Article(id=1308842472076313078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772899200000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-08, revisedDate=1779984000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981962460, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981962460, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981962460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981962460, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2897, endPage=2913, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842472260862455, articleId=1308842472076313078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in synthetic biology of plant-derived bioactive sesquiterpenoids, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sesquiterpenoids are a class of terpenoids composed of 15 carbon atoms, with a basic framework formed by three C5 isoprene units. They exhibit diverse skeletal structures and an exceptionally rich variety of types. These compounds are widely distributed in plants and serve as bioactive metabolites in diverse medicinal species, demonstrating various pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. The elucidation of biosynthetic pathways, their heterologous reconstruction, and the sustainable production of bioactive sesquiterpenoids have emerged as research focal points. In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the field of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Based on an overview of their biosynthetic pathways, this review provides a comprehensive progress in synthetic biology research on sesquiterpenoids derived from medicinal plants. This review summarizes the status of the heterologous biosynthesis of representative plant-derived sesquiterpenoids, and discusses the major bottlenecks along with their corresponding optimization strategies and future perspectives.

, authors=Xuan JIN1, Hao-yi LIU2, Jun-gui DAI2, *, Jun YIN1, *, Ke-bo XIE2, *, authorsList=Xuan JIN, Hao-yi LIU, Jun-gui DAI, Jun YIN, Ke-bo XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun-gui DAI, Jun YIN, Ke-bo XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842473993110026, articleId=1308842472076313078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=植物倍半萜类活性成分的合成生物学研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

倍半萜是一类由15个碳原子构成、以3个C5异戊二烯单元为基本母核的萜类化合物, 其骨架类型多样, 种类极为丰富。倍半萜类化合物在植物中分布广泛, 是一些药用植物的主要活性成分, 具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎等多种药理活性。药用植物中倍半萜类活性成分生源途径解析、途径异源重建及高效生物合成等已逐步成为研究热点。近些年来, 倍半萜类化合物的生物合成研究取得了诸多进展。本文在概述倍半萜类化合物生物合成的基础上, 对药用植物来源的倍半萜类活性成分的合成生物学研究进展进行了综述。介绍了药用植物中代表性倍半萜类化合物异源生物合成现状, 对目前倍半萜生物合成所面临的瓶颈问题及相应的优化策略进行了讨论和展望。

, authors=金玄1, 刘昊祎2, 戴均贵2, *, 殷军1, *, 解可波2, *, authorsList=金玄, 刘昊祎, 戴均贵, 殷军, 解可波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戴均贵, 殷军, 解可波, authorNote=

作者贡献:

金玄负责文献资料收集和综述撰写; 刘昊祎负责文献资料收集; 殷军、戴均贵负责文章指导与修改; 解可波负责指导文章立题与修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
戴均贵, E-mail:
殷军, E-mail:
解可波, E-mail:
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Compound nameCell chassisProduction /g·L-1Ref.
α-FarneseneHansenula polymorpha14.7[58]
β-CaryophylleneSaccharomyces cerevisiae21.4[71]
α-HumuleneYarrowia lipolytica3.2[85]
β-ElemeneEscherichia coli31.2[94]
Artemisinic acidS. cerevisiae25.[104]
FarnesolSerratia marcescens1.78[138]
NerolidolS. marcescens70.5[142]
SantalolS. cerevisiae10.4[151]
Santalol (α/β = 35.7%/17.8)S. cerevisiae1.3[150]
PatchoulolRhodotorula toruloides1.31[157]
), ArticleFig(id=1308842481287004743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842472076313078, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Representative synthetic biology achievements of sesquiterpenoids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound nameCell chassisProduction /g·L-1Ref.
α-FarneseneHansenula polymorpha14.7[58]
β-CaryophylleneSaccharomyces cerevisiae21.4[71]
α-HumuleneYarrowia lipolytica3.2[85]
β-ElemeneEscherichia coli31.2[94]
Artemisinic acidS. cerevisiae25.[104]
FarnesolSerratia marcescens1.78[138]
NerolidolS. marcescens70.5[142]
SantalolS. cerevisiae10.4[151]
Santalol (α/β = 35.7%/17.8)S. cerevisiae1.3[150]
PatchoulolRhodotorula toruloides1.31[157]
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金玄 1 , 刘昊祎 2 , 戴均贵 2, * , 殷军 1, * , 解可波 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(8): 2897-2913
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (8) : 2897 -2913
植物倍半萜类活性成分的合成生物学研究进展
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金玄1, 刘昊祎2, 戴均贵2, * , 殷军1, * , 解可波2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳药科大学中药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 中国医学科学院酶与天然药物生物催化重点实验室, 国家卫生健康委员会天然药物生物合成重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
戴均贵, E-mail:
殷军, E-mail:
解可波, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

金玄负责文献资料收集和综述撰写; 刘昊祎负责文献资料收集; 殷军、戴均贵负责文章指导与修改; 解可波负责指导文章立题与修改。

Advances in synthetic biology of plant-derived bioactive sesquiterpenoids
Xuan JIN1, Hao-yi LIU2, Jun-gui DAI2, * , Jun YIN1, * , Ke-bo XIE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzymes and Natural Drug Biocatalysis, NHC Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Biosynthesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0229
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倍半萜是一类由15个碳原子构成、以3个C5异戊二烯单元为基本母核的萜类化合物, 其骨架类型多样, 种类极为丰富。倍半萜类化合物在植物中分布广泛, 是一些药用植物的主要活性成分, 具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎等多种药理活性。药用植物中倍半萜类活性成分生源途径解析、途径异源重建及高效生物合成等已逐步成为研究热点。近些年来, 倍半萜类化合物的生物合成研究取得了诸多进展。本文在概述倍半萜类化合物生物合成的基础上, 对药用植物来源的倍半萜类活性成分的合成生物学研究进展进行了综述。介绍了药用植物中代表性倍半萜类化合物异源生物合成现状, 对目前倍半萜生物合成所面临的瓶颈问题及相应的优化策略进行了讨论和展望。

倍半萜  /  合成生物学  /  生物合成途径  /  细胞工厂  /  产量提升

Sesquiterpenoids are a class of terpenoids composed of 15 carbon atoms, with a basic framework formed by three C5 isoprene units. They exhibit diverse skeletal structures and an exceptionally rich variety of types. These compounds are widely distributed in plants and serve as bioactive metabolites in diverse medicinal species, demonstrating various pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. The elucidation of biosynthetic pathways, their heterologous reconstruction, and the sustainable production of bioactive sesquiterpenoids have emerged as research focal points. In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the field of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Based on an overview of their biosynthetic pathways, this review provides a comprehensive progress in synthetic biology research on sesquiterpenoids derived from medicinal plants. This review summarizes the status of the heterologous biosynthesis of representative plant-derived sesquiterpenoids, and discusses the major bottlenecks along with their corresponding optimization strategies and future perspectives.

