGFP荧光信号作为病毒感染指标, 系统优化了感染条件、成像参数及分析方法, 成功构建了Z′因子稳定的抗CVB3病毒药物筛选体系。利用已知阳性化合物验证表明, 该体系能够有效评估抗病毒活性, 并进一步整合细胞骨架与线粒体状态等多参数指标, 实现对化合物药效的综合评价。该平台不仅覆盖病毒完整生命周期的监测, 还能鉴别作用于病毒生命周期不同阶段的抑制剂, 显著提升了药物筛选的效率和发现能力。此外, 本研究建立了一种在近似生理复杂性层面同步评估化合物抗病毒活性与细胞安全性的新范式, 为后续抗病毒药物研发提供了高效且具有深度洞察力的研究工具。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0257
  • 接收时间:2026-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-09
  • 修回日期:2026-04-22
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    1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2江苏省抗病毒药物研究重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210046

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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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