Article(id=1308841266230681777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768752000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-19, revisedDate=1774540800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981674964, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1781193600000, pubDateStr=2026-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981674964, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981674964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981674964, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841198224240856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781193600000', pubDateStr='2026-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981658750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984187230, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2339, endPage=2346, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841266461368498, articleId=1308841266230681777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cloning, expression and functional characterization of germacrene D synthase from the endophytic fungus Penicillium herquei of Huperzia serrata, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

(-)-Germacrene D is a monocyclic sesquiterpenoid with significant biological activity, and serves as a key precursor in the synthesis of other bicyclic sesquiterpene skeletons. Although plant-derived germacrene D synthases have been widely reported, fungal germacrene D synthases, particularly from genus Penicillium, remain rarely documented. In this study, a sesquiterpene synthase gene, PhGDS, was cloned from the endophytic fungus Penicillium herquei of Huperzia serrata. The encoded protein contains the canonical DDXXD and NSE/DTE motifs of type Ⅰ terpene synthases. To elucidate its function, PhGDS was heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, the resulting products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two compounds were isolated from the fermentation products of S. cerevisiae, which were identified as (-)-germacrene D (66.01 mg·L-1) and germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol (0.54 mg·L-1). Soluble expression of PhGDS was successfully achieved in E. coli, and in vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that it catalyzes farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to produce (-)-germacrene D and germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol. This study reports the discovery and characterization of a germacrene D synthase from genus Penicillium, providing a valuable genetic resource for the scalable production of (-)-germacrene D and its derived sesquiterpenoids via synthetic biology.

, authors=Na XIONG1, 2, Bei-bei ZHANG1, 2, Lin ZHANG1, 2, Guang-ying LÜ1, 2, Ji-ying LI2, Juan WANG1, *, She-po SHI1, *, authorsList=Na XIONG, Bei-bei ZHANG, Lin ZHANG, Guang-ying LÜ, Ji-ying LI, Juan WANG, She-po SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juan WANG, She-po SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841267300229305, articleId=1308841266230681777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium herquei中吉玛烯D合酶的克隆表达与功能表征, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

(-)-吉玛烯D是一种具有重要生物活性的单环倍半萜类化合物, 同时也是合成其他双环倍半萜母核的关键前体之一。尽管植物来源的吉玛烯D合酶已有较多报道, 但目前真菌尤其是青霉属真菌来源的吉玛烯D合酶却鲜见报道。本研究从蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium herquei中克隆获得1个倍半萜合酶基因PhGDS, 该基因编码蛋白含有Ⅰ型倍半萜合酶典型的DDXXD和NSE/DTE保守结构域。为明确其功能, 分别在酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌中对PhGDS进行异源表达, 并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术、核磁共振波谱技术对产物进行鉴定。结果从酿酒酵母发酵产物中分离得到2个产物, 分别鉴定为(-)-吉玛烯D (66.01 mg·L-1) 和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol (0.54 mg·L-1)。在大肠杆菌中成功实现PhGDS的可溶性表达, 体外酶活性分析证明其能够催化法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl diphosphate, FPP) 生成(-)-吉玛烯D和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol。本研究首次在青霉属中发现并鉴定了吉玛烯D合酶, 为利用合成生物学技术规模化制备(-)-吉玛烯D及其衍生倍半萜类化合物, 提供了宝贵的基因资源。