sesquiterpenoid  /  synthetic biology  /  biosynthetic pathway  /  cell factory  /  enhanced production
金玄, 刘昊祎, 戴均贵, 殷军, 解可波. 植物倍半萜类活性成分的合成生物学研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2897 -2913 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0229
Xuan JIN, Hao-yi LIU, Jun-gui DAI, Jun YIN, Ke-bo XIE. Advances in synthetic biology of plant-derived bioactive sesquiterpenoids[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2897 -2913 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0229
萜类是自然界中广泛存在的一类结构多样的天然产物, 目前已报道的萜类化合物有8万余种, 包括单萜类、倍半萜类、二萜类、二倍半萜类、三萜类、四萜类及多萜类等[1]。其中倍半萜是萜类化合物中数量庞大、结构骨架十分丰富的一类。根据碳环数不同, 倍半萜可以分为链状、单环型、双环型、三环型和四环型等类型; 根据构成环的碳原子数不同, 又可分为五元环、六元环和七元环等类型; 还可以根据含氧基团的不同分为倍半萜烯、倍半萜内酯、倍半萜醇等(图1)。除了结构类型复杂多样, 植物来源的倍半萜类化合物还具有多种多样的药理活性, 如抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗神经毒性、抗病毒、保肝等[2-6]。因此, 倍半萜类化合物一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注。
倍半萜广泛存在于植物中, 是多种药用植物的主要活性成分。例如, 来源于菊科药用植物黄花蒿(Artemisia annua) 的倍半萜类化合物青蒿素是一种高效的抗疟疾药物[2]; 同科植物天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrate) 中的倍半萜雪莲内酯则以其抗炎和抗风湿活性著称[3]; 唇形科植物中的倍半萜类化合物广藿香醇具有调节胃肠功能和抗菌作用[4]; 姜科的姜黄(Curcuma longa) 和莪术(Curcumae Rhizoma) 中分别含有姜黄新酮和莪术烯等倍半萜类成分, 在抗炎与抗肿瘤方面发挥重要作用[5, 6]。倍半萜类化合物丰富多样的药理活性使其在天然药物开发与新药研究中具有不可代替的重要地位。然而药用植物中的倍半萜类活性成分大多天然含量较低, 同时因多种结构类似物的存在, 导致分离纯化难度大、回收率低。不仅如此, 倍半萜类活性成分的积累常具有组织和生长阶段特异性, 受环境影响大, 难以实现提取工艺的标准化[7]。这些因素制约着植物来源倍半萜类活性成分的深度开发与应用。
近年来, 倍半萜类化合物因其在医药、食品和化妆品等领域的应用价值日益凸显, 其可持续性生产供给已成为备受关注的研究焦点。合成生物学的发展为这类分子的可持续性供给提供了新思路。相较于传统的植物提取与化学合成, 生物合成具有高效、绿色的优势, 依靠高度专一性的酶催化, 能够生成具有特定立体构型的目标产物。同时生物合成反应条件温和, 避免了剧烈反应条件和重金属催化剂等带来的高能耗与环境污染问题, 符合绿色制造理念。因此, 利用生物合成策略, 在底盘细胞中异源重构倍半萜类化合物的合成途径, 能够实现目标分子的高效与专一性生产, 展现出巨大的应用潜力。
倍半萜类结构类型多样, 其生物合成路径也各有特点, 本文首先概述了倍半萜类化合物的前体生物合成过程, 随后分别介绍了倍半萜烯、倍半萜内酯、倍半萜醇中代表性倍半萜类化合物的合成生物学研究进展, 以期为该领域的研究提供参考。
虽然植物中的萜类化合物结构类型多样, 但其生物合成均起始于两个通用C5单元异戊烯基焦磷酸(isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP) 和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DMAPP)[8]。在植物体内IPP和DMAPP来源于两条平行的途径, 分别是由3个乙酰辅酶A (acetyl-CoA) 起始的甲羟戊酸(mevalonate, MVA) 途径以及由丙酮酸(pyruvate) 和3-磷酸甘油醛(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) 起始的甲基赤藓醇磷酸(methylerythritol phosphate, MEP) 途径(图2)。二者在不同生物的细胞器中分布不同。MVA途径主要存在于植物细胞质和内质网中[9]; MEP途径主要存在于植物细胞质体内[10]。在植物体内, 一分子的DMAPP和不同数目的IPP在异戊烯基转移酶的作用下生成不同的萜类前体, 随后在各种萜类合酶的作用下生成不同的萜类骨架[11]。其中倍半萜前体法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPP) 在倍半萜合酶(sesquiterpene synthase, STS) 的催化下生成倍半萜骨架, 然后在多种后修饰酶的催化下生成不同类型的倍半萜。按照倍半萜生物合成过程的先后顺序, 以下将分别从通用前体的生物合成、骨架形成及后修饰三个阶段进行介绍。
