Article(id=1308842089639674017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760544000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-16, revisedDate=1768752000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981871279, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981871279, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981871279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981871279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2715, endPage=2728, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842090105241762, articleId=1308842089639674017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Evaluation of disintegration characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine tablets based on functionality-related characteristics of materials, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study used functionality-related characteristics of disintegrants to clarify how different superdisintegrants act in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) tablets and how their effects are modified by TCM type and drug loading. Three commonly used superdisintegrants and three TCMs representing disintegrating, dissolving/eroding and swelling disintegration patterns were selected as models. The basic properties of the disintegrants, including particle size, moisture, swelling ability and flowability, were systematically characterized and related to tablet disintegration profiles obtained from dynamic disintegration tests. The results showed that the performance of croscarmellose sodium was mainly governed by powder flowability, whereas sodium starch glycolate was controlled by a combination of sedimentation behaviour, particle size and moisture, and crospovidone depended primarily on particle size characteristics and swelling capacity. In tablets containing disintegrating- or dissolving/eroding-type TCMs, selecting grades according to these key properties clearly shortened disintegration time and increased disintegration rate. In high-loading tablets containing swelling-type TCM, competition for water and swelling space between the herbal powder and the disintegrant was observed and weakened the accelerating effect of the disintegrant. These findings indicate that an evaluation framework centred on functionality-related characteristics can link the structure and properties of superdisintegrants to disintegration behaviour in TCM tablets and provides a practical basis for optimizing disintegrant type and grade, particularly in high-loading formulations.

, authors=Qiao-rui LI1, 2, Zhen-da LIU1, 3, Xiao LIN1, 2, Lan SHEN1, 2, *, Li-jie ZHAO1, *, authorsList=Qiao-rui LI, Zhen-da LIU, Xiao LIN, Lan SHEN, Li-jie ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lan SHEN, Li-jie ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842093385187507, articleId=1308842089639674017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于物料功能性相关指标的中药片剂崩解特性评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以崩解剂的功能性相关指标为切入点, 探索不同类型超级崩解剂在中药片剂中的作用机制及其中药类型和载药量的调控效应。选用三类常用超级崩解剂及具有崩散、溶解/溶蚀和膨胀3种典型崩解特征的中药为模型, 通过系统表征崩解剂的粒径、含水量、膨胀能力和流动性等特征, 并结合崩解动力学测试, 分析崩解剂物性与片剂崩解速度和崩解过程形态之间的定量关系。结果表明, 交联羧甲基纤维素钠(croscarmellose sodium, CCS) 的崩解效应主要受粉体流动性支配; 羧甲基淀粉钠(sodium starch glycolate, SSG) 则由沉降体积、粒径及含水量等多种指标共同决定; 交联聚维酮(crospovidone, PVPP) 的崩解促进作用与粒径及其分布均匀性和膨胀能力密切相关。对于崩散型和溶解/溶蚀型中药片剂, 依据上述关键指标筛选崩解剂能够明显缩短崩解时间、提高崩解速率; 在高载药量膨胀型中药片剂中, 则出现中药粉体与崩解剂争夺水分和膨胀空间的“膨胀竞争”现象, 削弱了崩解剂的加速作用。研究结果提示, 以功能性相关指标为核心评估和选择崩解剂, 有助于构建“结构/性质-崩解行为”的联系, 为中药片剂尤其是高载药量处方的崩解剂类型与型号优化提供可操作的物理学依据。

, authors=李乔睿1, 2, 刘珍达1, 3, 林晓1, 2, 沈岚1, 2, *, 赵立杰1, *, authorsList=李乔睿, 刘珍达, 林晓, 沈岚, 赵立杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈岚, 赵立杰, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李乔睿负责实验的实施和论文的撰写; 刘珍达负责协助实验思路和论文修改; 林晓、沈岚负责论文的审阅和修改; 赵立杰负责文章的构思与设计、指导课题的框架和思路。

, correspAuthorsNote=
沈岚, Tel: 86-21-51323030, E-mail:
赵立杰, Tel: 86-21-51322766, E-mail:
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A quality by experimental design approach to assess the effect of formulation and process variables on the extrusion and spheronization of drug-loaded pellets containing polyplasdone® XL-10 [J]. