Article(id=1308841206461850289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1282, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761926400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-01, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981660713, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981660713, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981660713, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981660713, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1623, endPage=1632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841206793200306, articleId=1308841206461850289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles alleviate APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Plant-derived nanovesicles are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that encapsulate nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and tissue-regenerative effects, showing great potential for disease intervention. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., a traditional medicinal plant, has been extensively studied by our group and others for its hepatoprotective constituents and mechanisms of action. Excessive acetaminophen (APAP) intake is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in clinical practice, yet effective and low-toxicity preventive or therapeutic strategies are still lacking. To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles (SSDNs) against APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice, SSDNs were first isolated from Schisandra chinensis by gradient ultrahigh-speed centrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed an exosome-like bilayer membrane, uniform morphology, and a mean diameter of 205.4 nm. In vitro CCK-8 assays showed that SSDNs exhibited no cytotoxicity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified schisandrol A as the major lignan component of SSDNs. Furthermore, we evaluated the protective effect of SSDNs on APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University (approval No. SMUL202408016). C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with SSDNs via tail vein injection for 4 days and then given a single intraperitoneal injection of APAP (400 mg·kg-1). Pretreatment with SSDNs significantly lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, reduced hepatic necrosis, and restored lobular architecture. Concurrently, SSDNs elevated the hepatic glutathione (GSH) level, decreased protein expression of APAP-metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and CYP3A11, and upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell-cycle proteins [cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin A1 (CCNA1), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin E1 (CCNE1)]. In conclusion, SSDNs mitigate APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice by preserving hepatic GSH, suppressing CYP450 enzymes involved in APAP metabolic activation, and promoting hepatocyte proliferation and repair. These findings offer a novel strategy for the modern application of Schisandra chinensis and the clinical prevention of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

, authors=Sheng-han LIU1, Xiao-yu XIN1, Guo-fang BI1, Shi-cheng FAN1, Xuan LI1, Jian-hong FANG1, Wei-lun PAN2, *, Hui-chang BI1, *, Xiao YANG1, *, authorsList=Sheng-han LIU, Xiao-yu XIN, Guo-fang BI, Shi-cheng FAN, Xuan LI, Jian-hong FANG, Wei-lun PAN, Hui-chang BI, Xiao YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei-lun PAN, Hui-chang BI, Xiao YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841208198292161, articleId=1308841206461850289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=五味子来源纳米囊泡缓解对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

