Article(id=1308841231237604272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0405, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1775750400000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-10, revisedDate=1776355200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981666620, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1781193600000, pubDateStr=2026-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981666620, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981666620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981666620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841198224240856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781193600000', pubDateStr='2026-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981658750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984187230, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2275, endPage=2285, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841231459902385, articleId=1308841231237604272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction of a tri-branched gastrodin-modified lipid drug delivery system and preliminary study on its anti-glioma efficacy, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
This study preliminarily explored the application of gastrodin (GAS) as a brain-targeting ligand for the construction of a novel glucose transporter (glucose transporter type 1, GLUT1) mediated brain-targeted lipid drug delivery system, aiming to achieve cascade-enhanced effects across the blood brain barrier and subsequent tumor targeting. Gastrodin-modified liposomes were successfully prepared using the thin-film hydration method, and their physicochemical properties, drug release characteristics, as well as in vitro and in vivo targeting abilities were preliminarily evaluated. Particular attention was paid to the in vitro and in vivo performance of gastrodin-modified liposomes prepared via a tri-branched conjugation strategy (GAS3-Lip). The gastrodin-modified liposomes exhibited favorable targeting to bEnd.3 brain microvascular endothelial cells and GL261 glioma cells, as well as significant accumulation at the lesion site in vivo. In both in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluations, the tri-branched gastrodin-modified doxorubicin-loaded liposomes (GAS3-Lip/DOX) demonstrated stronger inhibitory effects against glioma compared with the classic glutathione (glutathione, GSH) modified brain-targeting liposomes, and the relevant animal experiments were approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University (No: SMUL202412013). In conclusion, this strategy may provide a valuable approach for drug delivery research targeting glioma therapy.
, authors=Jun-tong WU, Zong-yuan LUO, Shi-qiong WU, Li-han LIU
*, Chong LI
*, authorsList=Jun-tong WU, Zong-yuan LUO, Shi-qiong WU, Li-han LIU, Chong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-han LIU, Chong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841234093925324, articleId=1308841231237604272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=三分枝天麻素修饰的脂质递药系统构建及其抗脑胶质瘤初步研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
本文初步探究了将天麻素(gastrodin, GAS) 作为脑靶向配体, 构建一种经葡萄糖转运体1 (glucose transporter type 1, GLUT1) 介导的新型脑靶向脂质递药系统, 实现跨屏障-靶肿瘤级联增效。采用薄膜水化法成功制备了天麻素修饰的脂质体, 并对其理化性质、药物释放特性及体内外靶向性进行了初步评价。特别探讨了采用三分枝偶联方式后的天麻素修饰脂质体(GAS3-Lip) 体内外性能。天麻素修饰脂质体针对bEnd.3脑血管内皮细胞和GL261脑胶质瘤细胞显示出良好靶向性, 体内亦呈现明显的病灶蓄积。在体内外药效评价中, 相比经典的谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 修饰脑靶向脂质体, 三分枝天麻素载药脂质体(GAS3-Lip/DOX) 对脑胶质瘤表现出更强的抑制效果, 相关动物实验均获得了南方医科大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(伦理号: SMUL202412013)。综上所述, 该策略有望为靶向治疗脑胶质瘤的药物递送研究提供有益思路。
, authors=吴均彤, 罗宗源, 吴世琼, 刘理涵
*, 李翀
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作者贡献:
吴均彤负责实验研究过程并撰写论文; 刘理涵和李翀提出实验思路、设计研究方案并修改论文; 罗宗源和吴世琼协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 所有作者均阅读并参与修改了本论文。
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Gastrodia elata [J]. Nat Prod Bioprospect, 2019, 9: 393-404., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841241580757026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kerklaan BM, Jager A, Aftimos P, et al. Phase 1/2a study of glutathione pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (2b3-101) in breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BCBM) or recurrent high grade gliomas (HGG) [J]. Neuro Oncol, 2014, 16: v163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841241656254499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang ML, Pan ZX, Zhang L, et al. Synthesis of gastrodin by phase transfer catalysis [J]. Shandong Chem Ind (山东化工), 2025, 54: 6-8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841241719169060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qu BY, Li XC, Guan M, et al. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of multivalent glucosides with high affinity as ligands for brain targeting liposomes [J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2014, 72: 110-118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308841241794666533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu QJ, Zhou L, Lu RX, et al. Biotin and glucose co-modified multi-targeting liposomes for efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of glioma [J]. Bioorg Med Chem, 2021, 29: 115852., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841234345583565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841234353972174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, companyId=1308841234345583565, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841234366555087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, companyId=1308841234345583565, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841237457757171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NPb4O7qbBQd+Z0SnJ56L2w==, figureFileBig=Rp4Oa2c2rr2BuEkDvBf24g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841237541643252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption=
