Article(id=1308842559015838118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=1773417600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981983188, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981983188, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981983188, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981983188, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3006, endPage=3020, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842559259107751, articleId=1308842559015838118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Gut microbiota β-glucosidase-mediated metabolic transformation of salidroside drives its hepatoprotective effects, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Salidroside (SAL), a principal active constituent of the medicinal plant Rhodiola crenulata, exerts diverse pharmacological activities including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. However, its protective efficacy against liver injury and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. The low oral bioavailability of SAL implies potential interactions with the gut microbiota. Therefore, this study focused on the metabolic transformation of SAL mediated by the gut microbiota. The results demonstrated that SAL is metabolized to tyrosol (TYR) in the gut microbiota. Virtual molecular docking and pure enzyme metabolic experiments further validated the critical role of β-glucosidase (β-G) in this transformation process. In vitro cellular experiments have demonstrated that SAL and its primary metabolite TYR exert a synergistic hepatoprotective effect. Based on network pharmacology screening, hub targets including NF-κB1, ESR1, BCL2, MMP9, and TLR4 were revealed. Furthermore, SAL intervention significantly increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by the gut microbiota in an in vitro culture system. Untargeted metabolomics analysis suggested that SAL may reshape the metabolic profile of the gut microbiota by modulating pathways including the urea cycle and tryptophan metabolism. This study provides a novel perspective for a deeper understanding of the hepatoprotective mechanism of SAL and offers valuable scientific evidence for future clinical translational research on natural medicines. The experimental protocol was approved by the Laboratory's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Approval No.: 00009927).

, authors=Ling-yu WEI1, 2, Jian-ye SONG2, Ru FENG2, Jia-chun HU2, Yi ZHAO2, Jing-yu JIN2, Jin-yue LU2, Heng-tong ZUO2, Ying PENG1, *, Yan WANG2, *, authorsList=Ling-yu WEI, Jian-ye SONG, Ru FENG, Jia-chun HU, Yi ZHAO, Jing-yu JIN, Jin-yue LU, Heng-tong ZUO, Ying PENG, Yan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying PENG, Yan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842562400641462, articleId=1308842559015838118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肠道菌群β-葡萄糖苷酶介导的代谢转化驱动红景天苷发挥肝保护作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

红景天苷(salidroside, SAL) 是植物红景天中的主要活性成分之一, 具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老等多种药理活性。然而, 其对肝损伤的保护作用及相关分子机制尚未完全阐明。SAL较低的口服生物利用度暗示其可能与肠道菌群存在相互作用。为此, 本研究聚焦于肠道菌群对SAL的代谢转化。结果表明, SAL在肠道菌群中被代谢为代谢物酪醇(tyrosol, TYR)。虚拟分子对接与纯酶代谢实验进一步验证了β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, β-G) 在该转化过程中的关键作用。体外细胞实验证实, SAL与其主要代谢物TYR协同发挥肝脏保护作用。结合网络药理学分析, 本研究初步揭示其潜在的关键作用靶点可能是NF-κB1、ESR1、BCL2、MMP9、TLR4等。此外, SAL干预显著提高了体外肠菌体系中短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) 的水平。非靶向代谢组学分析提示, SAL可能通过调节尿素循环与色氨酸代谢等途径, 重塑肠道菌群代谢谱。本研究为深入理解SAL的肝保护作用提供了新的视角, 为今后天然药物临床转化研究提供了有价值的科学依据。本研究经中国医学科学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会批准(批准号: 00009927)。

, authors=魏凌宇1, 2, 宋建业2, 冯茹2, 胡家淳2, 赵一2, 金晶玉2, 鲁金月2, 左恒通2, 彭缨1, *, 王琰2, *, authorsList=魏凌宇, 宋建业, 冯茹, 胡家淳, 赵一, 金晶玉, 鲁金月, 左恒通, 彭缨, 王琰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭缨, 王琰, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

魏凌宇负责实验的设计与实施、数据处理分析与文章撰写; 宋建业参与实验设计、数据分析与文章修改; 冯茹、胡家淳负责仪器操作, 提供技术支持; 赵一、金晶玉给予学术指导; 鲁金月、左恒通协助实验完成; 彭缨负责思路指导与数据核实; 王琰负责文章选题、实验平台与课题资金, 指导实验设计与文章撰写。

, correspAuthorsNote=
彭缨, E-mail:
王琰, E-mail:
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Phytomedicine, 2025, 137: 156374., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308842562606162359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842562614550968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, companyId=1308842562606162359, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842562618745273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, companyId=1308842562606162359, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1沈阳药科大学无涯创新学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308842562706825658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842562715214267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, companyId=1308842562706825658, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842562727797180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, companyId=1308842562706825658, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308842567828070906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lUP2ZzL/RCO8AiJSNGd41g==, figureFileBig=iz17aPo+vq+OaXBcqNzMrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842567890985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Gut microbiota plays a central role in SAL metabolism. A: The structural formula of SAL; B: Relative abundance of SAL in the gut microbiota; C: Metabolic characteristics of SAL by gut microbiota within a more precise timeframe; D: Metabolic effect of liver homogenate on SAL; E: Metabolic effect of liver microsome on SAL; F: Relative abundance of SAL in simulated gastric fluid; G: Metabolic effect of SAL in artificial intestinal juice. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=lUP2ZzL/RCO8AiJSNGd41g==, figureFileBig=iz17aPo+vq+OaXBcqNzMrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568079729148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bk1j5CBFf7f34smevrALxw==, figureFileBig=O1CUVtOEvsqJeUM5yoLG9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568151032317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Gut microbiota mediates the conversion of SAL into its primary metabolite, TYR. A: Extracted ion chromatograms of TYR at different times; B: MS spectrum of SAL metabolite TYR; C: MS/MS spectrum of SAL metabolite TYR; D: Proposed chemical structure and mass spectrometric fragmentation pathway of metabolite TYR; E: Proposed metabolic conversion pathway from SAL to TYR; F: Extracted ion chromatograms of SAL, TYR and IS; G: Metabolic conversion of SAL to TYR in the gut microbiota system. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=bk1j5CBFf7f34smevrALxw==, figureFileBig=O1CUVtOEvsqJeUM5yoLG9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568234918398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zslD2LGMOFAzCheSf86rYA==, figureFileBig=FwpGknyBxwBPxeYuPdY9Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568322998783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=β-G is the key enzyme for SAL metabolism. A: Schematic representation of the molecular docking configuration between SAL and β-G (PDB ID: 7F1N); B: Relative abundance of SAL in the gut microbiota system upon addition of CT at varying concentrations (CT-L: 1 mmol·L-1, CT-H: 2 mmol·L-1); C: Inhibition of SAL conversion to TYR by the gut microbiota upon addition of CT at varying concentrations; D: Metabolic profile of SAL in β-G enzyme system upon addition of CT; E: Inhibition of SAL conversion to TYR in β-G enzyme system upon addition of CT; F: Metabolic profile of SAL following incubation with E. coli BL21(DE3) in vitro; G: Metabolic conversion of SAL to TYR by E. coli BL21(DE3) in vitro. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. CT: Castanospermine; β-G: β-Glucosidase, figureFileSmall=zslD2LGMOFAzCheSf86rYA==, figureFileBig=FwpGknyBxwBPxeYuPdY9Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568402690560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SQD2HTXd+wfP8BvcF4tkcA==, figureFileBig=N3G8YdTSOfdtA92M1JzWWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568469799425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=SAL and its metabolite TYR exhibit protective effects against ALI. A-C: Effects of varying concentrations of SAL, TYR and APAP on AML-12 cell viability; D: Effects of varying concentrations of SAL, TYR and NAC on AML-12 cell viability in APAP-induced injury model; E, F: The levels of ALT (E) and AST (F) in AML-12 cells were measured using commercial assay kits; G-I: The levels of GSH, MDA, and SOD in AML-12 cells were measured using commercial assay kits. n = 5, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. APAP: Acetaminophen; NAC: N-Acetyl-L-cysteine. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GSH: Glutathione; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; ALI: Acute liver injury, figureFileSmall=SQD2HTXd+wfP8BvcF4tkcA==, figureFileBig=N3G8YdTSOfdtA92M1JzWWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842568566268418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OlZn6ZPqjsMVlh3584kEHw==, figureFileBig=n4d+XTLLgstknvLn6rHFmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842570273350147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=SAL is involved in modulating the production of SCFAs in vitro. A-F: Levels of propionic acid (A), butyric acid (B), valeric acid (C), isovaleric acid (D), hexanoic acid (E) and isobutyric acid (F) in the in vitro gut microbiota system. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids, figureFileSmall=OlZn6ZPqjsMVlh3584kEHw==, figureFileBig=n4d+XTLLgstknvLn6rHFmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842570386596356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FwU52bgHFuabaZT1Fnfgmg==, figureFileBig=CPV9P5CH79fybhH1jaIM0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842570466288133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=SAL modulates the metabolic profile of gut microbiota in vitro. A: PCA score plot of gut microbiota with SAL in vitro (n = 5); B: OPLS-DA score plot showing metabolic profile differences between the gut microbiota control group (0 h) and the SAL-gut microbiota group (12 h + SAL); C: Permutation test of OPLS-DA model between the two groups; D: Volcano plot depicting significantly upregulated and downregulated metabolites between the two groups; E: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites between the two groups, figureFileSmall=FwU52bgHFuabaZT1Fnfgmg==, figureFileBig=CPV9P5CH79fybhH1jaIM0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842570600505862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iVYo4BCw3hvMWXXJ96B29g==, figureFileBig=+FmYJOushmWs2vQVsilmYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842570688586247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Network pharmacology analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effects of SAL and TYR against ALI. A: Core target network; B: GO enrichment analysis of SAL and TYR for ALI prevention. The top five terms in BP, MF, and CC are displayed as a Sankey bubble plot; C: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of SAL and TYR for ALI prevention. The top 20 pathways are shown as an enrichment bubble plot. BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; MF: Molecular function, figureFileSmall=iVYo4BCw3hvMWXXJ96B29g==, figureFileBig=+FmYJOushmWs2vQVsilmYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842570768278024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AnalyteDetection modePrecursor ion (m/z)Quantification (m/z)Retention time/minQ1 pre bias/VCE/VQ3 pre bias/V
SALNegative299.000119.0003.75915.013.011.0
TYRNegative137.150106.0004.39110.017.017.0
ISNegative444.150319.1505.25213.022.021.0
), ArticleFig(id=1308842570860552713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842559015838118, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Quantification ions and optimized MRM parameters of SAL, metabolite and IS. MRM: Multiple reaction monitoring; SAL: Salidroside; TYR: Tyrosol; IS: Internal standard (glipizide)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AnalyteDetection modePrecursor ion (m/z)Quantification (m/z)Retention time/minQ1 pre bias/VCE/VQ3 pre bias/V
SALNegative299.000119.0003.75915.013.011.0
TYRNegative137.150106.0004.39110.017.017.0
ISNegative444.150319.1505.25213.022.021.0
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肠道菌群β-葡萄糖苷酶介导的代谢转化驱动红景天苷发挥肝保护作用
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魏凌宇 1, 2 , 宋建业 2 , 冯茹 2 , 胡家淳 2 , 赵一 2 , 金晶玉 2 , 鲁金月 2 , 左恒通 2 , 彭缨 1, * , 王琰 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 3006-3020
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 3006 -3020
肠道菌群β-葡萄糖苷酶介导的代谢转化驱动红景天苷发挥肝保护作用
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魏凌宇1, 2, 宋建业2, 冯茹2, 胡家淳2, 赵一2, 金晶玉2, 鲁金月2, 左恒通2, 彭缨1, * , 王琰2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳药科大学无涯创新学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
彭缨, E-mail:
王琰, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

魏凌宇负责实验的设计与实施、数据处理分析与文章撰写; 宋建业参与实验设计、数据分析与文章修改; 冯茹、胡家淳负责仪器操作, 提供技术支持; 赵一、金晶玉给予学术指导; 鲁金月、左恒通协助实验完成; 彭缨负责思路指导与数据核实; 王琰负责文章选题、实验平台与课题资金, 指导实验设计与文章撰写。

Gut microbiota β-glucosidase-mediated metabolic transformation of salidroside drives its hepatoprotective effects
Ling-yu WEI1, 2, Jian-ye SONG2, Ru FENG2, Jia-chun HU2, Yi ZHAO2, Jing-yu JIN2, Jin-yue LU2, Heng-tong ZUO2, Ying PENG1, * , Yan WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0060
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红景天苷(salidroside, SAL) 是植物红景天中的主要活性成分之一, 具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老等多种药理活性。然而, 其对肝损伤的保护作用及相关分子机制尚未完全阐明。SAL较低的口服生物利用度暗示其可能与肠道菌群存在相互作用。为此, 本研究聚焦于肠道菌群对SAL的代谢转化。结果表明, SAL在肠道菌群中被代谢为代谢物酪醇(tyrosol, TYR)。虚拟分子对接与纯酶代谢实验进一步验证了β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, β-G) 在该转化过程中的关键作用。体外细胞实验证实, SAL与其主要代谢物TYR协同发挥肝脏保护作用。结合网络药理学分析, 本研究初步揭示其潜在的关键作用靶点可能是NF-κB1、ESR1、BCL2、MMP9、TLR4等。此外, SAL干预显著提高了体外肠菌体系中短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) 的水平。非靶向代谢组学分析提示, SAL可能通过调节尿素循环与色氨酸代谢等途径, 重塑肠道菌群代谢谱。本研究为深入理解SAL的肝保护作用提供了新的视角, 为今后天然药物临床转化研究提供了有价值的科学依据。本研究经中国医学科学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会批准(批准号: 00009927)。

红景天苷  /  肠道菌群  /  β-葡萄糖苷酶  /  代谢转化  /  急性肝损伤

Salidroside (SAL), a principal active constituent of the medicinal plant Rhodiola crenulata, exerts diverse pharmacological activities including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. However, its protective efficacy against liver injury and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. The low oral bioavailability of SAL implies potential interactions with the gut microbiota. Therefore, this study focused on the metabolic transformation of SAL mediated by the gut microbiota. The results demonstrated that SAL is metabolized to tyrosol (TYR) in the gut microbiota. Virtual molecular docking and pure enzyme metabolic experiments further validated the critical role of β-glucosidase (β-G) in this transformation process. In vitro cellular experiments have demonstrated that SAL and its primary metabolite TYR exert a synergistic hepatoprotective effect. Based on network pharmacology screening, hub targets including NF-κB1, ESR1, BCL2, MMP9, and TLR4 were revealed. Furthermore, SAL intervention significantly increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by the gut microbiota in an in vitro culture system. Untargeted metabolomics analysis suggested that SAL may reshape the metabolic profile of the gut microbiota by modulating pathways including the urea cycle and tryptophan metabolism. This study provides a novel perspective for a deeper understanding of the hepatoprotective mechanism of SAL and offers valuable scientific evidence for future clinical translational research on natural medicines. The experimental protocol was approved by the Laboratory's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Approval No.: 00009927).

