Article(id=1308841335130517900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763481600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-19, revisedDate=1772035200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981691390, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1781193600000, pubDateStr=2026-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981691390, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981691390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981691390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841198224240856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781193600000', pubDateStr='2026-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981658750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984187230, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2148, endPage=2162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841335382176141, articleId=1308841335130517900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Application of natural organic nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and treatment, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, tumors have posed a serious threat to human life and health. Although conventional treatments are widely used, they still have significant limitations. As a result, researchers have increasingly focused on nanotechnology to develop more efficient and precise treatment strategies. Natural nanomaterials, including naturally occurring nanoparticles, polymeric nanomaterials derived from natural products, and self-assembled nanomaterials from natural small molecules, have demonstrated broad prospects in the medical field due to their unique physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. This article reviews the current applications and future potential of several commonly used natural organic nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and treatment. Looking ahead, natural nanomaterials are expected to not only drive innovation in cancer therapeutics and diagnostics and introduce green sustainable concepts into nanomedicine, but also accelerate clinical translation, offering safer and more effective treatment solutions for patients.

, authors=Wen-jing LIN1, 2, Yi-ling HUANG1, 2, Yu GAO1, 2, *, authorsList=Wen-jing LIN, Yi-ling HUANG, Yu GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841337810678162, articleId=1308841335130517900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊疗中的应用, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康, 传统治疗手段虽广泛应用, 却存在明显局限。为此, 研究者日益聚焦纳米技术, 致力于发展更高效、精准的治疗策略。天然纳米材料, 包括天然存在的纳米颗粒、基于天然产物的大分子纳米材料, 以及源自天然小分子物质的自组装纳米材料, 凭借其独特的理化特性与优良生物相容性, 在医药领域展现出广阔前景。本文重点综述了几类代表性天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊断与治疗中的研究进展和应用潜力。展望未来, 天然纳米材料不仅将推动肿瘤诊疗技术革新, 为纳米医学注入绿色、可持续理念, 更有望促进临床转化, 为患者提供更安全、有效的治疗方案。

, authors=林文静1, 2, 黄旖灵1, 2, 高瑜1, 2, *, authorsList=林文静, 黄旖灵, 高瑜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高瑜, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

林文静、黄旖灵负责文献检索、图片制作及综述撰写; 高瑜负责拟定综述撰写思路并对稿件进行修改和审校。

, correspAuthorsNote=
高瑜, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YFrU1jhnrIv9truOgca5vQ==, magXml=Ty+jLRn84KAv1cF1l3mH1g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RneIN8Z7S6txdRNBy5ODmQ==, pdfFileSize=1632796, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lNTISeJlxkrOmywCbNb3Bg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=R+gUGvmB+OOvoL2Wrf0/Mg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1308841338301411738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338389492125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338301411738, language=EN, stringName=Wen-jing LIN, firstName=Wen-jing, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338473378206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338301411738, language=CN, stringName=林文静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])]), Author(id=1308841338586624416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338720842147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338586624416, language=EN, stringName=Yi-ling HUANG, firstName=Yi-ling, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338787951012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338586624416, language=CN, stringName=黄旖灵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])]), Author(id=1308841338863448486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ygao@fzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338943140265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338863448486, language=EN, stringName=Yu GAO, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841339014443434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338863448486, language=CN, stringName=高瑜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1308841339119301035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=natural organic nanomaterial), Keyword(id=1308841339203187116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=tumor therapy), Keyword(id=1308841339282878893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=tumor diagnosis), Keyword(id=1308841339349987758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=drug delivery), Keyword(id=1308841339429679535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=tumor microenvironment), Keyword(id=1308841339513565616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=天然有机纳米材料), Keyword(id=1308841339572285873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=肿瘤治疗), Keyword(id=1308841339664560562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=肿瘤诊断), Keyword(id=1308841339740058035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=药物递送), Keyword(id=1308841339823944116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=肿瘤微环境)], refs=[Reference(id=1308841342353109437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prasad RD, Sahoo A, Shrivastav OP, et al. A review on aspects of nanotechnology in food science and animal nutrition [J]. ES Food Agrofor, 2022, 8: 12-46., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342462161342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2025, 75: 10-45., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342554436031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L, Wang YN, Li YJ, et al. Advanced materials for cancer treatment and beyond [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16: 1557155., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342655099328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ion D, Niculescu AG, Păduraru DN, et al. An up-to-date review of natural nanoparticles for cancer management [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2021, 14: 18., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342747374017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Doyle LM, Wang MZ. Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis [J]. Cells, 2019, 8: 727., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342814482883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pi YN, Xia BR, Jin MZ, et al. Exosomes: Powerful weapon for cancer nano-immunoengineering [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 2021, 186: 114487., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342927729092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng YL, Hu SY, Luo Y, et al. Exosome cargos as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2023, 15: 2365., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841342990643653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zou XH, Lei Q, Luo XH, et al. Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles [J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2023, 21: 260., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343074529734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dogbey DM, Torres VES, Fajemisin E, et al. Technological advances in the use of viral and non-viral vectors for delivering genetic and non-genetic cargos for cancer therapy [J]. Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2023, 13: 2719-2738., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343137444295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li SW, Wang F, Zhai ZX, et al. Synergistic effect of bladder cancer-specific oncolytic adenovirus in combination with chemotherapy [J]. Oncol Lett, 2017, 14: 2081-2088., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343208747464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee C, Bishop E, Zhang R, et al. Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Potential applications for gene and cell-based therapies in the new era of personalized medicine [J]. Genes Dis, 2017, 4: 43-63., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343284244937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tseha ST. Role of adenoviruses in cancer therapy [J]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 772659., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343359742410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie LW, Han YZ, Liu YZ, et al. Viral vector‐based cancer treatment and current clinical applications [J]. MedComm Oncol, 2023, 2: e55., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343439434187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Milone MC, O′Doherty U. Clinical use of lentiviral vectors [J]. Leukemia, 2018, 32: 1529-1541., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343510737356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li WJ, Jing Z, Wang SQ, et al. P22 virus-like particles as an effective antigen delivery nanoplatform for cancer immunotherapy [J]. Biomaterials, 2021, 271: 120726., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343594623437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ruzzi F, Semprini MS, Scalambra L, et al. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines for cancer immunotherapy [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 12963., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343657537998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lou B, Liao XL, Wu MP, et al. High-density lipoprotein as a potential carrier for delivery of a lipophilic antitumoral drug into hepatoma cells [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11: 954-959., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343733035471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu YJ, Zhu YF, Cao TM, et al. Ferritin-based nanomedicine for disease treatment [J]. Med Rev (2021), 2023, 3: 49-74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343808532944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun XR, Hong YL, Gong YB, et al. Bioengineered ferritin nanocarriers for cancer therapy [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22: 7023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343875641809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Raven JA. Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae [J]. J Plant Physiol, 2021, 257: 153342., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841343963722194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Perez-Boerema A, Engel BD, Wietrzynski W. Evolution of thylakoid structural diversity [J]. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2024, 40: 169-193., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344026636755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ostermeier M, Garibay-Hernández A, Holzer VJC, et al. Structure, biogenesis and evolution of thylakoid membranes [J]. Plant Cell, 2024, 36: 4014-4035., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344106328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yin T, Liu JY, Wu Y, et al. Thylakoids for enhanced photodynamic therapy in hypoxic tumours [J]. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2025, 26: 2537000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344186020309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bivona TG. Phase-separated biomolecular condensation in cancer: New horizons and next frontiers [J]. Cancer Discov, 2024, 14: 630-634., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344248934870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao YF, Li X, Li PL, et al. A brief guideline for studies of phase-separated biomolecular condensates [J]. Nat Chem Biol, 2022, 18: 1307-1318., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344311849431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Liu JM, Mao CM, et al. Phase separation-mediated biomolecular condensates and their relationship to tumor [J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2024, 22: 143., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344391541208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arteaga-Castrejón AA, Agarwal V, Khandual S. Microalgae as a potential natural source for the green synthesis of nanoparticles [J]. Chem Commun (Camb), 2024, 60: 3874-3890., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344458650073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang H, Lang YT, Wang SJ, et al. Microalgae-based drug delivery systems in biomedical applications [J]. Eng Regen, 2024, 5: 361-374., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344550924762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carrion CC, Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, et al. Lignin, lipid, protein, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, gum, pectin, alginate and chitosan-based nanomaterials for cancer nanotherapy: Challenges and opportunities [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021, 178: 193-228., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344618033627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meng R, Zhu HM, Wang ZW, et al. Preparation of drug‐loaded albumin nanoparticles and its application in cancer therapy [J]. J Nanomater, 2022, 2022: 3052175., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344693531100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Green MR, Manikhas GM, Orlov S, et al. Abraxane®, a novel Cremophor®-free, albumin-bound particle form of paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer [J]. Ann Oncol, 2006, 17: 1263-1268., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344760639965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang L, Zheng YR, Melo MB, et al. Enhancing T cell therapy through TCR-signaling-responsive nanoparticle drug delivery [J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2018, 36: 707-716., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344848720350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang QF, Chen XP, Liu J, et al. Gelatin-based biomaterials as a delivery strategy for osteosarcoma treatment [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16: 1537695., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841344936800735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xia Y, Xu RC, Ye SY, et al. Microfluidic formulation of curcumin-loaded multiresponsive gelatin nanoparticles for anticancer therapy [J]. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2023, 9: 3402-3413., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841345012298208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X, Wang YM, Wu H, et al. Natural polysaccharide hydrogel delivery system remodeling tumor microenvironment to promote postoperative tumor therapy [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 291: 139137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841345087795681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Atmaca H, Oguz F, Ilhan S. Chitosan in cancer therapy: A dual role as a therapeutic agent and drug delivery system [J]. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 2024, 79: 95-105., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841346757128674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li XD, Wang YR, Feng CY, et al. Chemical modification of chitosan for developing cancer nanotheranostics [J]. Biomacromolecules, 2022, 23: 2197-2218., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841346849403363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao FY, Huang KX, Shi FN, et al. Application and research progress of natural polysaccharides in drug-loaded hydrogels [J]. Chin Polym Bull (高分子通报), 2022, 36: 158-171., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841346975232484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang M, Mu D, Zhang P, et al. Studies on natural polysaccharides used as nucleic acid carriers [J]. Chin Polym Bull (高分子通报), 2024, 37: 297-308., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347054924261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim H, Kwak M. Structures and applications of nucleic acid-based micelles for cancer therapy [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 1592., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347134616038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Giuri D, Ravarino P, Tomasini C. L-Dopa in small peptides: An amazing functionality to form supramolecular materials [J]. Org Biomol Chem, 2021, 19: 4622-4636., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347210113511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sufianova G, Gareev I, Beylerli O, et al. Modern aspects of the use of natural polyphenols in tumor prevention and therapy [J]. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2022, 10: 1011435., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347298193896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou QY, Pan H, Li J. Molecular insights into potential contributions of natural polyphenols to lung cancer treatment [J]. Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11: 1565., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347382079977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Davatgaran-Taghipour Y, Masoomzadeh S, Farzaei MH, et al. Polyphenol nanoformulations for cancer therapy: Experimental evidence and clinical perspective [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2017, 12: 2689-2702., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347457577450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li RY, Hong S, Zhang Y, et al. Real-time fluorescence imaging analysis of silicon nanodrug carrier modified by tannic acid-Fe3+ complex [J]. Chin J Anal Chem (分析化学), 2022, 50: 1813-1821., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347554046443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Capasso L, De Masi L, Sirignano C, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological properties, biological activities and therapeutic potential [J]. Molecules, 2025, 30: 654., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347616961004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei H, Qin J, Huang QX, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) based metal-polyphenol nanoformulations alleviates chondrocytes inflammation by modulating synovial macrophages polarization [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 161: 114366., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347688264173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Imran M, Arshad MS, Butt MS, et al. Mangiferin: A natural miracle bioactive compound against lifestyle related disorders [J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2017, 16: 84., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347746984430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shaikh I, Tatapudi HK. A review on formulation and analytical aspect of mangiferin a natural phenolic xanthonoid [J]. Discover Chemistry, 2025, 2: 1-16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347818287599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng YL, Zheng FY, Xu RF, et al. Self-healing photothermal nanotherapeutics for enhanced tumor therapy through triple ferroptosis amplification and cascade inflammation inhibition [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16: 51994-52007., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347881202160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HP, et al. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review [J]. Br J Nutr, 2002, 88: 587-605., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841347948311025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Elekofehinti OO, Iwaloye O, Olawale F, et al. Saponins in cancer treatment: Current progress and future prospects [J]. Pathophysiology, 2021, 28: 250-272., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348032197106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li MY, Lin L, Wang Y, et al. Research progress on antitumor mechanism and nano-drug delivery system for ginsenosides [J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2024, 55: 688-696., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348099305971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiao L, Yuan LH, Gao SJ, et al. Self-assembled nanodrug delivery systems for anti-cancer drugs from traditional Chinese medicine [J]. Biomater Sci, 2024, 12: 1662-1692., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348170609140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ZY, Zheng YL, Shi HF, et al. Convenient tuning of the elasticity of self-assembled nano-sized triterpenoids to regulate their biological activities [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 44065-44078., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348229329397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Z, Wang JX, Li XF, et al. Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer [J]. Drug Deliv, 2025, 32: 2464189., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348292243958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shrestha S, Shrestha A, Kim J, et al. Recent advances in albumin nanoparticle-based cancer therapies [J]. J Pharm Investig, 2025, 55: 1-14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348359352823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun F, Ding ZY, Shao FY, et al. Albumin-based MUC13 peptide nanomedicine suppresses liver cancer stem cells via JNK-ERK signaling pathway-mediated autophagy inhibition [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16: 38968-38978., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348430655992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Motevalli SM, Eltahan AS, Liu L, et al. Co-encapsulation of curcumin and doxorubicin in albumin nanoparticles blocks the adaptive treatment tolerance of cancer cells [J]. Biophys Rep, 2019, 5: 19-30., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348501959161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Alzahrani B, Elderdery AY, Alsrhani A, et al. Effects of albumin-chlorogenic acid nanoparticles on apoptosis and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitory activity in MDA-MB-435s cells [J]. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2023, 13: 1438., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348560679418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang LJ, Hui JF, Ma P, et al. Pegylation of ginsenoside Rg3‐entrapped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro biological studies [J]. J Nanomater, 2019, 2019: 3959037., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348623593979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Alves CG, de Melo-Diogo D, Lima-Sousa R, et al. IR780 loaded sulfobetaine methacrylate-functionalized albumin nanoparticles aimed for enhanced breast cancer phototherapy [J]. Int J Pharm, 2020, 582: 119346., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348686508540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yin XR, Lu YH, Zou M, et al. Synthesis and characterization of salinomycin-loaded high-density lipoprotein and its effects on cervical cancer cells and cervical cancer stem cells [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2021, 16: 6367-6382., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348766200317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Allegra A, Murdaca G, Mirabile G, et al. Protective effects of high-density lipoprotein on cancer risk: Focus on multiple myeloma [J]. Biomedicines, 2024, 12: 514., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348837503486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tu ZQ, Timashev P, Chen JG, et al. Ferritin‐based drug delivery system for tumor therapy [J]. BMEMat, 2023, 1: e12022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841348917195263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhai MF, Wang YL, Zhang LG, et al. Glioma targeting peptide modified apoferritin nanocage [J]. Drug Deliv, 2018, 25: 1013-1024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349001081344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cosottini L, Geri A, Ghini V, et al. Unlocking the power of human ferritin: Enhanced drug delivery of aurothiomalate in A2780 ovarian cancer cells [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 63: e202410791., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349076578817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Czapar AE, Zheng YR, Riddell IA, et al. Tobacco mosaic virus delivery of phenanthriplatin for cancer therapy [J]. ACS Nano, 2016, 10: 4119-4126., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349160464898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=69, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ghosh S, Banerjee M. A smart viral vector for targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs [J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11: 7030., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349231768067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nguyen VT, Nguyen QT, Pham NT, et al. An in vitro investigation into targeted paclitaxel delivery nanomaterials based on chitosan-Pluronic P123-biotin copolymer for inhibiting human breast cancer cells [J]. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol, 2021, 66: 102807., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349311459844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mishra B, Yadav AS, Malhotra D, et al. Chitosan nanoparticle-mediated delivery of curcumin suppresses tumor growth in breast cancer [J]. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2024, 14: 1294., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349399540229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mickymaray S, Al Aboody MS, Eraqi MM, et al. Chitosan-encapsulated nickel oxide, tin dioxide, and farnesol nanoparticles: Antimicrobial and anticancer properties in breast cancer cells [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 248: 125799., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349487620614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu J, Yu JM, Xu X, et al. Development, characterization, and evaluation of PSMA‐targeted glycol chitosan micelles for prostate cancer therapy [J]. J Nanomater, 2014, 2014: 462356., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349563118087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Albalawi F, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, et al. Fabrication and characterization of nanodelivery platform based on chitosan to improve the anticancer outcome of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13: 12180., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841349630226952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin TS, Yuan AH, Zhao XZ, et al. Self-assembled tumor-targeting hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for photothermal ablation in orthotopic bladder cancer [J]. Acta Biomater, 2017, 53: 427-438., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351286977033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu GX, Lin TS, Zhang Q, et al. Hyaluronic acid-IR780 nanoparticles for photothermal ablation in orthotopic renal cancer [J]. J Nanomater, 2020, 2020: 2421971., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351370863114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li LW, Xing ZH, Wang JY, et al. Hyaluronic acid-mediated targeted nano-modulators for activation of pyroptosis for cancer therapy through multichannel regulation of Ca2+ overload [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 299: 140116., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351433777675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saari H, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Viitala T, et al. Microvesicle-and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells [J]. J Control Release, 2015, 220: 727-737., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351496692236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Değirmenci NS, Uslu M, Kırbaş OK, et al. Lapatinib loaded exosomes as a drug delivery system in breast cancer [J]. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol, 2022, 75: 103584., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351588966925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=80, rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hosseini NF, Amini R, Ramezani M, et al. AS1411 aptamer-functionalized exosomes in the targeted delivery of doxorubicin in fighting colorectal cancer [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 155: 113690., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351668658702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng LY, Hu XX, Wu H, et al. In vivo monocyte/macrophage-hitchhiked intratumoral accumulation of nanomedicines for enhanced tumor therapy [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2020, 142: 382-391., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351727378959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao ZY, Li PY, Li YZ, et al. Encapsulation of nano-bortezomib in apoptotic stem cell-derived vesicles for the treatment of multiple myeloma [J]. Small, 2023, 19: e2301748., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351802876432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=83, rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong PL, Zhao YY, Cui H, et al. Biomimetic photosynthesis nanoreactors based thylakoid synergy with metformin for reversing tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment therapy [J]. Chem Eng J, 2025, 515: 163368., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351874179601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=84, rfOrder=83, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shu Y, Yin HR, Rajabi M, et al. RNA-based micelles: A novel platform for paclitaxel loading and delivery [J]. J Control Release, 2018, 276: 17-29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841351958065682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bousmail D, Amrein L, Fakhoury JJ, et al. Precision spherical nucleic acids for delivery of anticancer drugs [J]. Chem Sci, 2017, 8: 6218-6229., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352033563155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liang TXZ, Dong YX, Cheng I, et al. In situ formation of biomolecular condensates as intracellular drug reservoirs for augmenting chemotherapy [J]. Nat Biomed Eng, 2024, 8: 1469-1482., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352109060628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong DN, Zhang DX, Xie TT, et al. Biodegradable microalgae based carriers for targeted delivery and imaging guided therapy toward lung metastasis of breast cancer [J]. Small, 2020, 16: e2000819., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352192946709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=88, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Delasoie J, Schiel P, Vojnovic S, et al. Photoactivatable surface-functionalized diatom microalgae for colorectal cancer targeted delivery and enhanced cytotoxicity of anticancer complexes [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12: 480., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352268444182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=89, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu F, Lin L, Zhang Y, et al. Two-dimensional nanosheets with high curcumin loading content for multimodal imaging-guided combined chemo-photothermal therapy [J]. Biomaterials, 2019, 223: 119470., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352335553047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng YL, Li ZY, Yang Y, et al. A nanosensitizer self-assembled from oleanolic acid and chlorin e6 for synergistic chemo/sono-photodynamic cancer therapy [J]. Phytomedicine, 2021, 93: 153788., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352415244824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=91, rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ZY, Shi HF, Xie HZ, et al. Tri-component programmable nanoregulator with three-pronged penetration boosts immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer [J]. Chem Eng J, 2022, 439: 135712., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352482353689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=92, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ZY, Xie HZ, Shi HF, et al. Triterpenoids and ultrasound dual-catalytic nanoreactor ignites long-lived hypertoxic reactive species storm for deep tumor treatment [J]. Chem Eng J, 2023, 453: 139938., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352541073946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=93, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng YL, Xu RF, Chen TY, et al. Four-pronged reversal of chemotherapy resistance by mangiferin amphiphile [J]. J Control Release, 2025, 378: 776-790., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352599794203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=94, rfOrder=93, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng Y, Zheng RX, Wu XQ, et al. Thylakoid membranes with unique photosystems used to simultaneously produce self-supplying oxygen and singlet oxygen for hypoxic tumor therapy [J]. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021, 10: e2001666., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352675291676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=94, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kooreman NG, Kim Y, de Almeida PE, et al. Autologous iPSC-based vaccines elicit anti-tumor responses in vivo [J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2018, 22: 501-513. e7., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352746594845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=96, rfOrder=95, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang RH, Zhu TC, Hou BZ, et al. An iPSC-derived exosome-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine boosts antitumor immunity in melanoma [J]. Mol Ther, 2023, 31: 2376-2390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352809509406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=97, rfOrder=96, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meng SH, Whitt AG, Stamp BF, et al. Exosome-based cancer vaccine for prevention of lung cancer [J]. Stem Cell Investig, 2023, 10: 2., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352880812575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=98, rfOrder=97, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan Z, Zhang ZB, Chen YN, et al. Enhancing cancer therapy: The integration of oncolytic virus therapy with diverse treatments [J]. Cancer Cell Int, 2024, 24: 242., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841352947921440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=99, rfOrder=98, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao YQ, Liu ZM, Li L, et al. Oncolytic adenovirus: Prospects for cancer immunotherapy [J]. Front Microbiol, 2021, 12: 707290., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353027613217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=100, rfOrder=99, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Alwithenani A, Hengswat P, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics: From mechanistic insights to clinical translation [J]. Mol Ther, 2025, 33: 2217-2228., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353086333474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=101, rfOrder=100, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu XY, Fan HH, Yang Y, et al. Virus‐like particle‐induced cGAS‐STING activation and AIM2 inflammasome‐mediated pyroptosis for robust cancer immunotherapy [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62: e202303010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353149248035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=102, rfOrder=101, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu MM, Jin D, Yu WX, et al. Enhancing tumor immunotherapy by multivalent anti‐PD‐L1 nanobody assembled via ferritin nanocage [J]. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2024, 11: 2308248., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353220551204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=102, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang SB, Nie F, Lin Z, et al. Natural polysaccharide-small molecule smart responsive nanogels: Design, synthesis, and synergistic chemoimmunotherapy for tumors [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 305: 140930., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353291854373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=104, rfOrder=103, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang DY, Wan Z, Yang Q, et al. Sonodynamical reversion of immunosuppressive microenvironment in prostate cancer via engineered exosomes [J]. Drug Deliv, 2022, 29: 702-713., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353358963238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=105, rfOrder=104, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu HZ, Lin XY, Xu YX, et al. An emerging research: The role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment [J]. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1227150., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353417683495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=106, rfOrder=105, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu HZ, Ma M, Liang KC, et al. A self-assembled metal-polyphenolic nanomedicine for mild photothermal-potentiated chemodynamic therapy of tumors [J]. Appl Mater Today, 2021, 25: 101235., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353493180968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=107, rfOrder=106, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen F, Zeng H, Li YX, et al. Synergistically promoted antitumor photoimmunotherapy using immune-stimulating peach gum polysaccharides as nanocarriers [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2025, 17: 10417-10431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353560289833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=108, rfOrder=107, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Bai HM, Yao ZX, et al. Tumor microenvironment responsive chitosan-coated W-doped MoOx biodegradable composite nanomaterials for photothermal/chemodynamic synergistic therapy [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2024, 276: 133583., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353619010090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=109, rfOrder=108, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li YZ, Tian LL, Zhao TC, et al. A nanotherapeutic system for gastric cancer suppression by synergistic chemotherapy and immunotherapy based on iPSCs and DCs exosomes [J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2023, 72: 1673-1683., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353686118955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=110, rfOrder=109, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu XY, Zhang JX, Zheng SZ, et al. Hybrid adipocyte-derived exosome nano platform for potent chemo-phototherapy in targeted hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. J Control Release, 2024, 370: 168-181., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353765810732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=111, rfOrder=110, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hao Y, Gu ZL, Yu ZF, et al. Photodynamic therapy in combination with the hepatitis B core virus-like particles (HBc VLPs) to prime anticancer immunity for colorectal cancer treatment [J]. Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14: 2724., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353849696813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=112, rfOrder=111, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu ZG, Yang Y, Fang WM, et al. Dual tumor exosome biomarker co-recognitions based nanoliquid biopsy for the accurate early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer [J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17: 11384-11395., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353920999982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=113, rfOrder=112, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu YH, Dai LJ, Wei SS, et al. H-chain ferritin-based magnetic nanoparticles targeting CD71 for magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its precancerous lesions [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 323: 146965., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841353967137327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=114, rfOrder=113, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Vannucci L, Falvo E, Fornara M, et al. Selective targeting of melanoma by PEG-masked protein-based multifunctional nanoparticles [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2012, 7: 1489-1509., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841354046829104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=115, rfOrder=114, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho CF, Yu LH, Nsiama TK, et al. Viral nanoparticles decorated with novel EGFL7 ligands enable intravital imaging of tumor neovasculature [J]. Nanoscale, 2017, 9: 12096-12109., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841354113937969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=116, rfOrder=115, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang YL, Zhang YQ, Yu YY, et al. Preparation and preliminary evaluation of hepatitis B core antigen virus like nanoparticles loaded with indocyanine green [J]. Ann Transl Med, 2020, 8: 1661., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841355787465266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=117, rfOrder=116, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao YZ, Liang MM, Li X, et al. Bioengineered magnetoferritin nanoprobes for single-dose nuclear-magnetic resonance tumor imaging [J]. ACS Nano, 2016, 10: 4184-4191., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841355867157043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=118, rfOrder=117, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang M, Fan QL, Zhang RP, et al. Dragon fruit-like biocage as an iron trapping nanoplatform for high efficiency targeted cancer multimodality imaging [J]. Biomaterials, 2015, 69: 30-37., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841355938460212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=119, rfOrder=118, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin D, Zhu Y, Liu MM, et al. A leaking-proof theranostic nanoplatform for tumor-targeted and dual-modality imaging-guided photodynamic therapy [J]. BME Front, 2023, 4: 0015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841355997180469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=120, rfOrder=119, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin QT, Liu JJ, Zhu WJ, et al. Albumin-assisted synthesis of ultrasmall FeS2 nanodots for imaging-guided photothermal enhanced photodynamic therapy [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10: 332-340., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841356068483638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=121, rfOrder=120, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang B, Jia XH, Ji TJ, et al. Ferritin nanocages for early theranostics of tumors via inflammation-enhanced active targeting [J]. Sci China Life Sci, 2022, 65: 328-340., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841356139786807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=122, rfOrder=121, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nasrollahi F, Sana B, Paramelle D, et al. Incorporation of graphene quantum dots, iron, and doxorubicin in/on ferritin nanocages for bimodal imaging and drug delivery [J]. Adv Ther (Weinh), 2020, 3: 1900183., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841356240450104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=123, rfOrder=122, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang W, Wang Q, Cui D, et al. Metal-polyphenol network coated magnetic hydroxyapatite for pH-activated MR imaging and drug delivery [J]. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2023, 222: 113076., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841339949773237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/5+5ljCI+iqEQzNVVsoHHA==, figureFileBig=lNTISeJlxkrOmywCbNb3Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841340021076406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Number of articles published each year retrieved from the PubMed database. A: Search keywords "natural nanomaterials and tumor"; B: Search keywords "natural organic nanomaterials and tumor", figureFileSmall=/5+5ljCI+iqEQzNVVsoHHA==, figureFileBig=lNTISeJlxkrOmywCbNb3Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841340243374519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Te8WsImEa0jH2Lu+mF9c9A==, figureFileBig=sCh1o8+WJ/mBEV+v3ZxAgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841340314677688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Advantages and potential of natural nanomaterials in cancer therapy, figureFileSmall=Te8WsImEa0jH2Lu+mF9c9A==, figureFileBig=sCh1o8+WJ/mBEV+v3ZxAgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841340398563769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryCore building unitFormation methodTypical example
Naturally occurring nanoparticlesPre-formed complete nanostructureNaturally synthesized within the organismExosomes, viral particles, lipoproteins
Macromolecular nanomaterials based on natural productsNatural macromoleculeManual processing and manufacturingAlbumin nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, nucleic acids
Self-assembled nanomaterials derived from natural small moleculesNatural small moleculesIntermolecular forces-driven self-assemblyPolyphenol-metal network
), ArticleFig(id=1308841340474061242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Common natural organic nanomaterials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryCore building unitFormation methodTypical example
Naturally occurring nanoparticlesPre-formed complete nanostructureNaturally synthesized within the organismExosomes, viral particles, lipoproteins
Macromolecular nanomaterials based on natural productsNatural macromoleculeManual processing and manufacturingAlbumin nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, nucleic acids
Self-assembled nanomaterials derived from natural small moleculesNatural small moleculesIntermolecular forces-driven self-assemblyPolyphenol-metal network
), ArticleFig(id=1308841340553753019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryCarrierTherapeutic agentTumor typeTherapeutic modeModalityRef
Naturally occurring nanoparticlesHDLSalinomycinHelaCSCs-targeted therapy1[63]
TMVPhenanthriplatinMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy2[68]
VLPDOX, ellipticineMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy1[69]
EVsPTXLNCaP, PC-3Chemotherapy1[78]
ExosomeLapatinibSK-BR-3Chemotherapy1[79]
ExosomeDOXHCT-116, CT-26Chemotherapy2[80]
Apoptotic bodyCpG-gold-silver nanorodsEL4IM2[81]
Apoptotic vesicleBortezomib5TGM1Chemotherapy2[82]
ThylakoidMet-PLGAOSCCIM2[83]
Biomolecular condensatesDOX4T1Chemotherapy2[86]
Spirulina platensisDOX4T1Chemotherapy2[87]
Diatom microalgaeRhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonylCRCPDT1[88]
ThylakoidUCNPs4T1PDT2[94]
ExosomeExosomeMC38, LLC, 4T1, B16-F10IM2[96]
ExosomeGM-CSFLLCIM2[97]
FerritinAnti-PD-L1, ICGB16F10PTT/IM2[102]
ExosomeCe6, R848Prostate cancerSDT/IM2[104]
ExosomeDOXGastric cancerChemotherapy/IM2[109]
ExosomeDSTG, PPLAHCCChemo-PDT2[110]
HBc VLPFOSCANMC-38PDT/IM2[111]
--PANC-1, MDA-MB-231Liquid biopsy2[112]
HFnMagnetic iron oxideESCCTargeted MRI2[113]
HFn-MelanomaTargeted diagnosis2[114]
Viral nanoparticleE7p72 peptideHT1080Imaging2[115]
VLPICG4T1PTT2[116]
HFn-HT-29, MX-1Imaging2[117]
ApoferritinMNP, Fe3+HT29Imaging2[118]
FerritinCe64T1PDT2[119]
HFnIRdye800, DOXHCC, HepG2Imaging/chemotherapy2[121]
FerritinGQDs, Iron, DOXMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy1[122]
Macromolecular nanomaterials based on natural productsProtein nanogelsIL-15SAB16F10IM2[32]
GelatinCuS, Fe3O4, CurMCF-7Chemotherapy/PTT1[34]
HSAPeptide based inhibitor P3HCCCSCs-targeted therapy2[58]
BSACur/DOXMCF-7Chemotherapy1[59]
BSAChlorogenic acidMDA-MB 435sChemotherapy1[60]
BSARg3HepG2, A549Chemotherapy1[61]
BSAIR780MCF-7PTT/ PDT1[62]
ApoferritinVincristine sulfateU87MGChemotherapy2[66]
ApoferritinAurothiomalateA2780Chemotherapy1[67]
Cs-P123-BioPTXMCF-7Chemotherapy1[70]
CsCurMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy2[71]
CsNiO-TiO2-farnesolMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy1[72]
CsDOXLNCaP, PC-3Chemotherapy2[73]
CsSorafenibHepG2Chemotherapy1[74]
HAIR-780MB-49PTT2[75]
HAIR-780RENCAPTT2[76]
CaCO3-PArg@HACur4T1IM/pyroptosis2[77]
RNAPTXKBChemotherapy2[84]
DNABKM120CLLChemotherapy2[85]
LiposomesDNAHeLaIM2[101]
ASPBaicaleinA549, HepG2Chemotherapy/IM2[103]
PGPTTQPLCT26PTT/IM2[107]
CsW-doped MoOxMCF-7PTT/CDT2[108]
BSACe64T1PTT/PDT2[120]
Self-assembled nanomaterials derived from natural small moleculesMPNFe2+, MF4T1PTT/ferroptosis2[50]
OAOA4T1Hemotherapy2[55]
mPEG-CSOCelastrol, Rg3Pan02Chemotherapy2[56]
ZIF-8CurHeLa, MCF-7, 4T1Chemo-PTT2[89]
OAOA, Ce6PC9, 4T1Chemotherapy/SPDT2[90]
OAOA, MB, RB4T1PTT/SDT/IM2[91]
OAOA, Cy7, Hp4T1SDT2[92]
MMFPTXPTX-resistant 4T1Chemotherapy2[93]
MPNFe2+, EGCG4T1CDT/PTT2[106]
MPNDOXHeLaChemotherapy1[123]
), ArticleFig(id=1308841340650222012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Applications of natural organic nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and treatment. CSCs: Cancer stem cells; TMV: Tobacco mosaic virus; PTX: Paclitaxel; IM: Immunotherapy; OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma; CRC: Colorectal cancer; UCNPs: Upconversion nanoparticles; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; LLC: Lewis lung carcinoma; SDT: Sonodynamic therapy; DSTG: A lipid-like prodrug of docetaxel; PPLA: A lipid-conjugated photosensitizer; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBc VLP: Hepatitis B core virus-like particles; HFn: H-chain ferritin; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ICG: Indocyanine green; MNP: Melanin nanoparticle; GQDs: Graphene quantum dots; Cur: Curcumin; Cs-P123-Bio: Chitosan-Pluronic P123-Biotin; Cs: Chitosan; HA: Hyaluronic acid; PArg: Poly-L-arginine; CLL: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; ASP: Astragalus polysaccharide; PGP: Polysaccharide; MF: Mangiferin; mPEG-CSO: PEG-based chitosan oligosaccharide; ZIF-8: Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8; MB: Methylene blue; RB: Rose bengal; Cy7: Heptamethine cyanine; Hp: Hematoporphyrin; MMF: Mangiferin amphiphile; 1: In vitro; 2: In vitro and in vivo

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryCarrierTherapeutic agentTumor typeTherapeutic modeModalityRef
Naturally occurring nanoparticlesHDLSalinomycinHelaCSCs-targeted therapy1[63]
TMVPhenanthriplatinMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy2[68]
VLPDOX, ellipticineMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy1[69]
EVsPTXLNCaP, PC-3Chemotherapy1[78]
ExosomeLapatinibSK-BR-3Chemotherapy1[79]
ExosomeDOXHCT-116, CT-26Chemotherapy2[80]
Apoptotic bodyCpG-gold-silver nanorodsEL4IM2[81]
Apoptotic vesicleBortezomib5TGM1Chemotherapy2[82]
ThylakoidMet-PLGAOSCCIM2[83]
Biomolecular condensatesDOX4T1Chemotherapy2[86]
Spirulina platensisDOX4T1Chemotherapy2[87]
Diatom microalgaeRhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonylCRCPDT1[88]
ThylakoidUCNPs4T1PDT2[94]
ExosomeExosomeMC38, LLC, 4T1, B16-F10IM2[96]
ExosomeGM-CSFLLCIM2[97]
FerritinAnti-PD-L1, ICGB16F10PTT/IM2[102]
ExosomeCe6, R848Prostate cancerSDT/IM2[104]
ExosomeDOXGastric cancerChemotherapy/IM2[109]
ExosomeDSTG, PPLAHCCChemo-PDT2[110]
HBc VLPFOSCANMC-38PDT/IM2[111]
--PANC-1, MDA-MB-231Liquid biopsy2[112]
HFnMagnetic iron oxideESCCTargeted MRI2[113]
HFn-MelanomaTargeted diagnosis2[114]
Viral nanoparticleE7p72 peptideHT1080Imaging2[115]
VLPICG4T1PTT2[116]
HFn-HT-29, MX-1Imaging2[117]
ApoferritinMNP, Fe3+HT29Imaging2[118]
FerritinCe64T1PDT2[119]
HFnIRdye800, DOXHCC, HepG2Imaging/chemotherapy2[121]
FerritinGQDs, Iron, DOXMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy1[122]
Macromolecular nanomaterials based on natural productsProtein nanogelsIL-15SAB16F10IM2[32]
GelatinCuS, Fe3O4, CurMCF-7Chemotherapy/PTT1[34]
HSAPeptide based inhibitor P3HCCCSCs-targeted therapy2[58]
BSACur/DOXMCF-7Chemotherapy1[59]
BSAChlorogenic acidMDA-MB 435sChemotherapy1[60]
BSARg3HepG2, A549Chemotherapy1[61]
BSAIR780MCF-7PTT/ PDT1[62]
ApoferritinVincristine sulfateU87MGChemotherapy2[66]
ApoferritinAurothiomalateA2780Chemotherapy1[67]
Cs-P123-BioPTXMCF-7Chemotherapy1[70]
CsCurMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy2[71]
CsNiO-TiO2-farnesolMDA-MB-231Chemotherapy1[72]
CsDOXLNCaP, PC-3Chemotherapy2[73]
CsSorafenibHepG2Chemotherapy1[74]
HAIR-780MB-49PTT2[75]
HAIR-780RENCAPTT2[76]
CaCO3-PArg@HACur4T1IM/pyroptosis2[77]
RNAPTXKBChemotherapy2[84]
DNABKM120CLLChemotherapy2[85]
LiposomesDNAHeLaIM2[101]
ASPBaicaleinA549, HepG2Chemotherapy/IM2[103]
PGPTTQPLCT26PTT/IM2[107]
CsW-doped MoOxMCF-7PTT/CDT2[108]
BSACe64T1PTT/PDT2[120]
Self-assembled nanomaterials derived from natural small moleculesMPNFe2+, MF4T1PTT/ferroptosis2[50]
OAOA4T1Hemotherapy2[55]
mPEG-CSOCelastrol, Rg3Pan02Chemotherapy2[56]
ZIF-8CurHeLa, MCF-7, 4T1Chemo-PTT2[89]
OAOA, Ce6PC9, 4T1Chemotherapy/SPDT2[90]
OAOA, MB, RB4T1PTT/SDT/IM2[91]
OAOA, Cy7, Hp4T1SDT2[92]
MMFPTXPTX-resistant 4T1Chemotherapy2[93]
MPNFe2+, EGCG4T1CDT/PTT2[106]
MPNDOXHeLaChemotherapy1[123]
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1788948913902, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=Y, firstLetterEn=Y, subjectCode=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304509553505227679, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国药学会、中国医学科学院药物研究所, publishedBy=《药学学报》编辑委员会编辑出版, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914171, updatedTime=1788948914171, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304509553559753632, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914184, updatedTime=1788948914184, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=Y, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1781193600000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊疗中的应用
收藏切换
PDF下载
林文静 1, 2 , 黄旖灵 1, 2 , 高瑜 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(6): 2148-2162
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (6) : 2148 -2162
天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊疗中的应用
全屏
[Author(id=1308841338301411738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338389492125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338301411738, language=EN, stringName=Wen-jing LIN, firstName=Wen-jing, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338473378206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338301411738, language=CN, stringName=林文静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])]), Author(id=1308841338586624416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338720842147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338586624416, language=EN, stringName=Yi-ling HUANG, firstName=Yi-ling, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338787951012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338586624416, language=CN, stringName=黄旖灵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])]), Author(id=1308841338863448486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ygao@fzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841338943140265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338863448486, language=EN, stringName=Yu GAO, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841339014443434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, authorId=1308841338863448486, language=CN, stringName=高瑜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841338074919315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338083307924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338091696533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338074919315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841338179776918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338188165527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841338200748440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841335130517900, companyId=1308841338179776918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108)])])]
林文静1, 2, 黄旖灵1, 2, 高瑜1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
  • 2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108
通讯作者:
高瑜, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

林文静、黄旖灵负责文献检索、图片制作及综述撰写; 高瑜负责拟定综述撰写思路并对稿件进行修改和审校。

Application of natural organic nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and treatment
Wen-jing LIN1, 2, Yi-ling HUANG1, 2, Yu GAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou 350108, China
出版时间: 2026-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371
文章导航
收藏切换

近年来, 肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康, 传统治疗手段虽广泛应用, 却存在明显局限。为此, 研究者日益聚焦纳米技术, 致力于发展更高效、精准的治疗策略。天然纳米材料, 包括天然存在的纳米颗粒、基于天然产物的大分子纳米材料, 以及源自天然小分子物质的自组装纳米材料, 凭借其独特的理化特性与优良生物相容性, 在医药领域展现出广阔前景。本文重点综述了几类代表性天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊断与治疗中的研究进展和应用潜力。展望未来, 天然纳米材料不仅将推动肿瘤诊疗技术革新, 为纳米医学注入绿色、可持续理念, 更有望促进临床转化, 为患者提供更安全、有效的治疗方案。

天然有机纳米材料  /  肿瘤治疗  /  肿瘤诊断  /  药物递送  /  肿瘤微环境

In recent years, tumors have posed a serious threat to human life and health. Although conventional treatments are widely used, they still have significant limitations. As a result, researchers have increasingly focused on nanotechnology to develop more efficient and precise treatment strategies. Natural nanomaterials, including naturally occurring nanoparticles, polymeric nanomaterials derived from natural products, and self-assembled nanomaterials from natural small molecules, have demonstrated broad prospects in the medical field due to their unique physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. This article reviews the current applications and future potential of several commonly used natural organic nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and treatment. Looking ahead, natural nanomaterials are expected to not only drive innovation in cancer therapeutics and diagnostics and introduce green sustainable concepts into nanomedicine, but also accelerate clinical translation, offering safer and more effective treatment solutions for patients.

