Article(id=1308841928280605667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=1776096000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981832808, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981832808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981832808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981832808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2447, endPage=2456, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841928494515172, articleId=1308841928280605667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The evolution, modern technological progress, and clinical application of processing of Schisandra chinensis, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Schisandra chinensis, a traditional Chinese materia medica, possesses unique pharmacological activities and extensive clinical application value. Its processing techniques have evolved and improved over thousands of years. In the traditional Chinese medicine system, the processing of Schisandra chinensis directly affects its efficacy and is closely related to quality control and medication safety. Currently, there are still deficiencies in the standardization of processing techniques, quality control of active components, and research on the component-efficacy relationship. This review summarizes the historical evolution and modern technological advancements in the processing of Schisandra chinensis. Integrating contemporary analytical techniques and pharmacological studies, it discusses the quality control methods for its main active components, the mechanisms by which different processing methods influence these components and their efficacy, as well as its applications in metabolic diseases, liver diseases, respiratory diseases, and neurological disorders. This paper aims to provide a reference for the standardization of processing techniques, the precision of quality control, and the modernization of clinical applications of Schisandra chinensis.

, authors=Tian-shun TANG1, *, Tao MA2, authorsList=Tian-shun TANG, Tao MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tian-shun TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841929165603815, articleId=1308841928280605667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药五味子炮制工艺演变、现代技术进展及临床应用研究, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

