Article(id=1308841172395721412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1330, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=1770652800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981652591, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981652591, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981652591, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981652591, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1675, endPage=1687, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841174207660741, articleId=1308841172395721412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism by which notoginsenoside R1 alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial cell metabolism, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the mechanism by which notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating metabolic disorders in microglia through network pharmacology, in vitro experiments, and untargeted metabolomics. Neuroinflammation-related disease targets and NGR1 targets were obtained through multi-database mining, overlapping targets were screened using Venny, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses as well as protein-protein interaction network construction were performed to screen core targets. Molecular docking software was used to evaluate the binding ability between NGR1 and the core targets. An inflammatory model was established by lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells, and Western blot was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of NGR1 on the expression of inflammation-related proteins in microglia, and to determine the effective concentrations of NGR1 affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted within the effective concentration range of NGR1, and differential metabolites were screened by combining multivariate statistical analysis with metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Cytoscape and MetaboAnalyst platforms were further used to screen key metabolites closely associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. Exogenous metabolite supplementation experiments were conducted to verify whether NGR1 could inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by regulating the levels of related metabolites. The results showed that there were 43 overlapping genes between neuroinflammation-related disease targets and NGR1 targets, among which 16 were core targets. KEGG enrichment results indicated that the overlapping targets were significantly enriched in inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB. Molecular docking results showed that NGR1 had high binding affinity with multiple NF-κB signaling pathway proteins. Western blot results demonstrated that NGR1 could significantly regulate the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins and inflammatory factors, and 25 and 50 μmol·L-1 were the effective concentrations affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Metabolomic results showed that NGR1 could significantly affect multiple pathways such as glutathione metabolism. Metabolite-target association analysis results showed that NGR1 could reverse abnormal changes in metabolites closely related to NF-κB signaling pathway targets, including homocysteine, L-leucine, and prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. Exogenous metabolite supplementation experiments showed that homocysteine could weaken the inhibitory effect of NGR1 on the NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that homocysteine may be involved in the NGR1-mediated NF-κB inhibitory process. In summary, NGR1 may inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through both direct inhibition and indirect regulation of homocysteine metabolism, thereby alleviating neuroinflammatory responses.

, authors=Ren-hu LI1, Yi-chen WANG2, Jun-jie QIU2, Zi-chuan WANG2, He-li CHENG3, Chen LI3, Yong-jiang WU2, Teng-fei XU2, *, Jie LIU1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Ren-hu LI, Yi-chen WANG, Jun-jie QIU, Zi-chuan WANG, He-li CHENG, Chen LI, Yong-jiang WU, Teng-fei XU, Jie LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Teng-fei XU, Jie LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841175906353878, articleId=1308841172395721412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=三七皂苷R1通过调控小胶质细胞代谢改善神经炎症的机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过网络药理学、体外实验及非靶向代谢组学探讨三七皂苷R1 (notoginsenoside R1, NGR1)通过调节小胶质细胞代谢紊乱缓解神经炎症的作用机制。通过多数据库挖掘获取神经炎症疾病靶点与NGR1作用靶点, 借助Venny筛选交集靶点, 并对其进行GO和KEGG富集分析及蛋白互作网络构建, 从而筛选核心靶点。利用分子对接软件评估NGR1与核心靶点的结合能力。以脂多糖诱导BV2小胶质细胞建立炎症模型, 利用蛋白质印迹法检测不同浓度NGR1对小胶质细胞炎症相关蛋白表达的影响, 并确定NGR1影响NF-κB信号通路的有效浓度。在NGR1有效浓度内进行非靶向代谢组学检测, 结合多元统计方法筛选差异代谢物并进行代谢通路富集。进一步利用Cytoscape和MetaboAnalyst平台筛选与NF-κB信号通路密切相关的关键代谢物。通过外源性添加代谢物实验验证NGR1是否可以通过调控相关代谢物水平抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活。结果显示, 神经炎症疾病靶点与NGR1作用靶点共有交集43个基因, 其中核心靶点16个。KEGG富集结果提示, 交集靶点显著富集在NF-κB等炎症相关信号通路。分子对接结果显示, NGR1与多个NF-κB信号通路蛋白具有较高的结合亲和力。蛋白质印迹法结果表明, NGR1可显著调控NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白及炎症因子的表达, 25和50 μmol·L-1为其影响NF-κB信号通路的有效浓度。代谢组学结果发现, NGR1可显著影响谷胱甘肽代谢等多条通路。代谢物与靶点关联分析结果发现, NGR1能够逆转与NF-κB信号通路靶点密切相关的L-亮氨酸、同型半胱氨酸及前列腺素E2乙醇酰胺等代谢物的异常变化。外源性添加代谢物实验发现同型半胱氨酸可以削弱NGR1对NF-κB信号通路的抑制作用, 提示同型半胱氨酸可能参与NGR1介导的NF-κB抑制过程。综上, 三七皂苷R1可能通过不同途径协同抑制NF-κB信号通路激活: 一方面直接与IκBα结合发挥调控作用, 另一方面能通过代谢调控降低神经炎症中同型半胱氨酸的异常升高。

, authors=李仁虎1, 王翊臣2, 邱俊杰2, 王子川2, 程合丽3, 李晨3, 吴永江2, 徐腾飞2, *, 刘杰1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=李仁虎, 王翊臣, 邱俊杰, 王子川, 程合丽, 李晨, 吴永江, 徐腾飞, 刘杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐腾飞, 刘杰, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李仁虎负责完成实验、数据分析及文章撰写; 刘杰负责文章整体设计及文章修改; 徐腾飞、吴永江负责指导实验及文章修改; 王翊臣协助非靶向代谢组学实验; 邱俊杰、王子川协助数据处理; 程合丽、李晨参与整体实验。

, correspAuthorsNote=
徐腾飞, Tel: 15502031998, E-mail:
刘杰, Tel: 15066696393, E-mail:
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Int J Nanomedicine, 2014, 9: 5591-5601., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841176090903255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841176099291864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, companyId=1308841176090903255, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841176111874777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, companyId=1308841176090903255, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841176170595034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841176178983643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, companyId=1308841176170595034, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841176187372252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, companyId=1308841176170595034, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310058)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841176254481117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841176262869726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, companyId=1308841176254481117, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shandong Mingren Furida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan 250104, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841176267064031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, companyId=1308841176254481117, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3山东明仁福瑞达制药股份有限公司, 山东 济南 250104)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841183233803037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6Bl5f/wbcdIMFoWK9BC6qA==, figureFileBig=faErLCv+Zl9/G/sCSDLiKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183321883423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Network pharmacology analysis of NGR1 against neuroinflammation. A: Common targets of NGR1 and neuroinflammation; B: PPI network of common targets; C: GO enrichment analysis of common targets; D: KEGG enrichment analysis of common targets. NGR1: Notoginsenoside R1; PPI: Protein-protein interaction; CC: Cellular component; BP: Biological process; MF: Molecular function; GO: Gene ontology; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, figureFileSmall=6Bl5f/wbcdIMFoWK9BC6qA==, figureFileBig=faErLCv+Zl9/G/sCSDLiKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183544181536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OQF10xuuupHWMnRFpGOQpw==, figureFileBig=8oT/0V2CjBH9cJvtEzwP7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183611290401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Molecular docking diagrams of NGR1 with core targets, figureFileSmall=OQF10xuuupHWMnRFpGOQpw==, figureFileBig=8oT/0V2CjBH9cJvtEzwP7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183686787875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5bYWcNAkEwAfO1gY+ywqZw==, figureFileBig=TdAWNg9QCRftb8NgFcPekQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183762285348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Protein expression profile of the inflammatory model in LPS induced BV2 cells under NGR1 intervention. A: Effect of NGR1 on the cell viability of BV2 cells (n = 5, x ± s); B-F: WB analysis of the protein expression levels of iNOS, pro-IL-1β, IL-1β and TNF-α (n = 3, x ± s); G-I: WB analysis of the protein expression levels in the NF-κB signaling pathway (n = 3, x ± s). ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.000 1 vs control (CT) group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group. WB: Western blot; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide, figureFileSmall=5bYWcNAkEwAfO1gY+ywqZw==, figureFileBig=TdAWNg9QCRftb8NgFcPekQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183883920165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rXCnMhlPHHXknsW/BqkvCw==, figureFileBig=rIjW+wShoi50rdbIkZuZWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841183988777766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of metabolomics. A: Total ion chromatogram of CT group, model group, NGR1-H (50 μmol·L-1) treatment group and NGR1-L (25 μmol·L-1) treatment group in positive ion mode; B: Total ion chromatogram of CT group, model group, NGR1-H treatment group and NGR1-L treatment group in negative ion mode; C: PCA score plot in positive ion mode; D: PCA score plot in negative ion mode; E: PLS-DA score plot in positive ion mode; F: PLS-DA score plot in negative ion mode. PCA: Principal component analysis; PLS-DA: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis, figureFileSmall=rXCnMhlPHHXknsW/BqkvCw==, figureFileBig=rIjW+wShoi50rdbIkZuZWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184085246759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ll9tYGM646Pj8knfWXq+kA==, figureFileBig=vHbSa9t0GJPC6F+pWM1sVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184240436008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis of differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. A: Volcano plots of differential metabolic features in both positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) ion modes for CT vs model, NGR1-L vs model, and NGR1-H vs model, respectively; B: Heatmap of differential metabolites; C-E: Bubble plots of enriched metabolic pathways for CT vs model (C), NGR1-L vs model (D), and NGR1-H vs model (E), respectively; F: Chord diagram of enriched metabolic pathways for CT vs model, NGR1-L vs model, and NGR1-H vs model, figureFileSmall=ll9tYGM646Pj8knfWXq+kA==, figureFileBig=vHbSa9t0GJPC6F+pWM1sVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184299156265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=c6/DthKkYO+tnWU1as2ENA==, figureFileBig=LDljsgApqHN26LvNnykmnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184408208170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Association between differential metabolites and therapeutic targets. A: Relationship between differential metabolites and therapeutic targets on Cytoscape; B: Improvement effect of NGR1 on key metabolites; C: Relationship between differential metabolites and therapeutic targets on MetaboAnalyst, figureFileSmall=c6/DthKkYO+tnWU1as2ENA==, figureFileBig=LDljsgApqHN26LvNnykmnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184471122731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=s6QTGEakVcE2eA4CWPYeYg==, figureFileBig=rDVVMWRlRxMvv8ThpLBbng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184697615148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Safety assessment of Hcy and Leu and metabolite supplementation validation of NF-κB pathway inhibition. A: Effect of Hcy and Leu on the cell viability of BV2 cells (n = 5, x ± s); B-D: WB analysis of the protein expression levels in the NF-κB signaling pathway (n = 3, x ± s). #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 vs CT group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model group. Hcy: Homocysteine; Leu: L-Leucine, figureFileSmall=s6QTGEakVcE2eA4CWPYeYg==, figureFileBig=rDVVMWRlRxMvv8ThpLBbng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841184802472749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TargetPDB IDBinding energy/kcal·mol-1
