Article(id=1308842013777293424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1239, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=1772726400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981853192, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981853192, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981853192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981853192, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2729, endPage=2736, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842013987008625, articleId=1308842013777293424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Eclipta-Ligustrum carbon dots for bioimaging and targeted inhibition of breast cancer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chinese Medicine Carbon Dots, as an innovative achievement integrating nanotechnology and traditional Chinese medicine in recent years, exhibit unique advantages such as high efficiency, excellent water solubility, and outstanding biocompatibility, demonstrating significant potential in clinical therapy and other areas. This study utilized traditional Chinese herbs Eclipta prostrata L. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. as precursors to synthesize Eclipta-Ligustrum carbon dots (EL-CDs) via a solvothermal method, exploring their potential as a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Initially, the carbon dots were characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, confirming that EL-CDs possess favorable optical properties. The synthesis conditions were optimized to identify the optimal reaction parameters. To further investigate the characteristics of the carbon dots, mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were used as the model system. Cellular imaging techniques demonstrated that EL-CDs can be effectively applied for cell imaging. MTT assays indicated that EL-CDs exert cytotoxic effects on 4T1 cells, while scratch assays revealed their ability to inhibit the migration of 4T1 cells. The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in 4T1 cells were detected using DCFH-DA staining combined with inverted fluorescence microscopy. Compared to the control group, the EL-CDs treatment group showed a significant increase in ROS expression in a dose-dependent manner. To evaluate the in vivo imaging potential of EL-CDs, both in vivo and ex vivo organ imaging in mice demonstrated their excellent fluorescence properties. Furthermore, EL-CDs exhibited certain antitumor effects without significantly affecting the body weight or growth of the mice during treatment. In summary, EL-CDs possess good biocompatibility, remarkable fluorescence properties, and certain antitumor efficacy, offering a new strategy for breast cancer treatment and holding potential value for clinical translation. This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No: SDUTCM20240304213).

, authors=Jun-yi CUI1, Xiao-jie JI2, 3, Meng-yu LIU3, Ming-yue NIU3, Zhen ZHANG3, Hao ZHENG2, *, Zi-chao CHEN3, *, authorsList=Jun-yi CUI, Xiao-jie JI, Meng-yu LIU, Ming-yue NIU, Zhen ZHANG, Hao ZHENG, Zi-chao CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao ZHENG, Zi-chao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842017183068290, articleId=1308842013777293424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=墨旱莲-女贞子碳点抑制乳腺癌的作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药碳点作为近年来纳米技术与传统中药结合的创新成果, 展现出高效性、良好的水溶性和优异的生物相容性等独特优势, 在临床治疗等方面具有巨大优势。本研究以传统中药墨旱莲和女贞子作为前驱体, 通过溶剂热法合成墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 探究其作为新型的乳腺癌新型预防和治疗药物的潜力。首先, 利用荧光光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱对碳点进行了表征, 表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有良好的光学特性。随后对碳点制备条件进行优化, 筛选出最佳反应条件。为进一步探究碳点的特性, 以小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞作为研究对象, 借助细胞成像技术证明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点可用于细胞成像。MTT实验表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对乳腺癌4T1细胞具有杀伤效果; 细胞划痕实验表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点能抑制乳腺癌4T1细胞迁移率。采用DCFH-DA结合倒置荧光显微镜检测4T1细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平的变化。与对照组相比, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点处理组ROS表达显著增高且呈剂量依赖性。为了研究墨旱莲-女贞子碳点在体内成像效果, 通过小鼠活体、离体器官成像显示碳点具有良好的荧光特性, 此外, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点还具有一定的抑癌作用, 治疗时对小鼠的体重和生长无显著影响。综上, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有良好的生物相容性和优异的荧光特性及一定的抑癌作用, 为乳腺癌治疗提供了一种新方案, 具有潜在的临床转化价值。本实验获得山东中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(No: SDUTCM20240304213)。

, authors=崔君祎1, 纪晓洁2, 3, 刘梦宇3, 牛明月3, 张振3, 郑昊2, *, 陈子超3, *, authorsList=崔君祎, 纪晓洁, 刘梦宇, 牛明月, 张振, 郑昊, 陈子超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑昊, 陈子超, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