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2016, 17: 368-379., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842104810471715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang W, Sluga KK, Yost E, et al. Impact of drug loading on the compaction properties of itraconazole-PVPVA amorphous solid dispersions [J]. Int J Pharm, 2022, 629: 122366., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842104881774884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Avanço GB, Ferreira FD, Bomfim NS, et al. Curcuma longa L. essential oil composition, antioxidant effect, and effect on Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin production [J]. Food Control, 2017, 73: 806-813., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842104953078053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen FW, Guo Z, Li HY, et al. Correlation of Fuzilizhong chemome release from osmotic pump tablets and intrinsic dissolution characteristics from powders [J]. J China Pharm Univ (中国药科大学学报), 2012, 43: 5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842106655965478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li T, Li M, Jing XQ, et al. Influence mechanism of pore-scale anisotropy and pore distribution heterogeneity on permeability of porous media [J]. Pet Explor Dev (石油勘探与开发), 2019, 46: 11., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308842094005944500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842094014333109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, companyId=1308842094005944500, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842094026916022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, companyId=1308842094005944500, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海中医药大学创新中药研究院, 中药现代制剂技术教育部工程研究中心, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308842094106607799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842094114996408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, companyId=1308842094106607799, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842094123385017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, companyId=1308842094106607799, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308842094190493882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842094198882491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, companyId=1308842094190493882, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842094207271100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, companyId=1308842094190493882, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院, 上海 200011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308842097919230180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LKuogjdD6uHdyZXHKyHKAQ==, figureFileBig=lBerqbHmBTuQllG6s3htcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842097982144741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Normalization data of physical and chemical properties of different types of disintegrants. SV: Sediment volume; C: Flow coefficient, figureFileSmall=LKuogjdD6uHdyZXHKyHKAQ==, figureFileBig=lBerqbHmBTuQllG6s3htcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098229608678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NQe8N1yzF/IyzykAPvTyeg==, figureFileBig=TRugNmwprjvRDXgb1gqZVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098305106151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=CA, DT, and disintegration kinetics parameters of Danshen and Jianghuang. A: Danshen; B: Jianghuang. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. CA: Contact angle; DT: Disintegration time; Fs: The relative load value at 500 s; Fp: The stress value at the highest point; Dp: The displacement at the highest point; Tp: The time at the highest point, Te: The end time; kf: The slope of the descent stage; kr: The slope of the ascent stage; AUC: Area under the curve, figureFileSmall=NQe8N1yzF/IyzykAPvTyeg==, figureFileBig=TRugNmwprjvRDXgb1gqZVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098372215016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pYsC/Hvc/JroQA8i5i4pPg==, figureFileBig=SJWTuDS5V26at2gTDn00mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098443518185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different disintegrant types and grades on the CA, DT and kf of 5% Danshen tablets. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test was performed within each disintegrant type; columns with different lowercase letters within the same panel differ significantly (n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. P < 0.05), whereas columns sharing at least one common letter do not differ significantly. A: CCS formulations (A1-A4, A4′); B: SSG formulations (B1, B2, B2′); C: PVPP formulations (C1-C4, C1′, C2′), figureFileSmall=pYsC/Hvc/JroQA8i5i4pPg==, figureFileBig=SJWTuDS5V26at2gTDn00mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098519015658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7eU4EY6FOVScCdrwXZYOXw==, figureFileBig=ZgtDxYaPnPZdDiJh8xdM2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098594513131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation heatmap between physical and chemical properties and disintegration characteristics of 5% Danshen tablets with drug loading. The intensity of the color corresponds to the magnitude of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Red indicates a positive correlation, while blue indicates a negative correlation. The numbers inside the squares represent the r values. Statistical significance is denoted by asterisks (n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05). A: CCS formulations; B: SSG formulations; C: PVPP XL formulations; D: PVPP XL-10 formulations, figureFileSmall=7eU4EY6FOVScCdrwXZYOXw==, figureFileBig=ZgtDxYaPnPZdDiJh8xdM2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098665816300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SuxfSAXGTpk5GhnSf5axZg==, figureFileBig=ucvk9FmLUWsdgXPAd+wv0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098774868205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Load-time curves of traditional Chinese medicine tablets. A: Pure Danshen powder tablets; B: Danshen tablets with 5% drug loading; C: Danshen tablets with 50% drug loading; D: Jianghuang tablets with 5% drug loading; E: Jianghuang tablets with 50% drug loading; F: Chuanxinlian tablets with 5% drug loading; G: Chuanxinlian tablets with 50% drug loading, figureFileSmall=SuxfSAXGTpk5GhnSf5axZg==, figureFileBig=ucvk9FmLUWsdgXPAd+wv0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842098871337198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KuqqYjR+vf8ioZfEawfknA==, figureFileBig=gqGGfZO7Rdj9dP3TQOcaYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842099039109359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Characteristic parameters of Danshen tablets obtained by the stress relaxation method. A: Parameter values at 5% drug loading (black bars); B: Parameter values at 50% drug loading (white bars). n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=KuqqYjR+vf8ioZfEawfknA==, figureFileBig=gqGGfZO7Rdj9dP3TQOcaYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842099135578352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R9Az6R88F65kleRulYexAQ==, figureFileBig=Mua5zQ6jGnymegxT/dNAUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842099202687217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Characteristic parameters of Jianghuang and Chuanxinlian tablets obtained by the stress relaxation method. A: Parameter values at 5% drug loading; B: Parameter values at 50% drug loading. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=R9Az6R88F65kleRulYexAQ==, figureFileBig=Mua5zQ6jGnymegxT/dNAUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842099492094194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XxgsqE2LcQoIq70MK6RQmg==, figureFileBig=Ol1jT09Mru1EcrAg8Qunwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842099571785971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Mechanistic scheme linking disintegrant FRCs, TCM types, and tablet disintegration behavior across drug loadings. A: FRCs-driven disintegration at low drug loading (5%); B: Swelling competition between TCM and disintegrant at high drug loading (50%), figureFileSmall=XxgsqE2LcQoIq70MK6RQmg==, figureFileBig=Ol1jT09Mru1EcrAg8Qunwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842099664060660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Trade nameSediment volume/mL·g-1Batch numberManufacturerCode
CCS SOLUTAB® EDP22235018061RoquetteA1
CCS SOLUTAB® A19225008099RoquetteA2
CCS VIVASOL®15.532010222055JRS PharmaA3
CCS VIVASOL® GF1771123110776JRS PharmaA4, A4′
SSG VIVASTAR® P3021110221027JRS PharmaB1
SSG EXPLOTAB®2441110441009JRS PharmaB2, B2′
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-0002603347AshlandC1, C1′
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-10-0002603926AshlandC2, C2′
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-050324022SSP PharmaC3
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-10-060723008SSP PharmaC4
), ArticleFig(id=1308842099752141045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Information on the 10 types of disintegrants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Trade nameSediment volume/mL·g-1Batch numberManufacturerCode
CCS SOLUTAB® EDP22235018061RoquetteA1
CCS SOLUTAB® A19225008099RoquetteA2
CCS VIVASOL®15.532010222055JRS PharmaA3
CCS VIVASOL® GF1771123110776JRS PharmaA4, A4′
SSG VIVASTAR® P3021110221027JRS PharmaB1
SSG EXPLOTAB®2441110441009JRS PharmaB2, B2′
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-0002603347AshlandC1, C1′
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-10-0002603926AshlandC2, C2′
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-050324022SSP PharmaC3
Polyplasdone XPVP XL-10-060723008SSP PharmaC4
), ArticleFig(id=1308842099831832822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Formulation codeTCM/%Lactose/%Microcrystalline cellulose/%Disintegrant/%Magnesium stearate/%
15603050.5
250301550.5
), ArticleFig(id=1308842099907330295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Prescription design under different drug loading. TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Formulation codeTCM/%Lactose/%Microcrystalline cellulose/%Disintegrant/%Magnesium stearate/%
15603050.5
250301550.5
), ArticleFig(id=1308842099978633464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleD50/μmSpanMC/%S/mL g-1C
