Article(id=1308841356685046329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1435, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981696530, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1781193600000, pubDateStr=2026-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981696530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981696530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841198224240856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781193600000', pubDateStr='2026-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981658750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984187230, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2360, endPage=2371, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841356873790010, articleId=1308841356685046329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Physiological responses of Thesium chinense Turcz. to drought stress and cloning and expression analysis of transcription factor TcWOX8, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Drought is a critical stress factor severely restricting the growth and development of Thesium chinense Turcz., while the WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) transcription factor family plays an important role in plant growth, development, and stress response. To explore the drought resistance mechanisms of T. chinense and identify relevant WOX genes, this study simulated drought stress using 20% PEG6000, combined with physiological and transcriptomic analyses to reveal its response strategies. The results indicated that drought stress significantly inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis but activated the antioxidant enzyme system (with CAT, POD, SOD, and APX activities reaching 4.09, 1.57, 3.05, and 58.44 times those of the control, respectively). Additionally, it promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as total polysaccharides, total flavonoids, and thesiumine Ⅰ. Through transcriptomic analysis, the candidate gene TcWOX8 was identified. TcWOX8 was successfully cloned from T. chinense, with a full length of 897 bp encoding 298 amino acids, a protein molecular mass of 33.6 kD, and containing a conserved Homeodomain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its closest relationship to WOX8 from Vitis vinifera and Hordeum vulgare, suggesting its potential involvement in plant abiotic stress responses. Further experiments confirmed that the TcWOX8 protein can be solubly expressed, possesses transcriptional activation activity, and localizes to the nucleus. The expression of this gene was not only induced by drought stress but also significantly responded to salt, low-temperature, and high-temperature stresses. These results provide a solid molecular foundation for elucidating the drought resistance mechanisms of T. chinense and revealing the key regulatory role of TcWOX8 in broad-spectrum stress defense in plants.

, authors=Yan CHE1, Fang ZHANG1, Hao-nan XU3, Yu CUI3, Ting-ting SUN1, Qi-sheng YAO4, Jing-yuan ZHANG1, Yu-ying HUANG2, *, Hao CHEN1, 2, 3, 5, *, authorsList=Yan CHE, Fang ZHANG, Hao-nan XU, Yu CUI, Ting-ting SUN, Qi-sheng YAO, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yu-ying HUANG, Hao CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-ying HUANG, Hao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841358459236937, articleId=1308841356685046329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=干旱胁迫下百蕊草的生理响应及转录因子TcWOX8的克隆和表达分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干旱是严重制约百蕊草(Thesium chinense Turcz.) 生长发育的关键逆境因子, 而WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) 转录因子家族在植物生长发育及逆境胁迫应答中发挥重要作用。为探究百蕊草的抗旱机制并筛选相关WOX基因, 本研究采用20% PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫, 结合生理及转录组分析揭示其响应策略。结果表明: 干旱显著抑制植株生长和光合作用, 但激活了抗氧化酶系统(CAT、POD、SOD和APX活性分别为对照的4.09、1.57、3.05和58.44倍), 同时促进了总多糖、总黄酮及百蕊草素Ⅰ等次生代谢产物积累。通过转录组分析筛选出候选基因TcWOX8, 从百蕊草中成功克隆TcWOX8, 全长897 bp, 编码298个氨基酸, 蛋白分子质量为33.6 kD, 含Homeodomain保守结构域, 系统进化显示与葡萄、大麦WOX8亲缘关系最近, 揭示可能参与植物的非生物胁迫响应。进一步的实验证实, TcWOX8蛋白可进行可溶性表达, 具备转录激活活性, 且定位于细胞核。该基因的表达不仅受干旱胁迫诱导, 还对盐、低温和高温胁迫均有显著响应。这些结果为阐明百蕊草抗旱分子机制、揭示TcWOX8在植物广谱逆境防御中的关键调控作用奠定了坚实的分子基础。

, authors=车燕1, 张放1, 徐皓男3, 崔雨3, 孙婷婷1, 姚其盛4, 张静远1, 黄钰莹2, *, 陈浩1, 2, 3, 5, *, authorsList=车燕, 张放, 徐皓男, 崔雨, 孙婷婷, 姚其盛, 张静远, 黄钰莹, 陈浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄钰莹, 陈浩, authorNote=

作者贡献:

黄钰莹、陈浩负责论文思路设计; 车燕、张放、徐皓男负责论文撰写、数据分析及TcWOX8数据挖掘及表达分析; 崔雨负责TcWOX8亚细胞定位; 孙婷婷、姚其盛负责转录组数据分析; 张静远负责TcWOX8生物信息学分析。所有的作者都对原稿的最终版本做出了贡献。

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄钰莹,E-mail:
陈浩,E-mail:
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A: Dry weight and fresh weight; B: Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content; C: Catalase (CAT) activity; D: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; E: Peroxidase (POD) activity; F: Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity; G: Total polysaccharide (TPS) content; H: Total flavonoid content; I: Thesiumine Ⅰ content. CK: Control group; PEG: Polyethylene glycol 6000-treated. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs CK group, figureFileSmall=UTb5Qb1m5GFAMNTNmZvJNg==, figureFileBig=TW1NGyVdTv8c4BvwknfBCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365530833557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6uwBl3UzSFgRTuMU1c8w+g==, figureFileBig=fm0HC3ail8WQbgznUKLbQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365589553814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Transcriptomic profiling in T. chinense under PEG6000-induced drought stress. A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control (CK) and PEG6000-treated (PEG) groups; B: Significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms of the DEGs; C: Significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of the DEGs; D: Expression profile heatmap of differentially expressed WOX genes between CK and PEG Groups; E: qRT-PCR analysis of expression levels of TcWOX8 between the CK and PEG groups. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs CK group, figureFileSmall=6uwBl3UzSFgRTuMU1c8w+g==, figureFileBig=fm0HC3ail8WQbgznUKLbQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365644079767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vn8EGXMLo68cZmZO40qNFg==, figureFileBig=rvLWHYX1wkESSEYZBrSnZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365711188632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=PCR amplification, sequence analysis and bioinformatics analysis of the TcWOX8 gene. A: PCR amplification of TcWOX8, M: DNA marker; B: Sequence analysis of TcWOX8; C: Prediction of the secondary structure of TcWOX8; D: Prediction of the tertiary structure of TcWOX8, figureFileSmall=vn8EGXMLo68cZmZO40qNFg==, figureFileBig=rvLWHYX1wkESSEYZBrSnZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365778297497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VXgCA3Xu8hBpQNqMRmrr8Q==, figureFileBig=UKVEbzeD+E8Uvl7lDAKy+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365828629146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of recombinant TcWOX8 protein. M: Marker; CL: Cell lysate; E1-E6: Elution 1-6; W1-W2: Wash 1-2, figureFileSmall=VXgCA3Xu8hBpQNqMRmrr8Q==, figureFileBig=UKVEbzeD+E8Uvl7lDAKy+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365891543707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=otlqO7wYuN2JhfMDaHU/CA==, figureFileBig=vtUH2gL3TrnEtKmxzxNFcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841365958652572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Multiple acid sequence alignment of TcWOX8 protein with WOX proteins from other species and phylogenetic tree analysis diagram. A: Amino acid sequence of TcWOX8. The conserved domain of WOX family proteins are shown with red boxes; Tc: Thesium chinense; Hv: Hordeum vulgare; Vv: Vitis vinifera; At: Arabidopsis thaliana; B: Phylogenetic analysis of TcWOX8 protein and WOX proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and other species, figureFileSmall=otlqO7wYuN2JhfMDaHU/CA==, figureFileBig=vtUH2gL3TrnEtKmxzxNFcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841366059315869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aNRQ47IqpawJ3mR0DFheQw==, figureFileBig=De6FgHi+QzqriiVpW0XJQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841366126424734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Transcriptional activity and subcellular localization of TcWOX8. A: Transcription activity of pGBKT7-TcWOX8 fusion proteins in Y2H Gold; B: Subcellular localization of TcWOX8 fusion proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplast, figureFileSmall=aNRQ47IqpawJ3mR0DFheQw==, figureFileBig=De6FgHi+QzqriiVpW0XJQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841366206116511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sp+sOd64D2clCaJIHbFDzw==, figureFileBig=GWo4xIyxHE4jJQtYzacrOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841366277419680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Temporal expression patterns of TcWOX8 in response to various abiotic stresses. A: Expression dynamics under drought (20% PEG6000); B: Expression dynamics under salt stress (NaCl treatment); C: Expression dynamics under cold stress (4 ℃ treatment); D: Expression dynamics under high-temperature stress (40 ℃ treatment). n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.01 vs CK group, figureFileSmall=sp+sOd64D2clCaJIHbFDzw==, figureFileBig=GWo4xIyxHE4jJQtYzacrOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841366344528545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841356685046329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw readsRaw bases/GbValid readsQ20 /%Q30 /%GC /%