崔君祎和纪晓洁负责实验方案实施、数据采集、结果分析及文章撰写; 刘梦宇、牛明月和张振协助手稿修改; 陈子超和郑昊负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改、经费支持。

, correspAuthorsNote=
郑昊, Tel: 13792988030, E-mail:
陈子超, Tel: 15689716672, E-mail:
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墨旱莲-女贞子碳点抑制乳腺癌的作用研究
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崔君祎 1 , 纪晓洁 2, 3 , 刘梦宇 3 , 牛明月 3 , 张振 3 , 郑昊 2, * , 陈子超 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(7): 2729-2736
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (7) : 2729 -2736
墨旱莲-女贞子碳点抑制乳腺癌的作用研究
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崔君祎1, 纪晓洁2, 3, 刘梦宇3, 牛明月3, 张振3, 郑昊2, * , 陈子超3, *
作者信息
  • 1聊城大学药学与食品工程学院, 山东 聊城 252059
  • 2临沂市人民医院, 山东 临沂 276000
  • 3山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
通讯作者:
郑昊, Tel: 13792988030, E-mail:
陈子超, Tel: 15689716672, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

崔君祎和纪晓洁负责实验方案实施、数据采集、结果分析及文章撰写; 刘梦宇、牛明月和张振协助手稿修改; 陈子超和郑昊负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改、经费支持。

Eclipta-Ligustrum carbon dots for bioimaging and targeted inhibition of breast cancer
Jun-yi CUI1, Xiao-jie JI2, 3, Meng-yu LIU3, Ming-yue NIU3, Zhen ZHANG3, Hao ZHENG2, * , Zi-chao CHEN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
  • 2Linyi People′s Hospital, Linyi 276000, China
  • 3Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1239
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中药碳点作为近年来纳米技术与传统中药结合的创新成果, 展现出高效性、良好的水溶性和优异的生物相容性等独特优势, 在临床治疗等方面具有巨大优势。本研究以传统中药墨旱莲和女贞子作为前驱体, 通过溶剂热法合成墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 探究其作为新型的乳腺癌新型预防和治疗药物的潜力。首先, 利用荧光光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱对碳点进行了表征, 表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有良好的光学特性。随后对碳点制备条件进行优化, 筛选出最佳反应条件。为进一步探究碳点的特性, 以小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞作为研究对象, 借助细胞成像技术证明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点可用于细胞成像。MTT实验表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对乳腺癌4T1细胞具有杀伤效果; 细胞划痕实验表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点能抑制乳腺癌4T1细胞迁移率。采用DCFH-DA结合倒置荧光显微镜检测4T1细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平的变化。与对照组相比, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点处理组ROS表达显著增高且呈剂量依赖性。为了研究墨旱莲-女贞子碳点在体内成像效果, 通过小鼠活体、离体器官成像显示碳点具有良好的荧光特性, 此外, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点还具有一定的抑癌作用, 治疗时对小鼠的体重和生长无显著影响。综上, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有良好的生物相容性和优异的荧光特性及一定的抑癌作用, 为乳腺癌治疗提供了一种新方案, 具有潜在的临床转化价值。本实验获得山东中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(No: SDUTCM20240304213)。

墨旱莲-女贞子碳点  /  荧光特性  /  乳腺癌  /  抑癌作用  /  细胞成像

Chinese Medicine Carbon Dots, as an innovative achievement integrating nanotechnology and traditional Chinese medicine in recent years, exhibit unique advantages such as high efficiency, excellent water solubility, and outstanding biocompatibility, demonstrating significant potential in clinical therapy and other areas. This study utilized traditional Chinese herbs Eclipta prostrata L. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. as precursors to synthesize Eclipta-Ligustrum carbon dots (EL-CDs) via a solvothermal method, exploring their potential as a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Initially, the carbon dots were characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, confirming that EL-CDs possess favorable optical properties. The synthesis conditions were optimized to identify the optimal reaction parameters. To further investigate the characteristics of the carbon dots, mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were used as the model system. Cellular imaging techniques demonstrated that EL-CDs can be effectively applied for cell imaging. MTT assays indicated that EL-CDs exert cytotoxic effects on 4T1 cells, while scratch assays revealed their ability to inhibit the migration of 4T1 cells. The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in 4T1 cells were detected using DCFH-DA staining combined with inverted fluorescence microscopy. Compared to the control group, the EL-CDs treatment group showed a significant increase in ROS expression in a dose-dependent manner. To evaluate the in vivo imaging potential of EL-CDs, both in vivo and ex vivo organ imaging in mice demonstrated their excellent fluorescence properties. Furthermore, EL-CDs exhibited certain antitumor effects without significantly affecting the body weight or growth of the mice during treatment. In summary, EL-CDs possess good biocompatibility, remarkable fluorescence properties, and certain antitumor efficacy, offering a new strategy for breast cancer treatment and holding potential value for clinical translation. This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No: SDUTCM20240304213).