五味子(Schisandra chinensis) 作为传统中药材, 具有独特的药理活性与广泛的临床应用价值, 其炮制工艺历经千年发展与改进。在中医药体系中, 五味子炮制直接影响药效发挥, 并与质量控制及用药安全密切相关。目前, 五味子炮制工艺标准化、活性成分质量控制及成分-药效关联研究仍存在不足。本文梳理了五味子炮制工艺的历史演变与现代技术进展, 结合当代分析技术及药理研究, 探讨主要活性成分的质量控制方法、不同炮制工艺对成分及药效的影响机制, 以及其在代谢性疾病、肝病、呼吸系统疾病和神经系统疾病中的应用。本文旨在为五味子炮制工艺标准化、质量控制精准化及临床应用现代化提供参考依据。

, authors=唐田顺1, *, 马涛2, authorsList=唐田顺, 马涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐田顺, authorNote=

作者贡献:

唐田顺负责综述选题、框架设计、文献检索与筛选、核心内容撰写、图表优化及全文统稿; 马涛参与文献调研、数据整理与验证, 协助完成稿件修改与格式校对。

, correspAuthorsNote=
唐田顺, E-mail:
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Active componentRepresentative compoundMajor biological activityKey analytical/extraction technique
LignansSchisandrin A, B, C; gomisin A, BHepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system regulationHPLC, LC-MS/MS, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS
PolysaccharidesSchisandra chinensis polysaccharides (SACP)Immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, regulation of gut microbiotaUltrasound-assisted extraction, TRDES, phenol-sulfuric acid method
Volatile oilsα-Pinene, camphene, α-terpinene, limoneneAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidantGC-MS, steam distillation
TriterpenoidsSchisantherin, schisandric acidAnti-tumor, enhancement of cellular stress resistance, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatoryHPLC, signaling pathway analysis
), ArticleFig(id=1308841933041139718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841928280605667, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main active components, representative compounds, key biological activities, and analytical techniques of Schisandra chinensis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Active componentRepresentative compoundMajor biological activityKey analytical/extraction technique
LignansSchisandrin A, B, C; gomisin A, BHepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system regulationHPLC, LC-MS/MS, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS
PolysaccharidesSchisandra chinensis polysaccharides (SACP)Immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, regulation of gut microbiotaUltrasound-assisted extraction, TRDES, phenol-sulfuric acid method
Volatile oilsα-Pinene, camphene, α-terpinene, limoneneAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidantGC-MS, steam distillation
