Article(id=1308842472286024259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1402, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764000000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-25, revisedDate=1775145600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981962510, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981962510, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981962510, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981962510, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2821, endPage=2828, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842472478962244, articleId=1308842472286024259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Organoids: A transformative tool in cancer research, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignant disease. Currently, precision medicine in oncology urgently requires experimental models that can faithfully simulate the individual tumor characteristics of patients. Traditional two-dimensional cell lines and animal models exhibit significant limitations in preserving tumor heterogeneity, microenvironment, and predicting treatment responses. Organoid technology, with its three-dimensional structure and high fidelity in recapitulating the histopathological and molecular features of primary tumors, has emerged as a transformative tool in cancer research. This review systematically outlines the development of organoid technology, highlighting the methodologies and applications for modeling various solid tumors, including lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, renal carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. It encompasses multiple aspects such as investigations into tumorigenesis mechanisms, drug screening, personalized therapy, and immunotherapy assessment. Furthermore, the current challenges and future directions of organoid technology are discussed, with the aim of promoting its broader application in cancer research and clinical translation.

, authors=Zi-chun DING, Bao-lian WANG*, authorsList=Zi-chun DING, Bao-lian WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bao-lian WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842473225548363, articleId=1308842472286024259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=类器官-癌症研究的变革性工具, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

癌症是一种具有高度异质性的恶性肿瘤, 目前, 癌症的精准医疗急需能够真实模拟患者个体肿瘤特征的实验模型。传统二维细胞系和动物模型在保留肿瘤异质性、模拟肿瘤微环境及预测治疗反应方面存在明显局限, 类器官技术凭借其三维结构和对原发肿瘤组织病理与分子特征的高度还原, 已成为癌症研究中的一种变革性工具。本综述系统回顾了类器官技术的发展历程, 重点介绍了在肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、肾癌和结直肠癌等多种实体瘤中的建模方法与应用, 涵盖了肿瘤发生机制研究、药物筛选、个体化治疗及免疫治疗评估等多个方面, 并对当前类器官技术面临的挑战与未来发展方向进行了展望, 期望推动类器官技术更广泛应用于癌症研究和临床转化。

, authors=丁子淳, 王宝莲*, authorsList=丁子淳, 王宝莲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王宝莲, authorNote=

作者贡献:

丁子淳负责文章撰写及图片绘制; 王宝莲提供文章的方向和思路, 负责语句修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王宝莲, Tel: 86-10-63165185, E-mail:
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Cancer typeEstablishment rateClinical predictive accuracyKey characteristics and applicationsRef.
Lung cancer79%88%Optimized mechanical dissociation preserves cell clusters; predicts responses to EGFR/ALK inhibitors[14, 20]
Breast cancer80%91.70%Faithfully captures ER+/HER2+/TNBC heterogeneity; enables identification of PARP inhibitor resistance mechanisms[22, 23]
Gastric cancer78.10%91.70%Recapitulates TCGA molecular subtypes; used to study cortactin-mediated malignant transformation[24-26]
Renal cancer~70%-80%Superior to standard regimensIncludes childhood (Wilms tumor) and adult (ccRCC/tRCC) biobanks; supports high-throughput screening of > 1 800 compounds[27, 28]
Colorectal cancer80%Sensitivity: 88%/resistance: 100%Most mature Wnt-driven system; enables therapeutic guidance before clinical treatment failure[15, 29]
), ArticleFig(id=1308842477038170730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842472286024259, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary table of modeling success rates and characteristics of primary cancer types for PDOs. PDOs: Patient-derived organoids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cancer typeEstablishment rateClinical predictive accuracyKey characteristics and applicationsRef.