倍半萜的骨架是由倍半萜合酶催化前体FPP形成的, 大部分植物中的倍半萜前体FPP是通过MVA途径形成的。该途径在20世纪50年代末被基本阐明, 这一里程碑式的工作主要由诺贝尔奖得主Feodor Lynen和Konrad Bloch完成[12]。MVA途径始于乙酰辅酶A, 通过克莱森缩合反应生成乙酰乙酰辅酶A (acetoacetyl-CoA)。随后, 在HMG-CoA合酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, HMGS) 的催化下, 通过醛醇缩合反应引入另一分子乙酰辅酶A, 生成3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, HMG-CoA), HMG-CoA在HMG-CoA还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, HMGR) 的催化下, 被还原生成该途径的标志性中间体MVA[13, 14]。随后, MVA以腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 为磷酸基团供体, 进行连续磷酸化, 即在甲羟戊酸激酶(mevalonate kinase, MVK) 的催化下生成5-磷酸甲羟戊酸后, 由磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(phosphomevalonate kinase, PMK) 催化, 生成5-焦磷酸甲羟戊酸(mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate, MVAPP)[15]。MVAPP在甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶(mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, MVD) 的催化下, 经历脱羧与脱水反应, 生成具有典型异戊二烯C5-甲基支链碳骨架结构的IPP[16]。随后在异戊烯基二磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, IDI) 的催化下, IPP可逆地转化为DMAPP[17]。DMAPP按照头对尾的方式与另一分子IPP生成牻牛儿基焦磷酸(geranyl pyrophosphate, GPP), GPP再按照头对尾的方式与另一分子IPP缩合成倍半萜合成的前体(E, E)-FPP[18]。在MVA途径中, HMGR是限速酶, 过表达HMGR基因有助于强化MVA途径从而提高FPP的产量[19, 20]。
倍半萜合酶是催化倍半萜类化合物骨架合成的关键酶, 根据结构和反应机制的不同, 倍半萜合酶被分为两类: Class I和Class Ⅱ[21]。植物中的倍半萜类化合物主要是由含有两个高度保守基序(DDXXD和NSE/DTE) 的I型倍半萜合酶催化而形成的[22]。二价金属离子作为辅因子结合于I型倍半萜合酶活性中心的两个高度保守基序上, 进而通过配位作用与底物的二磷酸单元结合, 随后催化二磷酸基团的解离从而启动反应[23]。FPP的磷酸基团离去, 生成烯丙基碳正离子中间体, 随后碳正离子驱动环化反应。烯丙基碳正离子具有高反应活性, 可发生多种环化反应, 包括1, 10-环化、1, 11-环化、1, 6-环化和1, 7-环化等, 不同的环化方式决定了倍半萜的骨架结构多样性(图3)[24]。接着碳正离子中间体在酶的催化下发生去质子化和再质子化过程, 酶的活性位点像模具一样, 精确控制着重排的路径和立体化学, 确保生成特定构型的单一产物。最后经过一系列环化、质子转移和重排反应后, 碳正离子中间体最终通过去质子化或水化作用终止反应, 生成倍半萜骨架[25]。产物随后从酶的活性腔释放, 进入细胞内的代谢途径或被分泌到细胞外。不同物种的倍半萜合酶通过微调关键位点的氨基酸残基, 可实现对FPP的选择性催化, 产生不同的骨架类型[26]。这一机制不仅揭示了倍半萜类化合物的结构多样性, 也为通过蛋白质工程对倍半萜合酶进行定向改造提供了理论基础。
倍半萜骨架合成后, 一般还需经历一系列后修饰反应, 才能形成具有生物活性的终产物。这些后修饰酶包括细胞色素P450氧化酶(cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP450s)、甲基转移酶(methyltransferases, MTs)、酰基转移酶(acyltransferases, ATs) 以及糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferases, GTs) 等, 它们通过羟基化、环氧化、甲基化、酰基化以及糖基化等反应, 造就了倍半萜的结构与生物活性的多样性[27, 28]。
CYP450s是倍半萜后修饰酶中功能最为广泛的一类酶, 这类酶需依赖氧化还原伴侣蛋白, 主要催化碳原子上的氧化反应[29]。其最常见的修饰方式是在惰性C-H键中引入羟基, 从而改变化合物的极性、溶解性及生物活性, 并为下一步修饰提供反应位点。例如, 在青蒿素生物合成途径中, 青蒿酸的C11位羟基化正是由CYP450氧化酶(CYP71AV1) 催化完成, 该步骤为后续过氧桥环结构的形成奠定基础[30]。CYP450s还可以催化环氧化反应, 在双键上引入环氧基团, 影响分子构象与生物活性[31]。此外, 部分CYP450s还具有脱氢、脱甲基等多功能催化活性, 进一步拓展了倍半萜的结构与功能多样性[32, 33]。
MTs在倍半萜类化合物的后修饰中主要负责催化甲基由S-腺苷甲硫氨酸向羟基、羧基或氨基等官能团的特异性转移, 从而调节化合物的脂溶性、稳定性及生物活性[34]。甲基化反应用疏水的甲氧基取代亲水的羟基, 减少了分子形成氢键的能力, 来增强倍半萜的脂溶性, 使其在生物膜中的穿透性增强。甲基化还能通过空间位阻与电子效应保护活性基团免受降解, 从而延长化合物的半衰期与作用时效[35]。
除此之外, 倍半萜后修饰还涉及ATs、GTs等多种酶类, 这些酶与CYP450s、MTs协同作用, 形成复杂的修饰网络。不同修饰酶的组合作用, 共同塑造了倍半萜化合物的结构多样性与功能特异性[36]。深入研究这些后修饰酶的催化机制与功能, 不仅有助于系统揭示倍半萜生物合成的分子调控网络与物种进化规律, 也可以为重构倍半萜代谢途径、高效生产结构新颖、活性优异的倍半萜衍生物提供理论依据与技术支撑。
在过去数十年间, 研究者对倍半萜类化合物生物合成相关基因开展了大量的解析工作, 其上游生物合成途径的分子机制已基本明确。当前, 药用天然产物合成生物学的研究重点之一是借助微生物细胞作为异源底盘, 导入目标化合物的生物合成基因元件, 构建全合成或半合成的工程菌株。在此基础上, 通过基因工程与代谢工程技术进行多维度优化, 如增加关键基因拷贝数、采用强启动子等方法, 增强外源酶在宿主中的表达水平, 提升目标产物的产量。与此同时, 还可以对关键酶的活性中心进行改造, 提升其催化效率与底物特异性[37]。在工程菌株优化方面, 针对代谢瓶颈, 可调控代谢流分布来提升产能、增强前体底物的生物合成供应, 同时阻断支路代谢[38]。例如, 过表达MEP途径中的限速酶1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶(1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, DXS) 和1-脱氧-D-木酮糖5-磷酸还原异构酶(1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, DXR), 可以加强IPP和DMAPP的供应, 从而使前体FPP的产量增加[39]。在发酵工艺优化层面, 通过模块化构建与适配性筛选, 结合发酵过程中碳源供给与环境参数调控等策略, 可实现细胞工厂整体产能的提升[40]。