CK40 152 3366.0238 946 80299.1497.4047.56
PEG44 058 2706.6143 083 02099.1397.4246.99
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Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome sequencing data

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SampleRaw readsRaw bases/GbValid readsQ20 /%Q30 /%GC /%
CK40 152 3366.0238 946 80299.1497.4047.56
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干旱胁迫下百蕊草的生理响应及转录因子TcWOX8的克隆和表达分析
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车燕 1 , 张放 1 , 徐皓男 3 , 崔雨 3 , 孙婷婷 1 , 姚其盛 4 , 张静远 1 , 黄钰莹 2, * , 陈浩 1, 2, 3, 5, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(6): 2360-2371
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (6) : 2360 -2371
干旱胁迫下百蕊草的生理响应及转录因子TcWOX8的克隆和表达分析
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车燕1, 张放1, 徐皓男3, 崔雨3, 孙婷婷1, 姚其盛4, 张静远1, 黄钰莹2, * , 陈浩1, 2, 3, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽科技学院食品科学与工程学院, 安徽 凤阳 233100
  • 2安徽科技学院生物医学与健康学院, 安徽 凤阳 233100
  • 3安徽科技学院动物科学学院, 安徽 凤阳 233100
  • 4九华华源药业股份有限公司, 安徽 滁州 239000
  • 5安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
通讯作者:
黄钰莹,E-mail:
陈浩,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

黄钰莹、陈浩负责论文思路设计; 车燕、张放、徐皓男负责论文撰写、数据分析及TcWOX8数据挖掘及表达分析; 崔雨负责TcWOX8亚细胞定位; 孙婷婷、姚其盛负责转录组数据分析; 张静远负责TcWOX8生物信息学分析。所有的作者都对原稿的最终版本做出了贡献。

Physiological responses of Thesium chinense Turcz. to drought stress and cloning and expression analysis of transcription factor TcWOX8
Yan CHE1, Fang ZHANG1, Hao-nan XU3, Yu CUI3, Ting-ting SUN1, Qi-sheng YAO4, Jing-yuan ZHANG1, Yu-ying HUANG2, * , Hao CHEN1, 2, 3, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
  • 2College of Biomedicine and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
  • 3College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
  • 4Anhui Jiuhua Huayuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chuzhou 239000, China
  • 5School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2026-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1435
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干旱是严重制约百蕊草(Thesium chinense Turcz.) 生长发育的关键逆境因子, 而WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) 转录因子家族在植物生长发育及逆境胁迫应答中发挥重要作用。为探究百蕊草的抗旱机制并筛选相关WOX基因, 本研究采用20% PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫, 结合生理及转录组分析揭示其响应策略。结果表明: 干旱显著抑制植株生长和光合作用, 但激活了抗氧化酶系统(CAT、POD、SOD和APX活性分别为对照的4.09、1.57、3.05和58.44倍), 同时促进了总多糖、总黄酮及百蕊草素Ⅰ等次生代谢产物积累。通过转录组分析筛选出候选基因TcWOX8, 从百蕊草中成功克隆TcWOX8, 全长897 bp, 编码298个氨基酸, 蛋白分子质量为33.6 kD, 含Homeodomain保守结构域, 系统进化显示与葡萄、大麦WOX8亲缘关系最近, 揭示可能参与植物的非生物胁迫响应。进一步的实验证实, TcWOX8蛋白可进行可溶性表达, 具备转录激活活性, 且定位于细胞核。该基因的表达不仅受干旱胁迫诱导, 还对盐、低温和高温胁迫均有显著响应。这些结果为阐明百蕊草抗旱分子机制、揭示TcWOX8在植物广谱逆境防御中的关键调控作用奠定了坚实的分子基础。

百蕊草  /  干旱胁迫  /  生理响应  /  TcWOX8  /  表达分析

Drought is a critical stress factor severely restricting the growth and development of Thesium chinense Turcz., while the WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) transcription factor family plays an important role in plant growth, development, and stress response. To explore the drought resistance mechanisms of T. chinense and identify relevant WOX genes, this study simulated drought stress using 20% PEG6000, combined with physiological and transcriptomic analyses to reveal its response strategies. The results indicated that drought stress significantly inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis but activated the antioxidant enzyme system (with CAT, POD, SOD, and APX activities reaching 4.09, 1.57, 3.05, and 58.44 times those of the control, respectively). Additionally, it promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as total polysaccharides, total flavonoids, and thesiumine Ⅰ. Through transcriptomic analysis, the candidate gene TcWOX8 was identified. TcWOX8 was successfully cloned from T. chinense, with a full length of 897 bp encoding 298 amino acids, a protein molecular mass of 33.6 kD, and containing a conserved Homeodomain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its closest relationship to WOX8 from Vitis vinifera and Hordeum vulgare, suggesting its potential involvement in plant abiotic stress responses. Further experiments confirmed that the TcWOX8 protein can be solubly expressed, possesses transcriptional activation activity, and localizes to the nucleus. The expression of this gene was not only induced by drought stress but also significantly responded to salt, low-temperature, and high-temperature stresses. These results provide a solid molecular foundation for elucidating the drought resistance mechanisms of T. chinense and revealing the key regulatory role of TcWOX8 in broad-spectrum stress defense in plants.

