Article(id=1308841153471013118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1769961600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981648080, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981648080, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981648080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981648080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1777, endPage=1786, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841153663951103, articleId=1308841153471013118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on the chemical characteristics of cultivated Astragalus from different origins based on metabolomics, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated cultivated Astragalus from three major production regions-Shanxi, Neimenggu, and Gansu-using a pseudo-targeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-Q-TRAP-MS. After systematic optimization of collision energy (CE) and declustering potential (DP) parameters, relative quantification of 109 compounds in 16 batches was performed. Combined with multivariate statistical analysis, chemical differences among samples from different origins were assessed. The results revealed certain differences in the overall chemical composition among the three origins. Approximately 60% of the detected components showed no significant content differences across regions, while the differential compounds-primarily secondary metabolites-were mainly observed between Shanxi Astragalus and samples from Neimenggu and Gansu. Compared to Neimenggu and Gansu samples, Shanxi Astragalus was characterized by higher contents of acylated flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides, along with lower levels of flavonoid aglycones. Thus, the flavonoid glycoside/aglycone ratio can serve as a reliable indicator to distinguish Shanxi Astragalus. These characteristic differences may serve as potential markers for geographical traceability and authenticity evaluation of cultivated Astragalus, providing a scientific basis for constructing a quality assessment system.

, authors=Ya-ru QIN1, Yu-yao LI1, Yang-rui-xuan LIU2, Yuan-yuan LI2, Yan NI2, *, Zhen-yu LI1, *, authorsList=Ya-ru QIN, Yu-yao LI, Yang-rui-xuan LIU, Yuan-yuan LI, Yan NI, Zhen-yu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan NI, Zhen-yu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841156381860106, articleId=1308841153471013118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于代谢组学的不同产地栽培黄芪化学特征研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以山西、内蒙古、甘肃3个主产区的栽培黄芪为研究对象, 采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(UHPLC-Q-TRAP-MS) 拟靶向代谢组学技术, 进行系统的碰撞能量(CE) 和去簇电压(DP) 参数优化后对16批样本中109种化合物进行相对定量分析, 并结合多元统计方法分析不同产地黄芪的化学组成差异。结果表明, 不同产地栽培黄芪的整体化学成分存在一定差异。约60%测定成分在不同产区间含量无显著差异, 差异化合物主要体现在山西黄芪与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪之间, 且以次生代谢物为主。与内蒙古和甘肃的栽培黄芪相比, 山西栽培黄芪在黄酮类化合物的主要特征体现在酰基化黄酮苷含量较高, 以及黄酮苷类成分较高, 而黄酮苷元较低。因此糖苷/苷元比值可用于区分山西栽培黄芪。这些差异特征可作为栽培黄芪产地溯源与道地性评价的潜在标志物, 并为黄芪质量评价体系构建提供依据。

, authors=秦雅茹1, 李宇瑶1, 刘杨睿萱2, 李媛媛2, 倪艳2, *, 李震宇1, *, authorsList=秦雅茹, 李宇瑶, 刘杨睿萱, 李媛媛, 倪艳, 李震宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=倪艳, 李震宇, authorNote=

作者贡献:

秦雅茹负责实验操作、文章撰写及数据处理; 李宇瑶负责实验设计和实验操作; 刘杨睿萱、李媛媛负责文献查阅及整理; 李震宇、倪艳负责实验设计及文章审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
倪艳,E-mail:
李震宇,E-mail:
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Front Plant Sci, 2019, 10: 881., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841156608352523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841156616741132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, companyId=1308841156608352523, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841156629324045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, companyId=1308841156608352523, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841156696432910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841156704821519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, companyId=1308841156696432910, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions, Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841156713210128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, companyId=1308841156696432910, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山西省中医药研究院方剂研究所, 山西 太原 030012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841160722964793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7urP3BKVXn8Qr6XWqRFfrQ==, figureFileBig=z0C3HMu1y5mYsLR3qDz50Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841160794267962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Optimization of mass spectrometry parameters for Astragalus metabolites. A: Selection of ion pairs and CE for calycosin-7-O-Glc; B: DP optimization for calycosin. CE: Collision energy; DP: Declustering potential, figureFileSmall=7urP3BKVXn8Qr6XWqRFfrQ==, figureFileBig=z0C3HMu1y5mYsLR3qDz50Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841160995594555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WA9LwjYR+YpH1MMyJIiqww==, figureFileBig=6g5mTyaQ1dJxWzj+JAk6+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161058509116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Precision evaluation and distribution of RSD values in QC samples before and after correction. A: Precision evaluation under positive and negative ion modes; B: Distribution of RSD values in QC samples before and after correction under positive ion mode; C: Distribution of RSD values in QC samples before and after correction under negative ion mode. RSD: Relative standard deviation; QC: Quality control, figureFileSmall=WA9LwjYR+YpH1MMyJIiqww==, figureFileBig=6g5mTyaQ1dJxWzj+JAk6+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161142395197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BgM72nWd3xOBMVJke/XS8w==, figureFileBig=NMQUQi+BrTFF3RSEygtXdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161226281278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of Astragalus from different geographical origins. A: PCA score plot of all samples and QC samples before correction in positive ion mode; B: PCA score plot of all samples and QC samples before correction in negative ion mode; C: PCA score plot of all samples and QC samples after correction in positive ion mode; D: PCA score plot of all samples and QC samples after correction in negative ion mode; E: PCA score plot of all samples; F: t-SNE analysis. PCA: Principal component analysis; t-SNE: t-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. SX: Shanxi; NM: Neimenggu; GS: Gansu, figureFileSmall=BgM72nWd3xOBMVJke/XS8w==, figureFileBig=NMQUQi+BrTFF3RSEygtXdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161301778751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Qi65cGnnZleocerjFAasmQ==, figureFileBig=veehUybTHHWDOhC/Ofhu/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161368887616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Bar charts of selected compounds in Astragalus from different geographical origins. A: Bar charts of selected non-differential compounds; B: Bar charts of selected differential compounds. Different lowercase letters (a, b) indicate statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). Specifically, groups labeled with entirely different letters (e.g., a vs b) exhibit significant differences, whereas groups sharing at least one common letter (e.g., a vs ab) indicate that the difference between them is not statistically significant, figureFileSmall=Qi65cGnnZleocerjFAasmQ==, figureFileBig=veehUybTHHWDOhC/Ofhu/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161440190785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8RDx8z3tjK9ujgk7GB7JkA==, figureFileBig=6MyC7daLy3yPHAQ5yzD90Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161507299650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparative analysis of flavonoid glycoside/aglycone ratios in Astragalus from different geographical origins. A: Histogram of flavonoid glycoside-to-aglycone ratios; B: ROC curves of the two key ratios. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under the curve, figureFileSmall=8RDx8z3tjK9ujgk7GB7JkA==, figureFileBig=6MyC7daLy3yPHAQ5yzD90Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841161591185731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PRegion of originThe number of various compoundsTotalPercentage
SXNMGSFlavonoidSaponinAmino acidOrganic acidLipidOthers
P > 0.05aaa229761566559.63%
P < 0.05abb17623353633.03%
aba1----121.83%
aabb-3---143.67%
abab--1---10.92%
abab1-----10.92%
), ArticleFig(id=1308841161679266116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Statistical test results from SPSS analysis. Different letters are used to indicate whether there are differences between groups. Groups labeled with entirely different letters have significant differences (e.g., a vs b), while groups sharing at least one common letter show no significant difference (e.g., a vs ab)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PRegion of originThe number of various compoundsTotalPercentage
SXNMGSFlavonoidSaponinAmino acidOrganic acidLipidOthers
P > 0.05aaa229761566559.63%
P < 0.05abb17623353633.03%
aba1----121.83%
aabb-3---143.67%
abab--1---10.92%
abab1-----10.92%
), ArticleFig(id=1308841161767346501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841153471013118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.NameMolecular formulaTypeSample RSD/%QC RSD/%P
1FormononetinC16H12O4Flavonoids74.871.640.037
2Formononetin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-AceC24H24O10Flavonoids67.892.280.005
3Calycosin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-AceC24H24O11Flavonoids87.481.820.034
4Formononetin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC25H24O12Flavonoids43.173.050.011
5Calycosin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC25H24O13Flavonoids48.152.170.000
6Pratensein-O-Glc-MalC25H24O14Flavonoids64.0518.100.012
7Astrapterocarpan-3-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC26H28O13Flavonoids61.755.370.001
8Trihydroxy-methoxypterocarpan-Glc-MalC25H26O14Flavonoids62.579.550.014
9Isomucronulatol-O-Glc-MalC26H30O13Flavonoids84.223.980.000
10Odoratin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC26H26O14Flavonoids70.844.320.020
11Formononetin-O-Glc-ApiC27H30O13Flavonoids60.805.340.000
12Trihydroxy-dimethoxyisoflavone-Glc-MalC26H26O15Flavonoids114.442.930.000
13Calycosin-Api-GlcC27H30O14Flavonoids85.292.800.012
14Trihydroxyisoflavone-Glc-GlcC27H30O15Flavonoids73.584.640.025
15Kaempferol 3, 7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC27H30O16Flavonoids64.7612.370.020
16ComplanatosideC28H32O16Flavonoids93.892.910.003
17NeocomplanosideC24H24O12Flavonoids55.911.430.001