Lung cancer79%88%Optimized mechanical dissociation preserves cell clusters; predicts responses to EGFR/ALK inhibitors[14, 20]
Breast cancer80%91.70%Faithfully captures ER+/HER2+/TNBC heterogeneity; enables identification of PARP inhibitor resistance mechanisms[22, 23]
Gastric cancer78.10%91.70%Recapitulates TCGA molecular subtypes; used to study cortactin-mediated malignant transformation[24-26]
Renal cancer~70%-80%Superior to standard regimensIncludes childhood (Wilms tumor) and adult (ccRCC/tRCC) biobanks; supports high-throughput screening of > 1 800 compounds[27, 28]
Colorectal cancer80%Sensitivity: 88%/resistance: 100%Most mature Wnt-driven system; enables therapeutic guidance before clinical treatment failure[15, 29]
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类器官-癌症研究的变革性工具
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丁子淳 , 王宝莲 *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(8): 2821-2828
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (8) : 2821 -2828
类器官-癌症研究的变革性工具
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丁子淳, 王宝莲*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 消化健康全国重点实验室, 创新药临床前研发药代-药效关键技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
王宝莲, Tel: 86-10-63165185, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

丁子淳负责文章撰写及图片绘制; 王宝莲提供文章的方向和思路, 负责语句修改。

Organoids: A transformative tool in cancer research
Zi-chun DING, Bao-lian WANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Basic Research and New Drug Development for Natural Medicines and Nuclear Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Key Technologies for Preclinical Research and Development of Innovative Drugs in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1402
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癌症是一种具有高度异质性的恶性肿瘤, 目前, 癌症的精准医疗急需能够真实模拟患者个体肿瘤特征的实验模型。传统二维细胞系和动物模型在保留肿瘤异质性、模拟肿瘤微环境及预测治疗反应方面存在明显局限, 类器官技术凭借其三维结构和对原发肿瘤组织病理与分子特征的高度还原, 已成为癌症研究中的一种变革性工具。本综述系统回顾了类器官技术的发展历程, 重点介绍了在肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、肾癌和结直肠癌等多种实体瘤中的建模方法与应用, 涵盖了肿瘤发生机制研究、药物筛选、个体化治疗及免疫治疗评估等多个方面, 并对当前类器官技术面临的挑战与未来发展方向进行了展望, 期望推动类器官技术更广泛应用于癌症研究和临床转化。

肿瘤  /  类器官  /  精准医疗  /  三维培养  /  药物筛选

Cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignant disease. Currently, precision medicine in oncology urgently requires experimental models that can faithfully simulate the individual tumor characteristics of patients. Traditional two-dimensional cell lines and animal models exhibit significant limitations in preserving tumor heterogeneity, microenvironment, and predicting treatment responses. Organoid technology, with its three-dimensional structure and high fidelity in recapitulating the histopathological and molecular features of primary tumors, has emerged as a transformative tool in cancer research. This review systematically outlines the development of organoid technology, highlighting the methodologies and applications for modeling various solid tumors, including lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, renal carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. It encompasses multiple aspects such as investigations into tumorigenesis mechanisms, drug screening, personalized therapy, and immunotherapy assessment. Furthermore, the current challenges and future directions of organoid technology are discussed, with the aim of promoting its broader application in cancer research and clinical translation.

tumor  /  organoid  /  precision medicine  /  three-dimensional culture  /  drug screening
丁子淳, 王宝莲. 类器官-癌症研究的变革性工具. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2821 -2828 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1402
Zi-chun DING, Bao-lian WANG. Organoids: A transformative tool in cancer research[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2821 -2828 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1402
癌症亦称恶性肿瘤, 由细胞恶性增生引发, 是一种高度异质性、危及生命的疾病, 其异质性具体表现为同一肿瘤内部不同区域间的差异(空间异质性)、肿瘤随时间和治疗压力不断进化(时间异质性), 以及不同患者间肿瘤分子特征和治疗反应的巨大差别(患者间异质性)。传统二维癌细胞系仅能扩增少数适应体外培养的细胞亚群, 且在长期传代中存在遗传漂变问题, 会丧失原始肿瘤异质性、三维结构及微环境特征; 人源肿瘤异种移植(patient-derived xenograft, PDX) 等动物模型虽部分保留了肿瘤组织学特征, 但建模周期长、成本高昂, 且因种属差异难以准确模拟人体内的肿瘤行为和药物反应, 其微环境也常被宿主细胞逐渐替代。因此, 癌症的精准医疗迫切需要准确反映个体患者肿瘤异质性的个体化肿瘤模型。干细胞培养的进步催生了类器官技术, 用于生成体外三维组织, 这些组织已被证明能够更准确地重现原发肿瘤的结构、特定功能、分子特征、基因组改变、表达谱和肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)。体外类器官模型已成为发现潜在治疗靶点和筛选新化合物的关键工具。
类器官(organoids) 是由多能干细胞、成体干细胞或肿瘤组织在三维基质中自组装形成的微型器官样结构, 具备自我更新、多向分化及模拟原生组织功能的特性。类器官在结构和功能上模仿原代组织, 并保持组织遗传多样性、细胞异质性和病理特征, 可直接从患者的正常或病变组织中快速建立, 为个体化研究提供了强大的平台。与PDX模型相比, 类器官的建立需要更少的时间和更少的组织, 即使长期传代, 类器官也能稳定地保持原发肿瘤的关键特征, 同时, 体外基因修饰相对于体内也更加方便。因此, 类器官作为体外研究肿瘤发生和癌症进展的优秀工具, 在转化研究中表现出巨大的潜力。目前, 已经成功建立了源自多种人类肿瘤类型的类器官。本综述将系统回顾肿瘤类器官的发展历史, 聚焦于主要实体瘤类型(肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、肾癌、结直肠癌) 的建模技术和多领域应用。