, authors=熊娜1, 2, 张蓓蓓1, 2, 张琳1, 2, 吕广莹1, 2, 李纪莹2, 王娟1, *, 史社坡1, *, authorsList=熊娜, 张蓓蓓, 张琳, 吕广莹, 李纪莹, 王娟, 史社坡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王娟, 史社坡, authorNote=

作者贡献:

熊娜负责基因的克隆和异源表达、化合物的分离纯化以及论文初稿的撰写; 张蓓蓓和张琳负责发酵及发酵液的萃取; 吕广莹和李纪莹负责系统进化树的蛋白序列检索; 王娟和史社坡负责实验方案设计、实验技术指导、论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王娟,Tel: 86-10-53911868, E-mail:
史社坡, E-mail:
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A: Total ion chromatograms from GC-MS analysis of strain XN01 and YZL141/pYeast. *Shows an uncharacterized sesquiterpenes; B: Mass spectra of peak 1 at tR = 17.4 min with m/z 204 and peak 2 at tR = 18.9 min with m/z 222; C: The structural formulas of compounds 1 and 2. XN01: The recombinant S. cerevisiae YZL141 strain harboring pYeast-PhGDS. YZL141/pYeast: The recombinant S. cerevisiae YZL141 strain harboring pYeast, figureFileSmall=FDewlHK/ADjMAW9neKTTGQ==, figureFileBig=geuFgDxMQBywErr6HUsSRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841272702492917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841266230681777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3i+qKNwJlL5lTkzH70rJtQ==, figureFileBig=43Zz3oVL+LKSkGKFs/l0ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841272761213174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841266230681777, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=A: SDS-PAGE of recombinant PhGDS. Lane M: Protein marker; Lane 1: PhGDS protein; B: Total ion chromatograms from GC-MS analysis of in vitro assays of PhGDS with FPP and boiled PhGDS with FPP. 1: (-)-Germacrene D; 2: Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol. FPP: Farnesyl diphosphate, figureFileSmall=3i+qKNwJlL5lTkzH70rJtQ==, figureFileBig=43Zz3oVL+LKSkGKFs/l0ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841272840904951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841266230681777, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
Primer 1tataagccacccgagctATGCCTTCTATCGAAGAGATGGAGC
Primer 2gaaattcgcccggaattTCAAACACCAATGGGGGGC
Primer 3tcgcggatccgaattcATGCCTTCTATCGAAGAGATGGAGC
Primer 4ggtggtggtgctcgagTCAAACACCAATGGGGGGC
Primer 5TCCGGTTCGAGCTCGGGTGGCTTATATTGAATTTTC
Primer 6TCGAACCGGAATTCCGGGCGAATTTCTTATGATTTA
Primer 7GGTTTGTGGGGCCAGGTTAC
Primer 8GTCAATAAGAGCGACCTCATGCT
Primer 9TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG
Primer 10GCTAGTTATTGCTCAGCGG
ITS1TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGC
ITS4TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC
), ArticleFig(id=1308841272912208120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841266230681777, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primers information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
Primer 1tataagccacccgagctATGCCTTCTATCGAAGAGATGGAGC
Primer 2gaaattcgcccggaattTCAAACACCAATGGGGGGC
Primer 3tcgcggatccgaattcATGCCTTCTATCGAAGAGATGGAGC
Primer 4ggtggtggtgctcgagTCAAACACCAATGGGGGGC
Primer 5TCCGGTTCGAGCTCGGGTGGCTTATATTGAATTTTC
Primer 6TCGAACCGGAATTCCGGGCGAATTTCTTATGATTTA
Primer 7GGTTTGTGGGGCCAGGTTAC
Primer 8GTCAATAAGAGCGACCTCATGCT
Primer 9TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG
Primer 10GCTAGTTATTGCTCAGCGG
ITS1TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGC
ITS4TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC
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蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium herquei中吉玛烯D合酶的克隆表达与功能表征
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熊娜 1, 2 , 张蓓蓓 1, 2 , 张琳 1, 2 , 吕广莹 1, 2 , 李纪莹 2 , 王娟 1, * , 史社坡 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(6): 2339-2346
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (6) : 2339 -2346
蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium herquei中吉玛烯D合酶的克隆表达与功能表征
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熊娜1, 2, 张蓓蓓1, 2, 张琳1, 2, 吕广莹1, 2, 李纪莹2, 王娟1, * , 史社坡1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
  • 2北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
通讯作者:
王娟,Tel: 86-10-53911868, E-mail:
史社坡, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

熊娜负责基因的克隆和异源表达、化合物的分离纯化以及论文初稿的撰写; 张蓓蓓和张琳负责发酵及发酵液的萃取; 吕广莹和李纪莹负责系统进化树的蛋白序列检索; 王娟和史社坡负责实验方案设计、实验技术指导、论文修改。

Cloning, expression and functional characterization of germacrene D synthase from the endophytic fungus Penicillium herquei of Huperzia serrata
Na XIONG1, 2, Bei-bei ZHANG1, 2, Lin ZHANG1, 2, Guang-ying LÜ1, 2, Ji-ying LI2, Juan WANG1, * , She-po SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2026-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0072
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(-)-吉玛烯D是一种具有重要生物活性的单环倍半萜类化合物, 同时也是合成其他双环倍半萜母核的关键前体之一。尽管植物来源的吉玛烯D合酶已有较多报道, 但目前真菌尤其是青霉属真菌来源的吉玛烯D合酶却鲜见报道。本研究从蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium herquei中克隆获得1个倍半萜合酶基因PhGDS, 该基因编码蛋白含有Ⅰ型倍半萜合酶典型的DDXXD和NSE/DTE保守结构域。为明确其功能, 分别在酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌中对PhGDS进行异源表达, 并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术、核磁共振波谱技术对产物进行鉴定。结果从酿酒酵母发酵产物中分离得到2个产物, 分别鉴定为(-)-吉玛烯D (66.01 mg·L-1) 和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol (0.54 mg·L-1)。在大肠杆菌中成功实现PhGDS的可溶性表达, 体外酶活性分析证明其能够催化法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl diphosphate, FPP) 生成(-)-吉玛烯D和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol。本研究首次在青霉属中发现并鉴定了吉玛烯D合酶, 为利用合成生物学技术规模化制备(-)-吉玛烯D及其衍生倍半萜类化合物, 提供了宝贵的基因资源。

Penicillium herquei  /  倍半萜合酶  /  (-)-吉玛烯D  /  内生真菌  /  蛇足石杉

(-)-Germacrene D is a monocyclic sesquiterpenoid with significant biological activity, and serves as a key precursor in the synthesis of other bicyclic sesquiterpene skeletons. Although plant-derived germacrene D synthases have been widely reported, fungal germacrene D synthases, particularly from genus Penicillium, remain rarely documented. In this study, a sesquiterpene synthase gene, PhGDS, was cloned from the endophytic fungus Penicillium herquei of Huperzia serrata. The encoded protein contains the canonical DDXXD and NSE/DTE motifs of type Ⅰ terpene synthases. To elucidate its function, PhGDS was heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, the resulting products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two compounds were isolated from the fermentation products of S. cerevisiae, which were identified as (-)-germacrene D (66.01 mg·L-1) and germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol (0.54 mg·L-1). Soluble expression of PhGDS was successfully achieved in E. coli, and in vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that it catalyzes farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to produce (-)-germacrene D and germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol. This study reports the discovery and characterization of a germacrene D synthase from genus Penicillium, providing a valuable genetic resource for the scalable production of (-)-germacrene D and its derived sesquiterpenoids via synthetic biology.