TriterpenoidsSchisantherin, schisandric acidAnti-tumor, enhancement of cellular stress resistance, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatoryHPLC, signaling pathway analysis
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中药五味子炮制工艺演变、现代技术进展及临床应用研究
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唐田顺 1, * , 马涛 2
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(7): 2447-2456
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (7) : 2447 -2456
中药五味子炮制工艺演变、现代技术进展及临床应用研究
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唐田顺1, * , 马涛2
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江中医药大学, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150000
  • 2北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
通讯作者:
唐田顺, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

唐田顺负责综述选题、框架设计、文献检索与筛选、核心内容撰写、图表优化及全文统稿; 马涛参与文献调研、数据整理与验证, 协助完成稿件修改与格式校对。

The evolution, modern technological progress, and clinical application of processing of Schisandra chinensis
Tian-shun TANG1, * , Tao MA2
Affiliations
  • 1Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
  • 2School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0019
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五味子(Schisandra chinensis) 作为传统中药材, 具有独特的药理活性与广泛的临床应用价值, 其炮制工艺历经千年发展与改进。在中医药体系中, 五味子炮制直接影响药效发挥, 并与质量控制及用药安全密切相关。目前, 五味子炮制工艺标准化、活性成分质量控制及成分-药效关联研究仍存在不足。本文梳理了五味子炮制工艺的历史演变与现代技术进展, 结合当代分析技术及药理研究, 探讨主要活性成分的质量控制方法、不同炮制工艺对成分及药效的影响机制, 以及其在代谢性疾病、肝病、呼吸系统疾病和神经系统疾病中的应用。本文旨在为五味子炮制工艺标准化、质量控制精准化及临床应用现代化提供参考依据。

五味子  /  炮制  /  活性成分  /  质量控制  /  药理机制  /  临床应用

Schisandra chinensis, a traditional Chinese materia medica, possesses unique pharmacological activities and extensive clinical application value. Its processing techniques have evolved and improved over thousands of years. In the traditional Chinese medicine system, the processing of Schisandra chinensis directly affects its efficacy and is closely related to quality control and medication safety. Currently, there are still deficiencies in the standardization of processing techniques, quality control of active components, and research on the component-efficacy relationship. This review summarizes the historical evolution and modern technological advancements in the processing of Schisandra chinensis. Integrating contemporary analytical techniques and pharmacological studies, it