植物来源纳米囊泡富含核酸、蛋白质及脂质等生物活性分子, 在疾病干预领域展现出良好的应用前景。研究表明, 五味子中含有多种具有保肝作用的活性成分。对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP) 过量服用是临床上导致药物性肝损伤最常见的原因之一。本研究旨在探究五味子来源纳米囊泡(Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles, SSDNs) 对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。研究首先采用梯度超速离心法从五味子中分离SSDNs, 透射电子显微镜和粒径分析结果显示其具有典型的双层膜结构, 形态均一, 平均粒径为205.4 nm。CCK-8检测结果表明, SSDNs在体外实验浓度范围内无明显细胞毒性。采用液相色谱-串联质谱技术检测发现, SSDNs中的木脂素类成分以五味子醇甲为主。进一步通过动物实验评价SSDNs预防性给药对APAP致急性肝损伤的干预效果。所有动物实验经南方医科大学动物伦理委员会审核批准(批准号: SMUL202408016)。C57BL/6小鼠预先尾静脉注射SSDNs 4 d后, 单次腹腔注射APAP (400 mg·kg-1) 造模。结果显示, SSDNs显著降低血清中ALT与AST水平, 改善肝细胞坏死与肝小叶结构紊乱。此外, SSDNs上调了肝脏谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 水平, 下调了细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP) 2E1和CYP3A11的表达, 上调了增殖细胞核抗原与细胞周期蛋白(细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4、细胞周期蛋白A1、细胞周期蛋白D1、细胞周期蛋白E1) 的表达水平。综上所述, 本研究发现SSDNs可通过减少肝脏GSH耗竭, 下调APAP代谢相关CYP450酶表达, 促进肝细胞增殖, 从而缓解APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤, 为五味子的开发利用及APAP相关肝损伤的临床防治提供新方向。

, authors=柳圣涵1, 辛晓钰1, 毕国放1, 范仕成1, 李宣1, 方坚鸿1, 潘炜伦2, *, 毕惠嫦1, *, 杨潇1, *, authorsList=柳圣涵, 辛晓钰, 毕国放, 范仕成, 李宣, 方坚鸿, 潘炜伦, 毕惠嫦, 杨潇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘炜伦, 毕惠嫦, 杨潇, authorNote=

作者贡献:

柳圣涵和辛晓钰负责实验实施、结果统计; 毕国放和李宣负责部分实验结果统计与分析; 范仕成和方坚鸿负责部分实验的指导、修订论文; 潘炜伦负责部分实验的指导; 杨潇负责实验设计与指导、实验结果统计与分析、撰写论文; 毕惠嫦负责研究思路的提出、实验的指导、修订论文。

, correspAuthorsNote=
潘炜伦, Tel: 86-20-61648530, E-mail:
毕惠嫦, E-mail:
杨潇, E-mail:
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A: Flowchart of differential ultracentrifugation procedures for isolation of SSDNs; B: Representative transmission electron microscopy micrographs of SSDNs; C: NTA of SSDNs size distribution; D: Hydration diameter distribution and zeta potential of SSDNs; E: Protein gel of SSDNs proteins. The proteins extracted from SSDNs were separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue staining; F: HepG2 cell viability after 24 h incubation with graded SSDNs concentrations. n = 3, x±s, figureFileSmall=kWzbEZHN1R1ULZz8vGJolQ==, figureFileBig=j7W8T2MBMomH9iFJS8sqgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215089533699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n9xMPJ3T/eGCmXi1wA7tyA==, figureFileBig=pQuB/oG8rrJQsaPGaePqTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215165031172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Pretreatment with SSDNs protects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. A: C57BL/6 mice were treated with SSDNs (50, 100, and 200 μg) once daily for 4 consecutive days. APAP (400 mg·kg-1) was administered 15 min after the final SSDN injection, and the mice were sacrificed 6 h later; B: Body weight, liver mass, and liver-to-body weight ratios; C: Serum ALT and AST levels; D: H&E staining of representative mouse liver samples; E: Quantification of the necrotic areas from H&E staining of (D). APAP: Acetaminophen; LD: Low-dose SSDNs (50 μg each mouse); MD: Middle-dose SSDNs (100 μg each mous); HD: High-dose SSDNs (200 μg each mous); ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase. n = 4-6, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs the APAP group, figureFileSmall=n9xMPJ3T/eGCmXi1wA7tyA==, figureFileBig=pQuB/oG8rrJQsaPGaePqTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215236334341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NmmhnWwv30FOlN/J+oUSsA==, figureFileBig=SPIlflUGXwbgLYSDh36iRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215299248902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of SSDNs on hepatic GSH