Penicillium herquei  /  sesquiterpene synthase  /  (-)-germacrene D  /  endophytic fungus  /  Huperzia serrata
熊娜, 张蓓蓓, 张琳, 吕广莹, 李纪莹, 王娟, 史社坡. 蛇足石杉内生真菌Penicillium herquei中吉玛烯D合酶的克隆表达与功能表征. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2339 -2346 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0072
Na XIONG, Bei-bei ZHANG, Lin ZHANG, Guang-ying LÜ, Ji-ying LI, Juan WANG, She-po SHI. Cloning, expression and functional characterization of germacrene D synthase from the endophytic fungus Penicillium herquei of Huperzia serrata[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2339 -2346 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0072
倍半萜是一类由三个异戊二烯单元构成的结构多样且具有重要生物活性或特殊香味的天然产物。吉玛烯A~E是一类具有1,5-环癸二烯骨架的单环倍半萜, 广泛分布于高等植物及海洋生物中[1-5]。该类化合物不仅是多种精油的重要香气成分, 同时也是合成其他双环倍半萜母核的关键前体之一, 其独特的环癸二烯骨架中双键以(E,E)-构型为主, 且在溶液中具有显著构象灵活性。此外, 吉玛烯类化合物热稳定性较差, 易通过椅式过渡态发生Cope重排, 立体专一地转化为桉叶烯型等双环骨架。在生物体内, 线型法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl diphosphate, FPP) 在倍半萜合酶的催化下生成吉玛烯碳正离子中间体, 该中间体随后经历不同方式环化、重排及去质子化等步骤, 生成结构多样的倍半萜母核, 凸显其在次生代谢中的核心枢纽作用[6]。
吉玛烯D广泛存在于植物中, 在植物逆境防御的过程中发挥重要作用, 如驱螨、驱蚊虫[7,8]等活性。作为合成其他倍半萜母核的关键前体之一, 吉玛烯D可以进一步衍生化为桉叶烷型、吉玛烷型内酯等多种母核, 这些衍生物在抗疟、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等[9-15]方面表现出潜在活性, 从而使得吉玛烯D在农药与医药领域具有广阔的应用前景。自2000年从番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum) 中鉴定出首个吉玛烯D合酶以来[16], 已有45个能够产生吉玛烯D的倍半萜合酶被报道。这些酶主要来源于植物, 少数来源于微生物, 如放线菌Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) 中的SCO6073、真菌Fusarium fujikuroi中的STC1以及Acremonium chrysogenum中的AcTPS1等[17-19]。真菌作为萜类代谢产物的重要来源, 能够合成结构复杂、生物活性多样的萜类化合物, 如对胰脂肪酶表现出显著抑制活性的purpurolide A以及显示出免疫调节潜力sterhirsutins C等[20,21], 但真菌中目前报道的吉玛烯D合酶却相对很少。
植物内生真菌作为与宿主协同进化的微生物类群, 展现出独特次生代谢潜能[22-25]。课题组前期从蛇足石杉中分离鉴定了包括71株内生真菌的菌株库, 主要为青霉属(Penicillium sp.)、刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum sp.)、篮状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)、链格孢属(Alternaria sp.) 等。对库中5株内生真菌的代谢产物进行了系统分离, 鉴定了包括生物碱、聚酮、杂萜、二萜、多肽等成分。部分化合物具有抗炎、细胞毒、乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制、血小板抑制活性[26-30]。进一步对其中的一株内生真菌Penicillium herquei进行基因组测序分析发现, 其基因组多个基因被注释为萜类环合酶, 但其确切功能尚待进一步明确。本研究中,作者利用酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌异源表达体系, 结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) 分析与产物分离鉴定, 从P. herquei中成功鉴定一个倍半萜合酶PhGDS, 该酶能够催化FPP生成(-)-吉玛烯D和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol。该研究结果为利用合成生物学技术合成(-)-吉玛烯D及其倍半萜衍生物, 提供酶催化元件。
实验材料  实验所用内生真菌P. herquei分离自2015年7月福建省南平市采摘的蛇足石杉, 经ITS rDNA测序并结合真菌的形态学特征鉴定为郝克氏青霉菌(GenBank: MF663569.1), 保存在北京中医药大学中药现代研究中心实验室。