Synthesis of compound 5. Reagents and conditions: (a) 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, TBAB, K2CO3, CHCl3, 45 ℃, 5 h; (b) Jones reagent, acetone, 0 ℃-rt, 4 h; (c) DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, HATU, DIPEA, DMF, rt, 24 h; (d) K2CO3, MeOH, rt, 12 h, figureFileSmall=NPb4O7qbBQd+Z0SnJ56L2w==, figureFileBig=Rp4Oa2c2rr2BuEkDvBf24g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841237734581237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=C3//w1ymFfFdAj0ZO4f/0w==, figureFileBig=P+V/g4HDLZYacPSCbqpACQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841237797495798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Scheme 2, caption=
Synthesis of compound 13. Reagents and conditions: (a) tert-Butyl acrylate, NaOH, DMSO, 0 ℃-rt, 12 h; (b) 4-Maleimidobutyric acid, HATU, DIPEA, DMF, rt; (c) TFA, DCM, rt; (d) TCFH, NMI, MeCN, rt; (e) DSPE-PEG2000-SH, TEA, DMF, rt; (f) K2CO3, MeOH, rt; (g) Boc-1-amino-3, 6-dioxa-8-octanediamine, HATU, DIPEA, DMF, rt; (h) TFA, DCM, rt, figureFileSmall=C3//w1ymFfFdAj0ZO4f/0w==, figureFileBig=P+V/g4HDLZYacPSCbqpACQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841237889770487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ifop2wQVMdkFtraGvCOcRw==, figureFileBig=ZY9QVGbCReFwxCGs+uxQhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841237952685048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Synthesis of DSPE-PEG2000-GAS. A: Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry of DSPE-PEG2000-NH2; B: MALDI-TOF of DSPE-PEG2000-GAS, figureFileSmall=ifop2wQVMdkFtraGvCOcRw==, figureFileBig=ZY9QVGbCReFwxCGs+uxQhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238015599609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Qda0eiiV0inc4i8CcxwwjQ==, figureFileBig=P8WOzAp43Xl/nDCCwYpOww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238091097082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Characterization data of DSPE-PEG2000-GAS3. A: 1H NMR of compound 11; B: 1H NMR of compound 12; C: 1H NMR of DSPE-PEG2000-GAS3; D: MALDI-TOF of DSPE-PEG2000-SH; E: MALDI-TOF of DSPE-PEG2000-aGAS3; F: MALDI-TOF of DSPE-PEG2000-GAS3, figureFileSmall=Qda0eiiV0inc4i8CcxwwjQ==, figureFileBig=P8WOzAp43Xl/nDCCwYpOww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238162400251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tJwSPEPwMPW0qu3J+C4+Ew==, figureFileBig=3YmLMNNnfz8rHyN5nMiDVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238229509116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Stability profiles of liposomes. A: Particle size stability of the liposomes; B: In vitro DOX cumulative profiles of the liposomes. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=tJwSPEPwMPW0qu3J+C4+Ew==, figureFileBig=3YmLMNNnfz8rHyN5nMiDVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238305006589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=egtTKQ7gHnSc21jfSEDR2w==, figureFileBig=izYxdskIjQyakzpQv+BRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238376309758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Cellular uptake of different formulations by bEnd.3 cells and GL261 cells. A: Fluorescence microscopy images of bEnd.3 cells uptake (Scale bar: 100 μm); B: Fluorescence microscopy images of GL261 cells uptake (Scale bar: 100 μm); C: Flow cytometric quantification of bEnd.3 cell uptake; D: Flow cytometric quantification of GL261 cell uptake. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=egtTKQ7gHnSc21jfSEDR2w==, figureFileBig=izYxdskIjQyakzpQv+BRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238443418623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QMjavlsyclbGWzOdkajxRw==, figureFileBig=bhjy5C6u/Oaqj0Izpzz89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238514721792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Uptake of various liposomes after treatment with BAY-876. A: bEnd.3 cells; B: GL261 cells. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ****P < 0.000 1. ns: No significance, figureFileSmall=QMjavlsyclbGWzOdkajxRw==, figureFileBig=bhjy5C6u/Oaqj0Izpzz89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238586023936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nwswZFhWIuj+UxhYaONUEQ==, figureFileBig=XWMi3gYksQmvyCxJoL3PiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238674104321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