levels in APAP-treated mice. Mice were administered SSDNs intravenously at 200 μg (high-dose) per mouse daily for 4 days before APAP exposure, hepatic GSH levels were measured 6 h after APAP administration. GSH: Glutathione. n = 4-6, x±s. *P < 0.05 vs the control group; ##P < 0.01 vs the APAP group, figureFileSmall=NmmhnWwv30FOlN/J+oUSsA==, figureFileBig=SPIlflUGXwbgLYSDh36iRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215370552071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=O6gjb737YzvZkSa2deXItw==, figureFileBig=1xMHMlXzn1uITCvmfq2GpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215437660936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of SSDNs on hepatic CYP450 expression in APAP-treated mice. Mice were administered SSDNs intravenously at 200 μg (high-dose) per mouse daily for 4 days before APAP exposure. A: Hepatic RNA was extracted, reverse-transcribed, and quantified by qPCR for Cyp3a11 and Cyp2e1. Values were normalized to Gapdh; B: Total liver lysates were analyzed by Western blot for CYP3A11 and CYP2E1 protein levels; C: Densitometry analysis of (B). n = 3-6, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the control group, figureFileSmall=O6gjb737YzvZkSa2deXItw==, figureFileBig=1xMHMlXzn1uITCvmfq2GpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215521547017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5etYTscm90BZmJG7uCF6bQ==, figureFileBig=wP28Bcos1HvmQ4QeDby+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215601238794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of SSDNs on the expression of cell proliferation-related proteins in the liver tissue of APAP-treated mice. Mice were administered SSDNs intravenously at 200 μg (high-dose) per mouse daily for 4 days before APAP exposure. A: Total liver lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis; B: Densitometry analysis of (A). n = 3, x±s. **P < 0.01 vs the control group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs the APAP group. PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; CDK4: Cyclin dependent kinase 4; CCNA1: Cyclin A1; CCND1: Cyclin D1; CCNE1: Cyclin E1, figureFileSmall=5etYTscm90BZmJG7uCF6bQ==, figureFileBig=wP28Bcos1HvmQ4QeDby+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841215676736267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841206461850289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSpeciesPrimer sequence (5'-3')
Cyp3a11MouseForward GGATGAGATCGATGAGGCTCTG
Reverse CAGGTATTCCATCTCCATCACAGT
Cyp2e1MouseForward CGTTGCCTTGCTTGTCTGGA
Reverse AAGAAAGGAATTGGGAAAGGTCC
GapdhMouseForward AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
Reverse GGGGTCGTTGATGGCAACA
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The primer sequences of real-time qPCR. CYP: Cytochrome P450

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GeneSpeciesPrimer sequence (5'-3')
Cyp3a11MouseForward GGATGAGATCGATGAGGCTCTG
Reverse CAGGTATTCCATCTCCATCACAGT
Cyp2e1MouseForward CGTTGCCTTGCTTGTCTGGA
Reverse AAGAAAGGAATTGGGAAAGGTCC
GapdhMouseForward AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
Reverse GGGGTCGTTGATGGCAACA
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CompoundQ1Q3CE/VRF lens/V
Schisandrol A433.217415.0511.0254
Schisandrol B399.133367.96719.9789
Schisantherin A559.133414.96720.9120
Schisandrin A417.217315.96724.62100
Schisandrin B401.217299.96724.8499
Schisandrin C385.133284.96722.3387
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Ion transitions and corresponding CE and RF lens voltage in positive ion mode

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CompoundQ1Q3CE/VRF lens/V
Schisandrol A433.217415.0511.0254