实验菌株、载体  大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DH5α、BL21 (DE3), 南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 酿酒酵母工程菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae YZL141以及pGB315载体(URA, TCYC1-ERG20-PGAL1-PGAL10-FgJ03939-TADH1), 由中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院卞光凯教授赠予[31]。
试剂与仪器设备  DO Supplement-Ura粉末(货号为BN25164)、DO Supplement-Ura/-Trp粉末(货号为BN25176)、异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG, 货号为BN30014) 等生化试剂(北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司); Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase、RNA反转录试剂盒HiScript® Ⅲ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit以及无缝克隆CloneExpress Ⅱ One Step Cloning Kit (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司, 货号分别为P505-d1、R312和C112-01); RNA提取试剂盒(美国OMEGA Bio-Tek公司, 货号为R6827-01)、限制性内切酶(北京宝日医生物技术有限公司); Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation Ⅱ Kit (美国Zymo Research公司, 货号为T2001); 分析纯试剂(天津市大茂化学试剂厂), 色谱纯试剂(美国Fisher Scientific公司), 薄层色谱用GF254硅胶预制板(青岛海洋化工厂)。NanoDrop分光光度计(美国ThermoFisher Scientific公司); GCMS-QP2010 Ultra、LC-20AT半制备型高效液相色谱仪(日本Shimadzu公司); Rxi-5Sil MS毛细管柱(30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm, 美国Restek公司); SunFire Silica OBD制备色谱柱(250 mm × 10 mm, 5 μm, 美国Waters公司); YMC-Pack ODS-A制备色谱柱(250 mm × 10 mm, 5 μm, 日本YMC株式会社); ANCE NEO 400 MHz核磁共振波谱仪(美国Bruker公司)。
P. herquei总RNA提取  将P. herquei接种于PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) 液体培养基, 28 ℃、200 r·min-1条件下培养2天。收集菌丝, 将其液氮研磨后使用RNA提取试剂盒提取微生物的总RNA。NanoDrop分光光度计检测RNA浓度, 通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA质量。再利用反转录试剂盒将RNA反转录为cDNA, 操作按说明书进行。
基因克隆与异源表达质粒构建  以P. herquei cDNA为模板, Primer 1、Primer 2以及Primer 3、Primer 4为引物(表1) 进行PCR扩增, 获得两个带不同同源臂的PhGDS基因片段(约1.1 kb)。以Primer 5和Primer 6扩增pGB315载体骨架, 构建含有EcoR Ⅰ和Sac Ⅰ限制性内切酶位点质粒, 将其命名为pYeast。将pYeast质粒用EcoR Ⅰ和Sac Ⅰ线性化后, 与含有同源臂的基因片段进行连接, 构建pYeast-PhGDS。将pET-28a质粒用EcoR Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ线性化, 与含有同源臂的基因片段进行连接, 构建pET-28a-PhGDS。将连接产物分别转化至DH5α感受态细胞, 挑取单克隆进行菌落PCR验证, 阳性克隆送测序(北京睿博兴科生物技术有限公司)。测序正确后获得重组质粒pYeast-PhGDS与pET-28a-PhGDS。
酿酒酵母菌株构建  用Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation Ⅱ Kit试剂盒, 将质粒pYeast、pYeast-PhGDS分别转入至宿主菌株S. cerevisiae YZL141。转化产物涂布于SD-Ura/-Trp营养缺陷型培养基, 30 ℃倒置培养2天。挑取转化子, 经NaOH溶液破壁处理后, 以Primer 7和Primer 8为引物进行菌落PCR扩增验证。将pYeast转入S. cerevisiae YZL141所得菌株命名为YZL141/pYeast, 将pYeast-PhGDS转入S. cerevisiae YZL141所得的重组菌株命名为XN01。