在底盘细胞选择方面, 除了大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) 和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 等传统微生物外, 研究者们也在不断挖掘新型生物合成底盘, 比如Li等[41]在莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) 中异源表达并环萜烯合酶(penA), 并强化MEP途径, 成功实现了并环萜烯的高效合成。通过共表达MEP途径的关键酶(DXS、HDR、IDI), 使工程菌株产量达到2.86 mg·L-1, 为利用微藻生产高价值倍半萜提供了新策略。Lin等[42]以链霉菌属菌株Streptomyces albus J1074和Streptomyces avermitilis SUKA22为底盘, 通过优化MEP途径和整合CYP450s, 在摇瓶培养中实现了四种萜类化合物的高水平生产: (-)-epi-α-bisabolol产量达237 ± 14 mg·L-1, ent-(13Z)-isocupressic acid为173 ± 14 mg·L-1, ent-(13E)-isocupressic acid可达209 ± 20 mg·L-1, ent-atiserenoic acid为325 ± 17 mg·L-1。新型微生物底盘的开发不仅拓展了宿主选择范围, 也通过发挥其特殊代谢能力、环境适应性与调控特性, 为倍半萜类化合物的高效、稳定合成提供更具适配性的细胞工厂。
大肠杆菌以其生长快速、发酵工艺成熟及遗传操作简便等优势, 在倍半萜烯生产中占据重要地位, 但大肠杆菌无法高效表达植物来源的CYP450酶, 导致该类微生物底盘难以用于生产具有氧化修饰的倍半萜类产物。酵母的真核翻译系统可功能性表达植物来源的CYP450酶, 从而可催化倍半萜骨架的多步氧化反应, 是目前倍半萜醇和倍半萜内酯生物合成的理想微生物底盘, 但同时存在代谢效率受限、底物利用范围窄、对高浓度产物耐受性低等缺陷。莱茵衣藻能以CO2为唯一碳源进行倍半萜的生物合成, 然而由于光生物反应器放大工艺尚不成熟, 整体产量极低, 仅达到毫克级别; 链霉菌具有丰富的次级代谢基因簇且自身具有较完备的转录后修饰系统, 在新型倍半萜挖掘与复杂氧化产物生产中展现出日益突出的价值, 但存在不易培养、生长缓慢、遗传操作困难等问题, 其复杂的代谢背景还会使目标产物的分离变得困难。总之, 各种微生物底盘各有所长, 可根据目标产物的结构复杂度、生产规模及绿色制造需求等进行灵活选择。
此外, 在单一宿主细胞内重构包含多基因元件的生物合成途径时, 常面临基因元件之间及与底盘细胞适配性不佳、工程菌代谢负荷过高等挑战, 这些因素会抑制细胞生长, 进而影响目标产物的积累。针对以上问题, 有研究者提出了“微生物共培养”策略, 将完整的生物合成途径拆分为两个或多个模块, 分别导入不同宿主中构建工程菌株, 再通过共培养发酵实现目标产物的高效合成[43]。
基于以上策略, 以倍半萜烯、倍半萜内酯以及倍半萜醇等为代表的倍半萜类化合物在生物合成途径解析、异源重建、细胞工厂优化及高效生物合成方面取得了很大进展。
倍半萜烯是指仅含碳氢元素、不含氧等其他官能团的倍半萜类化合物, 由三个异戊二烯单元构成, 主要代表成分有α-法尼烯(α-farnesene, 1)、β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene, 2)、α-蛇麻烯(α-humulene, 3) 及β-榄香烯(β-elemene, 4) 等(图4)[44]。值得注意的是, 倍半萜烯与倍半萜含氧化合物共同构成了结构多样的倍半萜家族, 两者在生物合成上具有紧密的连续性。多数倍半萜烯烃可通过CYP450s等修饰酶的作用, 进一步被羟基化、环氧化, 从而转化为相应的含氧倍半萜类化合物, 因此倍半萜烯常被视为生物合成途径中的关键中间体或前体分子。
法尼烯(1) 是一种具有线性骨架的倍半萜, 最早在苹果皮中被发现, 主要有α、β两种异构体[45]。α-法尼烯的四个双键的位置分别在C1、C3、C6以及C10位上, 形成π-π共轭体系, 化学性质上更活泼, 更容易发生氧化反应。β-法尼烯的四个双键的位置分别在C1、C6、C10以及C13位上, 其中碳主链上的双键被两个以上的单键隔开, 属于孤立双键, 化学性质相对更稳定。通过加氢反应, 将β-法尼烯的四个不饱和的双键全部转化为单键, 即可得到法尼烷[46]。法尼烷具有优异的燃烧性能和低温流动性, 可作为航空生物燃料的直接前体, 或制备可再生柴油[47, 48]。在医药方面, 使用法尼烯作为前体合成维生素E, 仅需3步化学反应就可以得到异植物醇, 极大地缩短了维生素E的合成步骤[49]。β-法尼烯还可作为角鲨烯半生物合成的起始原料[50]。在农业上, β-法尼烯是多种蚜虫报警信息素的主要成分, 当蚜虫遭遇天敌攻击时释放β-法尼烯, 警告周围的同类迅速逃离[51]。在田间缓释β-法尼烯, 能有效降低豆蚜、桃蚜等对作物的危害, 可以用于新型农药的创制。
前体FPP在法尼烯合酶(farnesene synthase) 的作用下转化为法尼烯, 当前已经从多种植物中发现了法尼烯合酶, 如胡椒薄荷(Mentha × piperita)、黄花蒿(A. annua)、香橙(Citrus junos)、大豆(Glycine max) 等[52-55]。目前多通过基因改造微生物来构建法尼烯合成细胞工厂, 在不同的微生物宿主中均实现了法尼烯的高效生产。Wang等[56]筛选出黄花蒿来源的高活性法尼烯合酶(AaBFS), 并在蛋白结构指导下进行了酶工程改造, 设计出多个高效突变体, 其中在酿酒酵母底盘细胞中突变体AaBFSL326I可以将β-法尼烯产量由0.45 g·L-1提升至3.88 g·L-1。Gu等[57]使用巴斯德毕赤酵母(Komagataella phaffii) 作为底盘细胞, 分步过表达MVA途径的关键酶, 构建了基础工程菌株cfn3, 并通过适应性进化策略(adaptive laboratory evolution) 筛选出了对甲醇耐受的菌株evo13-4。进一步使用常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and room temperature plasma, ARTP) 诱变技术, 轰击evo13-4菌株, 经高通量筛选后, 得到高产菌株ccg3-8。最终ccg3-8在以甲醇为单一碳源的5 L生物反应器中进行补料分批培养时, α-法尼烯的产量达到了3.28 g·L-1。Li等[58]对多形汉逊酵母(Hansenula polymorpha) 进行改造, 构建了能够高产脂肪酸的工程菌株M16, 多形汉逊酵母自身能够将脂肪酸转化为乙酰辅酶A, 为MVA途径提供底物。同时过表达截短型tHMGR编码基因、引入NADH依赖型SpHMGR编码基因, 进一步强化了MVA途径。接着构建黄花蒿来源的法尼基焦磷酸合酶AaFS与酵母内源法尼基焦磷酸合酶ERG20的融合表达体系, 最终在5 L生物反应器中, β-法尼烯的产量达到14.7 g·L-1。