Eclipta-Ligustrum carbon dot  /  fluorescence property  /  breast cancer  /  antitumor effect  /  cellular imaging
崔君祎, 纪晓洁, 刘梦宇, 牛明月, 张振, 郑昊, 陈子超. 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点抑制乳腺癌的作用研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2729 -2736 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1239
Jun-yi CUI, Xiao-jie JI, Meng-yu LIU, Ming-yue NIU, Zhen ZHANG, Hao ZHENG, Zi-chao CHEN. Eclipta-Ligustrum carbon dots for bioimaging and targeted inhibition of breast cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2729 -2736 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1239
碳点(carbon dots, CDs), 是一种新型碳基纳米材料, 具有良好的生物学活性和荧光特性。其前驱体来源广泛, 包括石墨等化学材料合成的碳点和天然物质合成的生物质碳点。碳点的合成方法包括自上而下法和自下而上法。自上而下法是将块状碳材料通过物理或化学破碎为纳米颗粒, 主要包括化学氧化法和超声波处理法; 自下而上法则是由有机小分子及对应的生物质材料通过碳化、聚合或缩合制得纳米颗粒, 主要包括水热法、热解法和微波合成法[1, 2]。与传统的化学合成相比, 天然产物所具有的生物相容性高, 环境友好且种类丰富, 由天然产物尤其是中草药为前驱体所合成的碳点在生物医药领域应用广泛[3]。
墨旱莲(Eclipta prostrata L.) 和女贞子(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.), 均为具有重要药用价值的传统中药, 墨旱莲的化学成分主要有香豆草醚类、三萜皂苷类、甾体类、噻吩类、黄酮类及挥发油类等[4], 多种研究发现, 其具有保肝、抗炎[5]、抗癌[6-9]和促骨修复[10]等多种功效。女贞子中富含三萜类、黄酮类和苯乙醇苷类等, 主要具有保肝、增强免疫调节和抗炎等药理作用[11]。先前有研究表明, 墨旱莲和女贞子中的活性成分能应用于乳腺癌的治疗[10-12]。将墨旱莲和女贞子中的活性成分与碳点结合, 不仅保留了墨旱莲和女贞子的药理活性, 还提高其荧光特性、稳定性和抗肿瘤作用并减少其毒副作用。
根据2020年癌症全球发病率统计, 全球新增癌症病例近2 000万, 因癌症死亡人数近1 000万, 癌症已成为危害人类健康的重要因素[13]。其中乳腺癌是影响女性健康的主要癌症之一, 约占女性所有恶性肿瘤的三分之一, 其死亡率约占确诊病例总数的15%。乳腺癌发病机制尚未完全明确, 涉及一系列复杂的遗传和环境因素[14]。目前临床对乳腺癌的诊断主要采取影像学[15]的方法, 但考虑到乳腺癌前期肿块较小等问题, 诊断准确性有待提高[16]。而碳点超小尺寸使得碳点在肿瘤部位有更强的穿透能力, 碳点的荧光特性使其可以用于药物靶向治疗。本研究以墨旱莲和女贞子为研究对象, 通过溶剂热法合成墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 利用细胞成像、体内成像实验, 证明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有良好体内外荧光成像特性。还通过活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测、MTT、划痕实验和动物心内注射实验对墨旱莲-女贞子碳点的疗效评估。为开发其作为乳腺癌预防药物和治疗药物提供实验数据支撑。
动物与细胞培养    balb/c小鼠, 雌性, 6周龄, 体重17.0 ± 1.0 g购自济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司[许可证号: SCXK (鲁) 2022-0006]; 小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1 (目录号SCSP-5056), 4T1细胞使用含10%胎牛血清(FBS) 和1%双抗的DMEM培养基培养, 所有细胞均在37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养。动物实验获得山东中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(No: SDUTCM20240304213)。