Schisandrol B399.133367.96719.9789
Schisantherin A559.133414.96720.9120
Schisandrin A417.217315.96724.62100
Schisandrin B401.217299.96724.8499
Schisandrin C385.133284.96722.3387
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五味子来源纳米囊泡缓解对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤
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柳圣涵 1 , 辛晓钰 1 , 毕国放 1 , 范仕成 1 , 李宣 1 , 方坚鸿 1 , 潘炜伦 2, * , 毕惠嫦 1, * , 杨潇 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1623-1632
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1623 -1632
五味子来源纳米囊泡缓解对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤
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柳圣涵1, 辛晓钰1, 毕国放1, 范仕成1, 李宣1, 方坚鸿1, 潘炜伦2, * , 毕惠嫦1, * , 杨潇1, *
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
  • 2南方医科大学南方医院检验科, 广东 广州 510515
通讯作者:
潘炜伦, Tel: 86-20-61648530, E-mail:
毕惠嫦, E-mail:
杨潇, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

柳圣涵和辛晓钰负责实验实施、结果统计; 毕国放和李宣负责部分实验结果统计与分析; 范仕成和方坚鸿负责部分实验的指导、修订论文; 潘炜伦负责部分实验的指导; 杨潇负责实验设计与指导、实验结果统计与分析、撰写论文; 毕惠嫦负责研究思路的提出、实验的指导、修订论文。

Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles alleviate APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice
Sheng-han LIU1, Xiao-yu XIN1, Guo-fang BI1, Shi-cheng FAN1, Xuan LI1, Jian-hong FANG1, Wei-lun PAN2, * , Hui-chang BI1, * , Xiao YANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1282
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植物来源纳米囊泡富含核酸、蛋白质及脂质等生物活性分子, 在疾病干预领域展现出良好的应用前景。研究表明, 五味子中含有多种具有保肝作用的活性成分。对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP) 过量服用是临床上导致药物性肝损伤最常见的原因之一。本研究旨在探究五味子来源纳米囊泡(Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles, SSDNs) 对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。研究首先采用梯度超速离心法从五味子中分离SSDNs, 透射电子显微镜和粒径分析结果显示其具有典型的双层膜结构, 形态均一, 平均粒径为205.4 nm。CCK-8检测结果表明, SSDNs在体外实验浓度范围内无明显细胞毒性。采用液相色谱-串联质谱技术检测发现, SSDNs中的木脂素类成分以五味子醇甲为主。进一步通过动物实验评价SSDNs预防性给药对APAP致急性肝损伤的干预效果。所有动物实验经南方医科大学动物伦理委员会审核批准(批准号: SMUL202408016)。C57BL/6小鼠预先尾静脉注射SSDNs 4 d后, 单次腹腔注射APAP (400 mg·kg-1) 造模。结果显示, SSDNs显著降低血清中ALT与AST水平, 改善肝细胞坏死与肝小叶结构紊乱。此外, SSDNs上调了肝脏谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 水平, 下调了细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP) 2E1和CYP3A11的表达, 上调了增殖细胞核抗原与细胞周期蛋白(细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4、细胞周期蛋白A1、细胞周期蛋白D1、细胞周期蛋白E1) 的表达水平。综上所述, 本研究发现SSDNs可通过减少肝脏GSH耗竭, 下调APAP代谢相关CYP450酶表达, 促进肝细胞增殖, 从而缓解APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤, 为五味子的开发利用及APAP相关肝损伤的临床防治提供新方向。

五味子来源纳米囊泡  /  肝损伤  /  对乙酰氨基酚  /  CYP450代谢酶  /  肝细胞增殖

Plant-derived nanovesicles are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that encapsulate nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and tissue-regenerative effects, showing great potential for disease intervention. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., a traditional medicinal plant, has been extensively studied by our group and others for its hepatoprotective constituents and mechanisms of action. Excessive acetaminophen (APAP) intake is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in clinical practice, yet effective and low-toxicity preventive or therapeutic strategies are still lacking. To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles (SSDNs) against APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice, SSDNs were first isolated from Schisandra chinensis by gradient ultrahigh-speed centrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed an exosome-like bilayer membrane, uniform morphology, and a mean diameter of 205.4 nm. In vitro CCK-8 assays showed that SSDNs exhibited no cytotoxicity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified schisandrol A as the major lignan