salidroside  /  gut microbiota  /  β-glucosidase  /  metabolic transformation  /  acute liver injury
魏凌宇, 宋建业, 冯茹, 胡家淳, 赵一, 金晶玉, 鲁金月, 左恒通, 彭缨, 王琰. 肠道菌群β-葡萄糖苷酶介导的代谢转化驱动红景天苷发挥肝保护作用. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3006 -3020 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0060
Ling-yu WEI, Jian-ye SONG, Ru FENG, Jia-chun HU, Yi ZHAO, Jing-yu JIN, Jin-yue LU, Heng-tong ZUO, Ying PENG, Yan WANG. Gut microbiota β-glucosidase-mediated metabolic transformation of salidroside drives its hepatoprotective effects[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3006 -3020 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0060
红景天是景天科植物大花红景天(Rhodiola crenulata) 的干燥根茎。根据《中华人民共和国药典》2025年版, 红景天具有益气活血、通脉平喘的功效。红景天苷(salidroside, SAL) 是红景天的主要活性成分, 在抗缺氧、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤及神经保护方面表现出独特的价值[1]。研究显示, SAL可通过激活Nrf2/GPX4轴恢复神经元损伤, 改善认知障碍[2]; SAL可以激活Notch信号通路上调ITGB1, 从而促进血管生成并保护血脑屏障[3]。此外, SAL还可通过调节肠道菌群, 干预BA-FXR/TGR5信号通路, 缓解非酒精性脂肪肝炎的脂质蓄积与炎症损伤[4]。尽管SAL对心血管保护、神经保护的药理作用已得到较充分的阐释, 其对于肝损伤的保护作用与肠道菌群之间的关联与机制仍有待深入探索。值得注意的是, SAL的口服生物利用度较低[5-7], 其原型药物本身难以高效吸收, 提示其发挥作用可能依赖于肠道内的生物转化过程。
肠道菌群作为与宿主深度共生、互惠互利的生物体, 已被现代科学重新定义为“隐形器官”及“人类第二基因组”。稳定且多样化的肠道菌群在调控机体稳态[8-10]、调节营养物质代谢[11]及介导神经系统信号传递[12]等方面发挥关键作用; 而菌群结构失调则可能会驱动多种疾病的发生, 如普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella) 丰度升高可通过脂肪酸代谢变化加重银屑病样皮肤表型[13]; 其代谢产物5-氨戊二醇酸(5-AVA) 亦能促进高脂饮食诱导的肝脂肪变性[14]; 粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis) 则可分泌细胞溶解素导致肝细胞坏死与肝损伤[15]。日益增多的证据表明, 肠道菌群在肝脏疾病的发生发展中起着关键作用[16]。
急性肝损伤(acute liver injury, ALI) 是日益严峻的全球性公共卫生问题, 其核心病理机制涉及过度激活的炎症反应与氧化应激所引发的肝细胞死亡。对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP) 作为普遍使用的解热镇痛药之一, 其过量服用是导致药物性肝损伤的主要原因之一, 在严重的ALI与肝衰竭病例中占比高达约56%。目前临床唯一的特异性解毒剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) 治疗窗口窄(通常在服药后8~10 h内最有效)[17], 且对已形成的细胞损伤和后续的炎症反应作用有限。因此, 研发新型保肝药物具有重要意义。近年来, 随着“肠-肝轴”理论的提出与发展, 外源性干预(如膳食或药物成分) 调节肠道菌群稳态, 可能成为干预ALI的新型策略。
本研究旨在探讨肠道菌群在SAL的生物转化过程中的关键性作用。通过LC/MSn-Q-TOF技术鉴定出SAL的主要代谢产物酪醇(tyrosol, TYR)。通过虚拟分子对接及体外纯酶实验, 发现β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, β-G) 在该转化中发挥重要作用。气相色谱与非靶向代谢组学分析表明, SAL可调节肠道菌群代谢谱, 影响短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) 水平并富集色氨酸代谢通路。此外, 本研究还评估了SAL及其代谢产物TYR对ALI的保护效应, 并运用网络药理学方法初步探索其潜在作用靶点与相关信号通路。本研究不仅为深入阐明SAL的作用机制提供了依据, 也通过揭示其菌群调控作用, 为开发基于“肠-肝轴”的ALI干预策略提供了新的思路。
化学品与试剂  SAL (批号: C16672801)、TYR (批号: F2414243)、亚胺糖栗树精胺(castanospermine, CT, 批号: 79871)、Tris-HCl缓冲液、0.25%胰蛋白酶消化液、Cell Counting Kit-8 (批号: 20250509)、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 均购自北京禾秀诚生物科技有限公司, NAC (批号: KN463093) 购自北京凯国科技有限公司。格列吡嗪(Glipizide, 批号: KN897322) 作为内标(IS) 购自上海鸿柏科技有限公司。色谱级甲酸、甲醇和乙腈购自Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.。磷酸购自Sigma-Aldrich公司。上述化学品的纯度大于98%。APAP (批号: B14A9E58584)、人工胃液、人工肠液与β-G (批号: D14IS234825) 来自源叶生物科技有限公司。厌氧肉汤培养基购自索莱宝科技有限公司。AML-12细胞来源于中国科学院细胞系库。AML-12专用培养基(批号: WH1725E091) 购自普诺赛生命科技有限公司。丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT) 试剂盒(批号: 20251106)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST) 试剂盒(批号: 20251106) 购自南京建成生物公司研究所; 还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH) 试剂盒(批号: ATYD27131) 购自亚科因生物科技有限公司; 丙二醛(MDA) 试剂盒(批号: G18250923)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 试剂盒(批号: G18251029) 购自苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司。