18Hydroxy-methoxyflavanone-Glc-MalC25H26O12Flavonoids68.510.210.010
19Dihydroxy-methoxyflavone-Glc-AceC25H26O13Flavonoids85.552.600.035
20GanodermanontriolC30H48O4Saponins17.615.040.017
21Huangqiyenin GC40H62O13Saponins79.9811.940.000
22Astragaloside ⅣC41H68O14Saponins40.093.280.022
23Isoastragaloside ⅡC43H70O15Saponins44.5910.900.037
24Astragaloside ⅠC45H72O16Saponins37.764.510.044
25Astragaloside ⅤC47H78O19Saponins53.074.760.005
26Astragaloside Ⅱ-Mal-AceC48H74O19Saponins69.844.680.000
27Huangqiyenin AC36H58O10Saponins88.2711.440.021
28Alexandroside ⅠC36H62O10Saponins92.3911.380.007
29AsparagineC4H8N2O3Amino acids47.751.030.008
30LysineC6H14N2O2Amino acids46.205.630.022
31HistidineC6H9N3O2Amino acids29.121.470.042
32Fumaric acidC4H4O4Organic acids15.761.270.009
33Malic acidC4H6O5Organic acids36.950.770.010
34Citric acidC6H8O7Organic acids24.591.000.003
35ST28:3;OC28H44OLipids71.636.480.000
36DG27:5C30H48O5Lipids40.034.920.020
37DG28:4C31H52O5Lipids101.008.180.028
38AdenineC5H5N5Others32.796.560.010
394, 4'-Dimethyl-6'-hydroxy chalconeC17H16O2Others146.192.200.021
40Astramemoside AC18H22O11Others62.753.630.000
41Syringaresinol‐O‐β‐D‐glucosideC28H26O13Others59.282.570.001
42Mongholicoside AC36H62O11Others37.593.370.034
43SucroseC12H22O11Others16.971.470.010
44Astroolesaponin FC49H78O18Others90.3519.120.001
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Differentially expressed compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.NameMolecular formulaTypeSample RSD/%QC RSD/%P
1FormononetinC16H12O4Flavonoids74.871.640.037
2Formononetin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-AceC24H24O10Flavonoids67.892.280.005
3Calycosin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-AceC24H24O11Flavonoids87.481.820.034
4Formononetin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC25H24O12Flavonoids43.173.050.011
5Calycosin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC25H24O13Flavonoids48.152.170.000
6Pratensein-O-Glc-MalC25H24O14Flavonoids64.0518.100.012
7Astrapterocarpan-3-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC26H28O13Flavonoids61.755.370.001
8Trihydroxy-methoxypterocarpan-Glc-MalC25H26O14Flavonoids62.579.550.014
9Isomucronulatol-O-Glc-MalC26H30O13Flavonoids84.223.980.000
10Odoratin-7-O-Glc-6″-O-MalC26H26O14Flavonoids70.844.320.020
11Formononetin-O-Glc-ApiC27H30O13Flavonoids60.805.340.000
12Trihydroxy-dimethoxyisoflavone-Glc-MalC26H26O15Flavonoids114.442.930.000
13Calycosin-Api-GlcC27H30O14Flavonoids85.292.800.012
14Trihydroxyisoflavone-Glc-GlcC27H30O15Flavonoids73.584.640.025
15Kaempferol 3, 7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC27H30O16Flavonoids64.7612.370.020
16ComplanatosideC28H32O16Flavonoids93.892.910.003
17NeocomplanosideC24H24O12Flavonoids55.911.430.001
18Hydroxy-methoxyflavanone-Glc-MalC25H26O12Flavonoids68.510.210.010
19Dihydroxy-methoxyflavone-Glc-AceC25H26O13Flavonoids85.552.600.035
20GanodermanontriolC30H48O4Saponins17.615.040.017
21Huangqiyenin GC40H62O13Saponins79.9811.940.000
22Astragaloside ⅣC41H68O14Saponins40.093.280.022
23Isoastragaloside ⅡC43H70O15Saponins44.5910.900.037
24Astragaloside ⅠC45H72O16Saponins37.764.510.044
25Astragaloside ⅤC47H78O19Saponins53.074.760.005
26Astragaloside Ⅱ-Mal-AceC48H74O19Saponins69.844.680.000
27Huangqiyenin AC36H58O10Saponins88.2711.440.021
28Alexandroside ⅠC36H62O10Saponins92.3911.380.007
29AsparagineC4H8N2O3Amino acids47.751.030.008
30LysineC6H14N2O2Amino acids46.205.630.022
31HistidineC6H9N3O2Amino acids29.121.470.042
32Fumaric acidC4H4O4Organic acids15.761.270.009
33Malic acidC4H6O5Organic acids36.950.770.010