component of SSDNs. Furthermore, we evaluated the protective effect of SSDNs on APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University (approval No. SMUL202408016). C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with SSDNs via tail vein injection for 4 days and then given a single intraperitoneal injection of APAP (400 mg·kg-1). Pretreatment with SSDNs significantly lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, reduced hepatic necrosis, and restored lobular architecture. Concurrently, SSDNs elevated the hepatic glutathione (GSH) level, decreased protein expression of APAP-metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and CYP3A11, and upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell-cycle proteins [cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin A1 (CCNA1), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin E1 (CCNE1)]. In conclusion, SSDNs mitigate APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice by preserving hepatic GSH, suppressing CYP450 enzymes involved in APAP metabolic activation, and promoting hepatocyte proliferation and repair. These findings offer a novel strategy for the modern application of Schisandra chinensis and the clinical prevention of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles  /  liver injury  /  acetaminophen  /  CYP450 enzyme  /  hepatocyte proliferation
柳圣涵, 辛晓钰, 毕国放, 范仕成, 李宣, 方坚鸿, 潘炜伦, 毕惠嫦, 杨潇. 五味子来源纳米囊泡缓解对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1623 -1632 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1282
Sheng-han LIU, Xiao-yu XIN, Guo-fang BI, Shi-cheng FAN, Xuan LI, Jian-hong FANG, Wei-lun PAN, Hui-chang BI, Xiao YANG. Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles alleviate APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1623 -1632 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1282
药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury, DILI) 指由各类化学药物、生物制剂或其代谢产物直接或间接引起的肝脏损伤, 是临床用药安全的重要隐患之一[1]。对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP) 作为临床常用的解热镇痛药, 在过量服用或不当使用时, 可导致患者出现严重的肝脏损伤甚至急性肝功能衰竭。基于此, APAP诱导的肝损伤模型已成为研究DILI发病机制及筛选护肝药物的常用模型之一[2]。尽管APAP的代谢和发病机制已经过了数十年的深入研究, 但目前临床仍缺乏高效且低毒的针对性治疗药物。因此, 推进治疗手段的改进对于治疗APAP所致肝损伤至关重要。
植物来源纳米囊泡(plant-derived nanovesicles, PDNVs), 因其在疾病管理中的治疗潜力而备受关注[3]。PDNVs亦称为植物外泌体样纳米囊泡(plant exosome-like nanovesicles, PELNVs), 或植物来源细胞外囊泡(plant-derived extracellular vesicles, PDEVs), 是一类通过榨汁、离心等步骤从植物中分离获得的纳米级小囊泡[4]。PDNVs能够改善植物提取物存在分子量大、溶解度低、难以穿过物理屏障及成分复杂且未知等缺点。此外, PDNVs在大小和成分(蛋白质、脂质、DNA、mRNA和微小RNA) 方面与哺乳动物来源的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs) 高度相似, 能够介导与哺乳动物细胞的细胞间通讯[5]。越来越多研究证实, PDNVs (尤其是药用植物来源的PDNVs) 凭借其丰富的活性成分与良好的生物相容性, 在多个疾病干预领域展现出显著的预防或治疗潜力, 包括肝脏损伤修复、肠道疾病调控、肿瘤抑制及再生医学等方向[6]。马齿苋来源的细胞外囊泡通过调节RAW264.7细胞促炎和抗炎细胞因子的基因表达发挥抗炎作用, 改善小鼠特应性皮炎[7]。桔梗来源的细胞外囊泡通过调节巨噬细胞炎症和极化, 改善脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤[8]。
传统中草药五味子[Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.] 已被证实具备护肝、抗炎、降血糖及抗肿瘤等多种药理作用, 其活性成分的研究为后续开发奠定了坚实基础[9-11]。本课题组前期研究发现, 五味子提取物及其木脂素类活性成分[五味子醇甲(schisandrol A, SolA)、五味子醇乙(schisandrol B, SolB)、五味子酯甲(schisantherin A, SthA)、五味子乙素(schisandrin B, SinB)、五味子甲素(schisandrin A, SinA)、五味子丙素(schisandrin C, SinC)] 均可不同程度地缓解APAP或石胆酸诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤[12-15]。此外, 已有研究证实, 五味子提取物可改善小鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎病理表型, SolB能够修复糖尿病小鼠心功能并减轻其组织损伤, SinB靶向孕烷X受体增强胆汁酸代谢, 减轻胆汁淤积性肝损伤, SinA则显著降低了饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的体重并促进其产热过程[10, 16-18]。然而, 与其他传统中草药类似, 五味子亦存在化学成分复杂、溶解度低、给药剂量偏大等问题, 这些因素共同制约了其药效的充分发挥。