discusses the quality control methods for its main active components, the mechanisms by which different processing methods influence these components and their efficacy, as well as its applications in metabolic diseases, liver diseases, respiratory diseases, and neurological disorders. This paper aims to provide a reference for the standardization of processing techniques, the precision of quality control, and the modernization of clinical applications of Schisandra chinensis.

Schisandra chinensis  /  processing  /  active component  /  quality control  /  pharmacological mechanism  /  clinical application
唐田顺, 马涛. 中药五味子炮制工艺演变、现代技术进展及临床应用研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2447 -2456 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0019
Tian-shun TANG, Tao MA. The evolution, modern technological progress, and clinical application of processing of Schisandra chinensis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2447 -2456 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0019
五味子是木兰科植物五味子[Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.] 的干燥成熟果实, 最早记载于《神农本草经》, 被列为上品, 具有敛肺止咳、滋肾生津、涩精止泻、补肾宁心的功效。其酸、甜、苦、辛、咸五味俱全, 传统理论认为“五味入五脏”, 因此历代医家视其为调补脏腑虚损的重要药物。现代药理研究表明, 五味子富含木脂素、多糖、挥发油及三萜类等活性成分, 其中木脂素类(如五味子醇甲、戈米辛A等) 为其核心药效物质基础, 具有显著的保肝、抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节及神经保护等作用[1-3]。
众所周知, 炮制是中药发挥精准药效的关键技术环节, 不同的炮制方法(如加热、酒制、醋制、蜜制) 可调控五味子的药性、味道、归经、成分溶出及生物利用度, 实现“生熟异用”“因证施炮”的传统炮制理念, 这不仅是中药减毒增效的重要途径, 也是其临床精准应用的科学内涵所在。然而, 目前炮制工艺标准化程度较低, 质量控制仍以单一指标为主, 炮制对活性成分转化、药代动力学及多靶点机制的影响尚未完全阐明, 这些问题制约了五味子的临床精准应用与产业高质量发展[4-6]。
近年来, 随着UPLC-MS、GC-MS、网络药理学及代谢组学等技术的应用, 对五味子的炮制研究取得重要进展。最新研究表明, 其木脂素类成分在肝损伤治疗中表现出显著疗效, 可通过调控鞘脂代谢、抑制炎症及氧化应激发挥作用[7, 8]; 挥发油是五味子抗过敏性哮喘的活性成分, 从生品中提取的挥发油效果最佳, 酒制和醋制品挥发油次之, 而生品及炮制品的水煎剂均无效, 为生品用于止咳平喘提供了实验依据[9]。
本文系统梳理了五味子炮制工艺的历史沿革与现代创新技术, 分析了控制主要活性成分质量的策略, 探讨了炮制工艺对药代动力学、药效动力学及信号通路的调控机制, 并总结了其在肝病、代谢性疾病、呼吸及神经系统疾病中的应用现状, 以期为炮制工艺规范化、质量标准提升及临床现代化提供科学参考, 推动传统经验与现代实验证据的深度融合。
五味子作为常用的收敛补益类中药, 其炮制工艺源于长期的经验积累和临床应用, 经过千余年的发展, 逐步形成了较为成熟的技术体系。以生用、酒制、醋制及蜜制为代表的多种炮制方式, 不仅体现了中医药“制用结合”的特点, 也反映出历代医家对其药性调控规律的深入认识。随着制药工程学、分析化学及系统药理学的快速发展, 五味子炮制研究正从传统经验向工艺参数可量化、质量可控的方向转变, 在保障疗效稳定性的同时, 实现有效成分的高效利用与药效优化。
五味子的炮制历史可以追溯到《神农本草经》, 《本草纲目》则对具体操作进行了细致的描述, 如酒制法“酒浸一宿, 蒸从巳至午, 晒干”, 蜜制法“以蜜拌蒸”, 为后世炮制实践提供了较为明确的技术范式[10]。