Thesium chinense Turcz.  /  drought stress  /  physiological response  /  TcWOX8  /  expression analysis
车燕, 张放, 徐皓男, 崔雨, 孙婷婷, 姚其盛, 张静远, 黄钰莹, 陈浩. 干旱胁迫下百蕊草的生理响应及转录因子TcWOX8的克隆和表达分析. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2360 -2371 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1435
Yan CHE, Fang ZHANG, Hao-nan XU, Yu CUI, Ting-ting SUN, Qi-sheng YAO, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yu-ying HUANG, Hao CHEN. Physiological responses of Thesium chinense Turcz. to drought stress and cloning and expression analysis of transcription factor TcWOX8[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2360 -2371 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1435
干旱胁迫作为限制作物生产力的关键非生物胁迫因子, 在气候变暖驱动下呈现频次增加、持续时间延长的趋势, 对全球农业生态安全构成严峻威胁[1]。尤其对于药用植物而言, 干旱胁迫不仅通过抑制光合作用和生物量积累直接影响植株生长, 更会影响次生代谢产物的积累[2], 导致药用活性成分含量与比例的显著波动, 进而影响药材品质与临床疗效。百蕊草(Thesium chinense) 为檀香科百蕊草属植物, 作为我国传统医学体系中的重要药用资源, 其临床应用可追溯至《本草图经》等古籍记载。百蕊草古今用法有异: 古时仅取其根入药, 现代则全草皆可药用。其功效为清热、利湿、解毒, 常用于防治炎症、流感发热及其他多种急性感染性疾病[3]。现代药理学研究表明, 百蕊草中含有黄酮、多糖、有机酸、生物碱、酚类等多种化学成分[4], 具有抗菌消炎、镇痛、清热解毒等作用[5]。黄酮类成分为主要抗菌作用的成分, 主要包括百蕊草素Ⅰ、百蕊草素Ⅱ和百蕊草素Ⅲ等, 因其较强的广谱抗菌作用, 素有“植物抗生素”的美称[6]。
近年来, 因合成抗生素耐药性加剧及绿色医疗理念普及, 百蕊草市场需求量不断增加[5]。百蕊草作为一种半寄生植物, 由于植株矮小、产量有限且自然资源较为稀少, 加之长期过度采挖, 其野生种群已濒临枯竭。因此, 开展百蕊草人工栽培迫在眉睫。在栽培过程中发现百蕊草对干旱和温度十分敏感, 一旦有连续干旱天气出现, 其生长会受到显著影响, 出现死苗、苗小、早枯萎等现象[7]。对百蕊草适生区域的研究也发现其分布区主要在我国湿润区和半湿润区, 该区域降水量在400 mm以上, 干燥度< 1.49[8]。这进一步凸显干旱胁迫对其生存的阈值效应。目前对于百蕊草的研究主要在组织培养、栽培、代谢产物提取等方面, 关于其在干旱胁迫下的生理变化及分子水平上的影响研究几乎是空白的。因此解析百蕊草在干旱胁迫下的生理响应特征, 结合转录组学技术揭示其关键调控网络, 不仅能深化对药用植物逆境适应机制的认知, 更可为建立精准抗旱栽培技术体系、保障濒危药用植物资源可持续利用提供理论支撑, 对应对气候变迁下的中药材安全生产具有双重科学价值。
作为植物界所特有的一类转录因子, WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) 家族的显著特征是其序列中包含一个高度保守的同源异型结构域(homeodomain, HD)。该家族的原型基因WUS (WUSCHEL) 最早在拟南芥中被发现, 研究证实其对维持茎端和花序分生组织的结构与功能具有决定性作用[9]。基于序列同源性, 拟南芥中已鉴定出15个成员(WUS和WOX1~14)[10]。随着基因组测序技术的演进, WOX家族成员在不同物种中表现出显著差异: 如单子叶植物水稻(Oryza sativa)、玉米(Zea mays) 和高粱(Sorghum bicolor) 分别含有13、21和11个成员; 而在双子叶植物中: 蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula) 和柑橘(Citrus sinensis) 各含11个, 而甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus) 及普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 分别扩展至52和43个[11-16]。
近年来, 越来越多的研究表明, WOX家族成员不仅是植物器官发育(如胚胎、根、茎、叶、花及果实) 的核心调控因子[17-21], 还在响应干旱、盐害、低温等非生物胁迫中发挥关键调控作用。例如, 在大麦中, HvWOX8被证实能显著增强盐胁迫下根部的伸长, 并通过调节激素信号传导及ATP合成中的电子转移途径来提升植株的耐盐性[22]。PdbWOX4被证实参与了山新杨对盐胁迫的响应, 通过介导PdbDREB2C的转录调控, 调节植株的抗氧化防御系统[23]。在番茄中, SlWOX4被证实是耐旱性的负调控因子, 敲除该基因可通过增强气孔关闭、诱导ABA积累及提升抗氧化酶活性, 显著提高植株在干旱胁迫下的生存能力[24]。尽管WOX家族在模式植物和主要农作物中的抗逆机制已得到较深入研究, 但半寄生植物百蕊草中关于该家族的研究尚未见报道。百蕊草作为重要的药用植物, 其产量与品质受生境影响显著, 深入挖掘其内源抗逆基因对于优质稳产具有重要理论价值。