LC-MS/MS 8050、LC/MSn-Q-TOF、GC-2014系统来自日本Shimadzu Corporation。可控温高速离心机(5424 R) 购自德国Eppendorf公司。恒温摇床(LYZ-200B) 购自龙跃仪器设备有限公司。可调式漩涡混合器(Vortex-3) 用于样品混合, 购自嘉鹏科技有限公司。Molecular Devices公司的多功能读板器(SpectraMax i3x) 评估AML-12细胞增殖情况。
实验动物  SD大鼠6只, 雄性180~200 g, 购自北京大学医学部, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2022-0009。所有动物在受控环境(光照/黑暗周期为12 h, 温度保持在20~24 ℃, 湿度保持在40%~60%) 中均保持自由进食和饮水。所有实验均经中国医学科学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会批准(批准号: 00009927)。
LC/MSn-Q-TOF法鉴定SAL代谢物  采用电喷雾离子源(ESI) 的LC/MSn-Q-TOF法分析SAL的潜在代谢物。使用Brownlee SPP C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm, 2.7 μm) 在40 ℃下对待测样品进行分离鉴定。流动相A为0.1%甲酸, 流动相B为乙腈, 二元梯度洗脱速度为0.4 mL·min-1。梯度浓度为: 0.01~20.00 min, 20% B~90% B; 20.00~25.00 min, 90% B; 25.00~25.01 min, 90% B~20% B; 25.01~30.00 min, 20% B。质谱条件设置如下: 加热块温度400 ℃; 雾化气流量为3.0 L·min-1; 干燥气流量为10 L·min-1; 检测器电压为2.04 kV; 脱溶剂管温度为250 ℃。质谱法的主要数据采集范围约为m/z 50~500。其他参数为默认值。
LC-MS/MS 8050测定SAL及其代谢物  采用ESI的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS) 系统对SAL及其代谢物进行分析。使用Brownlee SPP C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm, 2.7 μm) 在40 ℃下对待测样品进行分离测定。流动相A为水, 流动相B为甲醇, 二元梯度洗脱速度为0.4 mL·min-1。梯度浓度为: 0.01~5.00 min, 20% B~70% B; 5.00~9.00 min, 70% B~95% B; 9.00~9.01 min, 95% B~20% B; 9.01~12.00 min, 20% B。在多重反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM) 中进行质谱分析。SAL及其代谢物的详细参数列于表1中。其他质谱仪参数如下: 雾化器气体流速为3.0 L·min-1; 干燥器流量10.0 L·min-1; 加热气流量10.0 L·min-1; 界面电压为4.0 kV; 接口温度为300 ℃; CID气体压力为270 kPa; DL温度250 ℃; 加热块温度为400 ℃; 自动进样器温度为4 ℃。
SAL体外肝匀浆与肝微粒体代谢研究  SD大鼠适应性饲养3天后, 取新鲜SD大鼠肝脏, PBS冲洗后称重, 按1 g∶3 mL的质量体积比加入4 ℃预冷的生理盐水制备肝匀浆。使用甲醇制备1.0 mg·mL-1 SAL溶液, 取1.0 mg·mL-1 SAL溶液10 μL, 加入990 μL肝匀浆, 确保SAL在体系中的终浓度为10 μg·mL-1。恒温摇床中37 ℃、800 r·min-1孵育0、0.5、1、1.5、2 h。到达反应时间点后取出孵育体系加入3倍体积含100 ng·mL-1格列吡嗪的甲醇溶液, 4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心12 min。收集100 μL上清液, 在LC-MS/MS 8050系统进行定量分析。
SD大鼠灌流后取新鲜肝脏, 在冰水浴中制备肝微粒体(42.64 mg·mL-1)。使用甲醇制备100 μg·mL-1 SAL溶液, PBS制备13 mol·L-1还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH) 及4 mg·mL-1肝微粒体蛋白工作液。向178 μL PBS (0.1 mol·L-1) 中加入2 μL SAL溶液与10 μL肝微粒体, 37 ℃、800 r·min-1孵育5 min后立即加入10 μL NADPH启动反应, 确保孵育体系中SAL终浓度为1 μg·mL-1。37 ℃、800 r·min-1孵育0、0.5、1、1.5、2 h, 反应时间点取出, 向其中加入3倍体积含100 ng·mL-1格列吡嗪的甲醇溶液以终止反应。4 ℃、16 162 ×g离心15 min沉淀蛋白, 取3 μL上清液注入LC-MS/MS 8050系统进行定量分析。
SAL在人工胃液和人工肠液中的稳定性  取1.0 mg·mL-1 SAL溶液10 μL, 加入人工胃液或人工肠液990 μL, 确保SAL在体系中的终浓度为10 μg·mL-1。在摇床上37 ℃、800 r·min-1孵育0、0.5、1、2、3 h。待反应结束后将孵育体系振荡均匀, 向其中加入3倍体积含100 ng·mL-1格列吡嗪的甲醇溶液, 4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心12 min。最后, 取3 μL上清液注入LC-MS/MS 8050系统进行定量分析。
SAL体外肠道菌群代谢研究  将9.5 g厌氧肉汤培养基粉末与1 L纯水混合完全, 高压蒸汽灭菌后得到厌氧培养基。收集新鲜SD大鼠盲肠内容物, 按照1 g∶20 mL的质量体积比加入无菌厌氧培养基混匀过滤后, 置于37 ℃恒温摇床中培养30 min。向990 μL含菌培养基中加入10 μL SAL溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 制成肠道菌群温孵体系, SAL在体系中的终浓度为10 μg·mL-1。温孵实验共进行两次, 第一次实验将温孵体系在37 ℃、800 r·min-1的无氧条件下孵育0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、3 h。阴性对照组采用灭活肠菌, 即将菌液煮沸3次制备而成, 其他条件相同, 孵育时间为0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、3 h。第二次实验将上述制备得到的肠道菌群温孵体系孵育0、5、10、15、30 min。反应终止后, 从温孵体系中取出100 μL加入3倍体积含100 ng·mL-1格列吡嗪的甲醇溶液, 在4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1条件下离心12 min。收集100 μL上清液进行后续定量分析。
SAL与β-G的分子对接分析  使用AutoDock Vina 1.1.2软件进行SAL与β-G之间的分子对接。SAL的三维结构从Pubchem数据库中下载获得。使用来自大肠杆菌BL21 (E. coli BL21) 的β-G (PDB ID: 7F1N) 作为模型酶。从Protein Data Bank (PDB) 数据库中下载β-G的晶体结构, 使用Pymol 2.5.7软件去除水分子与其他配体分子, 添加氢原子, 可旋转键设置为“柔性”。将SAL小分子与蛋白质大分子均转换成PDBQT格式。随后将SAL与β-G文件导入AutoDock Vina 1.1.2进行分子对接, 计算目标物与活性成分之间的最小结合亲和力。最后利用Pymol 2.5.7软件对分子对接结果进行可视化分析。