这些古籍记载表明, 传统医家已认识到不同炮制方法对五味子不同功效的显著影响。生用五味子多保留其酸涩峻烈之性, 偏重于敛肺止咳、涩精止泻, 适用于实证或病程较短的急性症候, 但整体补益作用相对有限; 酒制借助酒性温通升散, 可增强补肾暖肝、活血通络之效, 更适用于虚寒或久病体虚者; 醋制具有引药入肝之功, 强化疏肝止痛与收敛作用, 常用于肝郁气滞相关病证; 蜜制则通过蜂蜜的滋补与缓和作用, 减轻酸涩刺激, 改善口感, 同时增强润肺止咳、健脾和胃的综合效应[11-15]。
总体而言, 传统炮制工艺体现了中医药传统的“生熟异用”“因证施治、因证施炮”的辨证论治思想, 其关键在于通过不同的加工方式调节药性偏向, 以满足不同临床需求。近年来的现代研究从物质基础层面为这一传统经验提供了科学解释: 热处理及辅料作用可破坏果皮及细胞壁结构, 使木脂素、多酚类成分的溶出率提高约20%~50%[16]; 蜜制过程中糖类与活性成分之间可能发生一定程度的结构修饰, 从而改善生物利用度并增强胃肠黏膜保护作用[17]。这些发现为传统炮制方法的合理性和安全性提供了实验依据。
在现代炮制学研究中, 五味子加工过程已不再局限于经验描述, 而是逐步转向“工艺条件-化学成分-药效表现”之间内在关联的系统解析。现有研究认为, 炮制主要通过物理结构破坏、热诱导化学转化以及辅料协同作用等多种机制, 共同影响木脂素类、多糖及挥发油等关键活性成分的组成与状态, 从而调控其药代动力学和药效学特征。
借助UPLC-Q-TOF-MS、HPLC指纹图谱及GC-MS等先进分析技术, 研究发现加热过程可促进部分木脂素的释放与异构化, 多糖类成分在较高温度下发生一定程度的降解, 形成分子量较小的片段, 有助于增强免疫调节和抗炎活性; 挥发油成分虽在加热过程中存在一定损失, 但酒制工艺在一定程度上有助于保留其特征性成分[18-21]。这些成分层面的变化与保肝、抗氧化及神经保护等药效增强之间呈现出较为明确的相关性, 同时也降低了部分潜在的不良反应风险。
尽管传统炮制方法在临床应用中效果确切, 但其工艺参数往往依赖经验判断, 存在重现性不足、质量波动较大的问题。近年来, 研究者通过响应面分析、多因素正交设计等方法, 对温度、时间及辅料比例等关键参数进行量化评估, 为炮制工艺的规范化和标准化提供了数据支撑[22-24]。然而, 对于热敏成分在长期储存过程中的稳定性, 以及不当炮制条件可能引发的质量风险, 仍有必要在更大样本和更长周期内开展系统研究。
在传统理论指导下, 五味子炮制工艺正与绿色制药和现代工程技术深度融合, 多种创新方法不断涌现, 推动其生产模式向工业化、智能化方向转变。
微波辅助提取(microwave-assisted extraction, MAE) 利用电磁场作用实现物料的快速、均匀升温, 使药材内外同步受热, 可将处理时间缩短至传统方法的1/10~1/5, 有效减少木脂素在长时间加热条件下的氧化与降解[25]。近年研究还表明, MAE与深共晶溶剂(deep eutectic solvents, DES) 相结合, 可同时提高多种木脂素的提取效率, 增强瞬时释放能力并较好保持其生物活性[26]。
超声波辅助提取则通过空化效应破坏细胞壁结构, 使木脂素溶出率提高约30%~60%, 同时诱导多糖发生有序降解, 有利于提升抗氧化和免疫调节活性[27, 28]。在此基础上, 超声-微波协同技术、酶辅助预处理等手段进一步改善了提取效率与成分选择性[29]; 而超临界CO2萃取技术则在挥发油的选择性提取与保留方面表现出明显优势[30]。
这些新型提取技术具有参数可控、重现性高的特点, 结合近红外光谱等在线监测手段, 可在一定程度上模拟传统酒制、醋制等工艺特征, 实现不同批次产品质量的一致性。与传统方法相比, 现代创新技术不仅提高了有效成分的产率和生物活性, 还显著降低了能耗、溶剂用量及杂质生成风险, 符合绿色制药的发展理念, 为五味子炮制工艺的现代化和产业化应用提供了有意义的探索。
五味子的整体药效是木脂素、多糖、挥发油及三萜类等多类活性物质在体内综合作用的结果。不同成分在化学结构、理化性质及作用靶点方面差异明显, 对其进行质量评价则需要突破单一成分指标控制的限制。因此, 建立与其药效物质基础相匹配的现代分析方法和质量控制体系, 是实现五味子临床疗效稳定性与安全性的重要前提。
木脂素类化合物是目前研究最为深入、证据最为充分的五味子核心药效物质基础, 主要包括五味子素A、B、C及五味子醇A、B等。特征性的二苯并环辛烯结构使其具有较好的脂溶性和生物膜通透性, 在体内分布和靶向作用方面具有一定优势。
已有研究[3, 31-33]表明, 木脂素类成分可通过调节氧化应激水平、抑制炎症因子释放及改善线粒体功能, 在保肝、抗氧化、抗炎及中枢神经调节等方面发挥重要作用。基于其明确的药理活性和相对稳定的化学性质, 木脂素含量已成为五味子质量控制体系中的关键评价指标[34]。
五味子多糖(Schisandra chinensis polysaccharides, SACP) 是一类结构复杂的高分子化合物, 其生物活性与分子量分布、单糖组成及空间构象密切相关。现有研究普遍认为, SACP在免疫调节、抗肿瘤及肠道菌群调节方面具有较为突出的作用[35]。
进一步机制研究显示, SACP可通过调节肠道微生态平衡、抑制NF-κB信号通路异常激活, 从而在溃疡性结肠炎及酒精相关肝损伤模型中发挥保护效应[36]。因此, 多糖成分的结构保持与功能评价, 已成为五味子现代质量研究中重要的补充内容。
五味子挥发油主要由单萜和倍半萜类化合物构成, 包括α-蒎烯、莰烯、α-水芹烯及柠檬烯等。该类成分具有挥发性强、组成复杂的特点, 气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS) 为其成分分析提供了可靠手段[37]。