natural organic nanomaterial  /  tumor therapy  /  tumor diagnosis  /  drug delivery  /  tumor microenvironment
林文静, 黄旖灵, 高瑜. 天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊疗中的应用. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2148 -2162 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371
Wen-jing LIN, Yi-ling HUANG, Yu GAO. Application of natural organic nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2148 -2162 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371
天然纳米材料在狭义上指自然界中形成并存在、未经人为加工的纳米材料; 广义上则涵盖了以这些天然材料为前驱体, 经人工制备而成的纳米材料。它们因独特的纳米结构而表现出特殊的物理、化学或生物学性质[1]。根据来源不同, 可分为无机和有机两大类: 前者主要包括天然矿物、金属氧化物及碳基材料等; 后者则涵盖天然纳米颗粒、天然大分子纳米材料, 以及基于天然小分子的自组装纳米材料。
尽管现代医疗技术不断进步, 肿瘤仍然是严重威胁人类健康的主要疾病。虽然总体发病率和死亡率有所下降, 但疾病负担正逐渐向年轻群体转移, 且女性风险略高于男性[2]。肿瘤由细胞异常增生引起, 可破坏正常组织结构与功能, 不仅导致器官功能衰竭, 还可能引发感染、出血等并发症, 甚至通过免疫逃逸机制发生转移, 进一步危害健康。目前肿瘤治疗主要依赖手术、化疗、放疗及分子靶向疗法等手段。然而, 这些方法均存在明显局限: 手术切除易残留病灶, 复发率高; 放化疗常伴随全身毒性和不良反应及耐药性问题; 靶向治疗则作用范围有限[3, 4]。因此, 亟需开发更高效、低毒的新型治疗策略。
天然纳米材料凭借其优异的生物相容性、可降解性和靶向性, 在肿瘤治疗中展现出巨大潜力。近年来, 该方向研究活跃度显著提升。PubMed数据库检索结果显示, 以“natural nanomaterials and tumor”为关键词的相关文章数量从2023年的1 073篇迅速增至2024年的1 881篇(图1A); 而以“natural organic nanomaterials and tumor”为关键词的文献数量亦从同期的101篇增至201篇(图1B), 表明该领域的研究热度正在持续快速攀升。
相较于无机天然纳米材料, 有机天然纳米材料凭借其更优异的生物相容性与可调控的制备灵活性, 在肿瘤治疗领域展现出显著优势。以白蛋白、壳聚糖及透明质酸为代表的这类材料, 不仅具有良好的生物安全性, 还可通过表面功能化修饰实现精准靶向, 借助增强渗透与滞留效应(EPR效应) 及主动靶向机制在肿瘤部位高效富集, 显著降低对正常组织的毒副反应。同时, 其可调控的纳米结构能有效包载疏水性药物、核酸及光热试剂, 提升药物稳定性与生物利用度, 并通过控制释放行为延长体内作用时间。此外, 该类材料还能协同负载多机制治疗成分, 为光热-化疗、免疫-化疗等联合治疗策略提供理想平台, 为开发高效低毒的肿瘤治疗方案开辟了新路径(图2)。
本文所探讨的用于肿瘤诊疗的天然有机纳米材料, 根据其来源与构建方式可分为三个主要类别(表1)。“天然存在的纳米颗粒”是生物体内天然合成、预形成的完整纳米结构, 如细胞外囊泡、病毒颗粒及内源性的脂蛋白。“基于天然产物的大分子纳米材料”则以白蛋白、壳聚糖、核酸等天然大分子作为核心构建单元, 经人工加工形成稳定纳米粒。“基于天然小分子物质的自组装纳米材料”, 则由多酚、皂苷等天然小分子通过分子间作用力自发组装成如金属配位网络或胶束等有序纳米结构。
虽然已有诸多综述总结了基于天然产物的纳米材料, 但与以往工作相比, 本综述有以下独特贡献: 第一, 在分类框架上, 系统性地将天然有机纳米材料划分为“天然存在的完整纳米颗粒”、“基于天然大分子的重构材料”和“基于天然小分子的自组装体”三大类, 这一分类框架有助于更清晰地理解其来源与构建逻辑; 第二, 在内容侧重上, 重点聚焦并深入评述了“天然纳米颗粒”和“天然小分子自组装体”这两个近年来蓬勃发展、极具创新潜力但尚未被充分梳理的前沿方向; 第三, 在应用层面, 不仅总结其作为递送载体的功能, 更着重分析了如何利用其固有的生物活性来设计多机制协同治疗与诊疗一体化策略, 从而为肿瘤精准治疗提供更丰富的材料选择与设计思路。
天然存在的纳米颗粒是指由自然过程形成、非人工制造的完整纳米结构, 是生物体为实现特定生理功能而自发产生的微观粒子, 主要包括细胞外囊泡、病毒颗粒、蛋白颗粒以及类囊体等。
细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicle, EVs) 是由细胞主动分泌或经特定过程释放至胞外空间的脂质双层膜囊泡, 主要包含微囊泡、外泌体和凋亡小体三类亚型[5]。EVs携带脂质、核酸、蛋白质等多种生物活性分子, 在细胞间通信及疾病发生发展中发挥重要作用。
外泌体是体液中天然存在的纳米级囊泡, 直径通常为30~150 nm, 具有杯状形态和脂质双层膜结构[6]。外泌体具备良好的靶向性、较长的循环半衰期、低非靶器官蓄积性, 以及高生物相容性和低毒性[6]。外泌体可携带肿瘤抗原或趋化因子, 有效募集抗肿瘤免疫细胞至肿瘤部位, 诱导肿瘤特异性细胞毒性, 并能穿越血脑屏障(BBB) 和血肿瘤屏障等生物屏障, 为不同部位肿瘤治疗提供可能[6]。此外, 外泌体不仅可作为药物和基因递送载体用于治疗, 还可作为肿瘤标志物用于液体活检诊断, 在肿瘤诊疗中具有广阔应用前景[7]。
凋亡小体是细胞程序性死亡(凋亡) 最终阶段产生的囊泡, 由凋亡细胞释放至细胞外空间, 直径范围约为50~5 000 nm, 多数尺寸偏大。相较于其他EVs亚型, 凋亡小体表面呈现“找我”及“吃我”等信号分子, 易于被免疫细胞识别与吞噬, 这一特性使其在免疫调节中具有独特优势。目前, 凋亡小体已在直接治疗应用、工程化载体构建、疫苗研发及疾病诊断等领域展现出潜力[8]。
病毒颗粒是自然界中结构高度精密的天然纳米颗粒, 由蛋白质亚基按精确的几何对称性(如二十面体或螺旋对称) 自组装形成, 构成保护基因组的“纳米容器”。其形态规则, 包括球形、杆状和子弹状等, 部分病毒还具有脂质包膜、表面刺突蛋白等复杂结构, 使其成为自然界中结构精巧、均一性优良的纳米材料之一。天然病毒的治疗能力有限, 但经改造后可作为高效的基因递送载体, 例如腺病毒、逆转录病毒与慢病毒等, 能够将治疗性基因药物精准运抵目标细胞[9]。此外, 通过基因工程模拟病毒的空心蛋白衣壳所构建的病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle, VLP), 也被广泛用作疫苗平台或药物递送载体。
腺病毒是大小为80~100 nm、具有二十面体衣壳的DNA病毒, 具有组织特异性趋向性, 在不同部位肿瘤治疗中疗效各异[10], 但其自身高度免疫原性限制了递送效率[11]。目前, 腺病毒主要用于递送p53等肿瘤抑制基因或免疫调节因子[12]。常规腺病毒经基因工程改造去除复制基因, 仅用作基因载体; 而溶瘤腺病毒载体可在肿瘤细胞内特异性复制, 增强抗肿瘤效果[13]。逆转录病毒以RNA为遗传物质, 通过逆转录过程转化为促病毒双链DNA[14], 也被广泛研究作为基因递送载体, 但其应用受限于免疫原性和有限的装载容量。
VLP是一类蛋白笼状纳米颗粒, 按宿主来源可分为植物病毒、动物病毒和噬菌体来源; 按结构可分为有包膜和无包膜类型。VLP通过生物表达系统制备, 蛋白组成明确、结构固定, 易于规模化生产、质量控制和安全性评价[15]。因VLP具有独特的大小、形态可有效激发免疫反应, 并具备可作为载药空间的内腔结构[16], 在肿瘤治疗中潜力显著。
天然蛋白颗粒(如脂蛋白、铁蛋白) 是由蛋白质亚基通过非共价作用自组装形成的高度有序纳米结构, 具有结构均一、生物相容性高、毒性低、可生物降解及免疫原性可控等优势。其表面丰富的官能团(如氨基、羧基) 便于进行化学修饰以连接靶向分子、药物或成像剂。某些蛋白颗粒(如载脂蛋白) 本身还具有天然的受体靶向能力。
脂蛋白是由载脂蛋白、磷脂单层和非极性脂质核心组成的生物大分子, 天然存在于血浆中, 负责脂质转运与代谢。其疏水核心可高效负载脂溶性药物, 通过特异性受体介导靶向摄取, 并凭借内源性、可降解及免疫惰性等特性延长循环半衰期、逃避免疫清除; 加之多数癌细胞对其摄取增强, 使脂蛋白成为理想的抗肿瘤药物载体[17]。
铁蛋白是由24个蛋白质亚基自组装形成的球形纳米笼, 外径约12 nm, 内腔直径约8 nm, 可储存约4 500个铁离子[18]。铁蛋白具备天然肿瘤靶向能力、良好生物相容性与低免疫原性; 其表面富含赖氨酸和半胱氨酸残基, 便于通过化学修饰进一步提升靶向能力或引入功能配体[19]。除作为药物载体外, 铁蛋白还具有循环时间长、结合力强和结构稳定等特点, 可在光热治疗(photothermal therapy, PTT) 中增强免疫应答。
类囊体是产氧光合生物中由脂蛋白膜构成的扁平囊状膜系统, 其囊体直径通常在数百纳米范围内, 其形态结构部分由膜表面曲率半径为5~30 nm的区域决定[20]。该系统将蓝细菌的细胞质或真核叶绿体基质与类囊体腔分隔开, 是叶绿体内部执行光合作用光反应的核心场所[21]。类囊体膜上密集排列着光合蛋白复合体, 包括光系统Ⅱ (photosystem Ⅱ, PSII) 和光系统Ⅰ (photosystem Ⅰ, PSI)。这些复合体协同完成水的光解、电子传递与氧气生成, 并合成三磷酸腺苷与还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸[22]。此外, 类囊体膜具备内源性过氧化氢酶活性, 可将过氧化氢转化为氧气; 其含有的叶绿素可作为天然光敏剂, 使类囊体在光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 和PTT等肿瘤治疗策略中展现出作为高效生物源纳米材料的应用潜力[23]。
除脂膜区室结构外, 包括癌细胞在内的各类细胞还利用多种无膜区室(通常称为生物分子凝聚体) 来调控与生理或病理表型相关的关键细胞过程[24]。这些结构主要通过液-液相分离(liquid-liquid phase separation, LLPS) 形成, 是蛋白质与核酸从周围细胞质或核质中分离、自组装形成的动态无膜功能单元[25]。生物分子凝聚体通常由数十种甚至数百种蛋白质和RNA组分构成。具有高相分离能力的蛋白质或RNA可作为结构骨架, 其他“客分子”则通过蛋白质-蛋白质或蛋白质-RNA相互作用被招募至凝聚体中, 形成一个由多价相互作用维持的复杂动态网络。在肿瘤中, 生物分子凝聚体通过调控生物大分子的空间组织、活性和功能, 影响DNA修复、转录调控、信号转导及原癌基因表达等关键过程, 为发展精准靶向治疗提供了新的干预策略与作用靶点[26]。
微藻是一类具有重要经济价值与生物合成潜力的天然资源, 可用于规模化生产多种高附加值生物产物, 并已广泛用于合成各类纳米颗粒。其中, 由微藻合成的多种纳米颗粒已被证实具备显著的抗肿瘤活性[27]。作为一种微型光合自养生物, 微藻富含蛋白质、维生素及脂肪酸等生物活性成分, 在生物医学领域应用广泛。其细胞壁表面带负电荷且富含活性基团, 可通过静电相互作用、物理沉积等简单方式, 或通过物理化学与生化反应等复杂过程, 高效吸附小分子、纳米颗粒及多种金属离子, 因而成为肿瘤诊疗中极具潜力的药物递送载体。同时, 微藻自身所含的类胡萝卜素、蛋白质等活性物质具有抗氧化、抗炎等辅助治疗功能, 可与负载的药物产生协同增效作用。此外, 微藻的光合作用能力、高生物相容性及适合细胞摄取的微米级尺寸(尽管其具体尺寸分析不在本文综述范畴内) 是其成为理想药物载体的重要原因[28]。
基于天然产物的大分子纳米材料是以天然生物大分子为构建单元, 经人工加工组装形成的纳米颗粒。其天然性来源于原料, 而纳米结构则由人工构建, 常见类型包括蛋白质类、多糖类及核酸类。
蛋白质类纳米材料具有生物相容性高、毒性低和药物结合能力强等特点, 在肿瘤治疗中既可作为药物载体, 也可作为治疗单元本身[29]。例如, 人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA) 来源于人血浆, 具有良好的生物相容性, 并且其分子结构由三个同源结构域组成, 包含多个配体结合位点, 可稳定结合多种药物分子, 自身代谢稳定且无细胞毒性, 是理想的药物载体[30]。上市药物Abraxane®是将紫杉醇与HSA结合形成的130 nm大小的颗粒, 避免了传统溶剂引起的过敏反应, 并增强了抗肿瘤效果[31]。此外, 蛋白质纳米材料还可直接参与治疗, 如Tang等[32]开发的结合有T细胞膜的蛋白质纳米凝胶, 可以响应肿瘤微环境释放白介素-15, 增强T细胞免疫反应并抑制肿瘤生长。
明胶作为胶原蛋白的水解产物, 具有低免疫原性和良好的生物相容性, 适合制备纳米药物载体[33]。明胶纳米粒可高效封装小分子药物、肽类或核酸等各类药物, 实现可控释放, 提高生物利用度[33]。Xia等[34]利用明胶制备了叶酸修饰的靶向纳米颗粒, 共载姜黄素、硫化铜与磁性纳米颗粒, 在近红外光与磁场协同作用下显著增强抗癌效果。
多糖是由单糖通过糖苷键连接形成的高分子聚合物, 广泛存在于植物(如淀粉、纤维素)、动物(如壳聚糖、透明质酸)、藻类(如海藻酸、卡拉胶) 及微生物(如环糊精、黄原胶) 等生物体中。天然多糖具有来源广泛、生物相容性高、可生物降解及易于功能化修饰等特点, 这些特性使其能够通过调控药物释放、增强靶向性和延长半衰期, 成为肿瘤治疗中理想的药物递送载体[35]。
在众多天然多糖中, 壳聚糖和透明质酸是两种最具代表性的多糖材料。壳聚糖作为一种阳离子多糖, 具有良好的生物降解性、抗肿瘤活性和免疫调节功能, 其分子中的氨基与羟基便于化学修饰, 可用于核酸药物递送或直接抑制肿瘤增殖[36, 37]。此外, 壳聚糖在酸性条件下发生质子化, 表现出显著的pH响应性, 能够实现对肿瘤微环境的靶向递送[38]。透明质酸则凭借其与CD44受体的高亲和性, 可主动靶向过表达CD44的肿瘤细胞, 通过受体介导的内吞作用增强药物的细胞内递送[39]。
核酸是由核苷酸单体通过磷酸二酯键连接形成的生物大分子, 主要包括DNA和RNA, 在细胞内承担遗传信息存储、复制与传递等核心功能。凭借良好的生物相容性、可降解性与精确的可编程性[40], 近年来, 核酸材料在肿瘤治疗领域取得显著进展, 其两亲性衍生物可自组装形成生物相容性纳米胶束作为高效药物递送系统。相较于传统胶束, 核酸胶束不仅能够通过碱基配对直接负载治疗性药物, 还因其类膜两亲结构而具有优异的细胞膜通透性, 在靶向递送中展现出独特优势[40]。
基于天然小分子物质的自组装纳米材料是以动植物中提取的氨基酸、甾体、三萜、糖等天然小分子化合物作为基本构建单元, 利用分子间的非共价相互作用, 在溶液或界面条件下自发组装成具有明确几何形貌、尺寸可控且功能有序的纳米结构材料。天然小分子来源的多样性为构筑不同超分子手性或功能结构提供了丰富的化学基元[41]。
天然多酚种类丰富, 主要包括类黄酮(如槲皮素、儿茶素)、木脂素、黄酮醇、白藜芦醇和姜黄素等[4, 42]。这些化合物广泛存在于水果、蔬菜、茶叶等植物中, 具有多种生物活性[4, 42]。天然多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎、诱导细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和转移等作用, 可通过调节信号通路、抑制血管生成及增强化疗药物敏感性等多种机制发挥抗癌作用[43]。其中, 姜黄素、槲皮素和白藜芦醇等均表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性[4, 42]。将天然多酚制备成纳米颗粒可提高其生物利用度和靶向性, 从而增强治疗效果[44]。