AKT16HHJ-10.2
TNF1D0G-9.7
PTGS25F1A-9.1
IFNG8D94-8.9
NFKBIA1IKN-8.8
CCL26CRC-8.4
IL1B3POK-7.8
BCL25WHI-7.6
IL41RCB-7.3
MAPK36GES-7.3
IL61RHG-7.1
PPARG8ATY-6.6
IL1A5UC6-6.3
STAT36NJS-6.1
EGFR7KP6-6.0
IL106DF3-5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1308841184882164526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841172395721412, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Docking scores of NGR1 with core targets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TargetPDB IDBinding energy/kcal·mol-1
AKT16HHJ-10.2
TNF1D0G-9.7
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三七皂苷R1通过调控小胶质细胞代谢改善神经炎症的机制研究
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李仁虎 1 , 王翊臣 2 , 邱俊杰 2 , 王子川 2 , 程合丽 3 , 李晨 3 , 吴永江 2 , 徐腾飞 2, * , 刘杰 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1675-1687
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1675 -1687
三七皂苷R1通过调控小胶质细胞代谢改善神经炎症的机制研究
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李仁虎1, 王翊臣2, 邱俊杰2, 王子川2, 程合丽3, 李晨3, 吴永江2, 徐腾飞2, * , 刘杰1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 2浙江大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 3山东明仁福瑞达制药股份有限公司, 山东 济南 250104
通讯作者:
徐腾飞, Tel: 15502031998, E-mail:
刘杰, Tel: 15066696393, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李仁虎负责完成实验、数据分析及文章撰写; 刘杰负责文章整体设计及文章修改; 徐腾飞、吴永江负责指导实验及文章修改; 王翊臣协助非靶向代谢组学实验; 邱俊杰、王子川协助数据处理; 程合丽、李晨参与整体实验。

The mechanism by which notoginsenoside R1 alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial cell metabolism
Ren-hu LI1, Yi-chen WANG2, Jun-jie QIU2, Zi-chuan WANG2, He-li CHENG3, Chen LI3, Yong-jiang WU2, Teng-fei XU2, * , Jie LIU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 3Shandong Mingren Furida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan 250104, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1330
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本研究通过网络药理学、体外实验及非靶向代谢组学探讨三七皂苷R1 (notoginsenoside R1, NGR1)通过调节小胶质细胞代谢紊乱缓解神经炎症的作用机制。通过多数据库挖掘获取神经炎症疾病靶点与NGR1作用靶点, 借助Venny筛选交集靶点, 并对其进行GO和KEGG富集分析及蛋白互作网络构建, 从而筛选核心靶点。利用分子对接软件评估NGR1与核心靶点的结合能力。以脂多糖诱导BV2小胶质细胞建立炎症模型, 利用蛋白质印迹法检测不同浓度NGR1对小胶质细胞炎症相关蛋白表达的影响, 并确定NGR1影响NF-κB信号通路的有效浓度。在NGR1有效浓度内进行非靶向代谢组学检测, 结合多元统计方法筛选差异代谢物并进行代谢通路富集。进一步利用Cytoscape和MetaboAnalyst平台筛选与NF-κB信号通路密切相关的关键代谢物。通过外源性添加代谢物实验验证NGR1是否可以通过调控相关代谢物水平抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活。结果显示, 神经炎症疾病靶点与NGR1作用靶点共有交集43个基因, 其中核心靶点16个。KEGG富集结果提示, 交集靶点显著富集在NF-κB等炎症相关信号通路。分子对接结果显示, NGR1与多个NF-κB信号通路蛋白具有较高的结合亲和力。蛋白质印迹法结果表明, NGR1可显著调控NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白及炎症因子的表达, 25和50 μmol·L-1为其影响NF-κB信号通路的有效浓度。代谢组学结果发现, NGR1可显著影响谷胱甘肽代谢等多条通路。代谢物与靶点关联分析结果发现, NGR1能够逆转与NF-κB信号通路靶点密切相关的L-亮氨酸、同型半胱氨酸及前列腺素E2乙醇酰胺等代谢物的异常变化。外源性添加代谢物实验发现同型半胱氨酸可以削弱NGR1对NF-κB信号通路的抑制作用, 提示同型半胱氨酸可能参与NGR1介导的NF-κB抑制过程。综上, 三七皂苷R1可能通过不同途径协同抑制NF-κB信号通路激活: 一方面直接与IκBα结合发挥调控作用, 另一方面能通过代谢调控降低神经炎症中同型半胱氨酸的异常升高。

三七皂苷R1  /  神经炎症  /  非靶向代谢组学  /  NF-κB信号通路  /  BV2小胶质细胞

This study investigated the mechanism by which notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating metabolic disorders in microglia through network pharmacology, in vitro experiments, and untargeted metabolomics. Neuroinflammation-related disease targets and NGR1 targets were obtained through multi-database mining, overlapping targets were screened using Venny, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses as well as protein-protein interaction network construction were performed to screen core targets. Molecular docking software was used to evaluate the binding ability between NGR1 and the core targets. An inflammatory model was established by lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells, and Western blot was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of NGR1 on the expression of inflammation-related proteins in microglia, and to determine the effective concentrations of NGR1 affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted within the effective concentration range of NGR1, and differential metabolites were screened by combining multivariate statistical analysis with metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Cytoscape and MetaboAnalyst platforms were further used to screen key metabolites closely associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. Exogenous metabolite supplementation experiments were conducted to verify whether NGR1 could inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by regulating the levels of related metabolites. The results showed that there were 43 overlapping genes between neuroinflammation-related disease targets and NGR1 targets, among which 16 were core targets. KEGG enrichment results indicated that the overlapping targets were significantly enriched in inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB. Molecular docking results showed that NGR1 had high binding affinity with multiple NF-κB signaling pathway proteins. Western blot results demonstrated that NGR1 could significantly regulate the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins and inflammatory factors, and 25 and 50 μmol·L-1 were the effective concentrations affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Metabolomic results showed that NGR1 could significantly affect multiple pathways such as glutathione metabolism. Metabolite-target association analysis results showed that NGR1 could reverse abnormal changes in metabolites closely related to NF-κB signaling pathway targets, including homocysteine, L-leucine, and prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. Exogenous metabolite supplementation experiments showed that homocysteine could weaken the inhibitory effect of NGR1 on the NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that homocysteine may be involved in the NGR1-mediated NF-κB inhibitory process. In summary, NGR1 may inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through both direct inhibition and indirect regulation of homocysteine metabolism, thereby alleviating neuroinflammatory responses.