β-G介导SAL的转化
β-G抑制剂对SAL代谢的影响  向肠道菌群温孵体系中加入CT, 其他步骤与“SAL体外肠道菌群代谢研究”一致。体系中SAL终浓度为10 μg·mL-1, CT终浓度为1和2 mmol·L-1。以添加10 μL甲醇溶液的肠道菌群温孵体系作为对照, 将制备得到的肠道菌群温孵体系在37 ℃下孵育0、5、10、15、30 min。
SAL体外纯酶代谢与酶抑制剂代谢实验  使用生理盐水制备SAL溶液(1 mg·mL-1), 取10 μL该溶液加入预灭菌离心管中(系统中的终浓度为10 μg·mL-1), 使体系中β-G浓度达到50 U·mL-1, Tris-HCl缓冲液补足体系。取不同时间点进行测定: 0、0.5、1、2、3 h。同时, 向温孵体系中加入CT, 其他步骤同前者一致。反应终止后, 从温孵体系中取出100 μL加入3倍体积含100 ng·mL-1格列吡嗪的甲醇溶液, 在4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1条件下离心12 min。收集100 μL上清液进行后续定量分析。
SAL与单菌代谢实验  制备E. coli BL21 (DE3) ΔbglX同本课题组之前建立的方法一致[18]。采用Red重组系统进行基因敲除。首先, 根据目标基因bglX的序列, 在其5'与3'端设计同源臂并合成引物, 通过PCR扩增获得两端带有该同源臂的Kan抗性基因片段。将辅助质粒pKD46电转入BL21 (DE3) 菌株, 制备成电感受态细胞。该工程菌于30 ℃培养至对数期, 经10%甘油重悬处理后, 按优化条件电转入上述重组片段。转化产物复苏后涂布平板, 30 ℃倒置培养。通过抗性平板筛选与划线纯化获得初级阳性克隆, 并消除pKD46质粒。将该敲除菌株再次制备为电感受态, 转入温敏型FLP重组酶质粒pCP20, 转化后于30 ℃培养筛选。挑取克隆经PCR验证正确后, 对阳性克隆进行基因组测序确认。最后, 将菌株置于37 ℃培养以消除pCP20质粒, 最终获得无抗性标记的bglX基因敲除菌株。E. coli BL21 (DE3) WT与E. coli BL21 (DE3) ΔbglX在LB培养基中进行培养。将SAL与E. coli BL21 (DE3) WT和E. coli BL21 (DE3) ΔbglX分别孵育2 h, 在0、0.25、0.5、1、2 h测定SAL与TYR浓度。孵育条件同“SAL体外肠道菌群代谢研究”。
气相色谱法测定SCFAs  肠道菌群温孵体系的制备与“SAL体外肠道菌群代谢研究”一致。SAL终浓度为100 μg·mL-1。体系在37 ℃无氧条件下孵育0、3、6 h。孵育结束后, 从温孵体系中取出100 μL加入3倍体积含1% (v/v) 磷酸的甲醇溶液, 在4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1条件下离心12 min。收集100 μL上清液进行后续检测。
与本课题组之前建立的方法一致[19, 20], 气相色谱仪选择Splitless模式。高极性Alltech毛细管柱(AT-WAX, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm, 美国Alltech Company) 用于分离。柱温箱的初始温度为80 ℃并保持1 min。然后以5 ℃·min-1的恒定速度升温至130 ℃, 并保持130 ℃ 5 min。其他设置条件: 检测器温度设置为250 ℃, 进样口温度为230 ℃, 氮气流量为1.27 mL·min-1, 吹扫流量为3.0 mL·min-1, 总压力为105.0 kPa。
SAL及其代谢物对ALI保护作用的探索  小鼠原代肝细胞AML-12细胞在含5% CO2、37 ℃的细胞培养箱中, 使用AML-12细胞专用培养基培养。AML-12细胞以每孔1×104个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中, 培养12 h使细胞贴壁生长。为评估化合物对AML-12细胞的细胞毒性效应, 分别用0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L-1 SAL和TYR处理细胞24 h; APAP使用0、1、5、10、25、50、100 mmol·L-1浓度梯度处理24 h。孵育24 h后每孔中加入10 μL Cell Counting Kit-8, 继续孵育2 h, 使用酶标仪在450 nm处测定每孔的吸光度。
为探究SAL与TYR的保护作用, 基于前述细胞毒性效应研究的剂量, 细胞分别与SAL (25、50 μmol·L-1)、TYR (25、50 μmol·L-1) 与NAC (100 μmol·L-1) 预处理12 h, 再加入10 mmol·L-1 APAP共同孵育24 h后, 每孔加入10 μL Cell Counting Kit-8孵育2 h, 于450 nm处测量吸光度。采用肝功能相关酶水平和氧化应激指标, 进一步评价药物的干预效果。对control、model、SAL-50 μmol·L-1、TYR-50 μmol·L-1与NAC-100 μmol·L-1组的细胞分别离心富集, 加入相应提取液后超声破碎, 离心收集上清。根据制造商说明对ALT、AST、GSH、MDA及SOD进行测定。
非靶向代谢组学分析  对于体外肠道菌群孵育样本的非靶向代谢组学, 肠道菌群温孵体系的制备与“SAL体外肠道菌群代谢研究”一致。SAL终浓度为100 μg·mL-1。孵育12 h后, 选取0 h肠道菌群孵育样本与12 h肠道菌群孵育样本进行分析。各吸取100 μL加入300 μL含100 ng·mL-1格列吡嗪的甲醇-乙腈(1∶1) 溶液, 15 000 r·min-1离心10 min收集上清液, 过0.22 μm滤膜待测。通过合并所有样品的等分试样制备质量控制(QC) 样品, 在数据采集过程中, 每5个样品进样一次QC样品。
选择正离子模式, 流动相为乙腈: 0.1%甲酸(FA) 水溶液。线性梯度设置如下: 0.01~30.00 min, 10% B~90% B; 30.00~35.00 min, 90% B; 35.00~35.20 min, 90% B~10% B; 35.20~45.00 min, 10% B。其他条件设置同“LC/MSn-Q-TOF法鉴定SAL代谢物”。将LC-MS原始数据导入代谢组学处理软件MSDIAL进行基线过滤等。同时使用Metaboanalyst 6.0网站进行分析。
基于网络药理学的SAL及代谢物在ALI保护作用中的机制研究
SAL及代谢物保护ALI的关键靶点分析本研究选择“salidroside”作为研究对象。TYR作为“salidroside”的有效成分共同分析。通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP) 数据库(https://www.tcmsp-e.com/load_intro.php?id=43)、SwissTargetPredicion数据库(https://swisstargetprediction.ch/) 及Superpred Prediction数据库(https://prediction.charite.de/index.php) 搜索获得SAL及其代谢物TYR的预测靶点。去除重复后, 得到药物的潜在靶点。通过GeneCards数据库(https://www.genecards.org/) 与OMIM数据库(https://www.omim.org/), 以“acute liver injury”为检索词进行检索, 获得ALI的相关疾病靶点。采用中位数法建立GeneCards数据库筛选标准: relevance score ≥ 15.00。取两个数据库ALI靶点并集, 删去重复项, 建立疾病靶点数据集。通过Venny 2.1.0 (https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html) 识别“salidroside”与“acute liver injury”的交集靶点, 即为SAL及代谢物TYR对ALI发挥保护作用的靶点。