1907年, Wilson[1]观察到机械分离的海绵细胞能重新自组装成完整生物体, 该实验首次证明了多细胞生物的自组织能力。1997年, 在经辐照处理的3T3-J2成纤维细胞滋养层上, 实现了人角膜缘干细胞的体外扩增, 并将扩增的干细胞移植到失明的患者眼表[2]。2009年, 在含有特定生长因子组合的培养基和Matrigel三维基质中, 首次成功培养出具有隐窝-绒毛样结构的“小肠类器官”[3], 这个微型器官包含了所有主要的肠道细胞类型, 并能自我更新和长期培养。随后, 胃类器官实现成功培养[4]; 利用人多能干细胞(human pluripotent stem cells, hPSCs), 研究者成功诱导分化出模拟人脑早期发育的大脑类器官[5]; 2016年, Takasato团队[6]率先报道了肾脏类器官的培养。2016年后, 类器官的研究数量逐年增加, 截至2025年7月, 据PubMed数据, 类器官词条相关的已发表论文近300 000篇, 其中8 623篇(约29%) 属于肿瘤类器官领域(图1)。
类器官技术目前已在多方面展现出巨大潜力, 在基础研究、再生医学、药物筛选、毒性测试、感染模型等方面都有着广泛应用。2011年, 人多能干细胞在三维培养中成功诱导出自组织形成的视杯类器官(optic-cup organoid)[7], 实现了体外模拟胚胎期视网膜发育的关键突破; Hu等[8]开发了一种三维类器官培养系统, 成功实现了功能性小鼠和人类肝细胞的长期扩增, 证明成年肝细胞来源的类器官具备体内移植修复潜力, 为肝衰竭治疗提供了新的细胞替代策略。随后, 研究人员利用结直肠癌类器官预测患者对表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 抑制剂的耐药性, 从而指导改用BRAF/MEK联合疗法, 完成个体化药敏测试[9]; 2025年, 将人类肝脏类器官与AI技术结合, 开发出全球首个“药物性肝损伤示踪模型”(drug-induced liver injury tracer, DILITracer), 是全球首个能实现分类肝毒性水平的AI模型, 总体准确率可达82.34%, 在识别非DILI化合物方面更为准确, 达到了90.16%[10]; 利用肠道类器官, 证实血管紧张素转化酶2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2) 受体是新冠病毒入侵关键, 揭示了跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2 (transmembrane serine protease 2, TMPRSS2) 促进感染的机制[11]。
同样, 肿瘤类器官可以作为揭示癌症秘密的重要模型, 利用胶质母细胞瘤类器官研究发现, 寨卡病毒(Zika virus, ZIKV) 在胶质母细胞瘤类器官中特异性感染并溶解CD133+胶质母细胞瘤干细胞, 抑制其自我更新能力, 从而证明溶瘤病毒可精准靶向脑瘤干细胞, 为耐药胶质母细胞瘤提供新疗法[12]。2020年, Raimondi等[13]在胰腺癌患者来源类器官(patient-derived organoids, PDOs) 中完成溶瘤腺病毒LOAd703测试, 证实其可穿透间质屏障, 感染癌细胞并激活干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes, STING) 通路, 诱导免疫因子如干扰素-β (interferon-beta, IFN-β) 释放, PDOs为溶瘤病毒的穿透效率与免疫激活效应提供高预测性临床前模型。肿瘤类器官极大程度保留了个体癌症的异质性, 已成为癌症研究的变革性工具。
类器官建模前的样品处理方法主要包括酶解消化法(enzymatic digestion) 与机械解离法(mechanical dissociation)。传统的酶解法能通过胶原酶或胰蛋白酶处理获取高纯度的单细胞悬液, 但过度消化往往破坏细胞间的紧密连接与黏附连接, 极易诱发上皮细胞的失巢凋亡并导致脆弱亚群的丢失。因此, 基于肺癌类器官(lung cancer organoids, LCOs), 提出了一种优化的机械构建策略, 通过显微剪切将组织精细加工为约1 mm3的微组织块, 随后与Matrigel混合进行三维培养[14]。研究表明, 该方法不仅在3天内实现了高达79%的总体成功率, 更通过剔除坏死及纤维化组织进一步提升了培养稳定性。机械法的高效性归因于其完整保留了“细胞簇”内的物理连接及旁分泌信号网络, 这种对细胞间相互作用的维持有效规避了酶消化带来的环境应激, 从而生成了在组织学形态与异质性上更接近原位肿瘤(tumor in situ) 的高保真模型。
肿瘤类器官的构建可通过多种路径实现, 正常组织类器官经基因编辑改造、患者肿瘤组织直接构建, 或者通过循环肿瘤细胞构建(图2)。肿瘤类器官的成功构建与长期维持主要依赖于细胞外基质提供的物理支撑、特定的生长因子组合和关键小分子抑制剂的协同作用。在结直肠癌类器官研究中, 研究者确立了标准化培养基的核心组分: 表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF) 驱动上皮细胞增殖; R-脊椎蛋白1 (R-spondin 1) 通过结合富含亮氨酸重复序列的G蛋白偶联受体5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5, LGR5) 激活Wnt信号通路(Wnt signaling pathway), 维持干细胞自我更新; 头蛋白(Noggin) 则拮抗骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein, BMP) 通路以防止异常分化。为了适应肿瘤异质性, 培养基中常需引入转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-β) 抑制剂(A83-01) 或p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK) 抑制剂以优化微环境[15]。