notoginsenoside R1  /  neuroinflammation  /  untargeted metabolomics  /  NF-κB signaling pathway  /  BV2 microglial cell
李仁虎, 王翊臣, 邱俊杰, 王子川, 程合丽, 李晨, 吴永江, 徐腾飞, 刘杰. 三七皂苷R1通过调控小胶质细胞代谢改善神经炎症的机制研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1675 -1687 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1330
Ren-hu LI, Yi-chen WANG, Jun-jie QIU, Zi-chuan WANG, He-li CHENG, Chen LI, Yong-jiang WU, Teng-fei XU, Jie LIU. The mechanism by which notoginsenoside R1 alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial cell metabolism[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1675 -1687 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1330
神经炎症作为中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)对感染、损伤或病理刺激产生的防御性反应[1], 其持续激活是阿尔茨海默病[2]、亨廷顿病[3]、多发性硬化症[4]等多种神经退行性疾病的核心病理机制。小胶质细胞作为CNS内的固有免疫细胞, 在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)等刺激下会过度活化并释放促炎因子[5, 6], 同时激活NF-κB等信号通路[7], 形成“炎症因子风暴”, 最终导致神经元损伤和突触功能障碍[8]。然而, 当前免疫抑制剂治疗神经炎症缺乏特异性且全身不良反应显著[9]。因此, 寻找能够靶向调控小胶质细胞活化、抑制神经炎症级联反应的天然活性成分, 已成为神经药理学领域的研究热点。
三七凭借其“活血化瘀、通络止痛”的功效出现在众多治疗神经炎症的中成药配方中[10, 11]。现代药理学研究发现, 三七的药用价值主要源于其富含的三七皂苷类成分[12, 13]。其中, 三七皂苷R1 (notoginsenoside R1, NGR1)作为三七的主要活性成分[14]之一, 已有证据显示其具有良好的吸收性和显著的抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护等多重药理活性[15, 16], 但关于其调控神经炎症的具体分子机制及代谢调控网络尚未完全阐明。
本研究采用系统药理学与实验验证相结合的研究策略, 从多维度揭示NGR1治疗神经炎症的潜在作用机制。本研究首先整合GEO数据库转录组数据与多源疾病数据库, 结合网络药理学方法预测NGR1的作用靶点并通过KEGG富集分析挖掘潜在信号通路。借助分子对接技术验证NGR1与核心靶点的结合活性, 初步明确其可能作用的信号通路。通过蛋白质印迹法(Western blot, WB)检测NGR1对NF-κB信号通路及下游炎症因子表达的影响, 并确定其对NF-κB信号通路具有明确调控效应的有效浓度。在上述有效浓度范围上, 以LPS诱导的BV2小胶质细胞神经炎症模型为研究对象, 运用非靶向代谢组学技术分析NGR1对细胞代谢的调控作用, 筛选可能与NF-κB信号通路调控密切相关的关键代谢物。该策略不仅明确了NGR1在信号通路层面的抗炎机制, 还通过非靶向代谢组学揭示了其对小胶质细胞代谢重编程的调控作用。为NGR1用于神经炎症相关疾病的治疗提供了科学依据, 并为其后续开发应用奠定了理论基础。
仪器  酶标仪(Multiskan FC, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 化学发光成像仪(SH-cute523, 杭州申花科技有限公司); 冷冻高速离心机(CF-1524, 杭州佑宁仪器有限公司); 浓缩离心仪(SCIENTIZ-1LS, 宁波新芝仪器有限公司); Agilent 1290 Infinity Ⅱ液相色谱系统联用6545四极杆飞行时间质谱仪(配备Agilent Jet Stream电喷雾离子源) (美国Agilent公司)。
试剂  三七皂苷R1 (HY-N0615, 美国MCE公司, 纯度≥98%); 同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy, Y285143, 纯度≥ 98%)、L-亮氨酸(L-leucine, Leu, ST1461, 纯度≥ 98%)、蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂、CCK8试剂盒、PBS缓冲液, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; LPS (L4391-1MG, 美国Sigma公司); 胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司); 小鼠BV2小胶质细胞系(中国科学院细胞库); BCA试剂盒(上海翊圣生物科技有限公司); 质谱级甲醇、质谱级乙腈、ECL超敏化学发光液(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 超纯水(中国娃哈哈有限公司); SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 核因子κB p65亚基(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 subunit, NF-κB p65)、磷酸化NF-κB p65 (phosphorylated NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α)抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司); NF-κB抑制蛋白α (inhibitor of κB alpha, IκBα)、磷酸化IκBα (phosphorylated IκBα, p-IκBα)抗体(美国Abcam公司); 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶抗体(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司); β-肌动蛋白(beta-actin, β-actin)抗体(武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司); 辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG)、山羊抗鼠IgG (美国Jackson Immuno Research公司)。