综上, 本研究通过超高速离心从五味子中分离提取纳米囊泡, 依据EVs的特征标准对五味子来源纳米囊泡(Schisandra chinensis-derived nanovesicles, SSDNs) 进行鉴定; 通过APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤模型明确其护肝作用, 并探究了其潜在作用机制, 为后期中草药五味子的开发利用提供新的探索方向, 为APAP所致急性肝损伤的预防与治疗提供新的候选干预药物。
仪器  智能超速离心机(Optima XPN-100, 美国Beckman); 纳米粒度及电位分析仪(Zetasizer Nano ZS)、纳米追踪分析仪(nanoparticle tracking analysis, NTA, ZetaView), 英国马尔文帕纳科; 光学显微镜(CX48, 日本Olympus); 超微量分光光度计(Nanodrop one)、三重四级杆质谱仪(TSQ Quantive), 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific; 梯度PCR仪(Mastercycler X50s)、二氧化碳培养箱(CLM-170B-8-CN), 德国Eppendorf; 实时荧光定量PCR仪(7500, 美国Applied Biosystems); 生物安全柜(AC2-4S8-CN, 新加坡ESCO); 透射电子显微镜(H-7650, 日本Hitachi); 全自动生化分析仪(BS-330E, 深圳迈瑞医疗器械有限公司); 化学发光成像分析系统(5200CE, 上海天能生命科学有限公司); 凝胶成像仪(GelDoc Go, 美国Bio-Rad)。
药品与试剂  APAP (A5000), 美国Sigma公司; 五味子(Z2311063), 北京同仁堂健康药业有限公司; 谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 检测试剂盒(A006-2-1), 南京建成生物工程研究所; AG RNAex Pro RNA提取试剂(AG21102)、Evo M-MLV反转录试剂预混液(AG11706)、SYBR Green Pro Taq HS预混型qPCR试剂盒(AG11718), 湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司; DMEM培养基(10-013-CVRC), 美国Corning公司; 胎牛血清(SX3000), 北京硕华生命科学研究股份有限公司; 青霉素/链霉素溶液(15140122), 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; CCK-8检测试剂盒(K1018), 美国APExBIO公司; 细胞色素P450 2E1 (cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1) 一抗(A00672), 武汉博士德生物工程有限公司; 细胞色素P450 3A11 (cytochrome P450 3A11, CYP3A11)一抗(A13484)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 一抗(A19056)、辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP) 标记的二抗(AS003, AS014), 武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4, CDK4) 一抗(D120396)、细胞周期蛋白A1 (cyclin A1, CCNA1) 一抗(D220507), 上海生工生物工程股份有限公司; 细胞周期蛋白E1 (cyclin E1, CCNE1) 一抗(20808)、细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1, CCND1) 一抗(55506)、增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) 一抗(13110), 美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; ECL发光液(WBKLS0500), 美国Millipore公司; 五味子甲素(≥ 98%, 批号: 090209)、五味子乙素(≥ 98%, 批号: 091109)、五味子丙素(≥ 98%, 批号: 090528)、五味子醇甲(≥ 98%, 批号: 090722)、五味子醇乙(≥ 98%, 批号: 090927) 和五味子酯甲(≥ 98%, 批号: 090826) 标品均购自上海融禾医药科技有限公司。
SSDNs的分离提取  参考已发表的植物来源纳米囊泡的提取方法[19]并进行优化。将采购的五味子与适量提前预冷的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS) 混合后, 用榨汁机压榨, 用纱布过滤, 加入2‰的果胶酶混合后, 置于4 ℃冰箱过夜沉降。4 ℃, 12 000 ×g离心两次, 每次30 min, 上清液通过0.45 μm的微孔滤膜过滤, 收集的滤过液在超高速离心机中以120 000 ×g离心60 min, 离心结束后弃去上清液, 保留管底沉淀(即SSDNs粗品), 得到的SSDNs用适量PBS重悬, 保存在-80 ℃用于后续理化性质表征及功能实验。
SSDNs的水合粒径和zeta电位表征  采用动态光散射技术, 通过纳米粒度及电位分析仪对SSDNs颗粒的水合粒径、多分散指数(polydispersity index, PDI) 及zeta电位进行表征, 以评估其分散性与表面电荷特性。采用无菌移液枪吸取10 μL SSDNs储备液, 加入至990 μL PBS稀释液中, 配制为体积稀释比1∶100的SSDNs检测样品, 确保样品浓度符合仪器检测范围。根据3次平行检测数据, 计算水合粒径、PDI及zeta电位的平均值±标准差, 以水合粒径为横坐标, 颗粒相对强度为纵坐标, 绘制SSDNs的粒度质量分布图, 直观呈现其粒径分布特征。
纳米颗粒跟踪分析  采用NTA观察SSDNs的布朗运动过程, 定量表征其粒径分布特征。将50 μL SSDNs储备液与950 μL PBS混合均匀, 配制为体积稀释比1∶20的SSDNs检测样品。使用ZetaView进行粒径测试, 最后保存并输出数据及图像。
透射电镜观察SSDNs的形态  提取的SSDNs送至广东省科学院微生物研究所进行检测。吸取样品滴于铜网上静置吸附, 5 min后用滤纸从铜网边缘吸去多余的液体; 滴加3%磷钨酸(pH7.0) 于铜网进行负染, 5 min后用滤纸从铜网边缘吸去多余染液; 洗去多余染液后自然风干, 随后用透射电镜观察。
SSDNs蛋白质的鉴定  将提取的SSDNs在PBS中重新悬浮, 按照BCA法进行蛋白定量后, 利用10%十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE) 进行分离, 用考马斯亮蓝染色2 h, 使用凝胶成像仪进行成像。
细胞毒性检测实验  HepG2细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱, 以含10% FBS和1%双抗的DMEM培养基培养。待贴壁细胞汇合度约80%传代, 取对数生长期细胞用于实验。将HepG2细胞悬液接种于96孔板, 于5% CO2的37 ℃培养箱中培养过夜后, 弃旧液, 加入含系列浓度SSDNs (0、25、50、100、200 μg·mL-1) 的新鲜培养基, 每孔100 μL, 设6个复孔。继续培养24 h后, 每孔加10 μL CCK-8, 37 ℃避光孵育60 min, 酶标仪450 nm测吸光度(A), 按公式: 存活率(%) = (A实验 - A空白)/( A对照 - A空白) × 100%计算结果。实验独立重复3次。
实验动物  SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠, 22~24 g, 购于广东省医学实验动物中心[生产许可证号: SCXK (粤) 2022-0002]。小鼠于标准实验条件下饲养于南方医科大学SPF级实验动物中心[动物使用许可证号: SYXK (粤) 2021-0167]。饲养条件: 温度20~25 ℃, 湿度55%~70%, 12 h明暗交替, 自由摄食饮水。动物实验方案经南方医科大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准编号: SMUL202408016)。