当前法尼烯在酿酒酵母、多形汉逊酵母等宿主中的产量已取得突破, 但在大肠杆菌等宿主中仍存在异源途径引入后生长受限等问题。未来, 一方面可深入挖掘新型高效功能酶与基因调控元件; 另一方面可拓展甲醇等经济碳源的应用, 降低生产成本, 同时推动发酵技术工业化, 助力法尼烯在医药、农药、生物燃料等领域的规模化应用。
β-石竹烯(2) 是一类具有广泛应用价值的双环倍半萜类化合物, 主要来源于啤酒花(Humulus lupulus)、黑胡椒(Piper nigrum) 以及丁香(Syzygium aromaticum) 等香料植物, 常被应用于食品和化妆品工业, 作为调味剂和香料使用[59-64]。同时, 有研究表明β-石竹烯对慢性疼痛、神经系统疾病及癌症等具有潜在的治疗功效[65-67]。
FPP在石竹烯合酶(β-caryophyllene synthase, CPS) 的作用下转化为β-石竹烯, 目前已在多种植物中发现并验证了石竹烯合酶的功能, 包括玉米(Zea mays)、黄花蒿等[68, 69]。当前β-石竹烯生物合成的研究主要聚焦于原核与真核微生物宿主的代谢工程改造。原核宿主中, Cheng等[70]构建了一种工程化的大肠杆菌CAR2, 将MVA通路的下游基因整合导入大肠杆菌染色体, 成功将β-石竹烯的产量提升至100.3 mg·L-1。后续利用分批补料发酵, β-石竹烯的最高产量达4.3 g·L-1, 进一步采用原位萃取发酵, 又将β-石竹烯的产量提高20%, 最终产量达到5.1 g·L-1。真核宿主中, 酿酒酵母底盘细胞的改造成效显著, Zhang等[71]在酿酒酵母中表达了来自黄花蒿的石竹烯合酶QHS1。通过表达酵母内源法尼基焦磷酸合酶ERG20以及减少FPP流向竞争支路固醇途径, 建立起从乙酰辅酶A到石竹烯的生物合成通路。利用细胞自身的葡萄糖感应机制动态调节菌株代谢, 筛选出最优菌株Ca40xCa08, 最后通过优化补料策略和发酵条件在5 L生物反应器中β-石竹烯产量达21.4 g·L-1。Cheng等[72]以巴斯德毕赤酵母作为底盘细胞, 通过导入黄花蒿来源的β-石竹烯合成酶AaCPS来合成β-石竹烯。为了提高催化效率, 将AaCPS和ERG20进行了融合表达, 并对MVA途径进行了系统强化, 构建了高产β-石竹烯的工程菌株AaCPS16, 摇瓶产量可达136.4 mg·L-1。Park等[73]通过在解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica) 中过表达酿酒酵母来源的tHMG1基因来增强MVA途径, 同时导入密码子优化的石竹烯合酶QHS1, 构建了工程菌S610, 在5 L生物反应器中分批发酵产量达798.1 mg·L-1。目前, 酿酒酵母中β-石竹烯的产量高于其他宿主, 是合成石竹烯较为成熟的细胞工厂。
α-蛇麻烯(3) 是一类具有独特香气的倍半萜类化合物, 在植物中分布较广, 如马鞭草(Verbena officinalis)、啤酒花和大麻(Cannabis sativa) 中均含有α-蛇麻烯[74-76]。α-蛇麻烯具有抗炎、抗菌和胃保护作用等药理活性, 通常通过水蒸气蒸馏、超临界CO2萃取等方式从植物组织中分离提取[77-80]。
FPP可在α-蛇麻烯合酶(Humulene synthase) 的作用下生成α-蛇麻烯。目前已经从红球姜(Zingiber zerumbet)、啤酒花、沉香(Aquilaria malaccensis) 中均发现并鉴定了α-蛇麻烯合酶[81-83]。当前其生物合成研究已取得多项进展, 不仅鉴定了多种高活性倍半萜合酶, 还建立了高效生物合成体系。Gao等[84]从羽叶丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia) 中鉴定出倍半萜合酶TPS8, 与红球姜中的α-蛇麻烯合酶ZZS1同属TPS-a亚家族, 均能催化FPP生成α-蛇麻烯。同时, 在羽叶丁香中鉴定了一个关键酶CYP76S105, 它能够作用于α-蛇麻烯, 通过特定的环氧化反应将其转化为球姜酮生物合成路径中的关键中间体6, 7-环氧球姜酮。在宿主改造方面, Guo等[85]用解脂耶氏酵母过氧化物酶体作为底盘来合成α-蛇麻烯, 获得显著成效。解脂耶氏酵母具有天然的β氧化途径, 可在其过氧化物酶体中通过降解脂肪酸产生乙酰辅酶A, 同时利用过氧化物酶体来作为细胞器隔室进行倍半萜的合成, 也从一定程度上避免了其他竞争路径的干扰。通过基因调控手段增强过氧化物酶体中的β氧化途径、提高底物乙酰辅酶A的供给以及强化MVA途径, 最终工程菌GQ2012在5 L生物反应器中α-蛇麻烯产量达3.2 g·L-1, 为利用过氧化物酶体等细胞器来进行区室化生物合成倍半萜类化合物提供了参考。Zhang等[86]在热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis) 发现了一种细胞质-过氧化物酶体空间组合合成策略, 在细胞质中进行从乙酰辅酶A到MVA的合成, 在过氧化物酶体中实现从MVA到倍半萜类化合物的后续反应, 在特定细胞器中进行反应可以有效提升底物的局部反应浓度, 从而提升α-蛇麻烯的产量。目前α-蛇麻烯在合成路径途径解析以及合成生物学工程化生产均取得了一定的突破, 未来有望实现从植物分离提取向可持续绿色生产的转型。
β-榄香烯(4) 是具有独特芳香气味的单环倍半萜类化合物, 该化合物主要存在于温郁金(Curcuma wenyujin) 中[87]。β-榄香烯具有广谱的抗肿瘤作用, 还具有抗炎、镇痛等功效。以β-榄香烯为主要成分的抗肿瘤药物KH617, 目前正处于Ⅱ期临床研究阶段[88]。同时, β-榄香烯也能作为植物源农药原料发挥驱虫作用, 在医药、农药领域具有重要应用价值[89-91]。