神经炎症加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)  以“Alzheimer's disease”以及“Parkinson's disease”为检索词, 从GEO数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)获取ID为GSE249315的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)相关研究数据集和ID为GSE75249的帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD)相关研究数据集。基于R软件中的“WGCNA”包构建无标度共表达网络, 识别与相关疾病高度相关的基因模块。构建共表达基因网络时, 首先通过“goodSamplesGenes”函数对基因表达矩阵进行过滤, 去除离群值后进行样本聚类。使用“pickSoftThreshold”函数在无标度拟合指数(R2, scale freeR2)为0.8时, 确定最佳软阈值参数(β, soft thresholding power)。随后, 计算拓扑重叠矩阵(topological overlap matrix, TOM)并构建层次聚类树状图, 将表达趋势相似的基因归至同一模块(设定每个模块至少包含80个基因, 模块间相关系数为0.85, 模块最大距离为0.20), 将与神经炎症高度相关的模块定义为关键模块, 用于后续研究。
获取神经炎症潜在治疗靶点  将WGCNA网络中筛选获得的相关性最高的三个模块中的核心基因作为神经炎症的关键基因, 同时利用在OMIM、GeneCards数据库中以“neuroinflammation”为关键词进行疾病靶点检索, 将筛选结果整合并去重得神经炎症疾病的潜在治疗靶点。
NGR1的靶点筛选  将“notoginsenoside R1”输入PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)搜索下载结构文件, 选择Swiss Target Prediction数据库(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)、PharmMapper数据库(https://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/)和CTD数据库(https://ctdbase.org/)的靶点, 合并删除重复值, 得到成分靶点。
获取交集靶点与蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI)网络分析  将神经炎症潜在治疗靶点与NGR1作用靶点在Venny 2.1.0平台上取交集获得交集靶点, 作为NGR1治疗神经炎症的潜在治疗靶点。将以上潜在治疗靶点导入STRING数据库, 物种限定为“homo sapiens”, 获取靶点间相互作用关系文件并导入Cytoscape 3.9.1软件进行PPI网络图构建及分析, 并以degree值对PPI网络进行可视化。
GO功能富集及KEGG信号通路分析  将交集靶点导入DAVID6.8在线数据库, 选择“homo sapiens”、“OFFICIAL_GENE_SYMBOL”和“GeneList”, 提交列表后进行GO功能富集分析, 包括生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞组成(cellular component, CC)和分子功能(molecular function, MF)。同时进行KEGG信号通路富集分析, 并导入微生信平台绘制GO三合一柱状图和KEGG富集气泡图。KEGG图中气泡大小代表该信号通路富集的基因数量, 颜色越红代表该通路富集显著性越高, 说明该条信号通路的重要性越高。
分子对接  通过分子对接技术验证神经炎症潜在靶点与NGR1之间的分子亲和力。NGR1的三维分子结构从PubChem数据库获取, 并使用OpenBabel软件转换为pdbqt格式, 蛋白质晶体结构从Uniprot蛋白质数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)获取, 分子对接过程通过AutoDock Vina软件完成并运用PyMOL 2.4.0软件进行可视化绘图分析。
CCK8法检测细胞活力  取对数生长期的BV2细胞以1×104个/孔的数量接种于96孔板中, 每孔细胞悬液100 μL, 培养12 h。设置空白组(仅含培养基)、对照组(含细胞和培养基)以及NGR1处理组、Hcy处理组和Leu处理组(分别用浓度为1.562 5、3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50、100、200 μmol·L-1 NGR1、Hcy和Leu处理)。培养24 h后, 向每孔加入10 μL CCK8试剂, 继续培养1 h。用酶标仪在450 nm处测量吸收度(A)值。
WB检测相关蛋白表达  BV2细胞用12.5、25和50 μmol·L-1 NGR1预处理3 h。外源性添加代谢物实验中, BV2细胞分别用50 μmol·L-1 NGR1、50 μmol·L-1 NGR1 + 25 μmol·L-1 Hcy、50 μmol·L-1 NGR1 + 200 μmol·L-1 Leu、25 μmol·L-1 Hcy、200 μmol·L-1 Leu预处理3 h后, 加入LPS诱导24 h, 弃去上清液用1 mL PBS清洗2次, 在冰上裂解细胞, 并使用BCA定量总蛋白含量。将蛋白质裂解物加入到十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)凝胶上, 然后转移到PVDF膜上。将这些膜封闭在5%脱脂牛奶中1 h。在封闭步骤之后, 将抗体按照比例稀释, iNOS、TNF-α、IL-1β、p-p65、p65、p-IκBα、IκBα用TBST稀释1 000倍, β-actin用TBST稀释10 000倍。4 ℃孵育过夜。第二天, 二抗稀释10 000倍, 室温孵育1 h, 洗涤后, 用化学发光法显色, 使用Image J软件对蛋白条带的灰度值进行定量分析。
统计学分析  统计学处理采用GraphPad Prism 9.4.0软件进行数据分析, 所有实验数据均以均值±标准差(x ± s)表示, 组间对比采用单因素方差分析。当P < 0.05时, 差异具有统计显著性。