本研究以前期组织培养获得的百蕊草壮苗为试验材料, 通过比较干旱胁迫条件下生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性代谢产物等生理指标的变化, 结合转录组测序分析, 初步揭示了百蕊草的耐旱响应机制。在此基础上, 本研究成功扩增和克隆了受干旱胁迫强烈诱导的关键基因TcWOX8, 并对其进行生物信息学分析和表达分析, 为进一步探究百蕊草抗逆机制提供了理论基础, 也为百蕊草优良品种的筛选与分子育种提供了重要参考。
百蕊草采集及干旱处理  采集百蕊草外植体, 经表面灭菌后培养诱导愈伤组织形成, 继而发育为健壮幼苗。选取在相同营养条件下生长、状态均一健康的幼苗, 于可控组织培养室中进行干旱处理。将幼苗分别移植至以下培养基: ①对照组培养基: MS基础培养基(4.74 g·L-1), 添加30 g蔗糖和1.2%琼脂(pH 5.7); ②干旱组培养基: 1.422 g MS培养基、9 g蔗糖、300 mL MES缓冲液及200 mL 50% PEG6000 (终浓度20% PEG6000)。所有培养基经高压灭菌(121 ℃, 15 min) 后分装(50 mL/培养瓶)。16 h光照(5 500 lux, 25 ℃)/8 h黑暗(25 ℃)。相对湿度: 60% ± 1%。处理时长: 7天, 设3次生物学重复。
生理指标测定
生物量测定  鲜重(FW): 分析天平直接测量。干重(DW): 样品经105 ℃烘2 h, 再60 ℃烘48 h后称重。百蕊草素Ⅰ测定: 使用高效液相色谱(Agilent 1260 Infinity Ⅱ, 美国安捷伦科技公司) 进行测定。取干燥全株材料0.1 g, 加入500 mL甲醇均质。室温超声处理2 h, 经0.22 μm水相无菌滤膜过滤。
色谱条件  色谱柱: Agilent SB-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)。流动相: A相: 0.5%磷酸(超声脱气20 min)。B相: 乙腈。流速: 1.0 mL·min-1。柱温: 30 ℃。进样量: 15 μL。检测波长: 254 nm。总黄酮: 70%乙醇超声提取(50 ℃, 液料比17∶1)。光合色素/多糖/抗氧化酶(CAT/SOD/POD/APX): 索莱宝试剂盒检测。
RNA提取、转录组测序及原始数据的处理  RNA提取使用TRIzol法, 经NanoDrop和Agilent 2100评估RNA质量(浓度> 50 ng·μL-1, RIN > 7.0, OD260/280 > 1.8)。以Poly(A) + mRNA构建文库, 总RNA经片段化处理后, 通过双链cDNA合成、末端修复、A碱基添加及接头连接步骤, 再经PCR扩增, 随后在Illumina NovaseqTM 6000平台上进行双端测序(读长150 bp)。原始测序数据先用Cutadapt去除接头序列, 再用fqtrim进行质量过滤, 获得高质量读段(clean reads), 最后采用Trinity软件进行转录组从头组装, 获取unigenes。利用DIAMOND比对6大数据库(NR、Pfam、SwissProt、eggNOG、GO、KEGG) 进行功能注释, e-value阈值设为1e-5。基因表达量通过Salmon以TPM值定量, 差异表达分析采用edgeR软件, 基于负二项分布模型, 以|log2FC| > 1且FDR < 0.05为阈值筛选差异基因。
qRT-PCR验证  为证实转录组测序数据的准确性, 本实验通过qRT-PCR技术对抗旱相关基因TcWOX8的表达量进行了检测, 并采用百蕊草18S rRNA作为内参进行校正, 以qTcWOX8-F和qTcWOX8-R为特异引物(qTcWOX8-F: GAACAAGGCAATGGGACTC; qTcWOX8-R: GGCAATACCAACTGCTTCC), 利用反转录试剂盒将RNA反转录得到cDNA, 使用BlastaqTM 2× qPCR MasterMix (G891, Applied Biological Materials Inc.) 试剂盒, 在荧光定量PCR仪上进行定量检测, 样品设置3个生物学重复, 采用2-ΔΔCt相对定量法进行数据分析。
TcWOX8的克隆和蛋白表达  根据TcWOX8的转录组序列, 利用扩增引物TcWOX8-F (ATGGGTATGG TGAGAAACAGCG)、TcWOX8-R (TCACCCGACCAT GTCATATCCTTC) 进行扩增, PCR产物经纯化回收后与pMD19-T载体相连, 转化Trans1-T1感受态。在氨苄(Amp) 抗性LB平板上初筛并通过菌落PCR复核, 筛选出的阳性菌株送至无锡赛索飞有限公司进行测序验证。采用BamH Ⅰ和Sal Ⅰ内切酶对TcWOX8基因片段与pET28a表达载体进行双酶切, 连接后构建重组质粒。经鉴定正确的重组质粒转化至Rosetta (DE3) 感受态细胞进行诱导表达。表达的蛋白使用碧云天蛋白纯化试剂盒(货号P2229S) 进行纯化, 并通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检测蛋白产物。