在物理支撑方面, Matrigel或合成水凝胶(如PEG、透明质酸) 被广泛用于模拟细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM), 它们不仅提供机械硬度, 还能诱导肿瘤细胞极化并自组装形成复杂的三维结构[16]。在类器官起始培养及单细胞传代过程中, 防止失巢凋亡是存活的关键, ROCK抑制剂Y-27632能有效阻断肌动球蛋白收缩, 显著提高解离后细胞的存活率[17]。随后, Liu等[18]提出的条件重编程(conditional reprogramming, CR) 技术, 利用Y-27632协同辐照的Swiss 3T3-J2饲养层细胞, 通过上调ΔNp63α (p63蛋白的N端截短亚型) 和β-连环蛋白(β-catenin) 等干细胞标志物, 使原代肿瘤细胞在不改变基因型的前提下获得无限增殖能力。培养基成分的微小变化可显著改变类器官的细胞谱系构成, 在乳腺类器官研究中发现, 去除EGF会导致成熟腔细胞比例上升及Mucin-1下调; 去除Heregulin-β1或FGF家族因子会改变腔祖细胞分布; 而去除B27则有助于减少CD73/CD90阳性的基底细胞[19]。这一发现表明, 通过精准调控生长因子与抑制剂的组合, 可定向诱导类器官特定的分子特征与组织学结构。
肺癌(lung cancer, LC) 是起源于支气管黏膜或肺泡上皮的恶性肿瘤, 按组织病理学特点划分, 主要有非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC), 居全球癌症死因首位。2019年, Kim等[20]成功构建EGFR突变型与间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK) 融合型类器官, 这些LCOs在体外长期传代过程中充分保留了相应原代LC的形态学和组织学特征以及基因组变异, 且药敏结果与患者临床响应一致性达88%。
近年来, 越来越多的研究展现了LCOs的可行性和优越性。通过在肺泡2型上皮细胞(alveolar type 2 cells, AT2 cells) 中诱导表达KRASG12D, 发现其迅速触发双向转录重编程, 该研究在肺类器官中证实KRAS癌基因通过劫持发育性转录网络驱动恶性转化[21]。
乳腺癌(breast cancer, BC) 又称乳癌, 是女性常见的恶性肿瘤, 由乳腺上皮细胞的增殖失控而形成。Sachs等[22]建立了涵盖95例患者样本的乳腺癌PDOs生物库, 该库包含雌激素受体阳性(estrogen receptor-positive, ER+)、人表皮生长因子受体2阳性(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, HER2+) 及三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) 亚型, 这些类器官高度保留原始肿瘤的病理形态、分子分型及拷贝数变异。
有研究对48例转移性乳腺癌患者进行5种临床常用化疗药物的类器官药敏性测试, 结果发现其中44例符合临床实际疗效, 类器官预测治疗响应的准确率达91.7%; 同时利用类器官筛选出聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP) 抑制剂耐药新靶点, 并通过CRISPR/Cas9修复验证其功能, 为联合用药提供依据[23]。
胃癌(gastric cancer, GC) 是起源于胃黏膜细胞的恶性肿瘤, 以胃腺癌最为常见, 是全球第五大常见恶性肿瘤, 其发病率在过去几十年持续上升, 具有高度异质性、晚期诊断率高和治疗反应差异大的特点。Seidlitz等[24]成功构建了一个包含22例样本的胃癌类器官生物库, 该库涵盖了癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA) 分型中的主要分子亚型, 同时使用CRISPR/Cas9技术对小鼠野生型胃类器官进行编辑, 引入TP53与KRAS突变, 成功模拟了胃癌的发生过程。另有研究通过73名胃癌患者的肿瘤样本构建了57例PDOs模型, 同时将其移植到小鼠体内进行药效验证, 发现类器官模型对药物反应的预测与12名患者实际的临床治疗效果高度一致, 预测准确性达到91.7%[25]。
胃癌类器官模型的成功构建推动了胃癌发病机制的研究, 异型增生是一种胃癌癌前病变, 被认为是癌症的直接前兆, 在组织学上被定义为癌前病变和癌症之间的过渡阶段。通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建皮层肌动蛋白(cortactin) 敲除的异型增生类器官模型, 可用于研究其在体外和体内胃癌发展过程中的恶性作用, 实验结果表明皮层肌动蛋白促进癌前病变细胞的膜动力学变化, 通过增加外泌体(exosomes) 分泌, 改变肿瘤微环境组成, 主导胃癌从发育不良向恶性实体瘤的演进过程[26]。
肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma, RCC) 是起源于肾小管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤, 占成人恶性肿瘤的2%~3%, 主要亚型包括透明细胞肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ccRCC)、乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma, pRCC)、嫌色细胞肾细胞癌(chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, chRCC) 和其他罕见类型(如集合管癌)。2020年, 成功建立了全球首个源自儿童肾癌患者的活体类器官生物样本库, 并在体外长期稳定培养, 成功再现了肿瘤的微观结构[27]。