β-榄香烯是由FPP经吉玛烯合酶(germacrene A synthase, GAS) 催化生成吉玛烯A, 再通过自发Cope重排转化而来[92]。Hu等[93]指出植物和微生物来源的吉玛烯合酶催化生成的产物吉玛烯A的立体构型存在差异, 只有植物来源的吉玛烯合酶催化生成的(+)-吉玛烯A经过Cope重排后才能得到活性倍半萜(-)-β-榄香烯。利用来自菊苣(Cichorium intybus) 的吉玛烯合酶CiGAS在酿酒酵母中实现了(+)-吉玛烯A的高效合成, 进一步改造的酵母工程菌中β-榄香烯产量可达1.15 g·L-1。Li等[94]利用正交共价蛋白支架(protein scaffold) 技术, 成功在大肠杆菌中构建了高效的β-榄香烯合成途径。该研究通过SpyTag/SpyCatcher和SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher系统, 将大肠杆菌内源法尼基焦磷酸合酶IspA与吉玛烯合酶进行空间共定位, 将Tag和Catcher分别融合到这两种酶的N端或C端, 使其在细胞内形成共价连接的酶复合物, 将FPP直接从IspA的活性中心传递给吉玛烯合酶, 提高了催化效率且避免了底物竞争。最终大肠杆菌工程菌FS07在1.3 L生物反应器中补料分批发酵, β-榄香烯产量达31.21 g·L-1。黄璐琦等利用酵母生物合成体系开发的以β-榄香烯为主要活性成分的抗肿瘤药物KH617已获得中国NMPA (CXHL25002740) 和美国FDA (NCT05667194) 的临床试验批准, 有望成为我国首个源于植物天然产物的合成生物学新药, 为合成生物学技术应用于新药研发提供了范例。
倍半萜内酯是指含内酯环的倍半萜类化合物, 主要代表分子有青蒿素(artemisinin, 5)、莴苣苦素(lactucin, 6) 以及小白菊内酯(parthenolide, 7) 等(图5)[95]。倍半萜内酯作为药用植物次生代谢产物的重要组分, 广泛存在于菊科、唇形科等植物中, 其生物合成常以倍半萜烯为前体经氧化、内酯化等反应形成, 是天然药物研发的重要资源库。
青蒿素(5) 是具有独特过氧桥结构的倍半萜内酯化合物, 主要存在于黄花蒿的叶片与花穗中, 对氯喹耐药性疟原虫具有显著杀灭作用, 是全球抗疟的一线药物[96]。此外还展现出抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗寄生虫等潜在药理活性, 在医药领域具有重要临床价值[97, 98]。
青蒿素生物合成途径尚未完全解析, 目前其异源生物合成只能到二氢青蒿酸(dihydroartemisinic acid) 或青蒿酸(artemisinic acid), 无法直接产生青蒿素(图6)。FPP在紫穗槐-4, 11-二烯合酶(amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase, ADS) 的作用下, 发生环化反应, 生成青蒿烯(artemisitene) [99]。这是青蒿素生物合成的关键步骤, 决定了青蒿素的倍半萜内酯结构。青蒿烯随后在细胞色素P450酶CYP71AV1的催化下, 经过三步氧化反应, 生成青蒿酸[100]。青蒿酸可以在二氢青蒿酸脱氢酶(dihydroartemisinic acid dehydrogenase, DHAADH) 的作用下, 被还原为二氢青蒿酸[101]。从二氢青蒿酸或青蒿酸到青蒿素的转化涉及一系列复杂的反应, 其具体机制目前尚不明确。当前争议的焦点在于这一转化是仅通过非酶促的光氧化过程完成, 还是需要尚未发现的酶催化参与[102]。
Keasling团队[103, 104]在酿酒酵母中过表达截短型HMGS编码基因及MVA途径关键酶并结合基因组多拷贝整合, 强化前体FPP的供给, 同时利用诱导型启动子CTR3下调竞争途径关键酶ERG9的表达; 通过引入ADS及多基因共表达的氧化体系, 构建了高效的青蒿酸异源合成通路, 青蒿酸产量提升至25 g·L-1以上; 随后通过化学法转化青蒿酸, 获得青蒿素, 基本解决了青蒿素供应短缺的问题。尽管工程酵母已经可以高产青蒿酸, 但是由于从青蒿酸或二氢青蒿酸到青蒿素这一步反应的关键酶尚未明确, 目前在异源系统中还不能实现青蒿素的生物全合成。
莴苣苦素(6) 是一类具有镇痛、抗炎、抗疟疾等药理活性的倍半萜内酯化合物, 主要存在于菊科植物菊苣(Cichorium intybus) 中[105-108]。此外, 还能作为植物源农药发挥驱虫、抑菌作用, 在医药与农业领域都具有应用价值[109]。
目前莴苣苦素生物合成途径尚未完全解析(图7)。推测以FPP为前体, 在吉玛烯合酶的催化下, FPP脱去焦磷酸基团并环化生成吉玛烯A[110]。在菊科植物中, 吉玛烯A的氧化和后续的羟化通常由CYP71BL亚家族介导, CYP71BL可对吉玛烯A的C13位进行三步氧化形成羧基[111]。随后, 在C6羟化酶的作用下引入羟基, 自发或经酶促脱水生成内酯环, 形成倍半萜内酯骨架木香烃内酯(costunolide)[112]。木香烃内酯在kauniolide合成酶(kauniolide synthase) 的催化下可以形成愈创木烷内酯类化合物kauniolide[113]。Cankar等[114]在菊苣中发现了3个莴苣苦素合成酶(lactucin synthase) 分别为CiKLS1、CiKLS2以及CiKLS3, 并通过酵母表达体系确认了其体外催化活性, 该类酶可催化8-脱氧山莴苣素(8-deoxylactucin) 形成莴苣苦素; 同时在体内通过CRISPR/Cas基因组编辑使这些CiKLS的编码基因失活后, 可导致菊苣叶片和根中的莴苣苦素生成大量减少, 并且8-脱氧山莴苣素在主根中积累, 侧面证明了CiKLS的功能。但目前还未发现能将愈创木烷骨架催化成8-脱氧山莴苣素的关键酶。
小白菊内酯(7) 是菊科植物小白菊(Tanacetum parthenium) 中的主要活性成分, 具有抗癌、抗炎、抗利什曼原虫等广泛的药理活性[115-118]。小白菊内酯经三步化学反应即可合成小分子抗癌药物ACT001, 其是一种主要针对胶质母细胞瘤的抗癌药物, 目前已处于Ⅲ期临床研究阶段[119]。