多酚-金属网络(polyphenol-metal network, MPN) 是一类由天然多酚分子与金属离子通过配位作用驱动, 自发组装形成的超分子纳米材料。该结构兼具多酚的化学多样性与金属离子的功能可调性, 其动态可逆的配位键使MPN具备环境响应特性(如pH响应), 在药物递送、生物成像及协同治疗等领域展现出广阔前景。以单宁酸与Fe3+配位形成的单宁酸-金属网络为例, 其结构具有高羟基密度, 表现出优异的黏附性、抗氧化性与pH响应性, 能够在弱酸性肿瘤微环境中快速解离并释放药物, 从而实现肿瘤的精准治疗[45]。
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) 作为绿茶中主要活性儿茶素, 具有抗氧化、抗炎及抗肿瘤等多种药理活性, 可通过诱导细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期及调控信号通路抑制肿瘤增殖, 且生物安全性高[46]。但是, EGCG在体内稳定性差、生物利用度低, 限制了其临床应用[46]。通过构建MPN, 将EGCG与铜等金属离子配位形成可持续释放的金属-多酚复合物, 可显著提升其稳定性与生物利用度[47]。
芒果苷是一种天然的C-葡萄糖基黄酮类氧杂蒽酮, 广泛存在于芒果果皮与果核中, 具有抗氧化、抗癌和免疫调节等多种作用[48], 但其水溶性差与生物利用度低的问题制约了其临床应用[49]。通过自组装纳米技术可有效改善其递送效率。比如, Zheng等[50]构建了以Fe3+与芒果苷配位并经聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) 修饰的自修复光热纳米复合物, 其能够实现有效的肿瘤光热治疗。
皂苷是一类结构复杂的天然糖苷化合物, 苷元为三萜或甾体骨架, 糖链通过醚键或酯键与之相连, 能够在水中产生持久泡沫[51]。在肿瘤治疗方面, 皂苷通过抑制细胞增殖、阻断转移、抑制血管生成及逆转多药耐药等多种机制发挥抗癌作用, 主要表现为诱导凋亡、促进细胞分化和免疫调节等效应[52]。从皂荚树或人参中提取的皂苷属于两亲性小分子, 可在水相中自组装成聚合物胶束或类脂质体。这些自组装体不仅降低了皂苷本身的溶血性, 还可作为载体封装疏水性药物, 实现增溶和靶向递送[53]。
齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid, OA) 是皂苷类化合物的苷元之一, 为具有抗癌、保肝、降血糖和抗病毒活性的五环三萜类天然产物, 具备自发组装成多种纳米结构的潜力[54]。Li等[55]利用绿色、可逆的反平行之字形自组装策略成功制备了两类弹性可调的齐墩果酸纳米载体, 揭示了纳米载体弹性在调控肿瘤微环境、提升药物渗透与免疫激活中的关键作用, 为精准设计高效纳米药物用于癌症治疗提供了重要参考。雷公藤红素是从传统中药雷公藤根皮中提取的五环三萜类天然活性分子, 在抗炎与抗肿瘤方面表现出显著活性, 已成为天然产物研究与药物开发的热点之一。Zhang等[56]构建了一种pH敏感的前药纳米颗粒, 其核心由共价连接有人参皂苷Rg3的聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 化壳聚糖与疏水性雷公藤红素形成的两亲性前药自组装而成。该体系在胰腺癌治疗中展现出增强的抗肿瘤效应, 并有效减轻了不良反应。
天然有机纳米材料凭借其来源广泛、生物相容性高、功能可设计性强等特点, 在肿瘤诊断与治疗中展现出独特优势。这类材料不仅可作为药物载体实现精准递送, 还能通过自身物化性质或结构修饰整合成像、治疗与免疫调控功能, 为构建多模式协同的诊疗一体化平台提供了重要基础。
天然纳米材料凭借其优异的生物相容性和可修饰性, 成为理想的药物递送平台。蛋白基、多糖基、脂质基等纳米载体能够通过功能化修饰实现靶向递送, 有效提升治疗药物在肿瘤部位的富集与释放, 同时降低对正常组织的毒副反应。
蛋白基纳米载体因其良好的生物相容性与可降解性, 在药物递送中占据重要地位。白蛋白纳米粒具有来源广泛、生物可降解性、低免疫原性和易于功能化修饰等特点, 被广泛应用于药物递送[57]。研究表明, 白蛋白可作为多种抗癌活性成分的高效载体。Sun等[58]构建了负载靶向肽P3的HSA纳米粒, 可有效抑制肝癌干细胞自噬活性, 阻断肿瘤进展。Motevalli等[59]将多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 与姜黄素共载于白蛋白纳米粒中, 通过调控释放时序增强协同疗效, 有效克服肿瘤耐药。Alzahrani等[60]开发的绿原酸-白蛋白纳米粒可通过诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 生成激活p53凋亡通路, 有效抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖。Zhang等[61]则以牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA) 为载体提升人参皂苷Rg3的溶解性与抗癌效果。此外, 白蛋白表面丰富的羧基、氨基等官能团为靶向修饰提供了便利, 可进一步增强纳米颗粒稳定性并促进细胞摄取[60]。例如, Alves等[62]通过磺基甜菜碱修饰增强了白蛋白纳米粒的稳定性与光热疗效。
高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein, HDL) 呈纳米球形结构, 粒径约10~20 nm, 内核为胆固醇酯, 外壳由磷脂和载脂蛋白构成。Yin等[63]利用HDL纳米颗粒负载盐霉素, 实现了对宫颈癌细胞及其干细胞的靶向递药, 显著降低毒性并增强抑制肿瘤增殖、诱导凋亡和阻止迁移的治疗效果。此外, HDL本身具备抗炎、抗氧化功能, 在靶向递送药物或基因编辑工具过程中还能改善药物渗透、增强肿瘤免疫原性, 并具有一定程度的肿瘤预防作用[64]。
铁蛋白是另一类具有独特优势的蛋白载体[65], 其天然的壳-核结构赋予其高效载药能力, 并通过与转铁蛋白受体1的特异性结合实现肿瘤靶向[19]。Zhai等[66]构建了肽修饰的脱铁铁蛋白纳米笼, 成功实现跨BBB药物递送与胶质瘤靶向治疗。Cosottini等[67]将金硫马来酸盐与人脱铁铁蛋白通过生物共轭技术构建成稳定加合物。该策略不仅显著提升了药物对卵巢癌细胞的杀伤效力, 还完整保留了其核心药理机制[67]。
VLP作为一类由病毒结构蛋白自组装形成的蛋白质纳米载体, 同样展现出良好的应用前景。Czapar等[68]利用烟草花叶病毒的空心纳米管结构负载菲三铂, 其抗肿瘤效果优于游离药物, 且具有良好的靶向性和安全性。Ghosh等[69]设计了一种与肿瘤靶向肽偶联的羊舍病毒的类病毒颗粒, 用于共同递送DOX和玫瑰树碱, 实现了对癌细胞的高效协同杀伤。
多糖基纳米粒以其优良的生物降解性和靶向修饰潜力在药物递送中发挥重要作用。壳聚糖纳米粒可通过配体修饰实现主动靶向, 如Nguyen等[70]开发了生物素偶联壳聚糖-Pluronic P123共聚物, 有效增强了紫杉醇的靶向性与抗肿瘤疗效。壳聚糖作为生物相容性载体, 在改善难溶性药物递送方面具有独特优势。Mishra等[71]通过壳聚糖纳米粒递送姜黄素, 不仅克服了其水溶性差和生物利用度低的问题, 还显著提高了其在乳腺癌治疗中的靶向性和抗肿瘤活性。此外, 多种功能化壳聚糖纳米体系被开发用于不同癌种的靶向治疗。Mickymaray等[72]构建的壳聚糖杂化纳米材料能显著诱导细胞凋亡, 展现出良好的抗癌潜力。Xu等[73]和Albalawi等[74]分别研制了前列腺癌靶向肽修饰的壳聚糖胶束和索拉非尼壳聚糖纳米粒, 实现了对前列腺癌和肝癌的精准药物递送。
透明质酸凭借其与CD44受体的特异性结合能力及优良的生物相容性, 已成为构建靶向纳米药物的理想载体。Lin等[75]与Liu等[76]分别构建了自组装透明质酸-IR-780纳米颗粒, 通过CD44介导的内吞作用实现对膀胱癌与肾癌的高效靶向光热消融。此外, Li等[77]设计了一种透明质酸介导的可生物降解纳米调节剂, 通过诱导钙超载激活细胞焦亡通路, 为癌症治疗提供了新策略。
脂质基载体主要包括外泌体与凋亡小体等, 凭借其天然的靶向性和低免疫原性, 在药物递送中显示出独特优势。外泌体因其天然的膜结构与靶向递送能力, 已成为理想的药物载体。Saari等[78]从前列腺癌细胞中分离出外泌体与微囊泡, 并用于负载紫杉醇, 结果显示载药囊泡的细胞毒性显著增强, 证实了其作为递送系统的有效性。Değirmenci等[79]从健康的上皮乳腺细胞中提取出外泌体, 并采用电穿孔法负载化疗药物拉帕替尼, 细胞实验表明, 该外泌体在较低剂量下可显著减少乳腺癌SKBR 3细胞的增殖, 提高了药物的有效性。Hosseini等[80]分离出HEK-293细胞的外泌体, 后通过孵育法加载化疗药物DOX, 同时在外泌体表面偶联抗核苷酸AS1411适配体提高靶向性。体内实验结果表明, 该载药系统能显著抑制小鼠结肠癌模型的肿瘤生长, 验证了其作为一种高效结肠癌药物递送系统的潜力。
凋亡小体作为细胞程序性死亡过程中产生的天然囊泡, 在药物递送系统中亦受到广泛关注。Zheng等[81]开发了一种包裹CpG免疫佐剂修饰的金银纳米棒的凋亡小体纳米递送系统, 该系统经静脉注射后可被单核细胞特异性吞噬, 通过肿瘤归巢作用侵入肿瘤中心, 促进免疫刺激, 从而实现原发肿瘤高效消融、激发免疫反应并防止肿瘤复发转移。Cao等[82]则利用间充质干细胞在凋亡过程中高效封装外源纳米颗粒的特性, 将纳米硼替佐米负载于凋亡小体中, 在小鼠模型中实现了对多发性骨髓瘤的有效缓解。
类囊体作为来源于植物叶绿体的天然光合膜系统, 近年来也被探索作为功能化脂质载体。Zhong等[83]设计了一种装载有聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物包裹的二甲双胍微球的类囊体膜递送系统, 通过该系统光合作用产生氧气、二甲双胍减少氧气消耗, 逆转缺氧诱导的免疫抑制肿瘤微环境, 增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。
核酸类载体凭借其精确的可编程性和良好的生物相容性, 为构建智能药物递送系统提供了新途径。Shu等[84]开发了一种基于支化包装RNA (pRNA) 的胶束载体, 通过将胆固醇修饰的RNA模块自组装形成两亲性结构, 成功实现了紫杉醇的高效负载与靶向递送。该体系在抑制肿瘤生长的同时, 有效避免了在健康组织中的非特异性积累, 展现出良好的治疗安全性。Bousmail等[85]则利用DNA-聚合物偶联物自组装构建了单分散球形核酸颗粒, 并用于封装抗癌药BKM120。该载体可实现药物的高效负载与缓释, 为慢性淋巴细胞白血病的治疗提供了一种新型纳米递送策略。
生物分子凝聚体通常由多种蛋白质和RNA组分通过LLPS动态组装而成, 其可控的相变行为为药物递送提供了独特优势。基于LLPS原理, Liang等[86]开发了一种利用生物正交点击释放反应调控相分离的药物递送系统, 使经修饰的组蛋白与DNA在细胞外发生点击反应, 生成偶联物减弱相分离程度, 随后进入细胞后经反应释放功能性组蛋白, 与DNA通过静电作用重新形成LLPS凝聚体。该系统可实现DOX在细胞内的长效富集与滞留, 有效克服由药物外排泵介导的多药耐药性, 并显著增强化疗效果。
微藻作为结构完整的单细胞生物, 富含多种生物活性成分, 具有良好的生物相容性与天然靶向特性, 近年来被广泛探索作为药物递送载体。Zhong等[87]将螺旋藻(spirulina, SP) 过静电相互作用负载DOX, 构建了针对乳腺癌肺转移的靶向递送系统。该系统借助SP在肺毛细血管中的截留特性实现病灶靶向, 同时利用其内源性叶绿素进行荧光成像, 实现了治疗过程的非侵入式追踪与实时监测。Delasoie等[88]设计了一种基于硅藻的递送系统, 其外层经维生素B12-锌四苯基二氢卟吩配合物化学修饰, 内部装载铼(Ⅰ) 三羰基配合物。该载体对结直肠癌细胞表现出选择性亲和, 可实现药物的可控缓释, 并在光照下激活光动力效应, 协同提升细胞毒性, 实现光控联合治疗。
天然纳米材料不仅可作为载体, 其自身或负载的活性成分还能调节肿瘤微环境, 激活免疫系统, 或与其他治疗方式联用, 实现协同增效。
许多源自植物或微生物的天然化合物(如姜黄素、齐墩果酸、芒果苷等) 本身具有良好的抗癌活性, 能够通过诱导细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期、抑制肿瘤转移等多种机制发挥作用。然而, 这些活性分子在临床应用中面临水溶性差、体内代谢快、生物利用度低及缺乏肿瘤靶向性等挑战。通过纳米技术将这类天然活性成分与其他治疗药物或功能分子共同构建纳米颗粒, 已成为突破上述瓶颈的有效策略。该策略具有双重优势: 一方面, 纳米载体可显著改善天然化合物的溶解性和稳定性, 延长其血液循环时间, 并通过EPR效应或主动靶向设计提高其在肿瘤组织的富集; 另一方面, 不同治疗成分在纳米尺度下被共同递送至同一病变细胞, 能够产生协同增强的抗肿瘤效果。
Liu等[89]通过新型纳米材料诱导组装策略, 成功构建了姜黄素自组装的二维纳米片。该纳米片具有高载药量和优异的光热性能, 同时具备多模态成像功能, 有效实现了多模式联合治疗与肿瘤靶向性的协同增强。在无载体纳米药物设计方面, Zheng等[90]将齐墩果酸与光敏剂二氢卟吩e6 (chlorin e6, Ce6) 通过自组装结合, 制备出粒径约100 nm的纳米增敏剂。该体系在化疗和声光动力治疗(sono-photodynamic therapy, SPDT) 协同作用下表现出显著抗肿瘤效果。Li等[91]进一步构建了基于齐墩果酸的可变形纳米凝胶, 共载光热剂和声敏剂, 不仅能够重塑肿瘤微环境、促进深层渗透, 还显著提升抗程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1) 免疫效果并诱导长期免疫记忆。在后续研究中, 该团队以齐墩果酸为载体, 包载两种声敏剂自组装构建纳米反应器, 在多种实验模型中均表现出优异的肿瘤抑制效果。该体系的高弹性和超声增强的对流效应有效促进了药物在深层肿瘤中的渗透与分布, 且全身给药显示出良好的生物相容性和低毒性[92]。对于自组装能力较弱的天然分子, 可通过结构修饰提升其组装性能。Zheng等[93]基于芒果苷抑制谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 并诱导铁死亡的特性, 合成了其两亲性衍生物, 并与紫杉醇共组装构建了粒径约68 nm的无载体纳米药物。该体系具有高效的靶向穿透能力, 可通过调控肿瘤微环境、抑制GPX4及诱导铁死亡有效逆转化疗耐药, 为肿瘤治疗提供了机制新颖的一体化纳米策略。
类囊体因其含有天然光敏剂叶绿素而具备PDT潜力, 展现出内在的抗癌活性。Cheng等[94]将叶绿体类囊体膜修饰于上转换纳米颗粒表面, 在980 nm激光照射下, 上转换颗粒发射红光以激活类囊体膜上的PSI和PSII, 实现氧分子与单线态氧的同步生成, 从而有效缓解肿瘤缺氧并增强活性氧杀伤效应, 在小鼠模型中取得了显著的肿瘤清除效果。
天然纳米材料在激活免疫应答方面展现出独特优势, 其中基于干细胞的纳米系统受到广泛关注。诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) 早期已被用作肿瘤抗原[95], 以激发抗肿瘤免疫效应, 但其潜在致瘤性限制了临床应用。外泌体作为细胞外囊泡, 在癌症免疫疗法中表现突出。Wang等[96]分别制备了人源和鼠源iPSCs外泌体, 并与树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC) 共孵育, 研究其在黑色素瘤中的抗肿瘤作用。结果显示, iPSCs外泌体与DC联合在预防、治疗4种动物模型中均诱导出强烈的抗肿瘤免疫反应, 有效抑制肿瘤进展, 且未引起明显不良反应。为降低传统干细胞疫苗可能诱发畸胎瘤和自身免疫反应的风险, Meng等[97]设计了一种可表达免疫刺激剂——巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的外泌体疫苗, 实验证明该疫苗能有效抑制小鼠转移性肺部肿瘤的生长。