34Citric acidC6H8O7Organic acids24.591.000.003
35ST28:3;OC28H44OLipids71.636.480.000
36DG27:5C30H48O5Lipids40.034.920.020
37DG28:4C31H52O5Lipids101.008.180.028
38AdenineC5H5N5Others32.796.560.010
394, 4'-Dimethyl-6'-hydroxy chalconeC17H16O2Others146.192.200.021
40Astramemoside AC18H22O11Others62.753.630.000
41Syringaresinol‐O‐β‐D‐glucosideC28H26O13Others59.282.570.001
42Mongholicoside AC36H62O11Others37.593.370.034
43SucroseC12H22O11Others16.971.470.010
44Astroolesaponin FC49H78O18Others90.3519.120.001
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基于代谢组学的不同产地栽培黄芪化学特征研究
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秦雅茹 1 , 李宇瑶 1 , 刘杨睿萱 2 , 李媛媛 2 , 倪艳 2, * , 李震宇 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1777-1786
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1777 -1786
基于代谢组学的不同产地栽培黄芪化学特征研究
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秦雅茹1, 李宇瑶1, 刘杨睿萱2, 李媛媛2, 倪艳2, * , 李震宇1, *
作者信息
  • 1山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2山西省中医药研究院方剂研究所, 山西 太原 030012
通讯作者:
倪艳,E-mail:
李震宇,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

秦雅茹负责实验操作、文章撰写及数据处理; 李宇瑶负责实验设计和实验操作; 刘杨睿萱、李媛媛负责文献查阅及整理; 李震宇、倪艳负责实验设计及文章审阅。

Study on the chemical characteristics of cultivated Astragalus from different origins based on metabolomics
Ya-ru QIN1, Yu-yao LI1, Yang-rui-xuan LIU2, Yuan-yuan LI2, Yan NI2, * , Zhen-yu LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions, Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030012, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1271
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本研究以山西、内蒙古、甘肃3个主产区的栽培黄芪为研究对象, 采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(UHPLC-Q-TRAP-MS) 拟靶向代谢组学技术, 进行系统的碰撞能量(CE) 和去簇电压(DP) 参数优化后对16批样本中109种化合物进行相对定量分析, 并结合多元统计方法分析不同产地黄芪的化学组成差异。结果表明, 不同产地栽培黄芪的整体化学成分存在一定差异。约60%测定成分在不同产区间含量无显著差异, 差异化合物主要体现在山西黄芪与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪之间, 且以次生代谢物为主。与内蒙古和甘肃的栽培黄芪相比, 山西栽培黄芪在黄酮类化合物的主要特征体现在酰基化黄酮苷含量较高, 以及黄酮苷类成分较高, 而黄酮苷元较低。因此糖苷/苷元比值可用于区分山西栽培黄芪。这些差异特征可作为栽培黄芪产地溯源与道地性评价的潜在标志物, 并为黄芪质量评价体系构建提供依据。

黄芪  /  拟靶向代谢组学  /  多元统计分析  /  化学成分  /  质量评价

This study investigated cultivated Astragalus from three major production regions-Shanxi, Neimenggu, and Gansu-using a pseudo-targeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-Q-TRAP-MS. After systematic optimization of collision energy (CE) and declustering potential (DP) parameters, relative quantification of 109 compounds in 16 batches was performed. Combined with multivariate statistical analysis, chemical differences among samples from different origins were assessed. The results revealed certain differences in the overall chemical composition among the three origins. Approximately 60% of the detected components showed no significant content differences across regions, while the differential compounds-primarily secondary metabolites-were mainly observed between Shanxi Astragalus and samples from Neimenggu and Gansu. Compared to Neimenggu and Gansu samples, Shanxi Astragalus was characterized by higher contents of acylated flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides, along with lower levels of flavonoid aglycones. Thus, the flavonoid glycoside/aglycone ratio can serve as a reliable indicator to distinguish Shanxi Astragalus. These characteristic differences may serve as potential markers for geographical traceability and authenticity evaluation of cultivated Astragalus, providing a scientific basis for constructing a quality assessment system.

Astragalus  /  pseudo-targeted metabolomics  /  multivariate statistical analysis  /  chemical composition  /  quality evaluation