TcWOX8的生物信息学分析  本研究使用Protparam在线工具(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/) 对TcWOX8蛋白的理化性质进行了预测, 主要分析了其氨基酸组成、分子量、理论等电点以及稳定性等关键参数。使用NCBI中CDD数据库进行结构域预测, 使用在线软件ProtsScale分析TcWOX8蛋白的亲疏水性(https://web.expasy.org/protscale/); 使用在线工具TMHMM (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM) 分析TcWOX8蛋白的跨膜结构域; 使用在线工具SOMPA (https://npsa.lyon.inserm.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html) 预测TcWOX8蛋白的二级结构; 利用SWISS-MODEL在线平台(https://swissmodel.expasy.org/) 对TcWOX8蛋白的三维空间结构进行了同源建模。
TcWOX8转录活性分析和亚细胞定位  为分析TcWOX8的转录活性, 将其编码序列克隆至pGBKT7载体, 构建重组质粒pGBKT7-TcWOX8, 与空载体pGBKT7 (阴性对照) 及pGBKT7-53 (阳性对照) 分别转化Y2H Gold酵母菌。将转化菌株在SD/-Trp/-His/-Ade(X-α-gal) 培养基上培养, 通过菌斑显色情况判断其转录激活活性。为明确TcWOX8的亚细胞定位, 将其全长序列构建至pC1300s-GFP载体, 获得融合表达载体pC1300s-GFP-TcWOX8。将该载体与核标记蛋白Ghd7-mCherry共转化拟南芥原生质体, 培养8~10 h后利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察GFP信号分布, 以确定蛋白定位。
不同非生物胁迫下TcWOX8的表达分析  选择生长良好且大小均一的百蕊草壮苗进行非生物胁迫诱导处理, 非生物胁迫包括干旱胁迫(20% PEG6000)、盐胁迫(150 mmol·L-1 NaCl)、低温胁迫(4 ℃) 和高温胁迫(40 ℃), 经过不同胁迫处理时间点(0、24、48和72 h) 后提取总RNA并反转录为cDNA, 每个处理条件均设置3个生物学重复。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法, 分析TcWOX8基因在不同时间胁迫处理下的表达量变化。
数据处理方法  利用GraphPad Prism 8对本研究的数据进行分析及图表绘制, 统计学分析使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件, 结果均为3次重复的均值±标准差。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 方法, P < 0.05为显著性差异, P < 0.01为极显著性差异。
为探究干旱胁迫下百蕊草的生理响应, 本研究比较了处理前后其壮苗的生理生化指标变化。结果显示, 干旱胁迫显著抑制植株生长, 干重和湿重分别下降37.8%和35.2% (图1A); 叶绿素总量降低58.3%, 其中叶绿素A、B分别下降42.3%和57.9% (图1B), 表明光合作用受到明显抑制。在抗氧化系统方面, 干旱胁迫激活了百蕊草的防御机制。与对照相比, CAT、SOD、POD和APX活性分别提高4.09、3.05、1.57和58.44倍(图1C~F), 表明干旱胁迫显著提升了幼苗的抗氧化酶活性, 从而增强其抗逆能力。此外, 干旱处理还调控了次生代谢产物的积累。胁迫处理后多糖、总黄酮和百蕊草素Ⅰ含量分别提高1.44、11.26和1.97倍(图1G~I), 反映出干旱对百蕊草整体代谢过程的影响。
选择干旱处理与空白对照组样品进行转录组测序分析, 总共获得12.63 Gb数据, 84 210 606 raw reads, 过滤产生84 210 606 valid reads。Q20碱基百分比在99.13%以上, Q30碱基百分比在97.40%以上(表1), 表明测序得到的转录组数据非常丰富, 质量较高。
为解析干旱胁迫对百蕊草分子调控的影响, 本研究基于转录组数据筛选差异表达基因(阈值设定为P < 0.05且|log2FC| > 1)。火山图分析显示, 干旱处理共引起3 167个基因表达发生显著变化, 其中1 860个基因上调, 1 307个基因下调(图2A)。GO功能分类表明, 差异基因主要富集于细胞组分类别, 其中叶绿体被膜与叶绿体基质相关条目显著富集(图2B), 提示百蕊草可能通过调节叶绿体结构与功能相关基因的表达, 增强叶绿体在干旱胁迫下的生理适应性。KEGG通路富集分析进一步显示, 差异基因显著参与“氧化磷酸化”和“淀粉与蔗糖代谢”等通路(图2C), 表明这些代谢过程在百蕊草抗旱响应中具有重要作用。从差异基因中, 进一步筛选出7个具有完整开放阅读框且注释为WOX家族的基因, 并依据其注释信息及与拟南芥WOX蛋白的同源性进行命名。其中, TcWOX8在干旱处理后表达量上升最为显著(图2D)。为验证转录组数据可靠性, 采用qRT-PCR检测TcWOX8的表达, 结果显示其相对表达量在干旱条件下显著提高(图2E), 与转录组趋势一致, 故选择TcWOX8作为后续研究的关键候选基因。
根据TcWOX8的转录组序列设计特异性引物, 以百蕊草壮苗的cDNA为模板进行PCR基因扩增, PCR扩增显示序列在750~1 000 bp之间(图3A), 测序分析后发现其与转录组数据筛选的序列一致, 在NCBI上进行blast比对, 发现其与其他植物的WOX8蛋白高度同源, 因此命名为TcWOX8, TcWOX8序列全长为897 bp, 编码298个氨基酸(图3B)。