小白菊内酯的生物合成途径目前已被初步解析(图8)。首先FPP在吉玛烯合酶的催化下生成吉玛烯A, 随后被吉玛烯氧化酶(germacrene A oxidase) 连续三步氧化, 生成吉玛烯A酸(germacrene A acid)[120, 121]。吉玛烯A酸可以被木香烃内酯合成酶(costunolide synthase) 进一步催化C6位羟基化, 然后自发环化生成木香烃内酯[122]。最后, 木香烃内酯在小白菊内酯合成酶(parthenolide synthase) 的催化下发生C4-C5位的环氧化反应, 生成小白菊内酯[123]。Yang等[124]采用位置特异性评分矩阵分析小白菊内酯合酶(TpPTS) 的进化序列, 设计并筛选获得了具有更高催化活性的突变体TpPTSY22G。由于TpPTS是一种典型的细胞色素P450单加氧酶, 在其活性位点含有一个血红素分子, 在P450氧化酶的催化反应中起着至关重要的作用。增强酿酒酵母底盘细胞中的血红素合成有助于提高TpPTS的催化活性, 通过在酿酒酵母中过表达血红素合成基因HRD1和HEM2, 可以进一步提升小白菊内酯产量。最终工程化酿酒酵母菌株yYTQ062在5 L生物反应器中小白菊内酯的产量达到了99.71 mg·L-1。Wei等[125]构建高效合成吉玛烯A的酵母底盘菌株, 并在底盘菌株中引入小白菊内酯合成途径, 构建细胞工厂; 通过挖掘菊蒿(Tanacetum vulgare) 来源的脱氢酶TvAdh/TvAldh、动态调控小白菊内酯合酶的表达并引入非经典三羧酸循环优化代谢流, 显著提升小白菊内酯的产量, 最终小白菊内酯的产量达549.7 mg·L-1。
倍半萜醇是倍半萜类化合物中结构特征明确、生物活性多样的一类分子, 其以C15骨架为基础, 并含有一个或多个羟基官能团[126]。倍半萜醇多存在于植物挥发油、树脂及分泌物中, 因其结构中同时具有亲脂性骨架与亲水性羟基, 常表现出独特的脂-水两亲性质。代表性化合物包括: 法尼醇(farnesol, 8)、橙花叔醇(nerolidol, 9)、檀香醇(α-santalol, 10) 及木香醇(patchoulol, 11) 等, 是合成生物学中的高价值目标分子(图9)。
法尼醇(8) 是链状的倍半萜醇类化合物, 主要来源于玫瑰(Rosa rugosa) 和茉莉(Jasminum sambac) 等植物的挥发油, 也存在于生姜(Zingiber officinale) 及肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia) 等药用植物中, 是植物精油的重要组分[127, 128]。在香料工业中, 其独特的花香、果香气息使其成为香水、香精、化妆品的重要调香原料, 农业领域可用作天然驱虫剂与植物生长调节剂[129, 130]。在医药领域中, 法尼醇还具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等药理作用[131-133]。
法尼醇合酶(farnesol synthase) 催化FPP脱去焦磷酸基团生成法尼醇[134]。部分植物中FPP先经倍半萜合酶催化形成法尼烯, 再通过CYP450氧化酶引入羟基生成法尼醇[135]。Wang等[136]发现大肠杆菌中的两种膜结合型磷酸酶(PgpB和YbjG) 能够水解FPP生成法尼醇, 在含有MVA途径的重组大肠杆菌中, 过表达PgpB与内源FPPS (IspA) 可以使法尼醇产量达到526.1 mg·L-1。Ohto等[137]在酿酒酵母中过表达了MVA途径的相关酶基因, 并发现过表达HMG-CoA还原酶的工程菌株中法尼醇的产量实现了显著提升, 通过筛选获得的最佳酿酒酵母工程菌株ATCC 200589, 最终法尼醇产量达到145.7 mg·L-1。在粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens) 工程菌中, 利用内源性或经过改造的法尼基焦磷酸水解酶也能催化FPP生成法尼醇。Chen等[138]从粘质沙雷氏菌中筛选出高活性磷酸水解酶(SmAp), 并通过蛋白质工程手段, 进行了理性设计与功能改造, 获得高产突变体SmApL134V, 其法尼醇产量与野生型对比提升了33.5%。随后在粘质沙雷氏菌底盘中引入了异源的MVA途径, 利用基因编辑技术敲除竞争途径, 增加FPP前体供给, 结合高活性磷酸水解酶SmApL134V, 最终在5 L生物反应器中法尼醇产量达到1.78 g·L-1。
橙花叔醇(9) 是链状C15骨架的倍半萜醇类化合物, 来源广泛, 主要存在于苦橙(Citrus × aurantium) 的挥发油中, 是植物精油的重要组分[139]。橙花叔醇具有显著的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌及镇静活性, 在医药领域用途广泛[140]。香料工业中, 其清新淡雅的花香与果香气息使其成为高端香水、香精、化妆品的重要调香原料[141]。
橙花叔醇由橙花叔醇合酶(nerolidol synthase) 催化FPP发生分子内环化与重排直接生成, 部分植物中还存在CYP450氧化酶催化的路径。Chen等[142]对来自6种不同植物的橙花叔醇合酶进行催化能力的系统评价, 最终筛选出猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis) 来源的高活性橙花叔醇合酶AcNES1。进一步通过蛋白质工程对AcNES1进行了功能改造, 随后以粘质沙雷氏菌工程菌株HBQA7为底盘, 利用代谢工程及发酵优化技术构建了高效的(E)-橙花叔醇生物合成体系, 在5 L发酵罐中补料发酵实现了70.5 g·L-1的高产量。Tan等[143]分别比较了来自植物、真菌和细菌中的7种橙花叔醇合酶, 筛选出来源于草莓(Fragaria × ananassa) 的高活性橙花叔醇合酶FaNES。随后结合大肠杆菌底盘系统, 通过前体代谢通路强化与补料分批发酵优化, 最终实现了橙花叔醇在大肠杆菌中的高效生产, 5 L发酵罐中产量达16 g·L-1。Liu等[144]通过单个基因过表达策略, 确定橙花叔醇合酶(FaNES1) 为限速酶, 随后利用蛋白质工程的方法获得了高效突变体FaNES1G498Q, 实现了产量的提升。同时, 在过氧化物酶体中设计了一条从乙酰辅酶A到(E)-橙花叔醇的平行生物合成通路, 进一步过表达内源性肉碱乙酰转移酶, 加强过氧化物酶体中乙酰辅酶A的累积, 从而提高解脂耶氏酵母中倍半萜生物合成前体FPP的产量。最终在5 L分批补料发酵生物反应器中, (E)-橙花叔醇的产量达11.1 g·L-1。
檀香醇(10) 是C15骨架的倍半萜醇类化合物, 主要来源为檀香科檀香属植物, 如印度檀香(Santalum album L.) 等, 是檀香香气的主要来源[145]。香料工业中, 其醇厚持久的木质香气使其成为高端香水、香薰、香氛蜡烛的关键定香原料[146]。檀香醇是檀香油的重要组分, 具有镇静安神、抗炎、抗菌及促进皮肤修复的活性, 可用于缓解神经紧张、改善睡眠[147, 148]。在化妆品领域檀香醇常被添加到高端护肤产品中, 兼具香气修饰与保湿舒缓的功效[149]。