秦雅茹, 李宇瑶, 刘杨睿萱, 李媛媛, 倪艳, 李震宇. 基于代谢组学的不同产地栽培黄芪化学特征研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1777 -1786 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1271
Ya-ru QIN, Yu-yao LI, Yang-rui-xuan LIU, Yuan-yuan LI, Yan NI, Zhen-yu LI. Study on the chemical characteristics of cultivated Astragalus from different origins based on metabolomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1777 -1786 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1271
黄芪为豆科黄芪属植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao或膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖, 除去须根及根头, 晒干。黄芪气微, 味微甜, 嚼之微有豆腥味[1]。现代药理学研究表明, 黄芪主要含有皂苷、黄酮、氨基酸及多糖等多种活性成分, 具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血糖等药理作用[2-4]。黄芪为多年生草本植物, 传统上一直是野生或者仿野生栽培方式。然而, 随着市场需求的迅猛增长, 野生黄芪的自然繁殖速度已难以满足这一需求。目前, 主流商品黄芪药材大多为人工栽培, 主要产地集中在内蒙古赤峰、固阳, 山西五寨、甘肃陇西及周边等地区[5-7]。
近年来, 针对不同产区黄芪的化学成分比较主要集中在仿野生与栽培黄芪, 蒙古黄芪与膜荚黄芪, 采用的研究方法主要有高效液相色谱法(HPLC) 定量分析[8]、高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD) 指纹图谱[9]、液质联用(LC-MS) 代谢组学[10, 11]等。针对主流的栽培模式商品黄芪, 目前还缺乏系统比较。拟靶向代谢组学作为一种整合了非靶向覆盖度与靶向定量优势的分析策略, 具备线性范围宽、准确度高且无需依赖大量标准品的特点。本研究将其应用于不同产地栽培黄芪的化学特征解析, 以弥补现有研究的不足。本研究选取山西、内蒙古、甘肃三大主产区的16批移栽黄芪样本, 运用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(UHPLC-Q-TRAP-MS) 拟靶向代谢组学技术, 同时对109个共有化学成分进行相对定量分析, 系统比较不同产区栽培黄芪的代谢物差异, 为黄芪的质量评价提供科学依据。
仪器  Exion LCTM AD超高效液相色谱串联Q-Trap 3200质谱仪(AB SCIEX公司); KQ-300E型超声波清洗仪(昆山超声仪器有限公司); SC-3610低速离心机(安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司); 十万分之一天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); Milli-Q纯水制备系统(美国Millipore公司)。
试剂和样品  质谱级甲醇、甲酸和乙腈购自美国Thermo Fisher公司。内标金丝桃苷(批号: PS013544)、柴胡皂苷A (批号: PS013408) 均购自普思生物科技有限公司。以上标准品纯度均高于98%。共采集到山西黄芪样本4批(SX1、SX2、SX3、SX4), 内蒙古黄芪样本6批(NM1、NM2、NM3、NM4、NM5、NM6) 和甘肃黄芪样本6批(GS1、GS2、GS3、GS4、GS5、GS6)。16批黄芪药材经山西大学秦雪梅教授鉴定为蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao的干燥根。药材样品留存于山西大学中医药现代研究中心样品库。
内标溶液的制备  分别取金丝桃苷、柴胡皂苷A适量, 加入50%甲醇配制为3 mg·mL-1的内标储备液, 各取2 mL混合得到内标溶液。
样品溶液的制备  取黄芪粉末(过四号筛) 约0.150 g于玻璃离心管中, 加入2 mL 50%甲醇, 超声提取20 min, 3 500 r·min-1离心10 min, 静置, 取上清液, 过0.22 µm的微孔滤膜, 备用。分别取等体积的各样品溶液混合, 制备成质量控制(QC) 样品。每1 mL样品溶液中加入60 µL内标溶液混合, 使用UHPLC-Q-Trap-MS进行相对定量。
液质条件
仪器  ExionLC AD超高效液相色谱仪串联Q TRAP 3200质谱仪。
色谱条件  色谱柱Waters Acquity UPLC T3柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm), 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B), 梯度洗脱0~5 min, 5%~20% B; 5~10 min, 20%~30% B; 10~15 min, 30%~43% B; 15~20 min, 43%~60% B; 20~30 min, 60%~100% B; 30~30.5 min, 100%~5% B; 30.5~35 min, 5% B; 柱温40 ℃, 进样量5 µL, 流速0.3 mL·min-1。
质谱条件  电喷雾离子源(ESI) 正、负离子模式分别扫描, 检测模式为依赖保留时间的选择性多反应监测模式(sMRM), 检测窗口设置为120 s。ESI源参数如下: 离子源温度500 ℃; 离子化电压5 500 V (正离子模式)、-4 500 V (负离子模式); 离子源Gas1、Gas2、CUR分别为50、50、35 psi; 碰撞气体为medium, 碰撞能量(CE) 根据化合物优化, 范围为10~50 eV。
数据分析  本研究采用sMRM模式进行数据采集。原始数据经Multiquant软件v3.0.2进行处理, 包括色谱峰识别、峰面积积分, 并采用内标法(目标化合物峰面积/内标峰面积) 进行归一化, 以获得各目标化合物的相对峰面积; 最终结果被导出至Excel进行后续分析。随后采用基于Norm ISWSVR的质控校正策略, 通过Python脚本整合最优内标标准化与支持向量回归算法[12]进行数据校正。
在数据分析阶段, 首先运用SIMCA14.1软件, 基于所有样本的化合物相对含量进行主成分分析(PCA), 随后, 利用Python中的t-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) 算法对数据进行了非线性降维与可视化。进一步采用SPSS Statistics 27.0对不同产地黄芪进行组间差异检验: 所有变量先经Shapiro-Wilk检验(正态性) 与Levene检验(方差齐性), 符合正态分布且方差齐(P > 0.05) 者使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 并结合SNK事后检验; 对于不满足参数检验前提的变量, 则采用非参数的Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验进行差异分析。
本研究以课题组前期建立的黄芪拟靶向代谢组学分析方法为基础[13], 进一步针对关键质谱参数进行优化, 具体包括离子对、CE及DP, 旨在提升目标化合物检测的灵敏度与准确性。
具体优化过程如下: 首先, 采用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS在多种CE下(10、20、30、40、50 eV) 采集高分辨率质谱数据, 以全面解析黄芪中黄酮类、皂苷类等成分的质谱信息。基于二级质谱数据, 为每个化合物筛选出1~3个响应较高的特征碎片离子作为候选子离子, 并与母离子组合构建候选离子对, 并根据峰形和响应强度选择合适的离子对与最佳CE。在确定离子对与最佳CE后, 进一步在MRM模式下系统优化DP。