蛋白相互作用(PPI) 网络构建分析与作用核心靶点筛选  将交集靶点导入String数据库(https://cn.string-db.org/) 获取蛋白相互作用(PPI) 网络。利用Cytoscape 3.9.1软件对相互作用关系数据进行可视化, 并根据平均节点度值(degree)、紧密中心性(closeness)、介数中心性(betweenness) 筛选指标高于平均值的靶点, 即为发挥保护作用的核心靶点。根据degree、closeness、betweenness值调整节点大小, 绘制核心靶点网络图。
GO和KEGG通路富集分析  为系统阐释核心靶点涉及的生物学功能、细胞组分、分子功能及其参与的主要信号通路, 使用DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov) 对筛选出的核心靶点进行了GO生物学过程分析及KEGG通路分析。GO功能富集分析包括生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞组分(cellular component, CC) 和分子功能(molecular function, MF) 3个类别, 富集结果以P < 0.05为显著性阈值, 筛选前5条路径进行可视化。KEGG通路富集分析筛选核心靶点显著富集的信号通路(P < 0.05), 选择前20条通路进行可视化, 进一步说明核心靶点在信号通路中的作用。
统计学分析  使用微生信-在线生物信息学分析、可视化云平台(https://bioinformatics.com.cn/)、CNSknowall平台(https://cnsknowall.com) 对网络药理学数据及非靶向代谢组学数据进行可视化。实验数据采用GraphPad Prism 10进行统计分析。对于图表中显示的所有数据, 结果均以均数±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示。采用单因素方差分析比较差异, 然后进行Tukey的事后多重比较检验。P < 0.05表示结果有统计学意义。
SAL结构如图1A所示。探究肠道菌群在SAL代谢中的关键作用, 为此, 本研究建立了一种基于LC-MS/MS 8050系统的定量分析方法。该方法采用格列吡嗪作为内标, 在负离子模式下对SAL进行定量检测。SAL与内标分别在5.462与8.987 min时被洗脱。随后, 本研究将SAL与SD大鼠的盲肠内容物体外共同孵育3 h, 采用热灭活的盲肠内容物作为阴性对照组以排除培养基等其他因素的干扰。如图1B所示, SAL在15 min内被肠道菌群迅速代谢, 而阴性对照组在3 h内基本保持不变。为了得到更精确的SAL代谢信息, 本研究进一步将孵育时间缩短为30 min, 发现SAL可在5 min代谢完全(图1C)。
为全面评估SAL的代谢途径, 探究肠道菌群是否在SAL代谢中产生独特的代谢作用, 本研究考察了SAL在不同体系下的代谢特征。肝脏作为药物代谢的主要器官之一, SAL在肝匀浆体外孵育体系中孵育2 h后仅下降17.43% (图1D), 而在肝微粒体体系中没有明显代谢(图1E)。胃肠道是参与药物代谢的重要场所之一, 使用人工胃、肠液研究SAL在人工胃液和人工肠液中的稳定性。如图1F、G所示, SAL在人工胃液和人工肠液中均表现出良好的稳定性。这些结果提示, SAL在体内的代谢转化主要依赖于肠道菌群的作用。
本研究使用LC/MSn-Q-TOF进一步鉴定SAL通过肠道菌群产生的代谢物。代谢物在5.629 min被洗脱, 随着孵育时间增加, 其含量持续积累, 且在0 h未检测到, 说明其是SAL的主要菌群依赖性代谢物(图2A)。代谢物质谱图显示分子离子为[M-H]- (C8H9O2-), 通过二级质谱解析推测, 这一分子离子(m/z 137.061) 通过中性丢失一分子H2O生成m/z 119.050的碎片离子; 分子离子还可丢失一分子CH2O, 产生m/z 107.051的碎片离子(图2B~D)。结合SAL的化学结构与代谢物分子式C8H10O2推测, 可能的结构如图2E所示, SAL脱去一分子葡萄糖后水解生成代谢物TYR。
为进一步验证与量化SAL经由肠道菌群产生的代谢物, 采用LC-MS/MS 8050建立了一种SAL与TYR的定量分析方法, 该方法中SAL与TYR保留时间分别为3.759与4.391 min (图2F)。优化后的质谱参数如分子质量、碰撞能等见表1。其在肠道菌群中的代谢转化如图2G所示, SAL完全转化为TYR, 表明TYR是SAL的主要代谢物。
基于上述代谢途径(图2E), SAL结构中的β-葡萄糖苷键被水解断裂生成TYR, 故假设肠道菌群中的β-G是介导SAL转化的关键酶。为初步评估SAL与β-G的结合潜力, 本研究采用AutoDock Vina进行虚拟分子对接。结果显示, SAL与β-G的对接网格中心坐标为(109.19, -7.864, 27.849), 结合亲和力为-7.1 kcal·mol-1, 表明两者具有良好的结合能力(图3A)。活性位点内的关键氨基酸残基(如GLU-210与ASN-277) 可与SAL形成氢键, 从而稳定SAL在β-G蛋白中的结合构象。
本研究选择了一种β-G抑制剂CT以反向验证酶的代谢作用。为验证β-G的关键代谢作用, 首先在体外肠道菌群孵育系统中加入其特异性抑制剂CT。CT剂量依赖性地抑制了SAL代谢与TYR生成(图3B、C), 提示β-G的核心作用。随后, 本研究建立了体外纯酶反应体系进一步证实。在该体系中, β-G对SAL的代谢活性(3 h内代谢79.26%) 可被CT特异性抑制48.65% (图3D), TYR的生成相应地减少88.04% (图3E)。据报道, 大肠杆菌E. coli中同样含有β-G表达基因bglX (基因编号: 946682), 本研究使用课题组先前证实过的敲除基因bglX的E. coli BL21 (DE3), 同时野生型E. coli BL21 (DE3) WT作为阴性对照进行孵育, E. coli BL21 (DE3) ΔbglX使SAL的代谢与TYR的生成被显著抑制(图3F、G)。这些发现提示, 肠道菌群中的β-G可能是将SAL转化为TYR的关键细菌酶。
鉴于SAL具有显著的抗炎活性[1, 4], 本研究在细胞模型中评估了其对ALI的保护作用。使用APAP在AML-12细胞上建立ALI模型。细胞毒性实验结果表明, 在1~100 μmol·L-1内, SAL与TYR对AML-12细胞均未显示显著的毒性作用(图4A、B)。使用APAP处理AML-12细胞以建立体外ALI模型。CCK-8检测结果显示, APAP各浓度组均表现出显著的细胞毒性。当APAP浓度为10 mmol·L-1时, 细胞存活率为(64.2 ± 6.1)% (图4C), 故选取该浓度作为APAP诱导AML-12细胞产生ALI的造模浓度。
在细胞保护实验中, 分别使用SAL (25、50 μmol·L-1)、TYR (25、50 μmol·L-1) 及阳性对照药NAC (100 μmol·L-1) 预处理细胞12 h后, 加入10 mmol·L-1 APAP共孵育24 h, 以评估各化合物对APAP诱导的肝细胞损伤的保护作用。与对照组相比, 10 mmol·L-1 APAP诱导的模型组细胞存活率显著下降至(58.7 ± 4.2)%, NAC处理后, 细胞存活率回升至(93.8 ± 7.5)%, 而SAL预处理表现出显著的保护效应, 在50 μmol·L-1浓度下可使细胞存活率回升至(93.2 ± 7.4)%, 值得注意的是, 该剂量的SAL在恢复细胞活力方面与NAC效果相当(93.2% vs 93.8%)。此外, TYR (50 μmol·L-1) 亦表现出显著的保护作用, 细胞存活率提升至(90.3 ± 5.7)% (图4D)。