造模与分组  C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为6组: 空白组(control)、APAP组(400 mg·kg-1)、SSDNs组(每只200 μg)、SSDNs低剂量(每只50 μg) + APAP组、SSDNs中剂量(每只100 μg) + APAP组和SSDNs高剂量(每只200 μg) + APAP组。SSDNs组和SSDNs + APAP组小鼠尾静脉注射SSDNs (溶于100 μL无菌PBS), control组和APAP组小鼠注射相同体积的无菌PBS, 每天一次, 共4次。末次注射15 min后, 腹腔注射APAP溶液诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型。Control组和SSDNs组小鼠则腹腔注射相同体积的生理盐水。给予APAP后6 h收集血样和肝脏, -80 ℃保存。
血清肝功能指标检测  将采集的血液置于室温静置30 min, 于3 500 ×g、4 ℃离心15 min后取得血清, 送样至广东省医学实验动物中心生化检测室, 利用全自动生化分析仪检测血清中的丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 和天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 水平。
肝脏病理学染色  肝脏组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定, 石蜡包埋后切片(厚度约4 μm), 置60 ℃烘箱过夜, 用透明剂脱蜡, 参照说明书进行苏木精-伊红(H&E) 染色, 脱水与封片后置于光学显微镜观察肝脏组织形态学变化情况。
肝脏GSH水平检测  肝脏组织置于匀浆管中, 按重量(g)∶体积(mL) = 1∶9的比例, 加入生理盐水制备肝脏组织匀浆, 于4 ℃、2 500 r·min-1离心10 min, 取匀浆上清, 按照GSH检测试剂盒测定肝脏中GSH水平, 所有操作步骤均严格按照试剂盒说明书执行。
实时荧光定量PCR检测  采用AG RNAex Pro RNA提取试剂盒从小鼠肝脏组织中抽提总RNA, 并按逆转录试剂盒说明书完成RNA纯化与cDNA合成。随后, 依据实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒的操作规程进行qPCR反应。最后, 以Gapdh为内参, 通过2△△Ct法计算目标基因的相对表达量。检测所用引物序列见表1。
蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot) 检测  参照前期实验室报道的方法, 采用Western blot检测小鼠肝脏CYP3A11、CYP2E1、PCNA、CDK4、CCNA1、CCND1及CCNE1的蛋白表达[20]。提取各组肝组织总蛋白后, 按照BCA法进行蛋白定量。取等量的蛋白依次经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、转膜、5%脱脂奶粉封闭, 依次孵育一抗及相应的HRP标记二抗, ECL化学发光显影。所得条带以ImageJ软件进行灰度分析, 以GAPDH为内参计算相对表达量。
LC-MS/MS检测SSDNs中木脂素种类及含量
色谱条件  Thermo Scientific Vanquish液相色谱系统, 色谱柱: Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C18 (2.6 μm, 100 mm×2.10 mm); 流动相: 水相为去离子水, 有机相为纯甲醇; 流速: 0.3 mL·min-1; 柱温: 室温; 进样量: 2 μL。梯度洗脱: 有机相: 0~1 min, 5%; 1~4.5 min, 5%→95%; 4.5~6.5 min, 95%; 6.5~6.6 min, 95%→5%; 6.6~8 min, 5%。
质谱条件  Thermo Scientific TSQ QuantivaTM三重四级杆质谱仪, 离子源类型: 加热电喷雾电离; 离子极性: 正离子; 离子检测方式: 多反应监测方式; 电压模式: 静态; 离子喷射电压: 3 500 V; 雾化器温度: 300 ℃; 鞘气(Arb): 50; 辅助气(Arb): 15; 吹扫气(Arb): 1。正离子扫描模式下各代谢产物碰撞能量电压(collision energy, CE)、RF透镜电压(RF lens) 及离子对见表2。
样品处理方法  取10 μL样品, 加入90 μL 50%甲醇进行稀释, 再加入200 μL甲醇以沉淀蛋白, 涡旋混匀, 于13 000 ×g、4 ℃条件下离心15 min, 取上清进样分析。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计分析, 实验数据均以均值±标准差(x±s) 表示。通过方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 进行多组间比较, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
本研究首先通过“榨汁-过滤-差速超高速离心”步骤从五味子中分离得到纳米囊泡, 详见图1A。电镜观察可见囊泡呈均匀球形, 具有典型双层膜结构(图1B)。NTA结果显示, SSDNs呈单峰正态分布, 平均粒径为205.40 nm (图1C)。SSDNs的水合粒径为(184.00 ± 5.60) nm, zeta电位分析表明其携带负电荷(-5.71 ± 0.49) mV, PDI小于0.30 (图1D)。SDS-PAGE结果表明, SSDNs含有的蛋白质分子量主要分布在55 kDa以下(图1E)。与五味子蛋白质序列数据库进行数据匹配, 五味子含有168种蛋白质, 其中分子量在55 kDa以下的有147种(https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/50507)。上述表征结果证实, 本研究提取的SSDNs表现出植物来源纳米囊泡的基本特征。
CCK-8检测结果表明, 25~200 μg·mL-1 SSDNs对HepG2细胞存活率均无显著影响, 提示其生物安全性良好(图1F)。综上, SSDNs已成功制备并可用于后续实验。
木脂素类成分是五味子中的主要有效成分之一, 具有保肝、降脂、抗炎和抗氧化效果等广泛的药理活性[9]。本研究对动物实验所用SSDNs中6种木脂素成分进行了含量测定。结果显示, SSDNs中SolA含量最高, 为24.36 μg·mL-1 (按蛋白计为39.19 μg·mg-1)。其余成分含量依次为: SolB 2.27 μg·mL-1 (3.65 μg·mg-1蛋白), SinB 0.97 μg·mL-1 (1.56 μg·mg-1蛋白), SthA 0.41 μg·mL-1 (0.66 μg·mg-1蛋白), SinA 0.31 μg·mL-1 (0.50 μg·mg-1蛋白), SinC含量最低, 仅为0.05μg mL-1 (0.08 μg·mg-1蛋白)。以上结果表明, SSDNs中木脂素成分以五味子醇甲为主。
为考察SSDNs的护肝作用, 本研究以APAP诱导的C57BL/6小鼠急性肝损伤模型为研究对象(图2A)。结果如图2B所示, 与空白组比较, APAP模型组小鼠的肝重比显著升高(P < 0.05), SSDNs单独给药组亦出现升高(P < 0.01)。然而, 预防性给予低、中、高剂量SSDNs并未进一步改变APAP小鼠的肝重比。血清AST、ALT水平是衡量肝细胞损伤程度的经典指标。与空白组比较, APAP组小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平明显升高(P < 0.001), SSDNs预防给药可剂量依赖性地降低这一趋势, 高剂量SSDNs显著性降低APAP升高的ALT与AST水平(P < 0.01, 图2C)。H&E染色结果进一步验证了生化指标的变化: 空白组肝小叶结构清晰, 肝细胞排列规整; APAP组则出现大面积坏死、肝细胞出现明显损伤及大量炎性细胞浸润。随着SSDNs剂量的增加, 肝组织病理损伤逐渐减轻, 高剂量组仅见少量坏死灶及轻微炎症反应, 保护效果最为显著(图2D、E)。综上, SSDNs对正常小鼠肝功能相关的指标没有明显的影响, 预防性给予SSDNs能够显著抑制APAP诱导的肝细胞坏死与炎症浸润, 改善肝功能指标, 提示其具有良好的抗急性肝损伤活性。