A140.15 ± 0.182.54 ± 0.055.59 ± 0.111.30 ± 0.102.67×10-5
A255.03 ± 4.431.93 ± 0.017.66 ± 0.011.10 ± 0.009.34×10-6
A343.90 ± 3.302.05 ± 0.045.60 ± 0.089.13 ± 0.123.56×10-5
A440.88 ± 1.821.90 ± 0.738.64 ± 0.078.93 ± 0.061.59×10-4
B143.51 ± 0.021.22 ± 0.013.45 ± 0.0821.43 ± 0.269.91×10-4
B243.95 ± 0.171.11 ± 0.005.10 ± 0.3317.96 ± 0.063.51×10-4
C1120.83 ± 3.602.95 ± 0.047.33 ± 0.116.50 ± 0.173.68×10-5
C224.44 ± 0.884.37 ± 1.986.18 ± 0.045.10 ± 0.012.93×10-3
C379.51 ± 4.966.06 ± 2.662.04 ± 0.135.08 ± 0.082.54×10-5
C424.83 ± 0.031.70 ± 0.013.15 ± 0.114.00 ± 0.177.82×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100062519545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Determination results of D50, Span, MC, S, and the flow coefficient of the disintegrant. D50: Median particle size; Span: Particle size distribution; MC: Moisture content; S: Swelling degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleD50/μmSpanMC/%S/mL g-1C
A140.15 ± 0.182.54 ± 0.055.59 ± 0.111.30 ± 0.102.67×10-5
A255.03 ± 4.431.93 ± 0.017.66 ± 0.011.10 ± 0.009.34×10-6
A343.90 ± 3.302.05 ± 0.045.60 ± 0.089.13 ± 0.123.56×10-5
A440.88 ± 1.821.90 ± 0.738.64 ± 0.078.93 ± 0.061.59×10-4
B143.51 ± 0.021.22 ± 0.013.45 ± 0.0821.43 ± 0.269.91×10-4
B243.95 ± 0.171.11 ± 0.005.10 ± 0.3317.96 ± 0.063.51×10-4
C1120.83 ± 3.602.95 ± 0.047.33 ± 0.116.50 ± 0.173.68×10-5
C224.44 ± 0.884.37 ± 1.986.18 ± 0.045.10 ± 0.012.93×10-3
C379.51 ± 4.966.06 ± 2.662.04 ± 0.135.08 ± 0.082.54×10-5
C424.83 ± 0.031.70 ± 0.013.15 ± 0.114.00 ± 0.177.82×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100158988538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FRCsCCSSSGPVPP XLPVPP XL-10
D50√√√
Span√√√
MC√
S√√√
Powder flowability√√√
SV√
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100221903099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Tab.4, caption=

FRCs of 3 types of disintegrants. FRCs: Functionality-related characteristics; CCS: Croscarmellose sodium; SSG: Sodium starch glycolate; PVPP: Crospovidone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FRCsCCSSSGPVPP XLPVPP XL-10
D50√√√
Span√√√
MC√
S√√√
Powder flowability√√√
SV√
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100293206268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Comparison itemDisintegrating typeDissolving/eroding typeSwelling type
Intrinsic disintegration behavior[16]Loose internal structure and low tablet mechanical strength; rapid disintegration relies on the presence of disintegrantsTablet components dissolve or erode directly upon contact with liquidConstituent materials undergo pronounced swelling upon hydration, leading to easy disintegration
Disintegrant sensitivity[17]High: Differences in disintegrant FRCs can significantly affect disintegration timeLow: Disintegration behavior is primarily governed by dissolution rateLow: Tablets can disintegrate even without disintegrants, resulting in minimal observable differences
Interfering factors[18, 19]Minimal interference; intrinsic tablet effects are weakComplex dissolution/erosion processes hinder isolation of disintegrant effectsExcessive swelling of herbal materials masks the role of disintegrants
Use as a model drug[20, 21]SuitableNot suitableNot suitable
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100360315133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Classification comparison of the relationship between the properties and disintegration efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine tablets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Comparison itemDisintegrating typeDissolving/eroding typeSwelling type
Intrinsic disintegration behavior[16]Loose internal structure and low tablet mechanical strength; rapid disintegration relies on the presence of disintegrantsTablet components dissolve or erode directly upon contact with liquidConstituent materials undergo pronounced swelling upon hydration, leading to easy disintegration
Disintegrant sensitivity[17]High: Differences in disintegrant FRCs can significantly affect disintegration timeLow: Disintegration behavior is primarily governed by dissolution rateLow: Tablets can disintegrate even without disintegrants, resulting in minimal observable differences
Interfering factors[18, 19]Minimal interference; intrinsic tablet effects are weakComplex dissolution/erosion processes hinder isolation of disintegrant effectsExcessive swelling of herbal materials masks the role of disintegrants
Use as a model drug[20, 21]SuitableNot suitableNot suitable
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100431618302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TCM tablets typeDisintegrant type
DanshenA1, A2, A3, A4, A4', B1, B2, B2', C1, C1', C2, C2', C3, C4
JianghuangA1, A4, B1, B2, C3, C4
ChuanxinlianA4, B1, C4