为进一步评估SAL与TYR对肝细胞的保护作用, 本研究检测了control组、model组、SAL-50 μmol·L-1组、TYR-50 μmol·L-1组与NAC-100 μmol·L-1组细胞的肝功能相关酶水平和氧化应激指标(图4E~I)。与control组相比, APAP显著升高了model组细胞ALT和AST的活性, 同时细胞内GSH含量和SOD活性显著下降, MDA含量显著上升, 表明急性肝损伤模型构建成功。而SAL、TYR与阳性药NAC的干预均能显著降低由APAP升高的ALT和AST水平, 恢复GSH含量和SOD活性, 并显著减少MDA生成。其中, SAL在降低ALT、AST水平及恢复GSH、SOD活性方面, 其效果均优于阳性药NAC, 表现出更优的综合改善效果。以上结果表明, SAL与TYR预处理对AML-12细胞中APAP诱导的ALI均具有保护作用, 其作用可能与缓解氧化应激有关。
SCFAs在减轻炎症反应中具有重要作用, 如小檗碱可提高SCFAs的产生, 并降低肠道中的脂多糖(LPS) 水平[21], 从而起到抗炎作用。为探究SAL对肠道菌群代谢产物的影响, 本研究通过气相色谱(GC) 对SCFAs进行定量分析。与对照组相比, 丙酸、丁酸、戊酸及异戊酸在孵育3 h后浓度显著升高(图5A~D)。其中, SAL处理3、6 h后, 戊酸含量分别增加了26.16%和26.96%。尽管己酸与异丁酸在孵育后也呈现上升趋势, 但差异未达统计学显著性(图5E、F)。以上结果表明, SAL可以促进肠道菌群产生SCFAs, 尤其对丙酸、丁酸及戊酸的分泌具有显著增强作用。
肠道菌群代谢产物是调控宿主健康与疾病状态的关键功能性分子。为系统探究SAL对肠道菌群代谢谱的影响, 本研究采用非靶向代谢组学正离子模式进行分析。主成分分析(PCA) 结果显示(图6A), SAL与肠道菌群体外共孵育12 h后的样本与0 h样本在2D得分图上呈现明显的分离趋势, 且QC样本高度聚集, 表明仪器重复性良好, 数据质量可靠; 两组间代谢谱存在系统性差异, 组内样本聚类紧密, 满足后续分析要求。为进一步突出组间差异并减少组内变异干扰, 采用正交偏最小二乘鉴别分析(OPLS-DA) 检测各组内聚集效果。12 h组与0 h组在预测主成分上区分明显, 提示两组代谢特征具有显著差异(图6B)。对OPLS-DA模型进行100次置换检验(图6C), 该模型的拟合参数R2Y = 1.00、预测度Q2 = 0.998, 均显著高于100次随机置换后生成的分布(P < 0.01, 100次置换中无一次结果超过真实值), 提示模型不存在过拟合, 预测能力可靠。
基于OPLS-DA结果, 以P < 0.05、VIP ≥ 1、FC < 1.2或FC > 0.83筛选差异代谢物。其中, SAL上调的差异代谢物有205种, 398种下调(图6D)。值得关注的是, 色氨酸代谢通路相关代谢物如色氨酸、血清素和喹啉酸等发生显著变化。KEGG通路富集分析(图6E) 进一步提示, 差异代谢物主要富集于尿素循环、天冬氨酸代谢、烟酸与烟酰胺代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢及磷脂酰胆碱生物合成等通路; 其中, 色氨酸代谢通路亦显著富集(排名第六)。这些结果提示, SAL可能通过调控色氨酸代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢等途径, 影响相关代谢物的表达, 进而参与宿主-菌群互作。
为进一步阐明SAL及代谢产物对ALI的作用机制, 本研究采用网络药理学方法进行系统性探究。通过整合中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP) 数据库、SwissTargetPredicion数据库及Superpred Prediction数据库, 预测SAL及代谢物TYR的潜在作用靶点, 经去重后共184个靶点。基于GeneCards数据库与OMIM数据库筛选获得ALI相关疾病靶点为2 336个。利用Venny 2.1.0取二者交集, 本研究预测到66个共同靶点, 提示这些靶点可能是SAL发挥肝保护作用的关键潜在靶标。将66个交集靶点导入String数据库构建PPI网络。该网络包括66个节点, 326条边, degree值为9.88。其中degree值排名前10的核心靶蛋白包括: 雌激素受体1 (ESR1)、B细胞淋巴瘤因子2 (BCL2)、热休克蛋白90α (HSP90AA1)、核因子κB1 (NF-κB1)、基质金属蛋白酶-9 (MMP9)、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2 (PTGS2)、Toll样受体4 (TLR4)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(MTOR)、蛋白激酶催化亚基α (PRKACA) 以及CXC趋化因子受体4 (CXCR4)。进一步依据degree、closeness、betweenness高于均值的标准, 筛选出14个核心靶点(图7A)。其中NF-κB1、ESR1、BCL2、MMP9、TLR4位居前列。
为解析这些核心靶点涉及的生物学过程与信号通路, 本研究利用David数据库进行GO功能与KEGG通路富集分析。GO分析共获得105个条目, 其中生物过程相关条目63个, 分子功能相关条目21个, 细胞组成相关条目21个。其中显著富集的生物过程包括一氧化氮生物合成过程的正向调节(GO: 0045429)、细胞对缺氧的反应(GO: 0071456)、炎症反应(GO: 0006954) 等; 细胞组分主要集中于细胞质(GO: 0005737)、含蛋白质复合物(GO: 0032991)、细胞胞浆(GO: 0005829) 等; 分子功能则涉及泛素蛋白连接酶结合(GO: 0031625)、相同蛋白质结合(GO: 0042802) 及镁离子结合(GO: 0000287) 等(图7B)。KEGG通路富集分析共识别出60条通路, 选取富集程度最高的20条通路进行结果可视化分析(图7C)。结果显示, 核心靶点富集于肿瘤信号通路(hsa05200)、PI3K-Akt信号通路(hsa04151)、肿瘤蛋白多糖通路(hsa05205)、化学致癌-受体活化信号通路(hsa05207)、雌激素信号通路(hsa04915)、IL-17信号通路(hsa04657)、NF-κB信号通路(hsa04064)、HIF-1信号通路(hsa04066) 等。GO和KEGG富集分析结果表明, SAL及代谢物TYR通过调控癌症相关通路、PI3K-Akt与NF-κB等信号通路发挥对ALI的保护作用。
本研究从“肠-肝轴”视角探讨了SAL经肠道菌群代谢转化后对ALI的保护作用与潜在机制。ALI是临床常见的危急重症, 病情可迅速进展至肝衰竭, 死亡率高。目前临床治疗选择有限, 亟待开发新的干预策略。红景天作为传统的药食同源植物, 其标志性活性成分SAL虽具有广泛的药理活性, 但口服生物利用度较低[5-7], 提示其效应可能依赖于与肠道菌群的相互作用。肠道微生物中含有多种可发挥代谢作用的酶, 例如β-G[18]、硝基还原酶[22]与羧酸酯酶[19, 20, 23]等, 可将口服生物利用度低的天然产物转化为活性代谢物, 从而发挥药理作用[24]。本研究发现, SAL由肠道菌群中的β-G代谢为TYR, 后者作为关键活性代谢物, 与SAL共同在体外模型中表现出显著的肝保护作用。这一发现不仅明确了SAL在肠道中的主要代谢途径与关键酶, 也为肠道菌群对天然产物代谢转化的影响提供了理论基础。