非靶向代谢组分析  基于WB实验确定的NGR1影响NF-κB信号通路的有效浓度区间, 分别设置空白对照组(control, CT组)、模型组(model组)、NGR1低剂量组(NGR1-L, 25 μmol·L-1)和NGR1高剂量组(NGR1-H, 50 μmol·L-1)。BV2细胞先用NGR1预处理3 h, 随后加入LPS诱导24 h。诱导结束后弃去上清液用1 mL PBS清洗2次。然后, 每孔加入1 mL抽提液(乙腈∶甲醇∶水= 2∶2∶1), 刮刀刮取至预冷的1.5 mL EP管中, 液氮反复冻融3次后涡旋打匀, 12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃离心20 min, 收集上清放-20 ℃备用, 下层沉淀加入100 μL蛋白裂解液, 涡旋待沉淀完全溶解后加入900 μL水稀释, 离心10 000 r·min-1, 10 min, 取上清, BCA蛋白定量。每个样本取200 μL混合作为质量控制(quality control, QC)样本。按每个离心管400 μL分装后分别冻干, 放-80 ℃保存。按照蛋白定量的结果加入相应的复溶液。
通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对样本进行代谢物分析。色谱分离分别在正、负离子模式下进行: 正离子模式(ESI+)使用Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱, 柱温25 ℃, 以含0.1%甲酸的水溶液(A相)和100%乙腈(B相)为流动相, 流速0.5 mL·min-1, 梯度洗脱程序为: 0~1 min (5% B), 1~8 min (5%~100% B), 8~10 min (100% B), 10~10.1 min (100%~5% B), 10.1~12 min (5% B); 负离子模式(ESI-)采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱, 柱温25 ℃, 以25 mmol·L-1乙酸铵与25 mmol·L-1氨水的混合溶液(A相)和100%乙腈(B相)为流动相, 流速0.5 mL·min-1, 梯度洗脱程序为: 0~0.5 min (95% B), 0.5~7 min (95%~65% B), 7~8 min (65%~40% B), 8~9 min (40% B), 9~9.1 min (40%~95% B), 9.1~12 min (95% B)。质谱检测使用电喷雾离子源(ESI), 正负离子模式分别设置毛细管电压为3 500和3 000 V, 质量扫描范围为50~1 200 Da, 鞘气温度275 ℃、流速11 L·min-1, 干燥气温度225 ℃、流速13 L·min-1。
多元数据分析  使用ProteWizard的MS Convert工具(http://proteowizard.sourceforge.net/)将HPLC-MS得到的原始数据转换为“.mzXML”格式。转换后的数据在R语言数据包XCMS (http://metlin.scripps.edu)中分析(R Project V 4.2.1), 进行峰对齐、峰匹配、归一化, 以获得包括质荷比、保留时间和峰强度在内的二维数据矩阵信息。有监督的偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)被用来评估组间分离趋势并筛选对分组贡献较大的特征变量。以P < 0.05且FC ≥ 1.5或FC ≤ 0.667为筛选标准, 筛选潜在的差异代谢物, 随后利用HMDB数据库(http://www.hmdb.ca/), 并结合相关文献与质谱信息, 鉴定相应的差异代谢物。将细胞代谢组学数据中筛选出的差异性代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst平台进行富集分析, 并制作热图。为了进一步关联作用靶点与差异代谢物关系, 使用MetaboAnalyst平台和Cytoscape软件建立靶点与代谢物网络, 并筛选关键靶点和重要差异代谢物。
为系统筛选神经炎症的潜在治疗靶点, 本研究首先对GEO数据库中的GSE249315 (AD)数据集和GSE75249 (PD)数据集分别进行了WGCNA分析。通过评估不同软阈值下的尺度独立性与平均连通性, 构建一个符合无尺度网络分布的基因共表达网络(AD: 附图S1A、B; PD: 附图S2A、B)。在此基础上, 结合分层聚类与动态剪枝算法, 将识别出的基因共表达模块通过树状图展示(附图S1C、S2C)。相关性分析结果显示, 其中多个模块与相关疾病表型间呈现出高相关性(附图S1D、S2D)。筛选获得的与AD呈高度相关的floralwhite基因模块共包含111个基因, 与PD呈高度相关的cyan和violet基因模块共包含461个基因。考虑到仅基于两个转录组数据集可能无法全面地覆盖神经炎症相关靶点, 为了构建更完整的神经炎症相关靶点库, 本研究进一步通过GeneCards和OMIM数据库搜集神经炎症的潜在治疗靶点。通过整合, 最终获得了910个神经炎症相关靶基因。
通过检索Swiss Target Prediction、CTD及PharmMapper数据库, 分别获得23、91及119个NGR1的作用靶点。将这些靶点经过合并后去除重复靶点, 得到220个NGR1的作用靶点。
将前期获得的910个神经炎症疾病靶点与220个NGR1潜在靶点取交集, 得到43个共同靶点(图1A), 这些靶点被认为是NGR1调控神经炎症疾病进程最可能的作用靶点。为深入理解这43个核心靶点间的相互作用关系, 本研究将其导入STRING数据库构建蛋白互作网络, 并利用Cytoscape软件进行可视化。最终生成的PPI网络包含43个节点和582条相互作用边, 并按照degree值筛选出前16个节点作为核心靶点(图1B)。
GO富集分析结果(图1C)显示, NGR1与神经炎症的共同靶点显著富集于1 041个生物过程, 主要涉及对炎症反应、细胞对脂多糖的应答和细胞因子介导的信号通路; 45个细胞组分, 主要涉及细胞表面、受体复合物及膜微结构域; 67个分子功能, 主要涉及细胞因子受体结合、信号受体激活剂活性和蛋白磷酸转移酶活性等方面。KEGG通路分析(图1D)共富集到168条信号通路。气泡图显示, NGR1与神经炎症的共同靶点显著富集于TNF信号通路、IL-17信号通路及NF-κB信号通路等多条与炎症密切相关的经典通路。
利用分子对接预测NGR1与核心靶点的结合能力。一般认为结合能小于-5.0 kcal·mol-1有一定的结合活性, 小于-8.0 kcal·mol-1有较强的结合活性。通过NGR1与不同核心靶点结合能(表1)分析发现, NGR1与AKT1、TNF、STING、PTGS2、IFNG、NFKBIA、CCL2结合能均小于-8.0 kcal·mol-1, 这一结果提示这些靶点可能是NGR1的关键作用靶点。
使用PyMOL软件对对接结果进行可视化处理(图2), 小分子NGR1位于大分子蛋白质的活性口袋中, 并且与蛋白质的氨基酸残基形成了多个稳定的氢键, 同时还存在疏水相互作用等其他非共价键相互作用。
网络药理学与分子对接的分析结果提示, NGR1在神经炎症过程中可能主要通过调控TNF信号通路、NF-κB信号通路等关键炎症相关通路发挥作用。但是NGR1是否还可以通过代谢调控间接影响NF-κB信号通路激活的潜在机制尚不明确。因此, 本研究在LPS诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎症模型中开展WB检测, 以验证NGR1对NF-κB信号通路及下游炎症相关蛋白表达的调控作用, 并进一步筛选其对NF-κB信号通路具有显著调控效应的有效浓度区间。该浓度区间将作为后续非靶向代谢组学实验的剂量依据, 用于在代谢层面进一步解析NGR1改善神经炎症的潜在机制。