首先采用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS在10、20、30、40、50 eV多种CE下采集该化合物的高分辨质谱数据, 在碰撞过程中, 母离子接收能量进入碰撞池与气体分子碰撞形成碎片离子, CE越高, 碎片离子越多; 以化合物毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷为例, 如图1A所示, 随着CE逐步增大, 母离子(m/z 447.13) 的响应逐渐降低, 二级碎片离子数量不断增多但整体响应强度呈下降趋势。当CE为20 eV时, 该化合物仅出现母离子(m/z 447.13) 及苷元碎片离子(m/z 285.07), 且两者均保持较高响应水平; 当CE提升至50 eV时, 苷元碎片离子(m/z 285.07) 裂解较为彻底, 生成大量低分子量二级碎片。通过对不同CE下的质谱数据进行系统比对分析, 发现苷元碎片离子(m/z 285.08) 在各个CE下的响应强度均显著高于其他碎片离子, 具备良好的稳定性与特异性, 因此将其确定为该化合物的最优子离子, 并与母离子(m/z 447.13) 构建目标离子对。进一步的参数优化结果显示, 当CE设定为20 eV时, 母离子与子离子的响应强度均较高, 表明此能量条件下离子转化效率较优, 能够同时保证母离子的有效裂解与子离子的稳定生成。综合上述分析, 最终将20 eV确定为毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的最佳CE。在确定离子对与最佳CE后, 进一步在MRM模式下系统优化DP。将各离子对的DP值分别设定为20、30、40、60 V并进行测试, 以响应最高且峰形良好的通道所对应的DP值为最终优化结果。以黄酮类成分毛蕊异黄酮为例, 如图1B所示, 在不同DP条件下其色谱峰强度与形态存在差异, 在40 V时表现出最高的响应与最优的峰形, 故将其最佳DP值确定为40 V。
在黄酮类化合物离子对筛选过程中发现, 在所测定的32个黄酮苷类化合物中, 有29个化合物的优势子离子为其对应的苷元碎片。结合碰撞诱导解离(CID) 原理分析, 这一现象的核心原因在于黄酮苷类化合物分子中的糖苷键(C-O键) 键能显著低于苷元母核的碳碳键(C-C键), 当给予一定的CE时, 糖苷键会优先发生断裂, 释放出结构稳定的苷元碎片离子; 该类碎片离子不仅响应强度高, 且具有明确的结构指向性, 可有效避免其他杂离子的干扰, 因此成为优势子离子的首要选择。此外, 筛选结果还显示, 有3个黄酮苷类化合物的优势子离子为苷元碎片进一步发生逆狄尔斯-阿尔德裂解(RDA裂解) 后产生的特征碎片离子。这一情况与该类化合物的苷元母核结构(如含共轭双键、六元环等) 密切相关, 苷元碎片在CID过程中可通过RDA裂解生成更小的、具有独特质荷比(m/z) 的碎片离子, 且这类离子的响应稳定性优于完整苷元碎片, 因此被确定为优势子离子。
通过对黄酮类化合物最佳CE结果的统计分析发现, 黄酮类化合物的最佳CE值在实验预设的10、20、30、40、50 eV五个能量水平上呈现非均匀分布特征。具体来看, 在41个黄酮类化合物中, 17个化合物的最佳CE为20 eV, 14个化合物的最佳CE为30 eV, 合计覆盖近76%的黄酮类化合物, 表明多数黄酮类化合物在中低CE (20~30 eV) 下可获得更优的碎片离子响应; 其余少数化合物的最佳CE则分散分布在10和40 eV, 分别对应较低与较高能量区间; 无任何黄酮类化合物的最佳CE是50 eV, 说明50 eV的CE过高, 导致黄酮类化合物的母离子发生过度碎裂, 最终无法满足最佳CE的筛选标准。
DP作为质谱检测中消除离子簇聚集、提升目标离子响应效率的关键参数, 其优化效果直接影响化合物检测的灵敏度与准确性。从DP优化结果来看, 70%的黄酮类化合物最佳DP集中在40 V。这一结果表明, 40 V的DP条件对黄芪中的黄酮类化合物具有良好的去簇效果。
皂苷类化合物的质谱参数优化流程与黄酮类化合物一致。但是与黄酮类化合物相比, 皂苷类化合物的最佳CE集中趋势显著, 72.22%的皂苷类化合物的最佳CE为30 eV, 仅有极少数化合物的最佳CE是10 eV (低能量区间) 或20 eV (中低能量区间); 皂苷类化合物的最佳CE无40、50 eV等高能量水平。说明30 eV的CE既能确保母核发生有效碎裂, 产生特征性较强的碎片离子以满足检测需求, 又可避免能量过低导致碎裂不充分、碎片离子响应弱, 或能量过高引发过度碎裂、特征碎片丢失的问题; 而40、50 eV的高能量则易破坏皂苷类化合物的糖苷键与母核结构, 导致二级碎片离子较多且响应较低, 因此无法成为最佳CE选择。在DP的优化过程中发现, 83%的皂苷类化合物最佳DP同样为40 V。这一结果表明, 40 V的DP条件对黄芪中皂苷类化合物的分子结构也具有良好的去簇效果。
基于上述优化流程, 本研究确定了109个化合物的优势离子对、最佳CE和最优DP, 建立了相应的sMRM监测方法, 为后续定量分析提供了可靠的参数基础。
为保障后续不同产地黄芪样本化学成分定量分析结果的可靠性, 本研究通过将QC样本连续进样6次的方式, 对所用仪器的精密度进行考察。精密度评价通常以相对标准偏差(RSD) 为核心指标, RSD值越小, 代表在相同实验条件下(如相同进样量、相同色谱-质谱参数), 仪器对同一化合物的响应信号波动越小, 分析方法的稳定性与重复性越优, 这也是确保不同产地黄芪样本间数据可比的前提。如图2A所示, 仪器在正、负离子两种离子化模式下均展现出良好的精密度: 在正离子模式下, 有75种化合物的RSD值均低于15%, 仅有3种化合物的RSD值介于15%~25%之间; 在负离子模式下, 所有被测化合物的RSD值均小于15%。综上, 本研究采用的分析方法精密度良好, 满足后续黄芪化学成分分析与产地鉴定的测定需求。
为进一步降低实验过程中系统误差对数据的影响, 提高数据的准确度与重现性, 本研究QC样本采用基于Norm ISWSVR的方法对代谢组学检测数据进行系统性校正, 数据校正效果以RSD的变化为评价指标, 结果表明, 校正后代谢组学数据的稳定性得到显著改善。如图2B所示, 在正离子模式下, 校正前QC样本的数据变异较为明显: 仅有34个化合物的RSD值< 15%, 3个化合物的RSD值介于15%~25%之间, 而多达41个化合物的RSD值大于25%; 而经过基于QC样本的校正后, 数据质量得到大幅提升; 所有代谢物的RSD值均降至25%以下, 且有75个化合物的RSD值小于15%, 仅3个化合物的RSD值介于15%~25%之间; 充分体现出校正方法对数据重复性与分析稳定性的优化效果。如图2C所示, 在负离子模式下, 校正前数据质量相对较好, 仅3个化合物的RSD值超过25%, 1个化合物的RSD值介于15%~25%之间, 而27个化合物的RSD值小于15%; 经过校正后, 所有代谢物的RSD值均被进一步控制在25%以内, 仅有1个化合物的RSD值介于15%~25%之间, 其余30个化合物的RSD值均小于15%; 进一步降低了系统误差对数据的影响。上述结果充分说明, 本研究采用的QC样本校正法能够有效减小系统误差和仪器波动对代谢组学数据的影响, 为后续分析提供了更为准确和稳健的数据基础。
对所有分析样本及QC样本进行PCA分析。如图3A~D所示, 经校正后的QC样本在PCA得分图中分布更为紧密, 聚集程度显著提高, 表明分析过程中的系统误差得到了有效控制。这一结果不仅反映出仪器响应稳定性得到改善, 也证实了数据重复性与整体可靠性均获得显著提升, 从而为后续差异代谢物筛选及标志物发现等统计分析工作提供了可靠基础。
进一步对黄芪样本进行PCA分析, 如图3E所示, 结果显示不同产地的栽培黄芪在得分图中呈现出一定的分组趋势: 山西产黄芪样本主要分布于散点图右半区域, 而内蒙古和甘肃产黄芪样本则集中分布于左半区域。值得注意的是, 内蒙古与甘肃黄芪样本存在部分重叠, 未能实现完全分离; 相比之下, 山西黄芪与其他两地产区样本表现出较明显的分离趋势。这一结果表明, 山西黄芪的化学成分组成与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪存在一定差异, 而后两者在化学成分上则表现出较高的相似性。