本课题组研究了SAL在不同体系中的代谢情况。肠道菌群对SAL的代谢具有显著影响。通过分子质量比对、LC/MSn-Q-TOF分析及标准物质对照, 鉴定出SAL经肠道菌群水解断裂β-葡萄糖苷键后的主要代谢物TYR。据报道, TYR具有抗氧化、抗炎等多种药理活性[25, 26], 可通过抑制HIF-1α/NF-κB信号通路的激活降低ROS和炎症因子的水平[27], 这为其在急性肝损伤中的潜在保护作用提供了理论依据。TYR在体内主要通过肝脏中硫酸化代谢为硫酸酪醇而发挥作用[28], 这提示其肝保护效应可能依赖于肝脏局部的代谢活化。相比之下, SAL在肝匀浆被少量代谢, 但在肝微粒体中并未代谢, 本课题组推测可能由于在微粒体中肝细胞区室化破坏, 内部的pH环境并非最适酸性条件, 同时将底物转运至溶酶体的膜转运系统也完全缺失。
β-葡萄糖苷键的断裂是SAL的主要代谢反应, 本课题组研究了SAL在肠道菌群中的生物转化过程。虚拟分子对接结果显示β-G与SAL之间具有强烈的结合亲和力。本研究选用β-G抑制剂CT在肠道菌群温孵体系与酶抑制剂实验中验证了酶的作用。基因敲除菌株实验进一步证实了β-G是介导SAL在肠道菌群中水解生成TYR的关键酶。这一结果不仅明确了SAL生物转化的核心机制, 也为后续针对该代谢途径的干预研究提供了明确的酶学靶点。
已有研究证实SAL在ALI具有保护作用[29], 由于SAL可被肠道菌群代谢为主要代谢物酪醇, 本课题组研究了SAL与代谢物TYR在体外模型中对肝脏的保护作用。预先给予50 μmol·L-1 SAL后细胞存活率达到(93.2 ± 7.4)%, 而同样剂量的TYR可使细胞存活率恢复至(90.3 ± 5.7)%, 其保护效力均与阳性药物NAC相当。在APAP过量所致的急性肝损伤中, 毒性中间产物N-乙酰基-对苯醌亚胺的大量生成会迅速耗竭肝细胞内GSH, 继而引起线粒体功能障碍与氧化应激, 导致肝细胞坏死。本研究发现, SAL与TYR预处理可显著降低细胞内肝损伤经典标志物ALT与AST水平, 表明其具有直接的保肝作用。同时, 二者可恢复细胞内GSH含量和SOD活性, 减少MDA生成, 提示SAL与TYR可能通过清除自由基、增强内源性抗氧化酶的活性或抑制上游的氧化应激相关信号通路(如HIF-1信号通路等) 的活化, 从而阻断APAP诱导的氧化损伤。结合TYR已知的抗氧化药理活性[22-26], 本研究结果进一步证实TYR是SAL体内发挥肝保护作用的关键活性代谢物。二者在体外模型中表现出相似的生物活性, 为解释SAL改善ALI的体内药效提供了直接证据。这也进一步支持了肠道菌群代谢在其药理作用中的关键地位。
进一步的机制研究表明, SAL对ALI的保护作用与其调节肠道菌群代谢功能密切相关。SCFAs是肠道菌群发酵膳食纤维产生的一类核心代谢产物[30], 其在维持肠道内稳态中发挥多重关键作用, 包括调节肠道菌群的组成、增强肠道屏障功能及参与免疫调节等[31, 32]。SCFAs还具有广泛的全身性健康效应, 如抗炎[33]、抗肥胖[34]、抗癌[20, 35]、免疫调节[36]等, 同时对神经[37]、心血管[38]与肝脏[39, 40]等器官系统具有保护作用。本研究通过气相色谱探究SAL对肠道菌群生成SCFAs的影响。在SAL与肠道菌群体外孵育6 h后, 除己酸与异丁酸外, SCFAs水平均有显著升高。因此, 本课题组认为SAL可能通过调节SCFAs水平维持肠道稳态, 发挥对ALI的保护作用。除SCFAs外, SAL可能会改变肠道菌群的代谢物谱, 产生其他有益代谢物, 从而发挥药理作用。因此, 本研究选择非靶向代谢组学分析SAL对肠道菌群代谢物的影响。SAL能显著影响菌群的氨基酸代谢谱, 特别是富集于色氨酸代谢通路。该通路下游的吲哚类代谢物已被证实参与肝脏保护[41], 暗示色氨酸通路可能是SAL发挥其有益效应的另一重要途径, 这有待后续进一步研究。
网络药理学是一种融合系统生物学、生物信息学与多向药理学等多个领域的研究方法, 从“生物网络”整体的角度, 系统解析了药物与疾病之间的复杂相互作用关系。本研究借助网络药理学手段, 初步预测了SAL及TYR干预ALI的潜在核心靶点(如NF-κB1、ESR1、BCL2、MMP9、TLR4等靶点) 及关键信号通路(包括PI3K-Akt、NF-κB与HIF-1等)。PI3K-Akt、NF-κB与HIF-1信号通路在ALI进程中均处于调控枢纽地位, 且三者之间存在广泛的交互对话。PI3K-Akt通路在调控细胞存活、抑制氧化应激方面具有重要作用[42-44]。NF-κB通路是ALI驱动炎症反应、调控细胞死亡与影响肝脏再生的核心枢纽。有研究报道, NF-κB被上游信号激活后, 迅速启动大量促炎细胞因子(如TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6) 和趋化因子的转录, 招募并激活更多免疫细胞, 加重损伤[45, 46]。HIF-1信号通路是缺氧诱导因子-1信号通路, 可促进血管生成因子(如VEGF) 表达、维持氧化还原稳态和能量供给, 从而保护肝脏[47, 48]。上述预测结果为SAL与TYR可能通过协同调节细胞存活、抑制炎症反应及改善氧化应激等多重机制发挥肝保护作用提供了初步的理论线索。然而需要指出的是, 以上结论主要基于生物信息学预测, 后续仍需通过qPCR、Western blot等实验手段在细胞及动物模型中进行相关靶点验证, 以明确其具体调控机制。
本研究通过LC/MSn-Q-TOF进行结构鉴定, 明确了SAL在肠道菌群中的代谢过程。本研究报道了肠道菌群对SAL的生物转化作用, 并证实β-G在其代谢过程中的关键作用。本研究还报道了SAL及代谢物TYR对ALI的保护作用, 利用非靶向代谢组学分析SAL对肠道菌群代谢产物的影响, 并结合网络药理学初步筛选了SAL发挥肝保护作用的潜在靶点。然而, 本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先, 研究结论主要基于体外实验, SAL及TYR在整体动物模型中的肝保护效价、药代动力学特征及其在体内的实际代谢命运尚需通过动物实验进一步验证。其次, 网络药理学所预测的核心靶点与通路, 需通过基因敲减、抑制剂干预等实验在细胞及动物层面加以确证。此外, 本研究仅探讨了肠道菌群对SAL代谢转化的影响, SAL对肠道菌群物种组成和丰度的具体影响尚未阐明, 其长期干预下的菌群生态变化及其与肝保护效应的因果关系值得深入探索。
本研究揭示了肠道菌群对SAL中的代谢作用。SAL口服后难以被吸收, 但可作为“前体”由β-G进行代谢转化为更易吸收的活性形式——酪醇, 从而突破其关键吸收屏障。体外细胞活性测定实验结合网络药理学分析, 共同证实SAL及代谢产物对ALI具有显著的保护作用。此外, 研究发现SAL能够调节肠道菌群代谢功能, 影响SCFAs水平并干预色氨酸等代谢通路, 这可能是SAL发挥肝保护作用的重要机制。本研究为阐释SAL通过“肠-肝轴”途径干预ALI提供了新的机制视角, 为推进天然药物的临床转化提供了关键科学支撑。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0060
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-14
  • 修回日期:2026-03-14
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    1沈阳药科大学无涯创新学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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