通过对TcWOX8基因编码蛋白的Protparam分析, 获得了其关键理化参数。该蛋白的推算分子式为C1437H2290N424O469S19, 原子总数为4 639, 相对分子质量约为33 619.69。其理论等电点为5.55, 不稳定系数为62.05, 表明该蛋白属于不稳定蛋白类型。此外, 其总平均亲水性系数为-0.832, 证实其为亲水性蛋白。对TcWOX8蛋白的二级结构进行分析, 结果显示TcWOX8蛋白的二级结构以随机卷曲为主(74.50%), 含21.14% α-螺旋与4.36%延伸链(图3C)。以水青树WOX8 (homeobox domain-containing protein WOX8; SMTL ID: A0A834ZN92.1.A) 为模板对TcWOX8蛋白的三级结构进行预测, 结果表明该蛋白与模板的同源性为73.24% (图3D), 说明具有参考价值。
进一步对TcWOX8进行原核表达, 本研究将构建成功的pET28a-TcWOX8重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta (DE3) 菌株中, 并利用0.8 mmol·L-1异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG) 于16 ℃、24 h条件下诱导蛋白表达。由于该重组蛋白的N端融合有一个6×His标签, 后续采用镍柱亲和层析法对其进行纯化。经12.5% SDS-PAGE电泳分析, 在28~40 kDa内可观察到清晰的蛋白目标条带(图4)。
为明确TcWOX8的进化地位, 本研究通过DNAMAN软件对其与大麦、葡萄及拟南芥中WOX家族蛋白进行氨基酸序列比对。结果显示, TcWOX8与VvWOX8、HvWOX8和AtWOX13的序列一致性分别为69.10%、42.38%和46.56% (图5A), 且均含有高度保守的homeodomain结构, 表明其为WOX家族成员。进一步利用MEGA 7.0构建系统进化树(图5B), 拟南芥WOX蛋白可划分为WUS支、中间支和远古支三大类。TcWOX8与VvWOX8、HvWOX8及AtWOX13聚为一支, 归属于远古支, 其中与VvWOX8和HvWOX8亲缘关系最近。已有研究表明, VvWOX8/9可显著响应逆境胁迫, HvWOX8可能通过调节电子传递与ATP合成增强植物耐盐性。据此推测, TcWOX8在百蕊草中可能具有类似的抗逆生物学功能。
为明确TcWOX8的转录调控功能, 本研究通过酵母双杂交系统对其转录活性进行分析。将构建的重组质粒TcWOX8-pGBKT7、pGBKT7-53 (阳性对照) 及pGBKT7 (阴性对照) 分别转化Y2H Gold酵母菌, 并在SD/-Trp-His-Ade+X-α-gal培养基上进行培养。结果显示, pGBKT7-53与TcWOX8-pGBKT7重组菌均可在该培养基上生长并显蓝色, 而pGBKT7菌株不能生长(图6A), 表明TcWOX8能够激活报告基因his3和Laz的表达, 具备转录激活活性。进一步通过亚细胞定位实验探究TcWOX8在细胞内的分布。将TcWOX8-GFP融合表达载体与细胞核定位标记蛋白Ghd7-mCherry共同导入拟南芥原生质体。激光共聚焦显微观察结果表明, TcWOX8-GFP的荧光信号与Ghd7-mCherry在细胞核内存在明显共定位; 而空载GFP对照组中绿色荧光分布于细胞核、细胞质及细胞膜(图6B)。结果证实TcWOX8主要定位于细胞核, 符合其作为转录因子的预期功能定位。
为进一步探究TcWOX8是否响应百蕊草参与干旱以及多种逆境胁迫过程, 本研究分别对壮苗进行干旱(drought)、盐(NaCl)、低温(4 ℃) 和高温(40 ℃) 胁迫处理, 以正常培养植株作为对照(CK), 分别于24、48和72 h取样, 采用qRT-PCR检测基因表达变化。结果显示, 在干旱胁迫与盐胁迫下TcWOX8表达均呈先降后升趋势且在72 h时表达量达最高, 分别为CK的12.47倍(图7A) 和5.60倍(图7B)。低温胁迫显著诱导该基因表达, 48 h时表达量升至CK的61.92倍, 随后下降(图7C)。高温胁迫亦显著提升其表达水平, 在48 h和72 h提升较高, 分别为CK的22.44倍和21.84倍(图7D)。上述结果表明, TcWOX8可快速响应干旱、盐、低温及高温等多种逆境胁迫, 推测其参与百蕊草的广谱抗逆调控过程。
干旱胁迫是限制作物生长和产量的关键环境因子之一, 其通过诱导植株体内水分失衡, 进而抑制细胞伸长、降低光合作用, 并引发代谢紊乱[25,26]。百蕊草对环境变化较为敏感, 水分短缺会显著影响其生理代谢与形态生长。本研究结果表明, 干旱胁迫显著抑制了百蕊草壮苗的生长, 其生物量与叶绿素含量明显下降(图1A、B), 表明其光合能力受到抑制, 这可能与水分亏缺导致的叶绿体结构受损有关, 该结果与Wang等[27]在紫花苜蓿中的研究相一致。进一步研究发现, 百蕊草在遭受干旱胁迫时, 能够通过激活抗氧化酶系统(如CAT、POD、SOD和APX活性显著升高) 有效清除过量积累的活性氧(ROS), 减轻膜脂过氧化损伤, 从而维持细胞稳态(图1C~F)。这一适应性反应与多种植物在干旱条件下增强抗氧化防御机制的策略相符。例如, 在小麦[28]中, 转录因子TaFDL2-1A被证实可直接上调TaSOD1基因的表达, 从而强化ROS清除。马铃薯[29]中的StSN2基因同样通过正调控SOD、CAT、POD等多种抗氧化酶活性来减轻氧化损伤。木棉[30]的研究进一步揭示, 通过与丛枝菌根真菌(AMF) 共生, 植物不仅能提升SOD、CAT、APX等酶活性, 还能从源头上减少ROS的产生, 实现对氧化还原平衡的双重精细调控。这些来自不同物种的证据共同印证, 本研究观察到的百蕊草在干旱胁迫下抗氧化酶活性显著升高的现象, 是植物界一种广泛且核心的适应性反应, 是植物维持细胞稳态、增强耐旱能力的重要生理基础。此外, 次生代谢产物在植物逆境适应中扮演重要角色。本研究中, 百蕊草在干旱胁迫下粗多糖、总黄酮和百蕊草素Ⅰ含量均显著积累, 提示其次生代谢通路被激活(图1G~I)。类似地, 研究表明柑橘属植物[31]和杨树[32]在干旱条件下也会积累黄酮类物质以增强抗逆性。这些代谢物的积累可能有助于渗透调节、活性氧清除或膜结构稳定, 共同构成百蕊草应对水分短缺的复合生理策略。