为探究NGR1的细胞安全性, 本研究首先采用CCK8法检测了不同浓度NGR1对BV2细胞增殖活力的影响。结果显示, 浓度为100 μmol·L-1时, NGR1未表现出明显的细胞毒性(图3A)。
为验证NGR1在蛋白水平上对炎症相关因子的调控作用, 本研究利用WB检测了BV2细胞中关键炎症标志物的表达变化(图3B~F)。结果显示, 与正常对照组相比, LPS模型组细胞中iNOS、pro-IL-1β、IL-1β、TNF-α的蛋白表达水平均呈现显著上调, 表明炎症细胞模型构建成功。NGR1干预后, 各炎症因子的表达水平总体呈剂量依赖性下降趋势。具体而言, NGR1在50 μmol·L-1浓度下显著抑制iNOS的表达; 在pro-IL-1β方面, 12.5、25和50 μmol·L-1浓度下的NGR1均能有效降低其表达; 而在IL-1β水平方面, 25和50 μmol·L-1浓度下NGR1可显著抑制其表达。同样, TNF-α的表达也仅在25和50 μmol·L-1浓度NGR1的干预下显著下降。
为确定NGR1在NF-κB信号通路上发挥抗炎作用的有效浓度区间, 本研究通过WB检测不同浓度NGR1干预条件下NF-κB信号通路关键蛋白的表达及磷酸化水平。WB结果(图3G~I)显示, LPS刺激显著促进了IκBα的磷酸化, 同时增强了NF-κB p65的磷酸化水平, 表明NF-κB信号通路被显著激活。
NGR1的干预可以抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活。具体而言, 25与50 μmol·L-1 NGR1可显著降低LPS诱导的p-IκBα/IκBα比值。而在p65磷酸化方面, 50 μmol·L-1 NGR1可显著降低p-p65/p65比值, 而25 μmol·L-1 NGR1虽呈下降趋势, 但无统计学意义。以上可知, NGR1在50 μmol·L-1浓度下能够抑制NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白的磷酸化水平来发挥抗炎作用。
利用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS采集CT组、model组、NGR1-H组和NGR1-L组的BV2细胞小分子代谢物数据, 输出总离子流图(图4A、B)。经数据预处理后, 对各组样本进行多元统计分析。在主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)得分图中, 正、负离子模式下CT组与model组的代谢轮廓均呈现明显分离(图4C、D), 提示model组代谢谱对比CT组发生明显改变。
为了观察组间的分离趋势, 本研究进一步通过PLS-DA (图4E、F)解析代谢组数据, 通过可视化各样本在模型中的分布位置, 更直观地呈现不同组别的代谢特征差异。结果显示, 在正、负离子模式下, 样本点呈现出清晰的聚类分布, 组间界限分明, 且QC样本紧密聚集, 提示实验数据具有良好的可靠性与稳定性。
以P < 0.05且FC ≥ 1.5或FC ≤ 0.667为标准, 筛选组间差异代谢物。火山图显示, model组与CT、NGR1-L、NGR1-H组间均存在大量差异代谢物峰(图5A)。通过HMDB数据库及相关文献比对, 本研究对这些差异代谢物进行了鉴定。
热图结果(图5B)显示, model组与CT组多种代谢物水平发生显著改变。在经NGR1干预后, 部分代谢物的水平呈现出向CT组表达水平回调的趋势, 证实了NGR1对炎症状态下BV2细胞代谢有调节作用。
为了确定NGR1调控小胶质细胞改善神经炎症的关键代谢途径, 本研究将筛选鉴定的差异代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst平台进行通路富集分析(图5C~E)。通过对CT组与model组, 以及给药组与model组间差异代谢物的联合分析, 并利用弦图进行可视化(图5F), 结果显示这些代谢物共同显著富集于多条与炎症及氧化应激密切相关的氨基酸代谢通路。这些关键通路主要包括缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成和谷胱甘肽代谢等, 提示NGR1可能通过协同调控这些核心代谢通路, 缓解LPS诱导的炎症相关代谢异常。
为建立代谢组学与网络药理学之间的关联, 本研究利用Cytoscape软件的Metscape插件构建了“靶点-代谢酶反应-代谢物”整合网络(图6A)。在该网络中, 深红色六边形节点代表本次检测到的差异代谢物, 深蓝色圆形节点则为“共同作用靶点筛选与蛋白互作网络构建”章节中预测的NGR1治疗神经炎症的潜在靶点。结果提示, NGR1可能作用于PTGS2, 从而降低花生四烯乙醇胺向前列腺素E2乙醇酰胺(prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide, PGE2-EA)的转化水平。对PGE2-EA相对含量分析(图6B)显示, LPS诱导后PGE2-EA的水平升高, 在NGR1干预后显著下降, 变化趋势与CT组一致。
为进一步筛选与NF-κB信号通路相关的关键代谢物, 本研究通过MetaboAnalyst平台的Network Analysis模块整合基因与代谢物数据(图6C), 并借助Cytoscape软件对代谢物-基因网络进行可视化。在该网络中, 深蓝色圆形节点为NF-κB信号通路的关键基因, 深红色六边形节点代表与NF-κB信号通路关键基因有密切联系的差异代谢物。结果显示, Leu和Hcy与NF-κB信号通路核心分子NFKBIA、RELA和CCL2存在直接关联。根据这两种代谢物的相对含量分析显示(图6B), LPS诱导这两种代谢物水平升高, 而NGR1干预后, 它们的含量均显著下降, 趋势与CT组一致。上述结果为后续围绕Leu与Hcy两种关键代谢物进一步探究NGR1通过代谢重编程调控NF-κB信号通路提供了重要线索与支持性证据。
为验证NGR1是否通过影响Hcy和Leu的代谢物水平进而影响NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎效果, 本研究进一步设计了外源性添加Hcy和Leu实验。实验采用CCK8法检测了不同浓度Hcy和Leu对BV2细胞增殖活力的影响。结果显示(图7A), 浓度为50 μmol·L-1时, Hcy未见明显细胞毒性但表现出明显的细胞增殖趋势, Leu浓度为200 μmol·L-1时仍未表现出明显细胞毒性。因此, 本研究选用25 μmol·L-1 Hcy和200 μmol·L-1 Leu开展后续实验。