), ArticleFig(id=1308842100502921471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842089639674017, language=CN, label=Tab.6, caption=

List of disintegrants used in different traditional Chinese medicine tablets. A1: CCS SOLUTAB® EDP; A2: CCS SOLUTAB® A; A3: CCS VIVASOL®; A4, A4': CCS VIVASOL® GF; B1: SSG VIVASTAR® P; B2, B2': SSG EXPLOTAB®; C1, C1': Polyplasdone XPVP XL (Ashland); C2, C2': Polyplasdone XPVP XL-10 (Ashland); C3: Polyplasdone XPVP XL (SSP Pharma); C4: Polyplasdone XPVP XL-10 (SSP Pharma)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TCM tablets typeDisintegrant type
DanshenA1, A2, A3, A4, A4', B1, B2, B2', C1, C1', C2, C2', C3, C4
JianghuangA1, A4, B1, B2, C3, C4
ChuanxinlianA4, B1, C4
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DisintegrantTCMFsTekfAUC
A4Danshen49.65 ± 9.33a1 220.46 ± 3.33a0.04 ± 0.01a23 082.12 ± 4 408.04a
Jianghuang68.18 ± 13.06a840.30 ± 23.72b0.20 ± 0.05b1 075.41 ± 437.79b
Chuanxinlian46.63 ± 4.15a776.48 ± 35.26c0.17 ± 0.03b19 005.87 ± 6 822.43a
B1Danshen38.68 ± 12.85a646.32 ± 9.84b0.05 ± 0.02a16 662.44 ± 2 142.39ab
Jianghuang45.29 ± 3.35a975.46 ± 71.89a0.10 ± 0.03a2 085.35 ± 904.69b
Chuanxinlian24.93 ± 15.17a900.40 ± 24.74a0.06 ± 0.04a28 064.78 ± 10 552.00a
C4Danshen45.23 ± 7.47a1 336.12 ± 37.47a0.05 ± 0.01a17 613.11 ± 6 127.93a
Jianghuang71.45 ± 21.29a730.96 ± 42.56b0.30 ± 0.09ab1 259.76 ± 388.25b
Chuanxinlian36.22 ± 12.11a566.06 ± 14.32c0.59 ± 0.28b3 816.33 ± 1 564.01b
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Disintegration kinetics parameters (Fs, Te, kf and AUC) of three disintegrants in different TCM tablet formulations (drug loading 50%). n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey′s multiple comparison test was performed within each disintegrant type; columns with different lowercase letters within the same panel differ significantly (P < 0.05), whereas columns sharing at least one common letter do not differ significantly

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DisintegrantTCMFsTekfAUC
A4Danshen49.65 ± 9.33a1 220.46 ± 3.33a0.04 ± 0.01a23 082.12 ± 4 408.04a
Jianghuang68.18 ± 13.06a840.30 ± 23.72b0.20 ± 0.05b1 075.41 ± 437.79b
Chuanxinlian46.63 ± 4.15a776.48 ± 35.26c0.17 ± 0.03b19 005.87 ± 6 822.43a
B1Danshen38.68 ± 12.85a646.32 ± 9.84b0.05 ± 0.02a16 662.44 ± 2 142.39ab
Jianghuang45.29 ± 3.35a975.46 ± 71.89a0.10 ± 0.03a2 085.35 ± 904.69b
Chuanxinlian24.93 ± 15.17a900.40 ± 24.74a0.06 ± 0.04a28 064.78 ± 10 552.00a
C4Danshen45.23 ± 7.47a1 336.12 ± 37.47a0.05 ± 0.01a17 613.11 ± 6 127.93a
Jianghuang71.45 ± 21.29a730.96 ± 42.56b0.30 ± 0.09ab1 259.76 ± 388.25b
Chuanxinlian36.22 ± 12.11a566.06 ± 14.32c0.59 ± 0.28b3 816.33 ± 1 564.01b
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基于物料功能性相关指标的中药片剂崩解特性评价
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李乔睿 1, 2 , 刘珍达 1, 3 , 林晓 1, 2 , 沈岚 1, 2, * , 赵立杰 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(7): 2715-2728
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (7) : 2715 -2728
基于物料功能性相关指标的中药片剂崩解特性评价
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李乔睿1, 2, 刘珍达1, 3, 林晓1, 2, 沈岚1, 2, * , 赵立杰1, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学创新中药研究院, 中药现代制剂技术教育部工程研究中心, 上海 201203
  • 2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
  • 3上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院, 上海 200011
通讯作者:
沈岚, Tel: 86-21-51323030, E-mail:
赵立杰, Tel: 86-21-51322766, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李乔睿负责实验的实施和论文的撰写; 刘珍达负责协助实验思路和论文修改; 林晓、沈岚负责论文的审阅和修改; 赵立杰负责文章的构思与设计、指导课题的框架和思路。

Evaluation of disintegration characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine tablets based on functionality-related characteristics of materials
Qiao-rui LI1, 2, Zhen-da LIU1, 3, Xiao LIN1, 2, Lan SHEN1, 2, * , Li-jie ZHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1229
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本研究以崩解剂的功能性相关指标为切入点, 探索不同类型超级崩解剂在中药片剂中的作用机制及其中药类型和载药量的调控效应。选用三类常用超级崩解剂及具有崩散、溶解/溶蚀和膨胀3种典型崩解特征的中药为模型, 通过系统表征崩解剂的粒径、含水量、膨胀能力和流动性等特征, 并结合崩解动力学测试, 分析崩解剂物性与片剂崩解速度和崩解过程形态之间的定量关系。结果表明, 交联羧甲基纤维素钠(croscarmellose sodium, CCS) 的崩解效应主要受粉体流动性支配; 羧甲基淀粉钠(sodium starch glycolate, SSG) 则由沉降体积、粒径及含水量等多种指标共同决定; 交联聚维酮(crospovidone, PVPP) 的崩解促进作用与粒径及其分布均匀性和膨胀能力密切相关。对于崩散型和溶解/溶蚀型中药片剂, 依据上述关键指标筛选崩解剂能够明显缩短崩解时间、提高崩解速率; 在高载药量膨胀型中药片剂中, 则出现中药粉体与崩解剂争夺水分和膨胀空间的“膨胀竞争”现象, 削弱了崩解剂的加速作用。研究结果提示, 以功能性相关指标为核心评估和选择崩解剂, 有助于构建“结构/性质-崩解行为”的联系, 为中药片剂尤其是高载药量处方的崩解剂类型与型号优化提供可操作的物理学依据。

中药片剂  /  崩解剂  /  功能性相关指标  /  崩解动力学  /  多元数据分析