基于转录组数据的深入分析, 本研究进一步从分子层面阐释了百蕊草响应干旱胁迫的调控机制。差异表达基因的GO功能分类显示, 大量差异基因富集于叶绿体被膜、基质等细胞组分, 这与本研究观察到的叶绿素含量发生变化的表型相互印证, 这一发现为解析百蕊草光合作用受抑制的分子机制提供了线索(图2B)。KEGG富集分析表明, 差异表达基因显著富集于氧化磷酸化及蔗糖与淀粉代谢途径(图2C)。氧化磷酸化途径的激活可能为植物在逆境条件下提供必需的能量支持; 而蔗糖与淀粉代谢的扰动则反映了植物在干旱胁迫下对碳源分配与能量代谢的重编程, 这一现象在棉花、狗牙根等植物的干旱响应中亦有报道, 例如, 棉花面对水分胁迫时差异表达的基因主要与光合作用、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解以及植物激素信号转导相关[33], 狗牙根在不同水压力胁迫下差异基因主要参与淀粉和蔗糖水解酶活性和氧化磷酸化的富集[34]。以上表明这些通路共同协调, 可能有助于百蕊草在干旱胁迫下维持基本的能量代谢和碳骨架供应, 从而支撑其逆境生存。
WOX转录因子作为植物中特有的一类关键调控因子, 在植物的生长发育及非生物胁迫响应等过程中发挥着广泛的调控作用。例如, 水稻中[35]的转录因子WOX11通过直接激活过氧化物酶基因OsPRX130的表达, 调控根系活性氧稳态, 从而促进冠根发育并增强抗旱性; 油菜[36]中的WOX基因在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫下基因表达量有显著变化, 揭示了其在调控响应盐/旱胁迫机制中的重要作用。本研究成功从百蕊草中克隆得到一个WOX家族成员TcWOX8 (图3A)。序列分析表明该蛋白含有典型的homeodomain结构域, 系统进化分析显示其与葡萄、大麦等物种的WOX8亲缘关系较近, 暗示其功能可能具有保守性(图5B)。进一步实验证实, TcWOX8蛋白具有典型的转录因子特征, 定位于细胞核(图6B) 并表现出转录激活活性(图6A)。表达模式分析显示, TcWOX8的表达不仅受干旱胁迫诱导, 还能被盐、低温和高温等多种逆境条件显著上调(图7), 提示其可能作为一类广谱胁迫响应因子, 参与百蕊草对多种非生物胁迫的适应性调控网络。尽管目前关于WOX转录因子直接调控次生代谢产物合成的报道尚不多见, 但其在整合胁迫信号与生长发育调控中的核心地位提示TcWOX8可能通过调控下游胁迫相关基因(如抗氧化酶基因或代谢通路关键酶基因) 的表达, 间接影响百蕊草的生理响应, 例如通过调节ROS稳态以减轻氧化损伤, 或影响渗透调节物质的积累。这为理解百蕊草的抗旱机制提供了新的分子靶点。
本研究首次在百蕊草这一具有药用价值的植物中系统揭示了其应对干旱胁迫的生理与分子响应机制, 并克隆鉴定了TcWOX8这一关键转录因子, 为其抗旱育种提供了重要的候选基因。然而, 本研究仍存在一定的局限性。目前对TcWOX8功能的解析仍多基于生物信息学预测和表达模式分析, 其具体的下游靶基因网络及调控次生代谢产物合成的直接分子机制尚不明确。此外, 关于TcWOX8是否通过调控抗氧化酶活性或影响渗透平衡来增强抗旱性, 仍需通过遗传转化实验(如基因过表达或敲除) 在百蕊草或模式植物中进行功能验证。未来的研究工作应着重于以下几个方面: 首先, 利用染色质免疫共沉淀测序(ChIP-seq) 或酵母单杂交等技术鉴定TcWOX8直接调控的下游靶基因, 阐明其参与的具体信号通路; 其次, 通过构建TcWOX8过表达或基因编辑百蕊草株系, 在整体植物水平验证该基因在抗旱及次生代谢中的生物学功能; 最后, 探究TcWOX8与其他已知胁迫相关转录因子或信号通路的互作关系, 以完善百蕊草逆境响应的调控网络。这些深入研究将为百蕊草的抗逆遗传改良提供坚实的理论依据和丰富的基因资源。

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2026年第61卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1435
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
  • 修回日期:2026-01-21
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    1安徽科技学院食品科学与工程学院, 安徽 凤阳 233100
    2安徽科技学院生物医学与健康学院, 安徽 凤阳 233100
    3安徽科技学院动物科学学院, 安徽 凤阳 233100
    4九华华源药业股份有限公司, 安徽 滁州 239000
    5安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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