研究表明, 挥发油类成分在抗微生物、抗炎及抗氧化方面具有一定活性, 在呼吸系统疾病及感染相关病证中发挥治疗作用[30]。但其对加工条件和储存环境较为敏感, 相关质量稳定性问题仍需进一步关注。
五味子中还含有一定量的三萜类化合物, 如五味子双内酯、南五味子酸等。尽管其含量相对较低, 但多项研究表明, 该类成分在抗炎、抗肿瘤及免疫调节方面具有明确的生物学活性[38, 39]。
其作用机制多与调节抗氧化酶系统及细胞信号通路相关, 可增强细胞对氧化应激和不良环境刺激的耐受能力[40, 41], 在整体药效中起到一定的协同和补充作用。
以上三类化合物的具体信息如表1所示。
针对五味子中不同活性成分在极性、稳定性及分子量方面的差异, 现代分析技术已形成较为成熟的应用体系。木脂素类成分的分析以HPLC及LC-MS/MS为主, 能够在保证分离效率的同时实现准确定量, 为不同产地及批次样品的质量比较提供依据。
多糖类成分的研究则更加注重提取条件与结构完整性的平衡, 超声辅助提取及温度响应型深共晶溶剂(TRDES) 的应用在提高提取率的同时, 有助于维持其生物活性。挥发油类成分的分析主要依托GC-MS技术, 结合水蒸气蒸馏等方法, 可获得较为稳定的成分谱信息。
中国药典(2025年版) 以五味子醇甲作为主要质量控制指标, 虽然具有一定代表性, 但难以全面反映五味子复杂的药效物质基础。随着质量标志物(Q-marker) 理念的提出, 构建多组分协同评价的质量控制体系逐渐成为研究共识。
在此基础上, 可结合网络药理学分析结果, 筛选五味子醇A、五味子醇B及代表性木脂素作为核心Q-marker[34, 42], 并借助UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS及代谢组学技术, 实现多活性成分的同步检测与综合评价[19]。该体系有助于提高五味子不同来源和不同批次产品在临床应用中的一致性和可控性, 是推动其质量控制由经验化向科学化转变的重要方向。
炮制并非单纯改变五味子的化学组成, 而是通过调控活性成分的释放、转化及其与体内靶点的相互作用, 系统性影响其药代动力学和药效动力学特征, 从而实现对药理活性的多靶点、多通路精细调控。这一过程体现了中药炮制由“经验调性”向“机制可解释”的转变, 为理解不同炮制品临床差异提供了重要依据。
现有研究表明, 合理炮制可显著改善五味子中木脂素类成分的溶解度和体内吸收行为, 从而提高其生物利用度以酒制五味子为例, 其主要木脂素成分如五味子甲素、五味子乙素在体内的最大血药浓度(Cmax) 及药时曲线下面积(AUC) 均明显升高, 同时消除半衰期有所延长[43], 提示炮制可在一定程度上改善成分在体内的暴露水平与作用持续时间。
进一步研究发现, 炮制后五味子提取物对CYP3A4、CYP2C9等关键药物代谢酶的抑制作用有所增强[44], 并对P-gp外排转运蛋白具有一定调节效应[45]。上述变化可能通过影响活性成分的首过代谢和跨膜转运, 参与其体内行为的整体调控。然而, 这种对代谢酶和转运体的影响也提示, 在临床联合用药情况下需关注潜在的药物相互作用风险。
在药效动力学层面, 炮制可显著影响五味子对多条炎症、氧化应激及免疫相关信号通路的调控特征。研究显示, 炮制后的五味子提取物在抑制NF-κB信号通路异常激活方面表现出更强作用, 可有效减轻炎症介质释放, 缓解炎症反应[46]。同时, 通过调节MAPK及PI3K/AKT等关键信号通路, 炮制后五味子可在细胞增殖与凋亡调控中发挥更为明显的调节效应, 从而增强其对关节炎病理进程的抑制作用, 并改善胰岛素抵抗相关代谢异常[47]。
在免疫调节方面, 相关研究发现, 炮制后的五味子提取物可通过激活cGAS-STING信号通路, 促进干扰素-β的产生, 增强机体抗病毒免疫反应; 同时, 其对STAT3信号的调控有助于抑制Th17细胞异常活化, 从而进一步发挥抗炎和免疫平衡作用[48, 49]。
如图1所示, 炮制通过改变活性成分的“输入端” (如木脂素、多糖等含量及结构特征), 影响其体内药代动力学过程(吸收、分布、代谢和排泄), 进而调控多条关键信号通路的“输出端” (NF-κB、PI3K/AKT、Nrf2等), 最终实现整体药效的优化与稳定。
综上所述, 炮制不仅是五味子成分发生物理化学变化的过程, 更是通过系统调控药代动力学特性与药效动力学靶点相互作用, 实现药理活性精准优化的重要环节。对这一机制的深入阐释, 不仅有助于解释不同炮制品在临床疗效上的差异, 也为五味子合理应用及用药安全保障提供了科学依据。
在传统功效基础上, 随着炮制工艺的优化与成分研究的深入, 五味子及其活性成分在多类慢性疾病中的应用价值得到不断拓展。现有研究表明, 不同炮制方式可通过改变活性成分的组成比例及体内行为特征, 使五味子在代谢性疾病、呼吸系统疾病及神经系统疾病的干预中呈现出差异化的药效特点, 其作用机制多涉及多靶点、多通路的协同调控[50]。
在代谢相关疾病研究中, 酒制与醋制五味子被报道在糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD/NASH) 及血脂异常等模型中表现出较为稳定的干预效果, 主要体现为改善胰岛素敏感性、减轻肝脂肪变性及调节脂质代谢紊乱。
五味子木脂素(如gomisin A) 与多糖成分在糖尿病及其并发症防治中呈现出协同作用特征。一方面, 这些成分可通过增强胰岛素信号传导、下调炎症相关通路, 改善胰岛素抵抗状态, 并促进糖尿病皮肤创面的修复[51]; 另一方面, 其对肠道微生态结构的调节作用有助于减轻糖尿病肾病等并发症所致的组织损伤[52]。