除细胞来源的天然纳米材料外, 病毒来源的纳米系统也为免疫治疗提供了新思路。溶瘤病毒(oncolytic virus, OV) 作为一种天然的纳米级生物材料, 通过直接杀伤肿瘤细胞和激活宿主免疫系统等多种机制发挥作用。OV感染正常细胞后可上调Ⅰ型干扰素, 增强抗原呈递, 促进细胞毒性T细胞的识别[98]。此外, 病毒在正常细胞与肿瘤细胞中感染的差异性使其能够选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞[99]。然而, OV疗法仍面临肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制、物理屏障(如致密的细胞外基质和异常血管系统) 以及病毒可能被免疫系统清除等限制[100]。
Xu等[101]受天然病毒结构启发, 构建了一种以滚环扩增长链DNA为支架、外部包覆阳离子脂质体的VLP。该颗粒可有效诱导环状GMP-AMP合酶发生液相缩合, 激活干扰素基因刺激因子信号通路以产生炎性细胞因子, 同时触发黑色素瘤缺乏因子2炎性小体形成, 诱导Gasdermin D介导的细胞焦亡, 从而增强抗肿瘤免疫。
Liu等[102]开发了一种基于铁蛋白的纳米抗体平台, 该平台在体内表现出良好的靶向积累与稳定性; 经激光照射后可诱导肿瘤细胞发生免疫原性死亡, 促进DC成熟与T细胞活化, 并通过降解PD-L1进一步增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。
天然多糖作为重要的天然纳米材料, 在调节肿瘤微环境方面展现出独特优势。这类材料不仅具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性, 还能通过其特有的化学结构实现精准的微环境响应。Wang等[103]以ROS响应性交联剂为核心, 将合成的双硼酸基团与黄芪多糖构建了pH/ROS双响应载黄芩素纳米凝胶。该凝胶在酸性高ROS的肿瘤微环境中可实现药物可控释放, 不仅显著抑制肺癌细胞增殖, 还通过黄芩素的化疗效应与黄芪多糖的免疫刺激协同增强抗肿瘤活性。
除多糖材料外, 天然外泌体凭借其优异的生物分布和细胞间通讯能力, 在肿瘤微环境重塑中发挥重要作用。Wang等[104]开发了一种超声波触发的HEK-293T细胞来源的外泌体递送系统。该系统能在肿瘤部位富集, 被DC摄取后促进CD80/CD86表达上调, 增强抗原呈递功能; 在超声激活下, 还可促使M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞向M1型转化, 激活效应T细胞, 从而逆转前列腺癌的免疫抑制微环境。Xu等[105]的研究则揭示了肿瘤来源外泌体的双向调节作用, 他们发现肝细胞癌细胞分泌的外泌体可通过递送circRNA至免疫细胞, 影响其表型与功能, 参与免疫抑制微环境的形成。
此外, 基于仿生光合策略的纳米系统也为调控肿瘤缺氧微环境提供了新思路。通过构建类囊体膜与二甲双胍-PLGA微球相结合的仿生光合纳米反应器, 实现了“开源节流”式的微环境调控: 一方面利用类囊体的光合作用在肿瘤内原位产氧, 另一方面通过二甲双胍降低肿瘤细胞的氧耗, 协同逆转肿瘤缺氧状态。实验表明, 该策略不仅能显著抑制缺氧相关信号通路激活, 还在口腔鳞癌模型中有效重塑免疫抑制微环境, 增强抗肿瘤免疫应答[83]。
天然有机纳米材料凭借其多样的功能特性和良好的生物相容性, 为实现多模式协同治疗提供了理想平台。这类材料能够有效整合免疫调节、PTT、化学动力学治疗(chemical dynamics therapy, CDT) 等多种治疗机制, 产生协同增效作用。Yu等[106]以PVP为稳定剂, 通过Fe2+与EGCG配位自组装制备出多功能纳米制剂, 其可通过低温PTT与CDT的协同作用, 更有效地抑制了肿瘤生长。Chen等[107]通过天然免疫活性桃胶多糖构建纳米载体, 包封疏水光热剂形成纳米颗粒, 实现了温和PTT与免疫调节的协同。该材料在小鼠结直肠癌模型中不仅通过热效应直接杀伤肿瘤细胞, 还能激活适应性免疫, 逆转免疫抑制微环境, 显著提升抗肿瘤效果。Zhang等[108]制备了钨掺杂钼氧化物和羧基化壳聚糖修饰的复合材料, 该材料兼具近红外光热转换性能与芬顿反应能力, 为实现PTT与CDT的协同增效提供了一种新策略。
除多糖材料外, 天然外泌体在多模式治疗中也展现出独特优势。Li等[109]将iPSCs外泌体与DC外泌体融合, 并利用程序性死亡蛋白1抗体修饰融合载体, 构建了兼具靶向递送DOX与逆转免疫抑制功能的系统, 协同了化疗与免疫治疗。基于类似策略, Liu等[110]开发了混合脂肪细胞来源的外泌体递送系统, 通过共载多西紫杉醇前药与光敏剂原卟啉Ⅸ前药, 验证了化疗与光疗联合治疗肝癌的可行性。
VLP作为天然纳米材料的重要组成部分, 为多模式治疗提供了新的技术路径。Hao等[111]设计了一种搭载第二代光敏剂四羟基苯氯的乙型肝炎核心病毒样颗粒, 其颗粒外壳可激活TLR 2、TLR 3等多个Toll样受体引发免疫反应, 同时通过PDT诱导免疫原性细胞死亡, 实现了光疗与免疫治疗的有机结合, 为肿瘤治疗开辟了新方向。
天然纳米材料凭借其独特的结构可塑性和生物相容性, 已成为构建诊疗一体化平台的理想载体。这类材料可同时负载成像剂与治疗药物, 在实现肿瘤精准定位与疗效监测的同时完成治疗干预, 为肿瘤的早期诊断与个体化治疗提供了有力工具。
天然外泌体作为重要的生物标志物载体, 在肿瘤无创诊断、动态监测中展现出独特价值。比如, 外泌体及其携带的微小RNA、长链非编码RNA、环状RNA和蛋白质等在肝细胞癌的进展中发挥关键作用, 可作为该疾病诊断与预后的高效生物标志物[7]。为实现精准检测, Yu等[112]开发了一种基于免疫识别的灵敏策略。该方法利用修饰有特异性抗体的磁性纳米颗粒与金纳米颗粒, 对肿瘤外泌体表面的双特异性生物标志物抗原进行共识别与捕获, 从而实现了对胰腺癌来源外泌体的高特异性检测, 为胰腺癌的早期液体活检提供了有力工具。
在肿瘤成像领域, 天然铁蛋白凭借其规整的笼状结构和靶向性成为构建优良的成像探针的理想平台。Fu等[113]利用靶向CD71的磁性铁蛋白纳米颗粒实现了对食管鳞状细胞癌的高精度磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 检测。Vannucci等[114]则通过基因工程和化学修饰构建了以人类重链铁蛋白为骨架、表面装载α-MSH肽、罗丹明荧光团和MRI影像剂的纳米颗粒, 实现了对黑色素瘤的特异性靶向与成像定位。
VLP因其均一的纳米结构和易修饰特性, 在分子影像领域同样表现优异。Cho等[115]将一种对表皮生长因子样结构域7具有高度亲和力的结合肽E7p72修饰于病毒纳米颗粒表面, 成功实现了对肿瘤新生血管的高特异性近红外成像。Wang等[116]则设计了一种重组VLP系统, 其以插有肿瘤靶向肽RGD的乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白为骨架, 并内部包载近红外染料吲哚菁绿。该体系通过RGD肽介导的主动靶向作用, 为术中肿瘤边界识别提供了强有力的光学成像工具。
随着成像技术的发展, 多模态成像因能提供互补信息而成为提升诊断准确性的关键方向。Zhao等[117]构建的放射性核素125Ⅰ标记铁蛋白纳米笼, 成功实现了单光子发射断层扫描、正电子发射断层扫描(positron emission tomography, PET) 和MRI的多模态肿瘤成像。Yang等[118]利用黑色素纳米颗粒的光声信号和与金属离子的螯合能力, 设计了一种将黑色素与三价铁共同包封于铁蛋白中的纳米材料, 实现了PET、MRI与光声成像(photoacoustic imaging, PAI) 的三模态成像。在此基础上, Jin等[119]通过工程化改造铁蛋白, 构建了兼具MRI/荧光双模态成像与PDT功能于一体的纳米平台, 实现了治疗过程的实时监测。
天然蛋白材料在诊疗一体化中展现出独特优势。Jin等[120]利用BSA作为模板合成了超小FeS2纳米点, 实现了光学/MRI/PAI三模态成像引导下的PTT与PDT协同治疗, 体现了天然蛋白质在构建多功能诊疗平台中的价值。Jiang等[121]利用功能化的人H链-铁蛋白(human H-chain ferritin, HFn) 构建了三模态蛋白纳米探针, 并将化疗药物DOX装载于其蛋白笼内部, 形成HFn-DOX递送系统。该系统可在肿瘤极早期阶段实现多模式成像引导下的精准干预, 成功将诊断与治疗功能整合于单一蛋白平台。进一步拓展蛋白材料的应用形式, Nasrollahi等[122]将石墨烯量子点与铁蛋白结合, 开发出兼具双模态成像与药物递送功能的复合纳米系统, 为诊疗一体化策略的实现提供了新的材料基础。Jiang等[123]开发了一种聚丙烯酸配位的Mn2+/F-共掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石骨架, 负载DOX后进一步通过单宁酸-Fe3+网络包覆, 构建出具备pH响应性的诊疗一体化平台。该MPN包覆层在血液循环中保持稳定, 而在肿瘤酸性微环境中迅速解离, 实现MRI引导下的药物的靶向释放与协同治疗。
现将上述天然有机纳米材料在肿瘤诊疗中的应用实例, 按其常见材料来源、载体种类、负载药剂、适用肿瘤类型及代表研究归纳如表2所示。
肿瘤作为严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病, 其常规治疗手段如化疗和放疗仍面临不良反应显著、患者耐受性差及易产生耐药性等问题。因此开发新型高效低毒的治疗策略具有重要意义。本文系统综述了天然纳米材料在肿瘤治疗领域中的应用, 重点分析了几类天然有机纳米材料的特性及其在药物递送、诊断成像、免疫调控与多机制协同治疗等方面的研究进展。研究表明, 天然纳米材料凭借其种类丰富、来源广泛及生物相容性良好等优势, 在肿瘤诊疗中展现出多样化应用潜力, 有望成为实现肿瘤精准治疗的重要平台。
尽管天然纳米材料表现出显著优势, 其在真正实现临床转化前仍面临诸多挑战。未来研究应着重关注材料在体内的药代动力学行为、长期生物安全性及规模化生产的可行性。通过加强跨学科合作, 推动材料设计与制剂工艺的创新, 并结合转化医学研究深入验证其疗效与安全性, 将为天然纳米材料的临床应用提供坚实可靠的科学依据, 最终推动其在肿瘤治疗领域的实际应用。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Prasad RD, Sahoo A, Shrivastav OP, et al. A review on aspects of nanotechnology in food science and animal nutrition [J]. ES Food Agrofor, 2022, 8: 12-46.
2
Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2025, 75: 10-45.
3
Zhang L, Wang YN, Li YJ, et al. Advanced materials for cancer treatment and beyond [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16: 1557155.
4
Ion D, Niculescu AG, Păduraru DN, et al. An up-to-date review of natural nanoparticles for cancer management [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2021, 14: 18.
5
Doyle LM, Wang MZ. Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis [J]. Cells, 2019, 8: 727.
6
Pi YN, Xia BR, Jin MZ, et al. Exosomes: Powerful weapon for cancer nano-immunoengineering [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 2021, 186: 114487.
7
Zeng YL, Hu SY, Luo Y, et al. Exosome cargos as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2023, 15: 2365.
8
Zou XH, Lei Q, Luo XH, et al. Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles [J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2023, 21: 260.
9
Dogbey DM, Torres VES, Fajemisin E, et al. Technological advances in the use of viral and non-viral vectors for delivering genetic and non-genetic cargos for cancer therapy [J]. Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2023, 13: 2719-2738.
10
Li SW, Wang F, Zhai ZX, et al. Synergistic effect of bladder cancer-specific oncolytic adenovirus in combination with chemotherapy [J]. Oncol Lett, 2017, 14: 2081-2088.
11
Lee C, Bishop E, Zhang R, et al. Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Potential applications for gene and cell-based therapies in the new era of personalized medicine [J]. Genes Dis, 2017, 4: 43-63.
12
Tseha ST. Role of adenoviruses in cancer therapy [J]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 772659.
13
Xie LW, Han YZ, Liu YZ, et al. Viral vector‐based cancer treatment and current clinical applications [J]. MedComm Oncol, 2023, 2: e55.
14
Milone MC, O′Doherty U. Clinical use of lentiviral vectors [J]. Leukemia, 2018, 32: 1529-1541.
15
Li WJ, Jing Z, Wang SQ, et al. P22 virus-like particles as an effective antigen delivery nanoplatform for cancer immunotherapy [J]. Biomaterials, 2021, 271: 120726.
16
Ruzzi F, Semprini MS, Scalambra L, et al. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines for cancer immunotherapy [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 12963.
17
Lou B, Liao XL, Wu MP, et al. High-density lipoprotein as a potential carrier for delivery of a lipophilic antitumoral drug into hepatoma cells [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11: 954-959.