药材与试剂    墨旱莲、酒女贞子(2301001、23070801, 济南建联中药房); 无水乙醇(62-11, 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司); Hoechst 33342染料、4%多聚甲醛、MTT、二甲基亚砜(C1005、P0099-500 mL、ST1537、ST1276L, 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司); DMEM基础培养基(G4511, 自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司); 氢氧化钠(10019718, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
仪器    CO2细胞恒温培养箱、微量紫外可见分光光度计NanoDrop lite、全波长酶标仪(BB150型、ND-LITE-PR型、Multiskan SkyHigh型, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 紫外-可见分光光度计、荧光分光光度计(U-2910、F-4700, 日本日立公司); 傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(Frontier FT-IR, 美国PerkinElmer公司); 冷冻干燥机(SCIENTZ-10N/A型, 宁波新芝冻干设备股份有限公司); 低温高速离心机(Centrifuge 5425R型, 德国Eppendorf公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(CKX53型, 日本Olympus公司)。
碳点制备    采用溶剂热法制备墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 将女贞子和墨旱莲研磨成粉末。精密称取0.75 g墨旱莲和0.75 g女贞子, 转移至含有30 mL无水乙醇的高压反应釜, 在150 ℃反应10 h, 待反应冷却至室温, 取上清液在13 000 ×g条件下离心15 min。弃去沉淀, 取上清液, 按照1∶2的比例向其中加入50 mg·mL-1氢氧化钠溶液[17], 搅拌1 min, 10 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃上清液。纯水洗涤3次, 经冷冻干燥即可获得墨旱莲-女贞子碳点。
碳点表征    取冻干的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点粉末, 用纯水配置成1 mg·mL-1的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点溶液, 观察碳点复溶情况, 检测其丁达尔效应。并用荧光光谱仪分别测量其荧光光谱, 用紫外分光光度计检测200~800 nm的紫外可见分光光谱。
碳点制备条件优化    反应温度、反应时间、反应浓度是影响碳点合成的关键因素。以荧光强度作为墨旱莲-女贞子碳点合成的考察指标。首先对反应温度进行优化, 采用不同温度(110、130、150、170、190 ℃) 反应10 h, 检测荧光强度。基于温度优化结果, 在不同的反应时间(6、8、10、12、14 h) 下反应, 检测荧光强度, 筛选出制备碳点的最佳反应时间。在已优化时间和温度基础上对反应浓度进行优化, 对前驱体投料量进行优化(0.375、0.75、1.125、1.5、1.875 g), 筛选制备墨旱莲-女贞子碳点的最佳反应条件。
细胞成像    通过4T1细胞评价墨旱莲-女贞子碳点细胞内成像情况。将4T1细胞接种于6孔培养板内中培养(每孔25×104个), 加入质量浓度为250 μg·mL-1墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 与细胞共同孵育1、2、7 h, 再加入Hoechst染色观察细胞核[18]。用4%多聚甲醛固定, 用PBS洗涤3次后, 置于荧光显微镜下进行拍摄。
细胞毒性    采用MTT法评估墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对细胞的细胞毒性情况。取对数生长期的鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞, 用胰酶处理后制成细胞悬液, 以每孔8 000个细胞接种到96孔板中, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养至细胞贴壁。分别加入不同浓度的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点溶液, 分别培养24、48、72 h。培养结束后弃上清, 每孔加入1 mg·mL-1 MTT溶液100 μL, 振荡后置于37 ℃培养箱中培养4 h。弃上清, 每孔加入100 μL DMSO溶液, 轻轻振荡30 s, 待紫色甲瓒颗粒充分溶解后用酶标仪测定570 nm处吸光值。