This study used functionality-related characteristics of disintegrants to clarify how different superdisintegrants act in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) tablets and how their effects are modified by TCM type and drug loading. Three commonly used superdisintegrants and three TCMs representing disintegrating, dissolving/eroding and swelling disintegration patterns were selected as models. The basic properties of the disintegrants, including particle size, moisture, swelling ability and flowability, were systematically characterized and related to tablet disintegration profiles obtained from dynamic disintegration tests. The results showed that the performance of croscarmellose sodium was mainly governed by powder flowability, whereas sodium starch glycolate was controlled by a combination of sedimentation behaviour, particle size and moisture, and crospovidone depended primarily on particle size characteristics and swelling capacity. In tablets containing disintegrating- or dissolving/eroding-type TCMs, selecting grades according to these key properties clearly shortened disintegration time and increased disintegration rate. In high-loading tablets containing swelling-type TCM, competition for water and swelling space between the herbal powder and the disintegrant was observed and weakened the accelerating effect of the disintegrant. These findings indicate that an evaluation framework centred on functionality-related characteristics can link the structure and properties of superdisintegrants to disintegration behaviour in TCM tablets and provides a practical basis for optimizing disintegrant type and grade, particularly in high-loading formulations.

traditional Chinese medicine tablet  /  disintegrant  /  functionality-related characteristics  /  disintegration kinetics  /  multivariate data analysis
李乔睿, 刘珍达, 林晓, 沈岚, 赵立杰. 基于物料功能性相关指标的中药片剂崩解特性评价. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2715 -2728 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1229
Qiao-rui LI, Zhen-da LIU, Xiao LIN, Lan SHEN, Li-jie ZHAO. Evaluation of disintegration characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine tablets based on functionality-related characteristics of materials[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2715 -2728 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1229
中药片剂的质量评价中, 崩解是决定药物释放和吸收效率的关键因素之一。在中药片剂中加入性能优良的崩解剂被视为一种直接有效的方法。崩解剂的化学结构会影响其与药物之间的相互作用, 从而影响药物的释放特性[1-4]。超级崩解剂是制剂处方中用来调节崩解时间的功能性辅料。常用的有交联羧甲基纤维素钠(croscarmellose sodium, CCS)、羧甲基淀粉钠(sodium starch glycolate, SSG)、交联聚维酮(crospovidone, PVPP) 等。其中, CCS纤维状多孔结构, SSG是多孔球形颗粒, PVPP呈多孔海绵状结构, 这种形貌赋予其优异的毛细管作用[5]; 其次, CCS、SSG为阴离子型聚合物, 含有羧酸基团, 增强亲水性, 遇水后迅速解离并产生渗透压, 促使水分快速渗透至片剂内部[6]。两者的溶解性也较PVPP更好。PVPP为非离子型聚合物, 通过毛细管作用和物理膨胀实现崩解[6]。化学结构会通过氢键和范德华力影响药物溶出。3种类型崩解剂均通过物理或化学交联形成三维网状结构, 这种交联结构使其具有水不溶性, 限制其完全溶解[6]。
在药物制剂中使用的药用辅料通常具有特定的功能性, 归属不同功能类别, 而对辅料功能性和制剂性能具有重要影响的物理化学性质, 可称为药用辅料的功能性相关指标(functionality-related characteristics, FRCs)[6]。药典提出崩解剂的FRCs包括水分、粒度和粒度分布、粒子形态、膨胀度或膨胀指数、水吸收速率等[6]。尽管药典中列出了崩解剂的FRCs, 并且Putra等[7]和Das等[8]的研究中也覆盖了相关内容, 但是FRCs与崩解剂本身的崩解性能之间的相关性仍然难以捉摸。Rowe等[5]发现尤其是在中药片剂这一多组分、复杂基质体系中更显不足。Liu等[9]通过实验验证了不同中药由于成分组成、提取工艺和固体形态存在显著差异, 在片剂中可表现为崩散型、溶解/溶蚀型或膨胀型等多种崩解特征。在此背景下, 针对不同崩解特征及不同载药量的中药片剂, 建立基于FRCs的崩解剂选择与处方优化策略, 对于解决中药片剂崩解迟缓问题、提高制剂可控性具有重要意义。
基于上述认识, 本研究选取崩散型中药丹参饮片细粉、溶解型中药姜黄醇提物和膨胀型中药穿心莲饮片细粉作为模型药物, 构建含三类代表性超级崩解剂(CCS、SSG、PVPP) 及其不同型号的中药片剂处方体系。通过质构分析仪的应力松弛法获取片剂崩解过程中的应力-时间曲线, 提取接触角、崩解时限及多项崩解动力学参数, 结合多元统计分析方法, 辨识不同类型和型号崩解剂的关键FRCs, 阐明FRCs-崩解行为之间的“性-效”关系, 并进一步探讨崩解剂FRCs与不同崩解特征中药在同一处方中的互作效应, 为中药片剂崩解剂的合理选择和处方设计提供实验依据。
试剂与材料    Pharmacel® 102 Microcrystalline Cellulose、Pharmatose 100M Sieved Lactose (743679、659103, 德国DFE Pharma公司); 硬脂酸镁(20140116, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 穿心莲中药饮片、丹参中药饮片(211129、210423, 上海康桥中药饮片有限公司); 姜黄醇提物(MF20191017, 信阳市沐凡生物科技有限公司)。
本研究所采用的辅料样品由相关的辅料公司赠予, 其基本信息见表1。A4′为调整MC数值达到与A3组接近, 其余性质不变; B2′为调整MC数值达到与B1组接近, 其余性质不变; C1′为调整D50数值达到与C3组接近, 其余性质不变; C2′为调整MC数值达到与C4组接近, 其余性质不变(表1)。
仪器    电子天平(FA2204B、JA5002, 上海精密科学仪器有限公司); 电子天平(XP205)、红外快速水分测试仪(HE53) 购自美国梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司; 粉体流动性分析仪(比利时Granutools有限公司); 电磁振筛仪(Haver EmL200, 德国Haver有限公司); 粒径测定仪(Malvern-2000型, 英国马尔文帕纳科); 感应压片机(KorschXP1, 柏林Korsch股份公司); 智能片剂硬度仪(YD-20KZ, 天津市天大天发科技有限公司); 智能片剂硬度测定仪、崩解时限测定仪(LB-2D型) 购自上海黄海药检仪器有限公司; 质构仪(TA.XT PlusC, 英国Surface Measurement Systems); 视频接触角(OCA20, 德国Dataphysics)。
实验方法
粒径和粒径分布   采用激光粒度仪测定粒径(median particle size, D50) 和粒径分布(particle size distribution, Span), 重复测定3次, 计算平均值。
膨胀度[10]    采用《中华人民共和国药典》2025版四部通则2101膨胀度(swelling degree, S) 测定法。称取1.0 g中药粉体, 置于膨胀度测定管(全长160 mm, 内径16 mm, 刻度部分长125 mm, 分度0.2 mL) 中, 在20~25 ℃条件下, 加水25 mL, 密塞, 振摇, 静置。除另有规定外, 开始1 h内每10 min剧烈振摇1次, 使供试品充分被溶剂浸润沉于测定管底部, 并除去气泡, 然后静置4 h, 读取药物膨胀后的体积, 再静置1 h, 如上读数, 至连续2次读数的差异不超过0.1 mL为止。根据《中华人民共和国药典》2025版四部通则2101规定公式(1) 计算膨胀度, 其中V为药物膨胀后的体积, W为中药生粉按干燥品计算的质量。
$ S = V/W $
含水量   在红外快速水分测定仪的铝盘中放置样品约1 g, 设置加热温度105 ℃, 待仪器提示测定完成后, 记录含水量(moisture content, MC) 测定值, 每个样品平行测量3次后取平均值。
流动系数   将样品装入不锈钢样品池中, 调整旋转板, 分别通过7个直径从2~28 mm不等的不同孔的旋转板。在测量过程中, 孔的直径通过手动调节来实现, 专用电子天平自动测量粉体流量。粉末流量是利用平衡测量所得的质量与时间斜率, 根据公式(2) 自动计算出颗粒的质量流量。通过拟合Beverloo模型得到不同孔径下颗粒质量流量的流动曲线, 根据公式(3)[11]计算流动系数(flow coefficient, C)。
$ 质量流量 = ∆m/∆t$