檀香烯合酶(santalene synthase) 催化FPP发生分子内多步环化与骨架重排, 形成檀香烯骨架, 再由细胞色素P450酶进行羟基化修饰, 形成檀香醇。Zha等[150]筛选出底物宽泛性的细胞色素P450氧化酶(CYP736A167)。通过用PHXT1启动子替换ERG9的天然启动子来抑制竞争通路中角鲨烯合酶的表达, 在酿酒酵母底盘菌株WL17中对檀香烯合酶SanSyn和CYP736A167进行拷贝数调整, 在富含半乳糖的培养基中檀香烯/檀香醇混合物的产量达到了1.6 g·L-1。发酵产物中α-檀香醇含量为35.7%, β-檀香醇含量为17.8%, 比例与檀香油国际标准相符, 成功构建了具有高附加值的檀香醇细胞工厂。Wang等[151]利用过氧化物酶体靶向信号肽ePTS1, 将MVA途径和檀香醇合成途径的关键酶靶向定位至过氧化物酶体内部, 可以拉近反应距离、提高局部反应底物浓度, 从而提升生物合成效率。与此同时, 利用P450酶的过氧化物酶体膜定位技术也进一步提高了反应效率。由于檀香烯为脂溶性, 易富集于过氧化物酶体膜上, 将P450酶定位于该膜面可显著提升底物转化效率。基于这一策略, 成功构建了高效生产檀香醇的酵母细胞工厂, 最终檀香醇产量达到10.4 g·L-1。
广藿香醇(11) 是一种三环倍半萜醇。主要来源于广藿香(Pogostemon cablin) 的干燥叶片中, 可通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取获得[152]。广藿香醇在广藿香油中的含量高达30%~40%, 是广藿香油中最具代表性的活性成分, 具有抗肿瘤、神经保护、抗炎等药理活性[153, 154]。同时, 因其挥发性极低, 能有效降低其他香精成分的挥发速度, 加入芳香产品中能显著延长香水、化妆品的留香时间, 在日化产业应用广泛[155]。
FPP在广藿香醇合酶(patchoulol synthase) 的催化下形成具有三环结构的广藿香醇。Zhou等[156]利用大肠杆菌作为宿主菌, 引入经蛋白质工程改造后的广藿香醇合酶PTS2C415F/H454A, 对MVA途径中的关键基因进行过表达, 敲除将MVA途径中间体分流至丙酮酸的相关基因, 同时增加产物转运蛋白的表达, 最终广藿香醇滴度由14 mg·L-1提高至970.1 mg·L-1。Zheng等[157]使用圆红酵母(Rhodotorula toruloides)作为底盘细胞, 通过构建FPPS-PTS嵌合酶、强化MVA途径并减少竞争支路角鲨烯合成等系统化代谢工程改造, 最终在3 L生物反应器中广藿香醇产量达1.31 g·L-1。
近些年来随着合成生物学的发展, 植物来源倍半萜类活性成分的研究模式与获取模式也在不断发生改变。一方面, 通过从药用植物中系统挖掘并解析关键酶的功能, 阐明了许多高价值倍半萜的生物合成途径; 另一方面, 借助日益成熟的基因编辑、代谢工程与发酵优化技术, 成功在微生物细胞工厂中重构了从简单碳源到复杂倍半萜分子的合成路径。一些高价值倍半萜类成分如β-榄香烯、β-法尼烯、橙花叔醇、檀香醇等已实现克级发酵生产, 为突破传统植物提取成本高昂的瓶颈问题提供了绿色制造方案(表1)[58, 71, 85, 94, 104, 138, 142, 151, 150, 157]。
虽然部分倍半萜类分子实现了高效生物合成, 但绝大多数倍半萜类, 尤其是涉及多步复杂反应的倍半萜分子尚未实现生物全合成。目前植物来源倍半萜类化合物生物合成的发展很大程度上受限于诸多关键酶尚未被解析, 尤其是骨架形成之后的多种后修饰酶。由于植物基因家族庞大, 且许多生物合成基因仅在特定组织或发育阶段表达, 同时在常规微生物异源底盘中植物来源基因元件往往难以功能性表达, 造成相关生物合成基因元件发掘难度大。缺乏生物合成关键基因元件, 异源重构便无从开展。未来依托组学技术的不断发展, 代谢组、蛋白质组、转录组结合基因组等共分析, 可从表达模式高度协同的基因中锁定关键候选基因。同时, 单细胞转录组与空间转录组技术的发展, 亦能协助基因元件的精准挖掘。随着高通量测序技术的发展, 基因组序列数据海量增长, 传统的基因筛选依赖序列比对和系统进化树分析, 但难以应用于与已知酶同源性较低的新颖酶的寻找。蛋白质语言模型(protein language model, PLM) 的兴起为这类问题提供了新的解决思路[158]。PLM可以通过对大量序列的分析, 掌握序列与结构及功能之间的关联, 对未知酶的功能作出预测。未来借助该方法能从成千上万条未知基因中快速挑出候选基因, 再结合实验验证, 效率远高于传统方法。随着基因组测序方法的不断改进和高通量筛选平台的普及, 发现未知关键酶的效率有望显著提升, 为后续对复杂倍半萜类化合物生物合成的研究奠定基础。
当前, 底盘细胞与基因元件的适配性差, 也是限制植物源倍半萜生物合成的主要瓶颈之一。虽然通过替换启动子、强化前体代谢通路等策略, 部分结构简单倍半萜类化合物的产量大大提升, 但对于那些生物合成路径较长的复杂倍半萜, 适配性仍然是限制产量的主要问题。为解决这个问题, 后续优化不能只停留在单一元件的优化, 而是需要从全局考虑底盘与路径之间的适配性。一方面, 可以根据路径中各个酶的特性, 分模块对基因表达强度与表达时间进行调整, 从而避免因上下游反应速度不匹配造成的中间产物累积问题。另一方面, 可以对底盘细胞本身进行定向改造, 引入外排系统以降低产物毒性使得底盘细胞能够承载更复杂的生物合成路径。除此之外, 通过定向进化或计算机辅助设计改造转录因子, 获得更高特异性与更宽动态范围的生物传感器, 进一步将多生物传感器串联, 可以使底盘细胞对关键酶的表达调控不再局限于单一条件触发, 而是根据多个条件实现更精准的协同调控。
倍半萜类化合物在天然产物开发与工业应用中的重要性日益凸显。随着合成生物学、基因组学和酶工程技术等的不断突破, 倍半萜的生物合成研究将迎来新的发展机遇。通过深入解析关键酶的催化机制、优化底盘细胞与基因元件的适配性、拓展高产菌株的工业应用, 倍半萜生物合成有望在创新药物研发、高价值化学品生产及农业生物防治等领域发挥更大作用。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0229
  • 接收时间:2026-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-08
  • 修回日期:2026-05-29
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    1沈阳药科大学中药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 中国医学科学院酶与天然药物生物催化重点实验室, 国家卫生健康委员会天然药物生物合成重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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