GSH是机体重要的内源性抗氧化物质, 可清除活性氧自由基以维持氧化还原稳态, GSH耗竭是APAP诱导肝毒性的主要原因之一。如图3所示, 与空白组相比, APAP组小鼠肝脏GSH的水平明显降低(P < 0.05)。与APAP模型组比较, 高剂量SSDNs预防给药显著升高肝脏GSH水平。该结果表明, 高剂量SSDNs可有效逆转APAP所致的肝脏GSH消耗, 提高肝脏的抗氧化能力。
细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP450) 酶系是APAP在肝脏转化为毒性代谢物N-乙酰-对苯醌亚胺(N-acetyl p-benzoquinoneimine, NAPQI) 的主要限速酶。RT-qPCR检测结果显示, SSDNs + APAP组小鼠肝脏Cyp2e1 mRNA水平较APAP组有下调趋势, Cyp3a11无明显变化; SSDNs单独给药组未明显降低Cyp2e1和Cyp3a11水平(图4A)。Western blot检测结果显示, SSDNs + APAP组小鼠肝脏CYP2E1和CYP3A11蛋白水平较APAP组均有所降低, SSDNs单独给药组CYP2E1 (P < 0.01) 和CYP3A11 (P < 0.05) 的蛋白表达较空白组也显著下调(图4B、C)。上述结果提示, SSDNs可通过抑制CYP450酶表达, 减少APAP毒性代谢产物的生成, 从而减轻肝损伤。
细胞周期进程的正常调控是肝细胞增殖与肝脏损伤修复的核心环节。Western blot检测结果显示, 与空白组比较, APAP组小鼠肝脏CCNA1和CCND1蛋白表达水平显著降低(P < 0.01); 与APAP组比较, SSDNs预防给药导致小鼠肝脏组织PCNA (P < 0.01)、CDK4 (P < 0.05) 和CCNA1 (P < 0.05) 蛋白表达均明显升高, CCND1和CCNE1蛋白有上调趋势(图5A、B)。上述结果提示, SSDNs通过调控细胞周期调控蛋白的表达, 进而促进受损肝细胞的增殖。
PDNVs与哺乳动物来源的外泌体结构相似, 均由磷脂双分子层构成, 形态呈茶托状或杯状, 其所携带的生物活性物质可参与跨物种的信息传递, 在多种疾病的预防与治疗中具有重要作用[21]。研究表明, 五味子及其活性成分如木脂素等对多种因素引起的肝损伤具有保护作用[10]。APAP是引发药物性急性肝损伤甚至急性肝衰竭的常见药物之一, 其诱导的肝损伤模型被广泛用于保肝药物的筛选研究[22]。本研究采用APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤模型, 初步证实SSDNs具有肝保护作用, 其机制可能与抑制CYP450代谢酶活性、减少GSH耗竭以及促进肝细胞再生相关。
近年来, 研究者从多种植物中分离出粒径在30~500 nm的纳米囊泡, 其分离方法也与哺乳动物来源外泌体类似, 大多采用超高速离心的方法进行分离[3]。本研究从炮制后的五味子中分离出SSDNs, 并通过透射电子显微镜和NTA进行鉴定。结果显示, SSDNs具有与哺乳动物外泌体类似的双层膜结构, 且形态均一。然而, SSDNs的平均粒径为205.4 nm, 与已报道的其他植物或中草药来源纳米囊泡的粒径存在一定差异。石榴来源的纳米囊泡平均粒径为200~300 nm, 茯苓来源纳米囊泡平均粒径为100~200 nm, 艾叶来源纳米囊泡粒径在68~290 nm, 西红柿来源纳米囊泡粒径分布在50~300 nm[19, 23-25]。不同来源植物纳米囊泡的粒径差异可能与其植物种类及提取方法有关, 这也可能导致其所含活性成分的不同。
血清中ALT和AST水平是评估肝损伤的重要指标。本研究结果显示, APAP建模后小鼠血清ALT和AST水平显著升高, 而预先给予SSDNs处理的小鼠ALT和AST水平明显降低, 提示SSDNs对APAP诱导的急性肝损伤具有预防性保护作用。H&E染色结果显示, APAP处理小鼠肝脏出现大面积灶性坏死, 肝小叶结构紊乱; 而SSDNs预处理可显著减轻肝组织病变, 减少坏死区域, 肝细胞结构相对完整。肝重比(肝脏重量与体重之比) 是评估肝脏健康的重要指标之一。然而, 本研究发现SSDNs干预未能降低APAP模型小鼠的肝重比, 甚至SSDNs单独给药也可使肝重比升高, 这可能与五味子及其活性成分潜在的促进肝脏生理性增大有关。前期研究表明SolA、SolB、SthA、SinA、SinB和SinC均对APAP诱导的肝损伤具有显著的保护作用, 其中以SolB和SinC的预防效果最为突出[26]。本研究结果显示, 所提取的SSDNs中富含上述主要活性木脂素类成分, 其含量依次为: SolA > SolB > SinB > SthA > SinA > SinC。与木脂素类成分单独给药(200 mg·kg-1·d-1) 相比, 200 μg SSDNs中仅可富集7.8 μg SolA。基于此, 本课题组推测木脂素成分可能并非SSDNs发挥护肝作用的关键。
在本研究中, SSDNs含有的蛋白质分子量主要分布在55 kDa以下。由于SSDNs中蛋白质种类研究数据缺乏, 本研究参考五味子蛋白质序列数据库进行匹配, 其中分子量在55 kDa以下的蛋白质是147种。PDNVs通常包含各种具有生物活性的蛋白质、RNA、脂质等成分。进一步利用多组学分析手段对SSDNs所含蛋白质、脂质和核酸等成分进行解析, 探究SSDNs发挥护肝作用的关键效应分子具有重要意义。
APAP在肝脏主要经CYP450酶系代谢生成毒性产物NAPQI, NAPQI可引发氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍, 继而诱发炎症反应, 最终导致肝细胞坏死[27]。本研究发现, SSDNs预处理可降低CYP2E1和CYP3A11蛋白表达水平, 从而减少毒性产物NAPQI的生成。正常生理状态下, NAPQI可通过与GSH结合实现解毒。在APAP急性肝损伤模型中, NAPQI大量蓄积导致GSH迅速耗竭; SSDNs预处理可显著上调GSH含量。与前期报道一致, 五味子的保肝作用, 部分源于其对APAP代谢活化过程的抑制[26, 28, 29]。肝细胞再生是决定APAP肝损伤后机体能否恢复的关键因素, 直接影响其预后, 决定其是恢复还是发展为严重肝衰竭甚至死亡[30]。本研究发现, SSDNs预处理可显著提高肝脏中细胞增殖蛋白PCNA的表达, 上调细胞周期相关蛋白CDK4、CCNA1、CCND1和CCNE1的表达水平。上述结果提示SSDNs可能通过抑制CYP450代谢酶、促进肝细胞再生而发挥护肝效应, 但具体的分子机制仍需深入探究。
综上, 本研究初步证实SSDNs可显著预防APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤, 其护肝作用与抑制APAP代谢、增强肝脏抗氧化能力及促进肝细胞增殖相关。该研究为五味子的开发利用提供新的途径, 也为临床APAP所致肝损伤的预防治疗提供了新的策略。
本研究存在一定局限性, 如仅使用单一来源的炮制品五味子。未来研究可从不同产地、不同炮制方法或新鲜五味子中提取纳米囊泡, 并结合蛋白质组学、代谢组学、脂质组学等技术对其成分进行系统分析, 比较其保肝活性差异。此外, SSDNs在抗氧化和促进肝再生方面的具体分子机制尚不明确, 后续研究需进一步探讨其对APAP诱导肝损伤的治疗潜力及其作用机制。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1282
  • 接收时间:2025-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-01
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
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    1南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
    2南方医科大学南方医院检验科, 广东 广州 510515

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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