发酵培养与产物检测  挑取酿酒酵母XN01以及YZL141/pYeast菌株于10 mL含有2%葡萄糖的YPD (Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose) 培养基中, 30 ℃、200 r·min-1振荡培养过夜。将种子液以2%接种量转接至新鲜YPD培养基, 培养24 h后添加半乳糖至终浓度1%, 继续诱导培养2~3天。发酵完成后, 4 000 r·min-1收集菌体, 以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-二氯甲烷(4∶1∶1) 超声提取3次, 每次1 h。合并发酵产物提取液, 减压干燥浓缩后复溶于500 μL乙酸乙酯, 15 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清用于GC-MS检测分析。
发酵产物的分离纯化  按照上述发酵培养方法发酵培养10 L, 4 000 r·min-1收集菌体, 用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-二氯甲烷(4∶1∶1) 超声提取3次, 每次1 h, 提取液减压浓缩后获得发酵粗产物2 g。粗产物经300~400目硅胶柱层析分离, 以石油醚-乙酸乙酯(100∶0→8∶1) 梯度洗脱, 得到流分Fr. 1~Fr. 4, Fr. 1为化合物1 (660.1 mg)。Fr. 4 (480.0 mg) 经半制备液相色谱分离, 无水乙醇-正己烷(2∶98), 得到Fr. 4.1~Fr. 4.4。Fr. 4.4经半制备液相色谱分离, 乙腈-水(70∶30), 得到化合物2 (5.4 mg, tR 24.2 min)。
大肠杆菌表达菌株的构建  将测序正确的pET-28a-PhGDS质粒, 经42 ℃热激转化至大肠杆菌E. coli BL21 (DE3) 感受态细胞, 37 ℃、200 r·min-1振荡培养45 min后涂布于卡那霉素抗性LB (Luria-Bertani) 平板, 37 ℃静置培养12 h后, 以Primer 9和Primer 10为引物进行菌落PCR筛选阳性克隆, 阳性克隆命名为XN02。
原核表达及蛋白纯化  将大肠杆菌菌株XN02接种于含50 μg·mL-1卡那霉素的5 mL LB液体培养基中, 30 ℃、200 r·min-1条件下过夜培养。菌液以1∶100的比例扩大培养至OD600约为0.6, 随后加入IPTG至终浓度为0.05 mmol·L-1, 17 ℃、180 r·min-1诱导16 h。4 ℃、8 000 r·min-1离心10 min收集菌体, 并将其重悬于15 mL Lysis buffer (25 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, 500 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 1 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 5 mmol·L-1咪唑, pH 7.5) 中, 随后用超声破碎仪破碎细胞。接着4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 上清使用HisTrap FF亲和柱纯化, 分别以5、20、500 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲溶液10 mL阶段洗脱。使用Amicon® Ultra离心超滤管30 kDa MWCO (Merck) 将重组蛋白PhGDS置换到Storage buffer缓冲液(25 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, 50 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 1 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 10% 甘油, pH 7.5), SDS-PAGE电泳检测目的蛋白大小和纯度, 并采用Bradford法测定纯化蛋白的浓度, 并将蛋白保存至-80 ℃冰箱。
体外酶促反应及产物鉴定  体外酶促反应包含23 μmol·L-1 FPP、重组蛋白PhGDS 1 μL、10 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 50 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 并用25 mmol·L-1 pH 7.5 Tris-HCl补足至100 μL。以煮沸失活的重组蛋白作为阴性对照, 每组设置3个重复。实验组与对照组均在30 ℃水浴锅反应2 h, 随后加入100 μL乙酸乙酯萃取。取上层溶液15 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 用于GC-MS检测。
GC-MS分析方法  气相色谱检测条件: 进样口温度250 ℃, 载气为氦气, 压力120.0 kPa, 总流量20 mL·min-1, 柱流量1.85 mL·min-1, 线速度49.9 cm·s-1, 吹扫流量6.0 mL·min-1; 不分流; 进样量1 μL; 程序升温条件: 起始温度50 ℃, 保持5 min, 以升温速率10 ℃·min-1升温至300 ℃, 保持5 min。质谱检测条件: 电子轰击电离源(electron ionization, EI), 离子源温度220 ℃, 接口温度100 ℃, 检测电压70 eV。
PhGDS基因的开放阅读框长度为1 053 bp, Protparam在线分析显示, 其编码蛋白的理论分子式为C1789H2811N509O516S24, 分子质量为40.48 kDa。通过CLUSTALW与来源于真菌的倍半萜合酶进行多序列比对发现, PhGDS具有典型的Ⅰ型倍半萜合酶保守结构域, 包括底物结合和催化所必需的DDXXD (第94~98位, DDMFD) 以及镁离子配位相关的NSE/DTE (第237~245位)。进一步对44个真菌来源的倍半萜合酶进行系统进化分析, 发现PhGDS与已知的吉玛烯D合酶亲缘关系较近, 提示其可能具有相似功能(图1)。