t-SNE是一种先进的高维数据降维方法, 广泛应用于数据挖掘和机器学习领域。它通过模拟高维空间中数据点之间的概率分布关系, 并在低维空间中重构这些关系, 从而实现对高维数据的可视化与聚类分析。结果表明(图3F), 利用t-SNE对黄芪的拟靶向代谢组学数据进行降维处理后, 能够清晰地区分不同产地黄芪样本的分布特征。具体而言, 3个产地的黄芪样本在低维空间中呈现出明显的分离趋势, 且同一产地的样本之间距离较近, 聚类效果显著。这一结果不仅验证了t-SNE在降维和可视化方面的强大能力, 也为黄芪产地鉴别提供了可靠的数据支持。
本研究采用Pearson相关系数分析法对16批黄芪样本进行了相似度评价。相似度评价通过量化比较样本间的化学特征相似性, 获得0到1之间的数值化结果, 其中数值越接近1表示相似度越高。分析结果显示: 山西产地黄芪样本组内平均相似度为0.966, 内蒙古产地为0.966, 甘肃产地为0.942; 内蒙古与甘肃产地间的组间平均相似度为0.935; 而山西产地与内蒙古、甘肃产地间的组间平均相似度均低于0.9。由实验结果可知, 各组内平均相似度均高于0.90, 表明同一产地黄芪具有较高的化学组成稳定性; 山西产地与其他两个产地间的平均相似度均较低(< 0.9), 进一步证实了山西黄芪具有独特的化学特征。
对来自山西、内蒙古和甘肃三地的栽培黄芪样本进行系统的代谢组学统计分析, 如表1所示, 在所测定的109个化合物中, 有65个化合物在不同产地栽培黄芪中含量保持相对一致, 其余44个化合物则在产地间表现出显著差异。
为评估这些差异化合物的可靠性, 进一步计算了所有化合物在实验样本以及QC样本中的RSD值。如表2, 结果显示, 所筛选出的差异化合物在实验样本中的RSD值普遍显著高于其在QC样本中的RSD值。这一差异表明, 筛选得到的化合物变化主要来源于样本间的真实变异, 而非由仪器分析过程中所引入的随机误差或系统偏差所导致, 从而进一步支持了这些差异化合物的可信度与可靠性。
基于P > 0.05的标准, 共鉴定出65个在山西、内蒙古和甘肃三产地黄芪中含量稳定的代谢物。这些代谢物包括22个黄酮类、9个三萜皂苷类、7个氨基酸类、6个有机酸类、15个脂类以及6个其他类化合物。进一步分析发现, 大约一半的次生代谢物如毛蕊异黄酮、黄芪紫檀烷、黄芪异黄烷等黄酮苷元类化合物及其单糖苷衍生物(如芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、黄芪紫檀烷苷、黄芪异黄烷苷) 在不同产区栽培黄芪中表现出含量相对稳定的趋势; 同时, 在被测定的初级代谢物中, 大部分的氨基酸类(70%)、有机酸类(67%) 和脂质类(83%) 在3个产地间也呈现出高度一致的含量特征。部分非差异化合物含量柱状图见图4A。
基于P < 0.05的显著性标准筛选出的44个差异化合物中, 36个为山西黄芪与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪之间的显著差异代谢物, 主要包括17个黄酮类、6个皂苷类、3个脂类、3个有机酸类、2个氨基酸类以及5个其他类化合物, 说明山西和内蒙古、甘肃黄芪间的差异代谢物主要为黄酮类和皂苷类等次生代谢物。这些化合物在内蒙古与甘肃黄芪两组间的含量保持相对一致, 未呈现统计学差异。进一步对差异代谢物的结构与含量特征分析发现, 在山西产区黄芪含量较高的16个黄酮类差异化合物中, 其中有12个是酰基化修饰的黄酮苷(包括乙酰化和丙二酰化)。此外, 山西栽培黄芪中黄酮苷类化合物的含量普遍高于内蒙古、甘肃组黄芪, 而黄酮苷元类成分则低于内蒙古、甘肃产黄芪。在皂苷类差异代谢物中, 环黄芪醇型三萜皂苷(包括黄芪皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ等) 均表现为在山西黄芪中的含量高于内蒙古、甘肃黄芪。部分差异化合物含量柱状图见图4B。
上述的多元统计分析结果表明, 山西产黄芪与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪存在显著差异, 而内蒙古与甘肃黄芪的代谢谱具有高度相似性。因此, 将内蒙古和甘肃黄芪归为同一组别。鉴于山西栽培黄芪中苷类成分较高, 而苷元较低这一特征, 为建立更精准的产地判别模型, 引入代谢物比值分析策略, 通过计算4个特征性黄酮糖苷与其对应苷元的含量比值(糖苷/苷元) 来放大产地特征差异。研究结果显示(如图5A), 山西黄芪中黄酮糖苷/苷元的比值均显著高于内蒙古和甘肃黄芪, 其中芒柄花苷/芒柄花素、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷/毛蕊异黄酮、黄芪紫檀烷苷/黄芪紫檀烷的比值差异尤为显著(P < 0.01)。为验证该标志物的鉴别效能, 进一步进行ROC曲线分析(图5B), 结果显示这3个比值的曲线下面积(AUC) 均达到1.000, 表明其具有较好的产地区分能力。
药材的品质形成与其特定的产地环境密切相关, 这种“环境-代谢”的互作关系直接影响药用植物的生长发育及其活性成分的生物合成与积累[14]。大量研究表明, 地理生态环境的差异可导致同种药用植物在次生代谢产物谱上呈现显著分化, 这种化学多样性已成为评价道地药材品质的重要科学依据[15]。本研究涉及的栽培黄芪产区具有典型的地理生态特征: 内蒙古产区(以固阳县为代表) 位于阴山山脉腹地, 海拔1 500~2 000米, 属典型的温带大陆性季风气候, 日照充足, 降水适中, 土壤以富含矿物质的灰褐土和栗钙土为主, 其生境条件与野生黄芪原生境高度相似[16]; 甘肃产区(陇西县) 地处青藏高原东缘与黄土高原过渡带, 海拔1 612~2 778米, 气候温和半干旱, 土层深厚的黄绵土和黑麻垆土为深根性黄芪提供了理想的生长基质[17]; 山西产区(晋西北) 则以“两山夹一川”的独特地貌为特征, 平均海拔1 400米, 中性沙质土壤具有优良的透水性, 四季分明的气候和优化的群体光能利用效率共同构成了特殊的生态位[18]。这些系统性的环境差异(包括海拔梯度、土壤理化性质、光温条件等) 可能通过调控黄芪体内关键代谢酶(如糖基转移酶、细胞色素P450等) 的表达活性, 最终导致不同产地黄芪在代谢物积累模式上产生显著分化[19]。
本研究采用拟靶向代谢组学技术系统比较了山西、内蒙古和甘肃3个产区的16批栽培黄芪样本。通过PCA、t-SNE降维和样本相似度评价发现, 山西、内蒙古、甘肃栽培黄芪在化学组成上存在一定差异, 内蒙古与甘肃黄芪则呈现高度化学相似性。在所测定的化合物中, 60%的代谢物在不同产地黄芪间的含量保持相对一致, 其余大约40%的化合物在不同产地间存在显著差异, 差异主要体现在山西黄芪与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪之间。约75%的初生代谢物在不同产地间含量稳定, 体现黄芪核心代谢网络的保守性[20]; 近50%次生代谢物在山西与内蒙古、甘肃黄芪间含量差异显著, 是产地差异的主要来源。此外, 山西栽培黄芪在黄酮类成分上具有显著的特点: 一是酰基化黄酮相对含量较高; 二是黄酮苷元含量较低, 而黄酮苷的含量较高, 糖苷/苷元比值可显著区分山西栽培黄芪。这些差异特征可作为栽培黄芪产地溯源与道地性评价的潜在标志物, 并为黄芪质量评价体系构建提供依据。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1271
  • 接收时间:2025-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-28
  • 修回日期:2026-02-02
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    1山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2山西省中医药研究院方剂研究所, 山西 太原 030012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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