$ \begin{array}{l}F=\frac{\rho \sqrt[]{2\beta }\mathrm{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }} }}{4}\sqrt[]{\mathrm{g}}(D-{D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{)}^{2.5}=\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ C\sqrt[]{\mathrm{g}}(D-{D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{)}^{2.5}\end{array} $
其中, Δm为质量变化量, Δt为时间变化量, F为质量流量, ρ为粉末颗粒的密度, β为几何比例因子, g为重力加速度, 约为9.8 m·s-1, D为旋转板孔径的直径, Dmin为旋转板的最小孔径。
粉末压缩试验   对崩散型中药丹参饮片细粉按表2进行处方配制, 先将乳糖、微晶纤维素、中药混合均匀后, 加入硬脂酸镁混合均匀, 在25 ℃、33%相对湿度环境下预平衡48 h。采用Korsch XP-1型智能感应式压片机对不同配方进行单轴压缩实验。压片机的冲头直径为8.5 mm的平面圆形, 设定片重为250 mg, 片剂抗张强度为2.0 MPa (此时载药量50%穿心莲饮片细粉的片剂在压片时出现死冲现象, 因此其抗张强度设定为1.5 MPa), 并在压片后进行片剂基本品质及崩解动力学评价。根据丹参片剂各实验结果及探究目的, 选取特定崩解剂型号与溶解溶蚀型中药姜黄醇提物、膨胀型中药穿心莲饮片细粉按照表2进行不同载药量下的处方配制。
抗张强度    抗张强度(tensile strength, TS) 是指使片剂由原始横截面开始断裂的最大负荷, 也称为最大的应力或最大抗拉应力。根据公式(4) 计算上述试验制备的片剂抗张强度, 片剂的硬度(F, N)、直径(D, mm) 和厚度(H, mm) 由片剂硬度测定仪立即测定。
$ σ = 2F/ (πDH) $
崩解时限[12]    采用《中华人民共和国药典》2025版四部通则0921崩解时限(disintegration time, DT) 检查法对中药片剂的崩解时限进行检查, 以水为崩解介质, 温度为37 ± 1 ℃, 分别测定6片的DT, 计算均值。
接触角    使用超纯水为探测液体, 测定片剂表面与探测液体形成的接触角(contact angle, CA)。CA测定时溶液用量和加液速率分别设定为2.0 μL和0.5 μL·s-1。记录探测液滴与初始接触物料表面时形成的角。每份样品平行测定3次, 取3次平均值即为此片剂的CA。
崩解动力学[13]    利用质构分析仪的应力松弛法评价片剂的崩解动力学, 通过应力-时间曲线记录崩解过程。使用配有5 kg感应元、P/2 N探针的质构分析仪, 将片剂放置在特定配套的崩解装置容器(直径约4 cm, 高度约3 cm的圆柱形玻璃皿, 内有多孔金属小托片) 中, 探针位于待测片剂中央正上方, 测试开始时, 探针以0.1 mm·s-1的速率朝片剂表面降低, 直至达到设定触发力(0.6 N), 固定探针位置, 500 s平衡阶段后向培养皿内加入10 mL纯净水以完全浸没片剂, 并在随后应力值减少到零或趋于平缓的阶段内记录应力值的变化, 记录相对载荷与时间的关系图, 以显示片剂的崩解过程, 并得到片剂崩解动力学的特征参数: 500 s时的初始应力值(the relative load value at 500 s, Fs)、峰应力值(the stress value at the highest point, Fp)、达峰时间(the time at the highest point, Tp)、最高点的位移(the displacement at the highest point, Dp) 结束时间(the end time, Te)、结束应力值(the residual force at the end, Fe)、应力值上升斜率(the slope of the ascent stage, kr)、应力值下降斜率(the slope of the descent stage, kf) 和曲线下面积(the area under the curve, AUC), 由质构分析仪软件内部的宏语言计算而得。
统计学方法    实验数据采用均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用Microsoft Excel对实验数据进行初步处理和汇总, 采用OriginPro 2024软件作图, GraphPad Prism 10.6软件用于统计分析, 采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 并结合Tukey事后多重比较检验。具有不同上标小写字母(a、b、c、d) 的数值之间差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05), 具有相同字母者差异无统计学意义(P ≥ 0.05)。
对10种型号崩解剂的D50、Span、MC、S、流动系数进行测定, 结果如表3所示。整体来看, 不同类型及不同型号崩解剂在上述物理化学性质上均呈现出较大的差异梯度。MC方面, CCS整体高于SSG和PVPP, 且同类型内部各型号间差异较为明显; D50方面, SSG各型号相对接近, CCS中A2较大, 其余型号相近, PVPP内部差异较大。粒径分布方面, CCS与SSG的Span大致相近, 而PVPP型号间差异更为突出。膨胀度S在CCS和SSG型号间变化幅度较大, PVPP各型号则较为集中。流动性方面, C值显示CCS整体流动性较差, PVPP (除C2外) 相对较好, 其余型号与SSG接近。
基于药典表明崩解剂的功能性相关指标, 本研究选择MC、D50、Span、粒子形态、S、粉体流动性作为FRCs的主要探究参数。同时收集了CCS与SSG的沉降体积。沉降体积(sediment volume, SV) 是颗粒在静置后形成的沉积物体积, 直接反映其内部交联网络的致密程度。高交联度会导致更紧密的结构和更低沉降体积[14]。交联度低时, 崩解剂溶胀能力增强但机械强度下降; 交联度高则可能因过度交联导致溶胀受阻[15]。通过对10种型号崩解剂的基础物理、化学性质等原始数据进行最小-最大归一化(min-max normalization) 处理, 将各指标线性缩放至[0, 1] 区间, 并形成3D瀑布图(图1), 以直观形象地呈现出崩解剂之间的差异性。结果表明, PVPP在流动系数C表现出较为突出和稳定的峰值, 说明PVPP具有整体较大的粉体流动性。C1和C3在多个维度曲线都具有相似的值, 表明其可能也具有相似的稳定性和崩解促进作用。
为了明确不同类型崩解剂各自的功能性相关指标, 以崩散型中药丹参、溶解溶蚀型中药姜黄作为模型药物, 按照处方1 (载药量5%) 与不同型号崩解剂进行组合, 制备相应片剂。采用质构分析仪的应力松弛法获得应力-时间曲线, 并测定CA、DT及一系列崩解动力学参数(图2)[9]。Fs为500 s时的应力值, 在片剂受到探针初始触发力量, Fs体现了片剂抵抗外力的能力, 可视为片剂的强度。Fp为应力上升至最高点时的应力值, Dp表示上升到最高点时的位移, 用于表征中药的膨胀性能。Tp与Te分别为应力达到峰值和降至稳定时所需时间, 二者越短, 通常提示崩解过程越迅速。Fe表示结束时的应力。kr为上升阶段的斜率, 表征中药的膨胀速率; 而下降阶段的斜率kf代表崩解速度, 其数值越大, 片剂崩解越快。AUC表示曲线下面积, 反映整个崩解过程的综合能量消耗和持续时间。本研究以CA、DT及Fs、Tp、Te、kf、AUC等动力学参数为核心指标, 用于定量刻画不同中药体系及崩解剂类型对片剂崩解行为的影响。图1反映了不同崩解剂的物理化学特征差异, 而图2的CA、DT及崩解动力学参数则揭示了这些差异在中药片剂层面所对应的崩解行为变化。
为进一步量化不同类型及型号崩解剂对丹参片剂崩解行为的影响, 以5%载药量丹参片剂为模型, 在3类崩解剂内部分别对不同型号之间的CA、DT和kf进行了单因素方差分析(图3)。结果显示, 在CCS体系中, 不同型号之间的CA、DT和kf均存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。其中, A4型号的CA显著低于同类其他型号, 而其DT较短、kf较大, 提示该类型号可在丹参体系中显著改善片剂表面润湿性并加快崩解过程。在SSG体系中, 3种型号之间的CA差异显著(P < 0.05), 但DT和kf差异均不显著(P ≥ 0.05), 提示在相同载药量和处方条件下, 不同SSG型号对丹参片剂终点崩解时间和整体崩解速率影响有限, 而主要体现在片剂初始润湿行为的差异上。在PVPP体系中, 部分型号之间的CA、DT和kf差异达到统计学意义(P < 0.05), 崩解时间较短的型号通常伴随较大的kf, 如C1'与C4。总体而言, 三类崩解剂内部不同型号之间在CA、DT和kf上表现出的差异, 证实了崩解剂物理化学性质和FRCs的变化可以通过润湿与崩解动力学过程综合影响丹参片剂的崩解行为。
由于上述物理化学性质在不同类型及型号崩解剂间存在较大的梯度差异, 进一步采用Pearson相关分析评估各指标与崩解行为参数之间的关系(图4), 以筛选出具有代表性的功能性相关指标FRCs。
相关性结果表明, 不同物理化学指标与崩解时间DT、崩解速率kf等参数之间存在不同程度的相关关系, 其中流动性、含水量、粒径及膨胀度与崩解行为的相关性相对较强。据此, 将C、MC、D50和S作为后续分析中表征崩解剂功能特性的主要候选FRCs。在此基础上, 结合三类崩解剂在物理化学性质上的差异, 对不同类型崩解剂的FRCs组合进行了归纳。CCS的关键FRC为粉体流动性C; SSG的主要FRCs由沉降体积、粒径D50、含水量MC和膨胀度S共同构成; PVPP体系的主要FRCs则包括粒径D50、Span和膨胀度S。各类崩解剂筛选出的主要FRCs汇总见表4。
在FRCs的筛选中, 本研究以丹参片剂(载药量5%) 为主要模型体系, 在该条件下设置了相对完整的崩解剂类型与型号组合, 便于构建FRCs-崩解行为的定量关系。相比之下, 姜黄体系仅在较低载药量下设置了有限处方组合, 变量梯度和样本量均相对不足, 难以作为独立体系重新筛选FRCs。因此, 本研究将姜黄片剂主要作为丹参体系所筛选FRCs的辅助验证对象, 即在丹参既定FRCs下, 考察不同崩解剂组合在姜黄体系中的崩解时间和崩解速率是否呈现一致的变化趋势。结果显示, CCS、PVPP崩解剂处方在DT上存在统计学差异(P < 0.05), FRCs综合指标相对较优的组合A4、C4总体上对应较短的DT (图3B), 与丹参体系中构建的FRCs-崩解效应趋势基本一致, 而在未呈现显著差异的指标上则未进一步比较FRCs高低与崩解行为的对应关系。
为探讨不同FRCs在崩解效能中的作用机制, 对3类崩解剂分别建立“性质-结构-效能”路径模型。膨胀型或溶解溶蚀型中药片剂自带强烈的崩解/溶解特性, 会掩盖或干扰崩解剂的独立效应, 不利于机制研究, 而崩散型中药丹参能最大程度凸显崩解剂的作用, 实验结果清晰、差异性大, 便于构建机理模型, 如表5[16-21]所示。因此以崩散型中药丹参作为模型药物, 按照处方1 (载药量5%) 与不同型号崩解剂进行组合, 制备不同类型崩解剂的中药片剂。综合崩解剂的主要FRCs, 以及其他物理化学性质与FRCs的关系, 探索性质改变导致崩解快慢的影响路径。