The efficiency of liposomes with different ligand modifications across in vitro BBB models. A: Schematic diagram of the in vitro BBB model; B: Cumulative percolation of DiD in the lower chamber; C: Z-axis scanning fluorescence imaging. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=nwswZFhWIuj+UxhYaONUEQ==, figureFileBig=XWMi3gYksQmvyCxJoL3PiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238766379010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fN3wMCU1sVwCSM1y3Yg2yA==, figureFileBig=7eiYwRo7b/BK+HVOQo1kRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841238829293571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Fluorescence distribution for in vivo and ex vivo imaging of mice (n = 3). A: In vivo imaging results of mice; B: Ex vivo imaging results of mouse tissues; C: Fluorescence intensity of brain tissue of mice. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs Lip group, figureFileSmall=fN3wMCU1sVwCSM1y3Yg2yA==, figureFileBig=7eiYwRo7b/BK+HVOQo1kRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239013842948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YLdvIVUCEtIfPiPf41v5iQ==, figureFileBig=khvYAQWcmkt8P6sbabqvqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239106117637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=
In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of different drug-loaded liposomes on GL261 cells. n = 3, figureFileSmall=YLdvIVUCEtIfPiPf41v5iQ==, figureFileBig=khvYAQWcmkt8P6sbabqvqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239173226502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6oxD3lswPFAGi0uwUvGcVw==, figureFileBig=+exJbgFHpbgABp1UUarRWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239387136007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=
In vivo anti-glioma effects of different drug-loaded liposomes. A: Bioluminescent images of GL261-luc glioma-bearing mice in different groups; B: Semiquantitative bioluminescent signal intensity in the brain; C: Survival-time line chart of mice after administration of different formulations; D: Body weight changes of tumor-bearing mice during treatment. n = 5, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=6oxD3lswPFAGi0uwUvGcVw==, figureFileBig=+exJbgFHpbgABp1UUarRWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239445856264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nAGP+WA89je6iDGJawhrfw==, figureFileBig=bVkVpFDR3uNclRSyzD5Fhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239768817673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Histological observation of glioma tissue sections. A: Ki67 immunohistochemistry of glioma (Scale bar: 50 μm); B: H & E staining of brain sections, figureFileSmall=nAGP+WA89je6iDGJawhrfw==, figureFileBig=bVkVpFDR3uNclRSyzD5Fhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239852703754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HLuc/SYGuROtY6ZQhDlk4Q==, figureFileBig=tO1b+8F/eaGWVm74xAd6NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239915618315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Safety evaluation of various drug-loaded liposomes. A: Hemolysis ratio of different liposomes; B: Histological analysis of the main organs in mice after administration (Scale bar: 100 μm); C: Results of serum biochemical indexes in mice after administration of different formulations. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001 vs saline group, figureFileSmall=HLuc/SYGuROtY6ZQhDlk4Q==, figureFileBig=tO1b+8F/eaGWVm74xAd6NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841239986921484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Liposome | Size/nm | PDI | Zeta potential/mV |
| Lip | 107.63 ± 1.57 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | -12.92 ± 0.13 |
| GAS-Lip | 94.58 ± 1.56 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | -18.17 ± 1.24 |
| GAS3-Lip (1) | 95.53 ± 0.60 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | -17.85 ± 0.17 |
| GAS3-Lip (2) | 95.07 ± 1.07 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | -18.15 ± 0.05 |
| GSH-Lip | 106.40 ± 1.06 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | -13.56 ± 0.54 |
| Lip/DOX | 105.96 ± 1.24 | 0.18 ± 0.23 | -13.64 ± 0.03 |
| GAS-Lip/DOX | 95.24 ± 1.33 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | -18.24 ± 0.13 |
| GAS3-Lip/DOX (1) | 96.39 ± 1.42 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | -18.32 ± 0.29 |
| GAS3-Lip/DOX (2) | 97.35 ± 1.13 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | -18.46 ± 0.15 |
| GSH-Lip/DOX | 112.87 ± 1.03 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | -14.28 ± 0.84 |
), ArticleFig(id=1308841240049836045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841231237604272, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of different liposomes. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s
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| Liposome | Size/nm | PDI | Zeta potential/mV |
| Lip | 107.63 ± 1.57 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | -12.92 ± 0.13 |
| GAS-Lip | 94.58 ± 1.56 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | -18.17 ± 1.24 |
| GAS3-Lip (1) | 95.53 ± 0.60 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | -17.85 ± 0.17 |
| GAS3-Lip (2) | 95.07 ± 1.07 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | -18.15 ± 0.05 |
| GSH-Lip | 106.40 ± 1.06 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | -13.56 ± 0.54 |
| Lip/DOX | 105.96 ± 1.24 | 0.18 ± 0.23 | -13.64 ± 0.03 |
| GAS-Lip/DOX | 95.24 ± 1.33 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | -18.24 ± 0.13 |
| GAS3-Lip/DOX (1) | 96.39 ± 1.42 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | -18.32 ± 0.29 |
| GAS3-Lip/DOX (2) | 97.35 ± 1.13 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | -18.46 ± 0.15 |
| GSH-Lip/DOX | 112.87 ± 1.03 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | -14.28 ± 0.84 |
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