将PhGDS在酿酒酵母中诱导表达, 经提取后的发酵产物通过GC-MS分析。与对照菌株YZL141/pYeast相比, 重组菌株XN01总离子流色谱图中出现多个倍半萜类化合物产物峰(图2A), 其中峰1的质谱图(图2B) 与NIST数据库中吉玛烯D的质谱图高度匹配, 且含有吉玛烯D特征的离子碎片m/z 161 [M-43]+, 119 [M-85]+, 105 [M-99]+, 93 [M-111]+等。为进一步鉴定产物的结构, 进行了10 L的放大发酵培养, 对发酵产物进行分离纯化, 获得化合物1 (660.1  mg) 和化合物2 (5.4  mg), 其余产物峰因含量低且部分产物稳定性差未能分离鉴定。
化合物1为无色油状液体, 比旋光度为[α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ -99.5 (c 0.2, CHCl3) [lit. [α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ -32 (c 0.025, CHCl3)][19]; GC-EIMS m/z 204 [M]+ (16), 161 (100), 133 (30), 120 (28), 119 (49), 105 (73), 93 (30), 91 (59), 82 (44), 79 (38), 77 (27), 55 (21), 41 (36)。化合物1的1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3) δH: 5.77 (1H, d, J = 16.0 Hz, H-5), 5.25 (1H, dd, J = 16.0, 10.0 Hz, H-6), 5.13 (1H, m, H-1), 4.79 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-14a), 4.74 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-14b), 2.39 (1H, m, H-2a), 2.23 (2H, m, H-9), 2.00 (1H, m, H-2b), 2.00 (1H, m, H-7), 1.67 (2H, m, H-3), 1.51 (3H, s, H-15), 1.43 (1H, m, H-11), 1.43 (1H, m, H-8a), 1.25 (1H, m, H-8b), 0.86 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, H-13), 0.81 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, H-12); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δC: 149.0 (C-4), 135.7 (C-6), 134.2 (C-10), 133.7 (C-5), 129.8 (C-1), 109.2 (C-14), 53.1 (C-7), 40.9 (C-9), 34.6 (C-3), 32.9 (C-11), 29.4 (C-2), 26.6 (C-8), 20.9 (C-12), 19.5 (C-13), 16.1 (C-15)。以上数据与文献[32]报道基本一致, 结合比旋光度, 将化合物1鉴定为(-)-吉玛烯D。
化合物2为无色油状液体, 比旋光度为[α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ -103 (c 0.1, CHCl3); GC-EIMS m/z 222 [M]+ (1), 204 (12), 161 (33), 121 (20), 119 (21), 109 (23), 105 (28), 95 (25), 93 (23), 81 (100), 79 (21), 71 (22), 67 (20), 55 (21), 43 (71), 41 (29)。化合物2的1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δH: 5.28 (1H, d, J = 16.0 Hz, H-5), 5.10 (1H, dd, J = 16.0, 9.6 Hz, H-6), 4.92 (1H, m, H-1), 2.31 (1H, m, H-2a), 2.26 (2H, m, H-9), 2.0 (1H, m, H-2b), 2.0 (1H, m, H-7), 1.63 (2H, m, H-3), 1.52 (3H, t, J = 1.6 Hz, H-14), 1.45 (1H, m, H-8a), 1.45 (1H, m, H-11), 1.32 (3H, s, H-15), 1.19 (1H, m, H-8b), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, H-13), 0.82 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, H-12); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CD3OD) δC: 141.5 (C-5), 132.8 (C-10), 130.9 (C-6), 130.5 (C-1), 73.7 (C-4), 54.4 (C-7), 42.4 (C-9), 42.0 (C-3), 34.2 (C-11), 27.9 (C-8), 25.7 (C-2), 23.5 (C-15), 21.1 (C-13), 19.4 (C-12), 16.9 (C-14)。以上数据与文献[33]报道基本一致, 化合物2鉴定为Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol。