通过LPS诱导的BV2细胞炎症模型, 在给予NGR1处理的基础上分别外源性添加Hcy或Leu, 随后通过WB检测外源性Hcy和Leu对NGR1抑制NF-κB信号通路的影响。WB结果(图7B~D)显示, 外源性添加Hcy后, NGR1对LPS诱导的p-IκBα/IκBα和p-p65/p65比值降低的作用被削弱。外源性补充Leu后, NGR1对上述比值降低的作用无显著改变。此外, 单独给予LPS诱导的BV2细胞炎症模型Hcy和Leu后p-IκBα/IκBα和p-p65/p65比值与model组相比没有显著变化。综上, 外源性添加Hcy可削弱NGR1对LPS诱导NF-κB激活的抑制作用, 而添加Leu则未产生显著影响。这表明Hcy可能是NGR1抑制NF-κB信号通路、减轻炎症反应的关键代谢物。
神经炎症是指发生于CNS内的免疫反应, 广泛存在于多种神经退行性疾病及脑损伤病理过程中[17]。研究表明, 当炎症刺激未能及时清除时, 免疫反应可能转变为过度或持续激活状态, 进而引发慢性神经炎症[18]。因此, 靶向调控神经炎症被认为是预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病及亨廷顿病等神经系统疾病的潜在治疗策略之一[19, 20]。在此背景下, NGR1凭借在减轻缺血再灌注损伤[21]及创伤性脑损伤相关的神经元损害[22]中发挥的神经保护作用, 被视为一种具有开发潜力的神经炎症治疗候选化合物。
NF-κB作为炎症调控的核心枢纽[23], 不仅能调控TNF-α在内的多种炎症因子表达, 其异常活化还与神经炎症及神经元凋亡密切相关[24]。网络药理学分析表明, NGR1与神经炎症相关靶点的交集基因在KEGG通路中显著富集于TNF和NF-κB等经典炎症信号通路。分子对接结果进一步提示, NGR1与AKT1、TNF、PTGS2、IFNG、NFKBIA及CCL2等靶点表现出较强的结合潜力。从功能层面看, 这些蛋白广泛参与细胞存活与炎症调节过程。AKT1可通过调控GSK-3β/β-catenin等通路在神经炎症与细胞凋亡中发挥关键作用[25]。已有研究证实, NGR1可促进AKT1的适度磷酸化, 从而增强神经细胞存活信号并抑制小胶质细胞的过度活化[26]。PTGS2是炎症反应中前列腺素合成的关键限速酶, 其表达上调会显著放大神经炎症反应[27]。此外, TNF是NF-κB信号通路上的经典上游激活信号[28], NFKBIA为核心负调控因子[29], 而CCL2作为NF-κB典型下游靶基因参与炎症细胞趋化[30], 上述靶点为NGR1可能通过NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎作用提供了依据。
小胶质细胞作为CNS的主要免疫效应细胞, 在神经炎症的发生与进展中起核心作用。当受到LPS刺激时, 小胶质细胞会释放或上调多种炎症相关分子, 如TNF-α、IL-1β和iNOS, 进一步放大炎症反应并加重炎症损伤[31]。本研究通过LPS诱导BV2小胶质细胞建立神经炎症模型, 既验证了NGR1在细胞水平上的抗炎作用, 又确定了NGR1对NF-κB信号通路具有一定的调控效应。WB结果显示, 25与50 μmol·L-1 NGR1能够显著逆转LPS诱导的p-IκBα/IκBα比值的升高, 从而抑制NF-κB信号通路并减弱了TNF-α、IL-1β和iNOS等炎症相关分子的表达水平。
缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成属于支链氨基酸(BCAA)合成与代谢通路的重要组成部分[32]。当BV2小胶质细胞受到LPS刺激后, 其能量需求与蛋白质合成需求显著上升, BCAA代谢随之被激活, 从而为炎症信号转导和蛋白质翻译提供必要的能量与代谢底物[33]。谷胱甘肽代谢作为维持细胞氧化还原稳态的核心环节, 其失调常引起活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)积累, 并进一步促进炎症反应。非靶向代谢组学结果显示不同浓度的NGR1均能调控炎症状态下的缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成和谷胱甘肽代谢紊乱。上述结果提示NGR1可能通过影响炎症相关的能量代谢与氧化还原稳态, 从代谢层面抑制小胶质细胞的过度炎症激活。
在炎症环境中, 由炎症诱导的PTGS2可催化花生四烯酰乙醇胺等内源性大麻素氧化, 生成PGE2-EA[34]。内源性大麻素能够抑制小胶质细胞的M1表型的激活, 在神经炎症的调控中发挥着关键作用[35]。基于Metscape网络分析与分子对接结果, 本课题组推测NGR1可能通过调控PTGS2降低内源性大麻素向PGE2-EA的代谢生成。临床研究表明, 高Hcy水平与神经炎症风险增加相关[36], Hcy水平升高可通过激活NMDA受体、诱导NADPH氧化酶/ROS生成[37]等途径促进神经炎症反应[38]。此外, LPS也可以通过NF-κB通路诱导免疫细胞上调SLC7A5的表达, 从而增强Leu的摄取能力[39]。基于MetaboAnalyst平台分析发现, 差异代谢物中Hcy和Leu能够与NFKBIA、RELA、CCL2等NF-κB通路相关基因存在关联。通过外源性添加代谢物实验发现, Hcy能够削弱NGR1对NF-κB信号通路的抑制效应, 而外源性补充Leu未显著削弱NGR1对NF-κB信号通路的抑制作用。因此, Leu水平升高可能是细胞为适应炎症状态引起的改变而非直接驱动NF-κB激活的主要上游因素, 相较之下, Hcy可能是NGR1调控NF-κB信号通路的重要代谢调控因子。
综上所述, 本研究结合网络药理学、体外实验、非靶向代谢组学及代谢物外源补充实验, 系统分析了NGR1缓解神经炎症的潜在作用机制。结果提示, NGR1可抑制NF-κB信号通路激活。同时, NGR1可部分改善炎症相关代谢异常, 其中Hcy水平变化可能参与其对NF-κB通路的调控。需要指出的是, 本研究基于体外细胞模型, 其有效浓度高于体内常规暴露水平。已有研究报道[40], NGR1在脑脊液中的最高浓度约为6.8 μmol·L-1, 低于本研究体外实验所用浓度, 提示其临床转化仍面临脑内浓度不足的挑战。未来需通过递送策略优化及动物模型验证, 进一步评估其在体内的抗神经炎症效应及转化潜力。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1330
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
  • 修回日期:2026-02-10
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    1山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355
    2浙江大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310058
    3山东明仁福瑞达制药股份有限公司, 山东 济南 250104

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徐腾飞, Tel: 15502031998, E-mail:
刘杰, Tel: 15066696393, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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