细胞迁移    选取乳腺癌4T1细胞作为检测细胞迁移率的模型。将4T1细胞均匀接种到6孔板上, 当细胞密度达到90%时, 在每孔中进行划痕, 使用0、50、100 μg·mL-1墨旱莲-女贞子碳点的完全培养基继续培养, 在0、24、48 h用倒置显微镜拍照, 观察细胞侵袭情况。所得图像使用Image J软件统计划痕面积用于计算细胞迁移率。
细胞内ROS水平    将4T1细胞接种到6孔板上(细胞浓度为每孔35×104个), 孵育12 h, 加入不同质量浓度(0、50、100 μg·mL-1) 的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点继续孵育6 h后, 洗涤细胞3次。用DCFH-DA (10 μmol·L-1) 在37 ℃孵育30 min, PBS洗涤3次。在倒置荧光显微镜下进行拍摄, 观察细胞内ROS水平。
体内成像    balb/c小鼠, 雌性, 6周龄, 用于活体荧光生物成像。尾静脉注射10 mg·kg-1的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 在1、2、3、4、5、6 h时间点进行活体荧光拍照。随后处死小鼠, 取出各脏器, 分别在2、3、5、6 h时进行荧光拍照分析, 研究墨旱莲-女贞子碳点在荷瘤动物脏器内的分布情况。
碳点治疗实验    选用balb/c雌性6周龄小鼠, 随机分成4组, 心内注射乳腺癌4T1细胞[19], 构建小鼠移植瘤模型。采用不同浓度的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点(低剂量: 10 mg·kg-1、高剂量: 50 mg·kg-1) 尾静脉注射到荷瘤小鼠, 同时以25 mg·kg-1唑来膦酸作为阳性对照进行干预。植瘤前一天预给药, 植瘤后每两天给药一次。进行药物干预后, 每日称取小鼠的体重并记录。分别在第7、14、21天时进行活体成像, 检验墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对小鼠乳腺癌治疗效果并检测安全性。
统计学方法    实验数据以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析, 并绘制数据图, 通过单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 和t检验比较各组数据, P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
采用溶剂热法制备的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 形成碳点的物质为墨旱莲-女贞子混合物, 二者为天然植物原料, 原料组成比例按二至丸药材配比确定: 墨旱莲(干燥全草粉碎物)∶女贞子(干燥果实粉碎物) = 1∶1 (质量比)。在150 ℃溶剂热条件下, 墨旱莲-女贞子粉末在无水乙醇的亚临界环境中发生系列反应: 墨旱莲-女贞子提取物会经历分子间和分子内脱水反应, 形成较大尺寸的聚合物颗粒。当温度进一步升高时, 聚合物颗粒发生芳香化反应, 逐渐形成具有共轭π体系的芳香结构。随着反应温度继续升高, 芳香化后的分子结构之间发生成核突发, 即CDs初步核心的形成。成核完成后, CDs的核心通过进一步的分子堆积和碳化过程逐渐生长[20]。
墨旱莲-女贞子碳点呈黄绿色固体(图1A), 重新溶解后为黄色液体(图1B)。在紫外灯照射下表现为红色荧光(图1C)。如图1D所示, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点表现出明显的丁达尔效应。高分辨透射电子显微镜图像显示, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有清晰的晶格条纹, 晶格间距为0.21 nm (图1E), 透射电子显微镜图像显示墨旱莲-女贞子碳点呈均匀分散的近球形结构(图1F), 粒径为2.62 nm ± 0.91 nm (图1G)。利用紫外分光光度计对墨旱莲-女贞子碳点的吸收光谱进行表征, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点溶液的紫外光谱在210和666 nm附近有两个主要吸收峰(图1H), 通过荧光光谱进行表征其光学特征, 荧光光谱显示墨旱莲-女贞子碳点溶液的最大激发波长为400 nm, 最大发射波长为678 nm (图1I)。