机制研究显示, 上述效应与IRS-1/PI3K/AKT信号通路的激活及NF-κB介导炎症反应的抑制密切相关[47], 为五味子在糖尿病综合管理中的应用提供了实验依据。
在NAFLD/NASH研究中, 五味子木脂素类成分被认为是发挥肝保护作用的关键物质基础。相关研究表明, 其可通过促进脂肪酸β-氧化、抑制NF-κB信号通路异常激活, 从而减轻肝脏脂质沉积与炎症反应[3, 53]。
此外, 五味子还可激活肝脏及肠道FXR/FGF15代谢信号通路, 改善肠道屏障功能并维持肝-肠轴代谢稳态[54]。上述发现从代谢调控和炎症控制两个层面, 为五味子干预NAFLD/NASH提供了较为系统的机制支持。
五味子在血脂异常及心血管保护方面同样表现出较好的应用潜力, 其作用特点主要体现在降脂、抗氧化及抗炎等方面[55, 56]。研究发现, 酒炙五味子因炮制后活性成分谱的改变, 在激活心脏内源性保护机制、缓解氧化应激损伤方面较生品表现出更优的效果[13]。
进一步研究证实, 五味子木脂素类成分可通过抑制TLR4介导的炎症反应, 并调控脂质代谢相关通路, 发挥心血管保护作用[57], 为其在代谢综合征相关心血管风险管理中的应用提供了新的研究思路。
五味子在呼吸系统疾病中的应用主要集中于抗炎和平喘作用, 其核心活性成分之一为五味子素B (schisandrin B, SCB)。研究表明, SCB可通过抑制促炎因子表达, 减轻呼吸道炎症反应, 从而改善哮喘等疾病症状[58, 59]。
炮制工艺对其药效具有明显增强作用。酒蒸五味子通过提高活性成分溶解度和体内可及性, 在松弛气道平滑肌、降低气道高反应性及减轻炎症细胞浸润等方面, 均表现出优于生品的效果[2, 60]。其作用机制主要与调控NF-κB/IκBα及Nrf2/HO-1信号通路相关[61]。
在过敏性哮喘模型中, 酒蒸五味子可有效缓解气道炎症并改善肺功能; 初步研究还提示其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型中具有一定抗炎潜力, 但相关证据仍有待进一步系统验证。
五味子的神经保护作用涉及抗炎、抑制氧化应激与铁死亡以及调节神经递质平衡等多个层面, 在阿尔茨海默病(AD)、失眠及抑郁症等疾病中展现出良好的研究前景。
在AD及认知障碍防治方面, 五味子木脂素类成分可抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性, 并通过调控Nrf2/FPN1等铁代谢相关通路, 减少神经元损伤[62, 63]; 同时, 其对NADK/NADPH/GSH通路的调节有助于抑制神经元铁死亡(neuronal ferroptosis), 从而改善认知功能[64]。
在镇静安神及抗失眠方面, 五味子可通过调节5-HT、GABA等神经递质水平改善睡眠质量[65, 66], 其中五味子素B作为GABAA和甘氨酸受体的双重正向变构调节剂, 在缓解癫痫发作方面表现出一定优势[67]。此外, 在抑郁模型中, 五味子木脂素类成分通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体、激活Nrf2/HO-1通路, 展现出潜在的抗抑郁和神经保护作用[68, 69]。
炮制工艺在优化五味子神经系统药效方面具有重要意义。研究表明, 酒制五味子可提高神经保护相关成分的溶出效率, 更有效改善学习记忆功能并抑制神经炎症[70]; 醋制五味子则通过改善慢性肠道炎症、保护肠道屏障完整性, 调节“肠-脑轴”功能, 从而显著缓解抑郁样行为[46]。此外, 酒精提取的木脂素类成分可促进小胶质细胞向M2型极化, 进一步减轻中枢神经损伤[71]。
总体来看, 酒制与醋制五味子在AD、抑郁及失眠模型中均显示出一定神经保护潜力, 但相关临床证据仍相对有限, 尚需进一步系统研究加以验证。
未来五味子炮制学的发展, 将逐步从单一成分或单一工艺优化研究, 转向多组分-多靶点-多通路协同作用机制的系统解析。随着网络药理学、代谢组学及转录组学等技术的不断成熟, 研究者得以从整体层面揭示炮制前后(如烘焙、酒制处理) 复杂成分群的动态变化规律及其对药理靶点网络的影响[19, 72]。在此基础上, 炮制五味子在抑制肝细胞癌(HCC) 上皮-间充质转化(EMT) 等复杂病理过程中所体现的协同优势逐渐显现, 有助于识别与疗效密切相关的关键生物标志物和潜在干预靶点[73]。
同时, 多学科交叉融合将成为炮制学研究的重要发展方向。智能制造、大数据分析及人工智能(AI) 技术有望逐步引入炮制工艺设计与优化环节, 实现炮制过程由“经验调控”向“数据驱动、模型引导”的精准化转变[74-76]。例如, 基于机器学习算法对加热温度、时间及水分变化的预测, 可为工艺参数筛选提供辅助决策, 但相关应用目前仍处于探索阶段, 尚需更多实验数据与模型验证支持。总体而言, 推进炮制工艺标准化、多组分质量控制及临床转化研究, 将是未来发展的重要方向。
五味子化学成分复杂, 且对炮制条件高度敏感。温度、时间、湿度等关键参数的微小变化, 均可能显著影响木脂素、糖类等核心活性成分的含量比例及结构特征。然而, 目前尚缺乏基于“工艺参数-成分谱变化-药效响应”系统关联的标准化炮制规范。尽管HPLC、UPLC-QTOF-MS等分析技术已广泛应用于成分检测, 但多停留在成分定性或单指标定量层面, 尚未形成统一、可推广的多组分质量评价体系, 难以有效保障不同批次炮制品的质量一致性。