研究者们还利用类器官模型进行高通量药物筛选实验。通过构建PRCC-TFE3融合基因型易位性肾细胞癌(translocation renal cell carcinoma, tRCC) 类器官模型, 高通量筛选了1 816种化合物, 发现克唑替尼、阿西替尼及JQ-1可显著抑制tRCC类器官增殖并诱导凋亡。同时, 该研究对ccRCC类器官的靶向药物测试结果证实, foretinib (多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂) 能同步下调磷酸化蛋白激酶B (phosphorylated AKT, pAKT)/磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, pERK) 增殖信号并激活半胱天冬酶-3 (Caspase-3) 凋亡通路, 其疗效优于卡博替尼-依维莫司联合方案[28]。
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 是发生在结肠或直肠黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤, 约95%为腺癌, 是癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。2011年, Sato等[15]基于富含Wnt信号通路的Matrigel环境, 首次实现了源自人类正常结肠、结肠腺瘤以及Barrett食管上皮组织的类器官的长期体外扩增和三维培养。
结直肠癌类器官的成功建立为结直肠癌患者的临床治疗提供了新的工具, 研究团队利用转移性结直肠癌患者的肿瘤组织建立了PDOs, 并在体外测试了这些患者实际接受过的多种治疗方案, 发现PDOs在体外对药物的预测敏感性和预测耐药性的准确率分别达到88%和100%, 且建立PDOs并进行药物测试所需时间更短[29], 这一研究表明类器官模型可以在患者治疗失败前指导后续治疗的选择, 实现真正的个体化治疗。
PDOs的建模效率与生物学特征具有显著的癌种特异性, 不同原发性肿瘤在PDOs构建成功率、体外生长特性及病理特征保留度等方面均存在较大差异(表1[14, 15, 20, 22-29])。
传统的肿瘤组织库主要储存冷冻组织或石蜡切片, 仅能用于静态的遗传学分析, 而类器官技术使得建立“活体生物样本库”成为可能。与传统的细胞系相比, 活体类器官样本库能够覆盖更广泛的患者群体, 包括难以在二维条件下培养的低频突变亚型。van de Wetering[30]建立的包含20例结直肠癌患者的类器官库, 涵盖了所有主要分子亚型, 还通过高通量测序, 揭示了基因型与药物反应之间的相关性。类器官技术为挖掘肿瘤生物标志物、开展个性化药物筛选及探索“临床试验替身”应用提供了重要的资源和平台[22]。
在肿瘤建模方面, Broutier等[31]建立了人原发性肝癌患者来源类器官(primary liver cancer patient-derived organoids, PLC-PDOs) 长期培养体系。该模型成功保留原发肿瘤的组织结构、基因组特征及分子分型, 并证明其能再现肿瘤异质性与克隆演化。有研究提出了两种用于培养黑色素瘤患者来源类器官(melanoma patient-derived organoids, MPDOs) 的方法。将解离的黑色素瘤组织分别包埋于Matrigel或胶原凝胶中, 所得MPDOs展现出肿瘤间异质性, 并包含多种免疫细胞[32]。2025年2月, 毛颖团队[33]报道了一款新型的个体化患者肿瘤类器官(individualized patient tumor organoids, IPTO) 模型, 研究团队将患者来源的肿瘤组织植入由诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) 建立的脑类器官(brain organoids) 囊中, 成功模拟了肿瘤细胞在体内环境中的生长与侵袭。通过这一方法, 建立了包含326例脑肿瘤类器官库, 涵盖了48种脑部肿瘤类型, 实验结果也表明此IPTO技术成功达到了预测性临床前模型的标准, 可以用于临床实践。
通过建立肿瘤类器官与癌症相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts, CAFs) 的共培养体系, 研究者揭示了基质细胞亚群在维持肿瘤干性和促进化疗耐药中的关键作用。在胰腺癌类器官模型中鉴定了两种功能截然不同的CAF亚群, 分别负责炎症诱导和基质沉积, 这一发现仅靠传统模型难以实现[34]。此外, 利用微流控芯片技术构建的“类器官-芯片”模型, 能够重现肿瘤细胞穿透血管壁进入循环系统(内渗) 以及在远端器官定植(外渗) 的动态过程, 为阻断癌症转移提供了新的机制解释[35]。
在发病机制的分子层面, 通过CRISPR/Cas9技术在正常人类肠道类器官中逐步引入结直肠癌的关键驱动突变(包括APC、KRAS和TP53等), 研究发现正常肠干细胞的活性依赖于Wnt信号, 然而在引入APC突变后, 类器官即使在没有外源Wnt配体的情况下仍可长期增殖。进一步实验证实, APC功能的缺失导致β-catenin异常积累, 从而驱动细胞发生自主性增殖, 并打破了对隐窝基底生态位的依赖。该团队在类器官模型中重现癌变过程中干细胞生态位依赖性的动态演变, 揭示APC突变是结直肠癌脱离微环境调控的关键起始性事件[36]。