墨旱莲-女贞子碳点红外光谱图中波长3 649、3 445、3 417 cm-1处的峰对应原料中黄酮、环烯醚萜的游离醇羟基O-H与氨基酸的氨基N-H伸缩振动, 是碳点水溶性的关键; 波数2 923、2 852 cm-1为饱和烷基C-H伸缩振动, 源于三萜类烷基链与有机酸的脂肪族结构; 波数1 669 cm-1是黄酮、香豆素的羰基C=O伸缩振动; 波数1 563 cm-1叠加了芳环C=C双键与N-H弯曲振动, 反映芳香族化合物与含氮杂环的留存; 波数1 459、1 447 cm-1则为芳环和烷基的C-H弯曲振动。整体来看, 碳点保留了原料中羟基、氨基等核心官能团, 是其生物活性的结构基础(图1J)。现阶段, 多数中药衍生碳点的发光区域集中在蓝绿光区域, 而本研究制备的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点为红光发光碳点。由于红光碳点具有组织穿透深度大的特点, 因此在生物体深度荧光成像中具有良好的应用前景。
完成对碳点的表征后, 通过对反应温度、反应时间、反应浓度进行优化筛选最佳反应条件。如图2的实验结果所示, 当反应温度为150 ℃, 反应时间为10 h, 反应浓度为0.75 g时, 制备出的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点的荧光强度最强。而在其他反应条件下, 碳点的荧光强度均出现不同程度的衰减。
基于上述优化后的碳点样品, 进一步开展细胞成像实验探究墨旱莲-女贞子碳点是否能用于细胞成像。通过倒置显微镜观察墨旱莲-女贞子碳点在4T1细胞内的成像结果(图3), 细胞内检测到红色荧光。这表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点能够进入细胞。
作者探究了墨旱莲-女贞子碳点在细胞内成像的情况, 发现墨旱莲-女贞子碳点可以进入细胞内。为进一步探究墨旱莲-女贞子的细胞毒性效果。以小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞作为模型, 首先用不同质量浓度墨旱莲-女贞子碳点处理细胞, MTT法检测其对细胞活性的影响。墨旱莲-女贞子碳点处理4T1细胞24、48、72 h后, MTT实验检测其细胞毒性, IC50分别为270.6、185.0及187.3 μg·mL-1 (图4)。结果表明, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点处理4T1细胞24 h后, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对4T1细胞已经具有抑制效果。由于48和72 h处理时IC50值相差不大, 因此将48 h作为墨旱莲-女贞子碳点作用于4T1细胞的标准时间。综上所述, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点能抑制4T1细胞的增殖, 且具有一定的时间依赖性。
根据MTT实验所得出数据, 选取合适区间来评估墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对4T1细胞侵袭作用的影响。选取不同浓度的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点分别处理4T1细胞24、48 h后进行细胞划痕实验。如图5所示, 与对照组相比, 添加墨旱莲-女贞子碳点组划痕愈合速度减慢, 细胞迁移率显著降低, 且呈剂量依赖性, 表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点可显著抑制4T1细胞侵袭。
小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞的MTT实验和划痕实验初步揭示碳点对4T1细胞存活与迁移的影响, 进一步通过ROS检测细胞内活性氧含量的变化。ROS过量存在时, 可通过氧化应激机制引起细胞应激和损伤, 最终导致细胞死亡[21, 22]。如图6所示, 用DCFH-DA孵育后, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点在4T1细胞中展示出产生ROS的能力, 证明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点能诱导4T1细胞中ROS的产生, 且呈浓度依赖性。
为了评估墨旱莲-女贞子碳点是否能用于体内成像[23], 尾静脉注射10 mg·kg-1的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点后, 在不同时间进行活体成像, 由图7A可知, 4 h时体内荧光最强, 实验数据表明该碳点可用于活体成像。处死小鼠后, 检测各组织中的荧光光分布, 离体成像显示, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点主要聚集在肝脏及胃肠道系统, 表明墨旱莲-女贞子碳点可能通过肝脏清除和随后的胆汁排泄。这种现象归因于肠肝循环, 即肠道通过胆管和门静脉与肝脏相连。