基于Pearson相关分析及FRCs筛选结果(图4、表4), 可归纳三类崩解剂“性-效”关系的主要作用路径。
对CCS而言, 粉体流动性C是最关键的FRC, Span、沉降体积和膨胀度S与C之间存在明显联动。整体路径可概括为: 流动性和粒径分布调控模具填充均匀性与片内崩解剂分布→影响压片后孔隙率及微孔网络结构→进而决定CCS颗粒的毛细吸水与膨胀过程, 最终反映为CA、DT及崩解动力学参数的差异。
SSG的主要FRCs包括沉降体积、D50、Span、含水量MC、膨胀度S以及流动性C。其“性-效”路径可概括为: 沉降体积、D50/Span决定粉末在片体内的堆积方式、初始孔隙与比表面积; MC影响颗粒初始润湿与预聚集状态; C影响配方在压片前后的均匀性与局部压实程度; S提供膨胀驱动力。这些FRCs共同调控吸水动力学和裂纹/孔隙生成过程, 最终控制DT和kf。
PVPP体系中, XL和XL-10型号的主要FRCs为D50、Span、膨胀度S, XL-10还受流动性C的影响。其“性-效”关系可概括为: D50、Span决定颗粒堆积方式及内部孔结构和毛细通道特征, S提供应变恢复和体积膨胀驱动力, C影响片内孔隙分布的一致性。三者耦合调控水分渗透速度与均一性、颗粒膨胀和应变恢复过程, 从而决定PVPP片剂崩解的速率与稳定性。
总体而言, 不同类型崩解剂虽在化学结构和物理形貌上存在差异, 但其FRCs均可通过“粉体流动性/堆积结构→孔隙网络和吸水行为→膨胀与应变恢复→崩解动力学参数”这一路径影响中药片剂的崩解性能。
为了探究崩解剂与中药之间的互作效应, 分别以崩散型中药丹参饮片细粉、溶解溶蚀型中药姜黄醇提物、膨胀型中药穿心莲饮片细粉作为模型药物, 按照质构分析仪的应力松弛法测定相关参数并进行分析。结果表明, 相较于崩散型、溶解溶蚀型中药, 膨胀型中药与崩解剂的应力-时间曲线其趋势相似, 因此, 膨胀型中药与崩解剂在崩解过程中可能存在“中药-崩解剂膨胀竞争”机制。
按照表2的处方1 (载药量5%)、处方2 (载药量50%), 制备不同类型崩解剂的中药片剂如表6, 图5所示曲线为代表性结果。并通过质构分析仪的应力松弛法, 对比分析相同类型中药细粉、不同载药量之间的片剂崩解动力学参数; 及高载药量(50%) 下不同类型中药片剂之间的崩解动力学参数, 探究中药类型的改变对于片剂崩解动力学存在的促进或抑制作用及其原因。
如图5所示, 3种代表性中药片剂在质构分析仪应力松弛法下均呈现出“上升-峰值-下降”的典型曲线。丹参纯饮片细粉片(无辅料) 在500 s后应力缓慢下降并趋于平稳, 而加入辅料及崩解剂后, 3种中药片剂在5%载药量条件下的应力-时间曲线均表现为应力快速上升至峰值、随后随时间逐渐衰减。当载药量由5%提高至50%时, 3种中药片剂的应力-时间曲线整体呈现出峰值更高、上升阶段斜率增大、Tp缩短及AUC增加的特征, 表明高载药量下片剂在加载初期承受更大应力且崩解过程更为剧烈。
丹参片剂在不同载药量和崩解剂型号下的崩解动力学参数如图6所示。随载药量升高, Tp和Te普遍延长, 膨胀速率和kf下降; 在50%载药量时, A1、A4和C4组合的Te较短、kf较高, 对丹参片剂的崩解促进作用优于其他型号崩解剂。
姜黄片剂的崩解动力学参数见图7。与丹参类似, 低载药量时Tp较短、Te较小, kf较大; 在同一载药量水平下, 3类崩解剂对姜黄体系崩解的促进能力整体呈CCS > SSG > PVPP的趋势。
以膨胀型穿心莲饮片细粉作为片剂的中药成分, 所得片剂的应力-时间曲线如图5F、G所示, 其动力学参数如图7所示。在高载药量条件下, 穿心莲片剂的Tp和Te敏感受崩解剂型号影响。综合比较可见, 在50%载药量时, C4组合在缩短Te、提高kf等方面优于A4和B1, 表现出更强的崩解促进能力。
进一步对3种崩解特性中药共同采用的关键评价参数Fs、Te、kf和AUC进行单因素方差分析(表7), 其中, Fs表征片剂在探针接触时的初始抗压强度, Te近似对应崩解过程结束的时间, kf为下降阶段的斜率用于表征片体崩解速率, AUC反映整个崩解过程中片剂承受的整体力学阻力。对于同一崩解剂, 3种中药片剂的Fs差异均无统计学意义(P ≥ 0.05); 而Te、kf和AUC在不同中药之间则普遍存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。以A4为例, 姜黄和穿心莲片的Te显著短于丹参片, kf显著高于丹参片, AUC明显低于丹参片; 在B1、C4处方中同样可以观察到Te缩短、kf增大而AUC减小的类似趋势。对于同一种崩解剂和同一评价指标(Fs、Te、kf或AUC), 以中药种类为因素, 采用单因素方差分析比较3种中药片剂之间的差异。上标字母仅用于同一崩解剂内部3种中药之间的比较, 不用于不同崩解剂之间的比较。
从结构与化学特性来看, 现有研究表明CCS具有纤维状多孔结构, SSG为多孔球形颗粒, PVPP则呈多孔海绵状骨架, 这些形貌特征赋予其显著的毛细管吸水能力[5]。其中CCS和SSG为含羧酸基团的阴离子型聚合物, 亲水性较好, 遇水可发生部分溶胀与溶出, 产生渗透压并促进水分向片剂内部迁移[5]; PVPP为不溶性交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮, 主要依赖毛细管吸水和体积膨胀实现崩解, 其分子中的酰胺基团还可通过氢键和范德华力与药物及其他辅料相互作用, 调节崩解与溶出行为[6, 7]。三类崩解剂均通过物理或化学交联形成三维网络结构, 这种交联既保证其水不溶性, 又为吸水膨胀和应力传递提供骨架基础[7]。本研究中, CCS的关键FRC为流动性C, 提示其纤维状多孔颗粒在压片过程中的取向与堆积方式直接影响孔隙网络连通性和毛细通道形成, 从而调控水分进入速率和膨胀空间; 该结果与文献中关于流动性不足易形成致密结构、限制水分迁移和羧酸基团解离所致链段排斥、导致崩解延迟的报道相一致[22-24]。SSG的主要FRCs包括沉降体积、粒径及粒径分布、MC、S与C, 反映其多孔球形颗粒在堆积-润湿-膨胀三个环节上的综合作用: 较大的沉降体积和适宜的粒径分布有利于形成较高初始孔隙率和比表面积, 促进水分扩散[25], 而MC过高则会增强液桥和预聚集, 使局部黏性增加、孔隙闭合, 对崩解产生拮抗作用[26]; 已有研究亦支持流动性与膨胀度协同调节裂隙生成、孔路扩展及片体解聚动力学过程的观点[27-30]。PVPP体系中, D50、Span与S是最核心的FRCs。与其海绵状多孔骨架在一定粒径尺度及分布均匀性下能够建立稳定毛细通道网络、适宜的膨胀度S则为应变恢复提供体积驱动力, 通过在片剂内部产生膨胀应力, 促进裂缝扩展和片剂破碎[31]。流动性良好的XL-10型号更易在片内形成均一的PVPP分布和孔隙网络, 使水分渗透、颗粒膨胀和应变释放在空间上更为同步, 因而表现出更快且更稳定的崩解行为[22, 32, 33]。
需要强调的是, 本研究中的FRCs并非“唯一决定崩解行为的常数”, 而是在既定配方与工艺窗口内, 能够最大程度解释崩解差异的关键功能性指标。姜黄体系的结果显示, 在载药量较低且崩解剂作用占主导时, FRCs-崩解关系与丹参整体上保持一致, 但并非所有FRCs条件“最优”的组合都对应最短DT或最高kf, 提示FRCs的作用具有一定共性, 同时会受到药物溶解/溶蚀方式、载药量水平及处方结构等因素的调节。因此, 姜黄在本研究中更适合作为丹参FRCs的定性辅助验证, 而非用于重建一套独立的FRCs筛选结果。总体来看, 本研究在数据统计、结构机理和适用边界三个层面构建了相对精炼而完整的FRCs识别框架。
从应力-时间曲线可以看出, 5%载药量时3种中药片剂均呈典型的“上升-峰值-下降”型, 应力在探针加载后快速上升, 达到峰值后随片剂结构破坏与药物释放逐步衰减, 说明此时崩解过程主要由赋形剂和崩解剂构建的骨架所主导。丹参体系中, 随载药量由5%升至50%, 可塑性赋形剂的比例显著下降, 硬脆性丹参颗粒开始主导压缩行为, 导致应力集中、上升陡峭且难以维持, 对应曲线上峰值抬高、Tp缩短及AUC增大[18, 34]。姜黄体系则兼具溶解与黏弹特性, 载药量升高后药物颗粒的刚性碎裂使峰值提前出现, 而姜黄中油性/黏弹性成分又使峰后应力松弛过程相对缓慢, 从而改变了曲线的衰减形态[34, 35]。穿心莲作为典型膨胀型中药, 高载药条件下中药自身强膨胀倾向显著增强片内应力积累, 同时由于赋形剂和崩解剂比例下降, 在有限介质中穿心莲粉末与崩解剂对水分和膨胀空间产生竞争, 导致中药颗粒膨胀受限、骨架松散不均, 从而降低应力释放效率、延迟崩解[36, 37]。当中药膨胀倾向较强且载药量较高时, 崩解剂与中药粉体在有限孔隙和水量内出现“优先吸水/优先膨胀”, 表现为部分组合中Te延长、AUC升高而kf未成比例增加, 本研究将其概括为“中药-崩解剂膨胀竞争”。在此背景下, C4在高载药量穿心莲片剂中的Te更短、kf更大, 说明其粒径和膨胀特性更有利于在“膨胀竞争”中建立有效孔隙网络并释放膨胀应力, 部分克服了中药主导膨胀带来的不利影响。
由表7可见, 在50%载药量条件下, 即使崩解剂类型保持不变, 不同中药片剂在Te、kf和AUC等动力学参数上仍存在系统性差异, 而Fs变化不大, 表明片剂初始抗压强度主要由压片条件和崩解剂骨架决定, 中药种类影响有限; 但在后续应力松弛和解聚阶段, 中药自身的膨胀/溶蚀行为会明显重塑应力-时间曲线。溶解/溶蚀型姜黄在各崩解剂体系中普遍表现为较短的Te和较低的AUC, 膨胀型穿心莲常伴随Te缩短但AUC升高, 而崩散型丹参在多数组合中Te和AUC均处于较高水平, 反映其崩解过程相对缓慢、持续。综合FRCs筛选结果与不同载药量下的动力学特征, 可以认为: 在低载药量时, 崩解剂FRCs通过“粉体流动性与堆积结构→孔隙网络与吸水动力学→膨胀/应变恢复→崩解动力学参数”这一链式路径起主导作用; 而在高载药量时, 决定崩解行为的主导因素转变为“中药-崩解剂”共同构成的复合骨架, 中药的膨胀/溶蚀特性通过“膨胀竞争”“孔隙重构”等途径调节甚至部分掩盖FRCs的贡献, 形成本研究提出的高载药量下中药-崩解剂膨胀竞争机制。
为了更直观地展示崩解剂FRCs、中药类型及载药量对片剂崩解行为的综合影响, 进一步绘制了机制模式图(图8), 系统呈现崩解剂FRCs-中药类型-片剂崩解行为在不同载药量下的作用路径。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1229
  • 接收时间:2025-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16
  • 修回日期:2026-01-19
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    1上海中医药大学创新中药研究院, 中药现代制剂技术教育部工程研究中心, 上海 201203
    2上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
    3上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院, 上海 200011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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