18
Zhu YJ, Zhu YF, Cao TM, et al. Ferritin-based nanomedicine for disease treatment [J]. Med Rev (2021), 2023, 3: 49-74.
19
Sun XR, Hong YL, Gong YB, et al. Bioengineered ferritin nanocarriers for cancer therapy [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22: 7023.
20
Raven JA. Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae [J]. J Plant Physiol, 2021, 257: 153342.
21
Perez-Boerema A, Engel BD, Wietrzynski W. Evolution of thylakoid structural diversity [J]. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2024, 40: 169-193.
22
Ostermeier M, Garibay-Hernández A, Holzer VJC, et al. Structure, biogenesis and evolution of thylakoid membranes [J]. Plant Cell, 2024, 36: 4014-4035.
23
Yin T, Liu JY, Wu Y, et al. Thylakoids for enhanced photodynamic therapy in hypoxic tumours [J]. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2025, 26: 2537000.
24
Bivona TG. Phase-separated biomolecular condensation in cancer: New horizons and next frontiers [J]. Cancer Discov, 2024, 14: 630-634.
25
Gao YF, Li X, Li PL, et al. A brief guideline for studies of phase-separated biomolecular condensates [J]. Nat Chem Biol, 2022, 18: 1307-1318.
26
Wang X, Liu JM, Mao CM, et al. Phase separation-mediated biomolecular condensates and their relationship to tumor [J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2024, 22: 143.
27
Arteaga-Castrejón AA, Agarwal V, Khandual S. Microalgae as a potential natural source for the green synthesis of nanoparticles [J]. Chem Commun (Camb), 2024, 60: 3874-3890.
28
Huang H, Lang YT, Wang SJ, et al. Microalgae-based drug delivery systems in biomedical applications [J]. Eng Regen, 2024, 5: 361-374.
29
Carrion CC, Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, et al. Lignin, lipid, protein, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, gum, pectin, alginate and chitosan-based nanomaterials for cancer nanotherapy: Challenges and opportunities [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021, 178: 193-228.
30
Meng R, Zhu HM, Wang ZW, et al. Preparation of drug‐loaded albumin nanoparticles and its application in cancer therapy [J]. J Nanomater, 2022, 2022: 3052175.
31
Green MR, Manikhas GM, Orlov S, et al. Abraxane®, a novel Cremophor®-free, albumin-bound particle form of paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer [J]. Ann Oncol, 2006, 17: 1263-1268.
32
Tang L, Zheng YR, Melo MB, et al. Enhancing T cell therapy through TCR-signaling-responsive nanoparticle drug delivery [J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2018, 36: 707-716.
33
Yang QF, Chen XP, Liu J, et al. Gelatin-based biomaterials as a delivery strategy for osteosarcoma treatment [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16: 1537695.
34
Xia Y, Xu RC, Ye SY, et al. Microfluidic formulation of curcumin-loaded multiresponsive gelatin nanoparticles for anticancer therapy [J]. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2023, 9: 3402-3413.
35
Liu X, Wang YM, Wu H, et al. Natural polysaccharide hydrogel delivery system remodeling tumor microenvironment to promote postoperative tumor therapy [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 291: 139137.
36
Atmaca H, Oguz F, Ilhan S. Chitosan in cancer therapy: A dual role as a therapeutic agent and drug delivery system [J]. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 2024, 79: 95-105.
37
Li XD, Wang YR, Feng CY, et al. Chemical modification of chitosan for developing cancer nanotheranostics [J]. Biomacromolecules, 2022, 23: 2197-2218.
38
Cao FY, Huang KX, Shi FN, et al. Application and research progress of natural polysaccharides in drug-loaded hydrogels [J]. Chin Polym Bull (高分子通报), 2022, 36: 158-171.
39
Zhang M, Mu D, Zhang P, et al. Studies on natural polysaccharides used as nucleic acid carriers [J]. Chin Polym Bull (高分子通报), 2024, 37: 297-308.
40
Kim H, Kwak M. Structures and applications of nucleic acid-based micelles for cancer therapy [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 1592.
41
Giuri D, Ravarino P, Tomasini C. L-Dopa in small peptides: An amazing functionality to form supramolecular materials [J]. Org Biomol Chem, 2021, 19: 4622-4636.
42
Sufianova G, Gareev I, Beylerli O, et al. Modern aspects of the use of natural polyphenols in tumor prevention and therapy [J]. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2022, 10: 1011435.
43
Zhou QY, Pan H, Li J. Molecular insights into potential contributions of natural polyphenols to lung cancer treatment [J]. Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11: 1565.
44
Davatgaran-Taghipour Y, Masoomzadeh S, Farzaei MH, et al. Polyphenol nanoformulations for cancer therapy: Experimental evidence and clinical perspective [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2017, 12: 2689-2702.
45
Li RY, Hong S, Zhang Y, et al. Real-time fluorescence imaging analysis of silicon nanodrug carrier modified by tannic acid-Fe3+ complex [J]. Chin J Anal Chem (分析化学), 2022, 50: 1813-1821.
46
Capasso L, De Masi L, Sirignano C, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological properties, biological activities and therapeutic potential [J]. Molecules, 2025, 30: 654.
47
Wei H, Qin J, Huang QX, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) based metal-polyphenol nanoformulations alleviates chondrocytes inflammation by modulating synovial macrophages polarization [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 161: 114366.
48
Imran M, Arshad MS, Butt MS, et al. Mangiferin: A natural miracle bioactive compound against lifestyle related disorders [J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2017, 16: 84.
49
Shaikh I, Tatapudi HK. A review on formulation and analytical aspect of mangiferin a natural phenolic xanthonoid [J]. Discover Chemistry, 2025, 2: 1-16.
50
Zheng YL, Zheng FY, Xu RF, et al. Self-healing photothermal nanotherapeutics for enhanced tumor therapy through triple ferroptosis amplification and cascade inflammation inhibition [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16: 51994-52007.
51
Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HP, et al. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review [J]. Br J Nutr, 2002, 88: 587-605.
52
Elekofehinti OO, Iwaloye O, Olawale F, et al. Saponins in cancer treatment: Current progress and future prospects [J]. Pathophysiology, 2021, 28: 250-272.
53
Li MY, Lin L, Wang Y, et al. Research progress on antitumor mechanism and nano-drug delivery system for ginsenosides [J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2024, 55: 688-696.
54
Qiao L, Yuan LH, Gao SJ, et al. Self-assembled nanodrug delivery systems for anti-cancer drugs from traditional Chinese medicine [J]. Biomater Sci, 2024, 12: 1662-1692.
55
Li ZY, Zheng YL, Shi HF, et al. Convenient tuning of the elasticity of self-assembled nano-sized triterpenoids to regulate their biological activities [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 44065-44078.
56
Zhang Z, Wang JX, Li XF, et al. Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer [J]. Drug Deliv, 2025, 32: 2464189.