基于墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具备良好的荧光特性, 且体外研究已证实其对乳腺癌4T1细胞展现出细胞毒性并可抑制细胞迁移, 作者对墨旱莲-女贞子碳点治疗乳腺癌的潜力进行评估。选乳腺癌4T1细胞, 构建小鼠移植瘤模型。分别给予不同浓度(10、50 mg·kg-1) 的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点, 同时以25 mg·kg-1唑来膦酸作为阳性对照进行干预。结果如图8所示, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对乳腺癌具有一定的抑制作用。进行药物干预后, 每日称取小鼠的体重, 结果发现小鼠体重均无明显下降, 这意味着墨旱莲-女贞子碳点治疗对小鼠的体重和生长无显著影响。
乳腺癌是最常见的女性恶性肿瘤, 乳腺癌的早诊早治至关重要。癌症治疗的有效方法包括手术切除、放疗和化疗。根据文献[24]显示, 这些治疗方法均存在明显的缺点。
碳点作为一种新兴纳米材料, 在生物医药领域有良好发展前景[25, 26], 而中药衍生碳点不仅具有良好的水溶性、生物相容性, 其前驱体种类丰富、来源广泛且对环境友好[27]。本研究以传统中药墨旱莲和女贞子作为前驱体合成了具有红色荧光的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点。并通过多项研究证明制备的墨旱莲-女贞子碳点具有良好的光学性能, 经体外细胞实验表明, 碳点具有跨越细胞膜进入细胞内部的能力, 且对小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞表现出显著的细胞毒性, 并能有效抑制细胞迁移。尤其值得注意的是, 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点能够在乳腺癌4T1细胞中诱发ROS产生, ROS主要包括过氧化氢[28]、超氧化物[28]、单线态氧[29]和羟基自由基[30], 其在许多信号通路[31, 32]和免疫反应[33, 34]中起重要作用。有研究表明活性氧可以通过氧化应激引起肿瘤细胞的死亡[35], 墨旱莲-女贞子碳点可以产生ROS杀伤乳腺癌细胞。ROS可直接作用于线粒体, 导致线粒体膜电位下降、膜通透性增加, 促使细胞色素C等凋亡相关蛋白释放到细胞质中。这些蛋白与凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1 (Apaf-1) 结合, 形成凋亡小体, 激活Caspase级联反应, 最终引发细胞凋亡[36]。有研究表明ROS诱导脂质过氧化, 生成大量脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide, LPO), 累积的LPO会耗竭谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 并抑制核心抗铁死亡酶GPX4的活性, 导致细胞丧失清除LPO的能力, 同时脂质过氧化破坏膜结构释放游离铁, 通过Fenton反应进一步放大ROS与LPO生成, 形成氧化应激恶性循环[37], 最终高效诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡。通过小鼠的体内成像发现, 墨旱莲-女贞子具有良好的荧光成像性能, 且具有良好的生物相容性。综合以上特性, 本研究对墨旱莲-女贞子碳点的乳腺癌治疗潜力进行评估, 结果发现墨旱莲-女贞子碳点对乳腺癌有一定的抑制效果。这些特性为开发其作为生物成像和乳腺癌治疗药物提供了新思路。

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2026年第61卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1239
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-20
  • 修回日期:2026-03-06
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    1聊城大学药学与食品工程学院, 山东 聊城 252059
    2临沂市人民医院, 山东 临沂 276000
    3山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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