将PhGDS在大肠杆菌中进行可溶性表达, 经亲和层析纯化获得重组蛋白。SDS-PAGE分析显示在40~55  kDa处出现单一清晰条带, 与预测分子质量相符(图3A)。以FPP为底物进行体外酶促反应, 反应产物通过GC-MS分析, 结果显示PhGDS能够催化FPP生成(-)-吉玛烯D及Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol, 而在灭活的PhGDS对照组中未发现相应产物(图3B), 进一步证实PhGDS的催化功能。
本研究利用酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌表达体系, 成功从青霉属真菌P. herquei中克隆并鉴定了吉玛烯D合酶PhGDS。PhGDS在酿酒酵母发酵培养中除可以检测到(-)-吉玛烯D和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol外, 还伴随着生成7个其他未能鉴定的倍半萜类产物, 而大肠杆菌异源表达获得的重组蛋白PhGDS在体外酶催化产物中, 除(-)-吉玛烯D和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol外没有检测到其他产物, 这可能是酶催化反应环境差异导致酶的产物谱不同。Lubertozzi等[34]在研究紫穗槐二烯合酶的过程中, 也发现在不同宿主中产物分布会发生改变, 其推测宿主细胞环境影响酶的产物分布。值得注意的是, 本研究初期曾选用米曲霉作为异源表达宿主, 但经多次优化尝试, 均未能检测到预期的倍半萜或者任何潜在与萜类相关的产物产生。文献[35-37]报道吉玛烯D具有显著的抗真菌活性, 米曲霉自身可能具有精妙的自我防御机制, 导致PhGDS无法在米曲霉中进行功能性表达。
虽然植物中能够产生吉玛烯D的倍半萜合酶报道较多, 但目前真菌来源能够产生吉玛烯D的倍半萜合酶相对较少, 目前仅有7个。如来自F. fujikuroi的STC1和A. chrysogenum的AcTPS1均能专一性地合成(-)-吉玛烯D[18,19]。而Coprinus cinereus的Cop4、Stereum hirsutum的ShSTS10以及Psilocybe cubensis的CubA虽报道可以生成吉玛烯D, 但并非其主产物[38-40]。此外, 在对tricinonoic acid生物合成的研究中, 推测来自Fusarium poae的TriA及Trichoderma hypoxylon的TraA可能具有吉玛烯D合酶的活性, 但并未对其进行详细的功能表征[41,42]。PhGDS虽然与上述酶的相似度较高(与AcTPS1相似度最高, 为51%), 但同样在酿酒酵母体系中, 其除主产物(-)-吉玛烯D和Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol外, 还生成多个微量产物, 与已知真菌吉玛烯D合酶的催化产物谱有较大区别。PhGDS催化多产物生成的特点, 提示其可能作为一个理想的候选模板, 通过理性设计突变等手段获得结构新颖多样的倍半萜产物。
真菌的次级代谢基因通常成簇排列, 本研究对其所在基因簇进行了深入分析。结果显示该基因簇除核心基因PhGDS外, 还包含三个潜在的功能基因, 包括一个编码Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6家族转录因子、一个含有DUF2236结构域的基因以及细胞色素P450氧化酶基因。该基因排布模式与典型倍半萜基因簇的结构模块相吻合[21], 有意思的是, 该基因簇内含有DUF2236结构域基因被注释为真菌珠蛋白样酶(globin-like enzyme), 同类型酶(TriB) 能够催化倍半萜母核中碳碳双键氧化断裂, 生成开环的倍半萜[42]。但遗憾的是在利用米曲霉体系对该基因簇进行异源表达中, 一直没有成功获得预期产物, 后续将进一步尝试在酿酒酵母等异源体系中对该基因簇中的各基因的功能进行研究。
综上, 本研究成功从蛇足石杉内生真菌P. herquei中鉴定吉玛烯D合酶PhGDS, 目前真菌中报道具有吉玛烯D合酶功能的倍半萜合酶相对较少, 而青霉属真菌来源且具有明确合成吉玛烯D的相关酶未见报道。研究结果将为后续深入探究吉玛烯D的生物合成机制及下游衍生物的合成途径奠定基础, 也为基于合成生物学的绿色制造提供新的酶学元件。

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2026年第61卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0072
  • 接收时间:2026-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-27
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    1北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
    2北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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