57
Shrestha S, Shrestha A, Kim J, et al. Recent advances in albumin nanoparticle-based cancer therapies [J]. J Pharm Investig, 2025, 55: 1-14.
58
Sun F, Ding ZY, Shao FY, et al. Albumin-based MUC13 peptide nanomedicine suppresses liver cancer stem cells via JNK-ERK signaling pathway-mediated autophagy inhibition [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16: 38968-38978.
59
Motevalli SM, Eltahan AS, Liu L, et al. Co-encapsulation of curcumin and doxorubicin in albumin nanoparticles blocks the adaptive treatment tolerance of cancer cells [J]. Biophys Rep, 2019, 5: 19-30.
60
Alzahrani B, Elderdery AY, Alsrhani A, et al. Effects of albumin-chlorogenic acid nanoparticles on apoptosis and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitory activity in MDA-MB-435s cells [J]. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2023, 13: 1438.
61
Zhang LJ, Hui JF, Ma P, et al. Pegylation of ginsenoside Rg3‐entrapped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro biological studies [J]. J Nanomater, 2019, 2019: 3959037.
62
Alves CG, de Melo-Diogo D, Lima-Sousa R, et al. IR780 loaded sulfobetaine methacrylate-functionalized albumin nanoparticles aimed for enhanced breast cancer phototherapy [J]. Int J Pharm, 2020, 582: 119346.
63
Yin XR, Lu YH, Zou M, et al. Synthesis and characterization of salinomycin-loaded high-density lipoprotein and its effects on cervical cancer cells and cervical cancer stem cells [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2021, 16: 6367-6382.
64
Allegra A, Murdaca G, Mirabile G, et al. Protective effects of high-density lipoprotein on cancer risk: Focus on multiple myeloma [J]. Biomedicines, 2024, 12: 514.
65
Tu ZQ, Timashev P, Chen JG, et al. Ferritin‐based drug delivery system for tumor therapy [J]. BMEMat, 2023, 1: e12022.
66
Zhai MF, Wang YL, Zhang LG, et al. Glioma targeting peptide modified apoferritin nanocage [J]. Drug Deliv, 2018, 25: 1013-1024.
67
Cosottini L, Geri A, Ghini V, et al. Unlocking the power of human ferritin: Enhanced drug delivery of aurothiomalate in A2780 ovarian cancer cells [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 63: e202410791.
68
Czapar AE, Zheng YR, Riddell IA, et al. Tobacco mosaic virus delivery of phenanthriplatin for cancer therapy [J]. ACS Nano, 2016, 10: 4119-4126.
69
Ghosh S, Banerjee M. A smart viral vector for targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs [J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11: 7030.
70
Nguyen VT, Nguyen QT, Pham NT, et al. An in vitro investigation into targeted paclitaxel delivery nanomaterials based on chitosan-Pluronic P123-biotin copolymer for inhibiting human breast cancer cells [J]. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol, 2021, 66: 102807.
71
Mishra B, Yadav AS, Malhotra D, et al. Chitosan nanoparticle-mediated delivery of curcumin suppresses tumor growth in breast cancer [J]. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2024, 14: 1294.
72
Mickymaray S, Al Aboody MS, Eraqi MM, et al. Chitosan-encapsulated nickel oxide, tin dioxide, and farnesol nanoparticles: Antimicrobial and anticancer properties in breast cancer cells [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 248: 125799.
73
Xu J, Yu JM, Xu X, et al. Development, characterization, and evaluation of PSMA‐targeted glycol chitosan micelles for prostate cancer therapy [J]. J Nanomater, 2014, 2014: 462356.
74
Albalawi F, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, et al. Fabrication and characterization of nanodelivery platform based on chitosan to improve the anticancer outcome of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13: 12180.
75
Lin TS, Yuan AH, Zhao XZ, et al. Self-assembled tumor-targeting hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for photothermal ablation in orthotopic bladder cancer [J]. Acta Biomater, 2017, 53: 427-438.
76
Liu GX, Lin TS, Zhang Q, et al. Hyaluronic acid-IR780 nanoparticles for photothermal ablation in orthotopic renal cancer [J]. J Nanomater, 2020, 2020: 2421971.
77
Li LW, Xing ZH, Wang JY, et al. Hyaluronic acid-mediated targeted nano-modulators for activation of pyroptosis for cancer therapy through multichannel regulation of Ca2+ overload [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 299: 140116.
78
Saari H, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Viitala T, et al. Microvesicle-and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells [J]. J Control Release, 2015, 220: 727-737.
79
Değirmenci NS, Uslu M, Kırbaş OK, et al. Lapatinib loaded exosomes as a drug delivery system in breast cancer [J]. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol, 2022, 75: 103584.
80
Hosseini NF, Amini R, Ramezani M, et al. AS1411 aptamer-functionalized exosomes in the targeted delivery of doxorubicin in fighting colorectal cancer [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 155: 113690.
81
Zheng LY, Hu XX, Wu H, et al. In vivo monocyte/macrophage-hitchhiked intratumoral accumulation of nanomedicines for enhanced tumor therapy [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2020, 142: 382-391.
82
Cao ZY, Li PY, Li YZ, et al. Encapsulation of nano-bortezomib in apoptotic stem cell-derived vesicles for the treatment of multiple myeloma [J]. Small, 2023, 19: e2301748.
83
Zhong PL, Zhao YY, Cui H, et al. Biomimetic photosynthesis nanoreactors based thylakoid synergy with metformin for reversing tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment therapy [J]. Chem Eng J, 2025, 515: 163368.
84
Shu Y, Yin HR, Rajabi M, et al. RNA-based micelles: A novel platform for paclitaxel loading and delivery [J]. J Control Release, 2018, 276: 17-29.
85
Bousmail D, Amrein L, Fakhoury JJ, et al. Precision spherical nucleic acids for delivery of anticancer drugs [J]. Chem Sci, 2017, 8: 6218-6229.
86
Liang TXZ, Dong YX, Cheng I, et al. In situ formation of biomolecular condensates as intracellular drug reservoirs for augmenting chemotherapy [J]. Nat Biomed Eng, 2024, 8: 1469-1482.
87
Zhong DN, Zhang DX, Xie TT, et al. Biodegradable microalgae based carriers for targeted delivery and imaging guided therapy toward lung metastasis of breast cancer [J]. Small, 2020, 16: e2000819.
88
Delasoie J, Schiel P, Vojnovic S, et al. Photoactivatable surface-functionalized diatom microalgae for colorectal cancer targeted delivery and enhanced cytotoxicity of anticancer complexes [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12: 480.
89
Liu F, Lin L, Zhang Y, et al. Two-dimensional nanosheets with high curcumin loading content for multimodal imaging-guided combined chemo-photothermal therapy [J]. Biomaterials, 2019, 223: 119470.
90
Zheng YL, Li ZY, Yang Y, et al. A nanosensitizer self-assembled from oleanolic acid and chlorin e6 for synergistic chemo/sono-photodynamic cancer therapy [J]. Phytomedicine, 2021, 93: 153788.
91
Li ZY, Shi HF, Xie HZ, et al. Tri-component programmable nanoregulator with three-pronged penetration boosts immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer [J]. Chem Eng J, 2022, 439: 135712.
92
Li ZY, Xie HZ, Shi HF, et al. Triterpenoids and ultrasound dual-catalytic nanoreactor ignites long-lived hypertoxic reactive species storm for deep tumor treatment [J]. Chem Eng J, 2023, 453: 139938.
93
Zheng YL, Xu RF, Chen TY, et al. Four-pronged reversal of chemotherapy resistance by mangiferin amphiphile [J]. J Control Release, 2025, 378: 776-790.
94
Cheng Y, Zheng RX, Wu XQ, et al. Thylakoid membranes with unique photosystems used to simultaneously produce self-supplying oxygen and singlet oxygen for hypoxic tumor therapy [J]. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021, 10: e2001666.
95
Kooreman NG, Kim Y, de Almeida PE, et al. Autologous iPSC-based vaccines elicit anti-tumor responses in vivo [J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2018, 22: 501-513. e7.
96
Wang RH, Zhu TC, Hou BZ, et al. An iPSC-derived exosome-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine boosts antitumor immunity in melanoma [J]. Mol Ther, 2023, 31: 2376-2390.
97
Meng SH, Whitt AG, Stamp BF, et al. Exosome-based cancer vaccine for prevention of lung cancer [J]. Stem Cell Investig, 2023, 10: 2.
98
Yan Z, Zhang ZB, Chen YN, et al. Enhancing cancer therapy: The integration of oncolytic virus therapy with diverse treatments [J]. Cancer Cell Int, 2024, 24: 242.
99
Zhao YQ, Liu ZM, Li L, et al. Oncolytic adenovirus: Prospects for cancer immunotherapy [J]. Front Microbiol, 2021, 12: 707290.
100
Alwithenani A, Hengswat P, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics: From mechanistic insights to clinical translation [J]. Mol Ther, 2025, 33: 2217-2228.
101
Xu XY, Fan HH, Yang Y, et al. Virus‐like particle‐induced cGAS‐STING activation and AIM2 inflammasome‐mediated pyroptosis for robust cancer immunotherapy [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62: e202303010.
102
Liu MM, Jin D, Yu WX, et al. Enhancing tumor immunotherapy by multivalent anti‐PD‐L1 nanobody assembled via ferritin nanocage [J]. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2024, 11: 2308248.
103
Wang SB, Nie F, Lin Z, et al. Natural polysaccharide-small molecule smart responsive nanogels: Design, synthesis, and synergistic chemoimmunotherapy for tumors [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 305: 140930.
104
Wang DY, Wan Z, Yang Q, et al. Sonodynamical reversion of immunosuppressive microenvironment in prostate cancer via engineered exosomes [J]. Drug Deliv, 2022, 29: 702-713.
105
Xu HZ, Lin XY, Xu YX, et al. An emerging research: The role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment [J]. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1227150.
106
Yu HZ, Ma M, Liang KC, et al. A self-assembled metal-polyphenolic nanomedicine for mild photothermal-potentiated chemodynamic therapy of tumors [J]. Appl Mater Today, 2021, 25: 101235.
107
Chen F, Zeng H, Li YX, et al. Synergistically promoted antitumor photoimmunotherapy using immune-stimulating peach gum polysaccharides as nanocarriers [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2025, 17: 10417-10431.
108
Zhang P, Bai HM, Yao ZX, et al. Tumor microenvironment responsive chitosan-coated W-doped MoOx biodegradable composite nanomaterials for photothermal/chemodynamic synergistic therapy [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2024, 276: 133583.
109
Li YZ, Tian LL, Zhao TC, et al. A nanotherapeutic system for gastric cancer suppression by synergistic chemotherapy and immunotherapy based on iPSCs and DCs exosomes [J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2023, 72: 1673-1683.
110
Liu XY, Zhang JX, Zheng SZ, et al. Hybrid adipocyte-derived exosome nano platform for potent chemo-phototherapy in targeted hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. J Control Release, 2024, 370: 168-181.
111
Hao Y, Gu ZL, Yu ZF, et al. Photodynamic therapy in combination with the hepatitis B core virus-like particles (HBc VLPs) to prime anticancer immunity for colorectal cancer treatment [J]. Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14: 2724.
112
Yu ZG, Yang Y, Fang WM, et al. Dual tumor exosome biomarker co-recognitions based nanoliquid biopsy for the accurate early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer [J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17: 11384-11395.
113
Fu YH, Dai LJ, Wei SS, et al. H-chain ferritin-based magnetic nanoparticles targeting CD71 for magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its precancerous lesions [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 323: 146965.
114
Vannucci L, Falvo E, Fornara M, et al. Selective targeting of melanoma by PEG-masked protein-based multifunctional nanoparticles [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2012, 7: 1489-1509.
115
Cho CF, Yu LH, Nsiama TK, et al. Viral nanoparticles decorated with novel EGFL7 ligands enable intravital imaging of tumor neovasculature [J]. Nanoscale, 2017, 9: 12096-12109.
116
Wang YL, Zhang YQ, Yu YY, et al. Preparation and preliminary evaluation of hepatitis B core antigen virus like nanoparticles loaded with indocyanine green [J]. Ann Transl Med, 2020, 8: 1661.
117
Zhao YZ, Liang MM, Li X, et al. Bioengineered magnetoferritin nanoprobes for single-dose nuclear-magnetic resonance tumor imaging [J]. ACS Nano, 2016, 10: 4184-4191.
118
Yang M, Fan QL, Zhang RP, et al. Dragon fruit-like biocage as an iron trapping nanoplatform for high efficiency targeted cancer multimodality imaging [J]. Biomaterials, 2015, 69: 30-37.
119
Jin D, Zhu Y, Liu MM, et al. A leaking-proof theranostic nanoplatform for tumor-targeted and dual-modality imaging-guided photodynamic therapy [J]. BME Front, 2023, 4: 0015.
120
Jin QT, Liu JJ, Zhu WJ, et al. Albumin-assisted synthesis of ultrasmall FeS2 nanodots for imaging-guided photothermal enhanced photodynamic therapy [J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10: 332-340.
121
Jiang B, Jia XH, Ji TJ, et al. Ferritin nanocages for early theranostics of tumors via inflammation-enhanced active targeting [J]. Sci China Life Sci, 2022, 65: 328-340.
122
Nasrollahi F, Sana B, Paramelle D, et al. Incorporation of graphene quantum dots, iron, and doxorubicin in/on ferritin nanocages for bimodal imaging and drug delivery [J]. Adv Ther (Weinh), 2020, 3: 1900183.
123
Jiang W, Wang Q, Cui D, et al. Metal-polyphenol network coated magnetic hydroxyapatite for pH-activated MR imaging and drug delivery [J]. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2023, 222: 113076.
2026年第61卷第6期
PDF下载
217
103
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371
  • 接收时间:2025-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-06-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-19
  • 修回日期:2026-02-26
基金
作者信息
    1福州大学化学学院, 福建 福州 350108
    2福建省肿瘤转移药物干预重点实验室, 福建 福州 350108

通讯作者:

高瑜, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1371
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