类器官通过高度模拟患者肿瘤的生物学特征, 极大提升了高通量药物筛选效率。研究者对胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) 类器官进行大规模药物筛选, 经过超76种包括化疗药物、靶向药等药物测试, 结果显示类器官模型在体外药敏测试中能够高度预测患者的临床反应, 为利用类器官实现个体化癌症治疗提供了有力的实验支持[37]。基于HER2突变肺腺癌类器官和PDX模型的药效研究发现, 吡咯替尼在体外及小鼠体内均显著抑制肿瘤生长, 其效果优于阿法替尼。这一结论随后在II期临床试验中得到验证: 在携带HER2 exon20插入突变的非小细胞肺癌患者中, 吡咯替尼治疗的客观缓解率达到53.3%, 中位无进展生存期约为6.4个月[38]。利用人源类器官进行毒性筛查(特别是肝毒性、肾毒性和心脏毒性) 已成为新趋势。如Shinozawa等[39]开发的高通量肝类器官筛选系统, 其预测DILI的敏感性显著优于传统二维肝细胞模型。
随着抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugate, ADC) 等新型疗法的兴起, 类器官也成为了评价其特异性杀伤效果的理想模型。不同于小分子药物, ADC药物依赖于抗原结合、内吞及溶酶体释放毒素等一系列复杂过程。三维肿瘤模型, 比如类器官与共培养体系, 不仅保留了肿瘤表面抗原的表达水平, 还重建了细胞间的紧密接触, 能够真实反映ADC药物在三维组织中的穿透能力和“旁观者效应”(bystander effect), 为优化新一代药物设计提供了转化医学依据[40]。
肿瘤类器官模型在体外评估免疫治疗中的作用日益凸显, 其通过模拟肿瘤免疫微环境, 为免疫治疗机制研究、疗效预测及联合策略优化提供了一个新型平台。2018年, Dijkstra等[41]通过共培养患者外周血淋巴细胞(peripheral blood lymphocytes, PBLs) 与自体肿瘤类器官, 成功扩增出肿瘤反应性T细胞, 这类T细胞可高效杀伤自体来源的肿瘤类器官, 其在体外的反应能力能够准确预测患者对PD-1抑制剂治疗的临床响应, 准确率达88.9%, 从而为个体化免疫治疗筛选提供了新方法。卵巢癌类器官与特异性嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, CAR-T) 共培养的模型, 结合活细胞成像、共聚焦显微镜和高内涵分析等技术, 在三维条件下实时定量评估了CAR-T细胞对类器官的识别、浸润及杀伤效果, 并同步分析了肿瘤细胞与T细胞释放的细胞因子谱。研究者还运用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除类器官中的特定抗原或免疫检查点分子(如PD-L1), 从而研究这些因子对CAR-T细胞疗效的影响[42]。此外, Koh等[43]利用胃癌类器官与免疫细胞共培养研究了髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) 的免疫抑制功能, 发现PD-L1在胃癌中受mTOR信号通路调控。
综上可见, 肿瘤类器官技术为肿瘤微环境模拟、高通量药物筛选、患者特异性治疗指导提供了可靠的模型平台, 也为使用基因编辑、器官芯片与组学分析等新兴技术开展肿瘤研究开辟了新路径, 展现出巨大的科研与临床应用潜力(图3)。
肿瘤类器官在模拟肿瘤生物学和推动个性化医疗方面前景广阔, 但目前仍有一些关键性的问题需要解决。第一, 类器官的建立、维护及传代过程成本高昂且操作繁复, 目前缺乏统一的标准化培养流程, 不同实验室间在Matrigel成分、培养基配方等方面的差异, 导致结果的可重复性与模型间的可对比性较差。第二, 类器官模型的生物学保真度在长期培养中面临考验。体外培养可能导致基因组不稳定性积累与克隆漂变, 减弱了模型对亲代肿瘤的遗传代表性, 从而降低了建立大规模“活体生物样本库”的实际临床参考意义; 且类器官构建依赖于一次性的活检样本, 难以实现对肿瘤在治疗过程中的动态演变与耐药发生的实时监测。第三, 取样偏差导致模型难以全面反映肿瘤的高度异质性。活检样本往往仅代表原发肿瘤的局部区域, 且体外培养可能富集特定的优势亚克隆, 导致模型丢失了原有的空间异质性及关键的微小亚克隆, 其可靠性仍待验证。第四, 现有的培养体系无法充分模拟患者特异性的肿瘤微环境, 尤其是缺乏免疫细胞、功能性血管网络及明确的ECM相互作用, 严重限制了其在免疫治疗及抗血管生成药物评估中的应用价值。最后, 不同瘤种的培养成功率差异显著, 对于预测性药敏结果与患者实际临床获益之间的确切关联仍需大规模前瞻性临床试验确证, 且样本采集与使用过程中的伦理问题也不容忽视。未来研究需聚焦于突破上述局限, 以推动类器官技术真正成为“患者特异性”的癌症研究与治疗工具。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1402
  • 接收时间:2025-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-25
  • 修回日期:2026-04-03
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    中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 消化健康全国重点实验室, 创新药临床前研发药代-药效关键技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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