炮制对五味子减毒增效作用的系统性安全评价仍相对薄弱。不同炮制条件下, 微量潜在毒性成分的生成、转化及其长期暴露风险尚缺乏连续性研究[6, 21, 77]。更值得关注的是, 炮制引起的代谢酶(如CYP3A4) 及转运蛋白(如P-gp) 活性改变, 可能影响合并用药的体内行为, 在与免疫抑制剂、降糖药等药物联用时, 存在引发药物-药物相互作用(DDI) 的潜在风险。因此, 有必要从代谢酶调控角度出发, 建立基于实验与模型相结合的临床用药安全预警体系。
尽管酒炙五味子等炮制品在多种实验模型中显示出良好的降糖、护肝及抗炎活性, 但目前仍缺乏大规模、多中心、随机双盲的临床试验数据支持, 制约了其循证医学证据等级的提升[78, 79]。此外, 传统炮制经验与现代药理、药代研究之间的深度耦合不足, 标准化生产与临床评价体系尚未完全建立, 导致实验室研究成果向临床处方或功能产品转化效率偏低。
现行质量标准多依赖单一指标成分, 难以全面反映木脂素、多糖、挥发油及三萜类等多成分的协同作用特征, 也难以表征炮制前后整体成分谱的系统变化。这种评价模式与国际上通行的多组分定量分析、化学指纹图谱构建及毒性杂质限量控制存在明显差距。
基于上述问题, 未来研究亟需优先开展体内外药物相互作用(DDI) 系统筛选: 体外层面可采用人肝微粒体、重组CYP同工酶(重点关注CYP3A4、CYP2C9) 及Caco-2细胞模型, 评价代谢酶抑制/诱导效应及P-gp转运影响; 体内层面可选择大鼠或Beagle犬模型, 考察联合给药条件下的药代动力学变化。在此基础上, 构建预测模型或数据库, 逐步建立临床安全预警机制。同时, 应推动针对主要适应症(如NAFLD、糖尿病并发症及神经退行性疾病) 的多中心随机双盲临床试验, 采用国际通用终点指标, 为炮制工艺优化、质量标准修订及国际接轨提供高质量循证依据。
未来五味子炮制学研究可重点围绕以下三方面展开: 其一, 加速智能化与标准化建设, 借助大数据与人工智能技术优化炮制关键参数, 建立以活性成分谱转变为核心的标准化炮制规范, 构建“多成分同步测定-化学指纹图谱-生物活性评价”相结合的综合质量控制体系[74, 76]; 其二, 深化多组分协同机制研究, 利用多组学技术系统解析炮制对“成分-靶点-通路”互作网络的重塑作用, 阐明炮制增效减毒的科学内涵; 其三, 完善安全性评价与临床转化体系, 通过系统毒理学研究与药物相互作用评估, 建立临床用药安全预警模型, 并围绕糖尿病、慢性肝病等优势适应证开展多中心临床研究, 为炮制五味子的精准临床应用提供高水平证据支持[5, 8, 80-82]。
五味子作为传统中药材, 其炮制过程不仅是传统经验的技术体现, 更是一个深度参与药效塑造的复杂调控体系。综合现有研究可以认为, 炮制并非简单改变成分含量, 而是通过重塑活性成分的结构特征、相对比例及体内行为, 系统性影响药代动力学过程与药效靶点网络, 从而在多通路层面实现药理活性的优化与安全性的再平衡。这一过程体现了中药炮制“以工艺调药性”的核心科学内涵。
从化学与生物学角度看, 炮制通过调控木脂素等关键成分的溶解性、生物利用度及代谢稳定性, 改变其在体内的暴露特征, 并进一步影响代谢酶、转运蛋白及炎症、氧化应激相关信号通路的调控模式。由此产生的并非单一靶点效应, 而是多成分协同作用下的网络级响应, 这为理解五味子在护肝、降糖、抗炎及免疫调节等方面的综合药效提供了更为合理的解释框架。
然而, 需要强调的是, 当前对五味子炮制机制的认识仍存在明显局限。一方面, 炮制工艺参数、成分谱变化与药效响应之间的定量关联尚未完全厘清; 另一方面, 炮制诱导的代谢酶和转运蛋白调节效应, 既可能是增效的重要基础, 也可能隐藏潜在的药物相互作用风险, 其安全性边界仍有待系统评估。这些问题的存在, 提示传统炮制研究亟需从经验导向转向以机制和证据为核心的科学范式。
展望未来, 五味子炮制学的发展有赖于多学科深度融合。通过引入多组学技术、网络药理学及人工智能方法, 可望在整体层面揭示炮制对“成分-靶点-通路-表型”调控网络的重构规律, 并为工艺优化与质量标准建立提供客观依据。同时, 围绕临床真实用药场景, 系统开展药物相互作用与多中心临床研究, 将是推动炮制成果向精准用药和国际接轨转化的关键环节。
总体而言, 五味子炮制不仅承载着传统中医药理论的实践智慧, 也为现代药物科学提供了研究复杂系统干预的新范式。对其科学内涵的深入阐释, 不仅有助于提升五味子及其炮制品的临床价值与用药安全性, 也将为中药炮制学由经验体系向现代科学体系转型提供重要示范与理论支撑。

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2026年第61卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0019
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
  • 修回日期:2026-04-14
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    1黑龙江中医药大学, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150000
    2北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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